Outcome‐Based Building Performance
Mark Frankel
Technical Director
New Buildings Institute
Hood River Middle School Photo:Michael Mathers
Energy Code Stringency
90.1‐2010 (IECC 2012)
Code Adoption by State
Basic Mechanism of Code:
Regulating Design Components
Redding School for the Arts, CA
Courtesy: Trilogy Architecture & Steve Whittaker Photography
Components of energy outcomes
Energy Use
1
0
Design
Components
2000
2010
2020
2030
Who’s in Charge Here?
Vehicle Performance Trends;
Better Components, but Lower Performance
38
30
3000
36
2700
34
2400
32
2100
30
1800
28
1500
26
12
1200
24
9
900
22
MPG
27
24
% manual
18
2005
2003
2001
1999
1997
1995
1993
1991
1995
1993
1991
1989
1987
Efficiency and Performance Tradeoffs - Cars
Car Data from EPA’s 2006 FE Trends Report
1985
1989
1987
1985
1983
1981
0-60 time
1983
15
actual data
1981
21
1981 wts, accel,
& % manual
2005
3300
2003
33
weight
MPG - Car
2001
40
1999
3600
1997
36
Use Good Ingredients
Create a Good Meal
Range of Outcome
90.1‐2010 (IECC 2012)
Glazing performance – building orientation – cooling efficiency –infiltration –operating hours – climate –weather –occupant density –heating efficiency –duct design –fan size –window area –HVAC control sophistication –building mass – interior shading –
occupant habits –data centers –kitchen equipment – lighting power density – filter condition – wall color – lighting controls ‐furniture configuration –exterior vegetation ‐
operable window use – insolation‐ glazing orientation –wall insulation – ventilation rate ‐
exposed interior surface characteristics ‐domestic hot water use –number of computers –
copiers and printers –elevators –exterior lighting ‐occupant gender ratio – elevation –
photovoltaics ‐development density – register location – cooling distribution system –roof insulation –building manager training –cool roof –building surface to volume ratio –
building use type – janitorial services –metering strategies – commissioning – structural system –acoustic treatment –slab edge detailing –night setback temperature –ground water temperature –humidity –occupant dress code –lamp replacement strategy –roof slope –daylight controls –sensor calibration –corporate culture – lease terms –utility meter characteristics –parking garage ventilation –HVAC system capacity –number of separate tenants – retail space –age of equipment – ceiling height –heating fuel –
transformer capacity –window mullion pattern –terms of maintenance contract – wall thickness –building height – lighting fixture layout –overhangs –thermostat location –
exit lighting – private offices – refrigerators –solar hot water – utility meter –load diversity Glazing performance – building orientation – cooling efficiency –infiltration –operating hours – climate –weather –occupant density – heating efficiency –duct design – fan size – window area –HVAC control sophistication – building mass – interior shading –
occupant habits –data centers –kitchen equipment – lighting power density – filter condition – wall color – lighting controls ‐furniture configuration –exterior vegetation ‐
operable window use – insolation‐ glazing orientation – wall insulation – ventilation rate ‐
exposed interior surface characteristics ‐domestic hot water use –number of computers –
copiers and printers – elevators – exterior lighting ‐occupant gender ratio – elevation –
photovoltaics ‐development density – register location – cooling distribution system – roof insulation –building manager training – cool roof – building surface to volume ratio –
building use type –janitorial services – metering strategies – commissioning – structural system – acoustic treatment – slab edge detailing –night setback temperature –ground water temperature –humidity –occupant dress code –lamp replacement strategy –roof slope – daylight controls –sensor calibration –corporate culture – lease terms –utility meter characteristics –parking garage ventilation – HVAC system capacity –number of separate tenants – retail space –age of equipment – ceiling height – heating fuel –
transformer capacity –window mullion pattern –terms of maintenance contract – wall thickness –building height – lighting fixture layout – overhangs – thermostat location –
exit lighting – private offices – refrigerators – solar hot water – utility meter –load diversity Glazing performance – building orientation – cooling efficiency –infiltration –operating hours – climate –weather –occupant density – heating efficiency –duct design – fan size – window area –HVAC control sophistication – building mass – interior shading –
occupant habits –data centers –kitchen equipment – lighting power density – filter condition – wall color – lighting controls ‐furniture configuration –exterior vegetation ‐
operable window use – insolation‐ glazing orientation – wall insulation – ventilation rate ‐
exposed interior surface characteristics ‐domestic hot water use –number of computers –
copiers and printers – elevators – exterior lighting ‐occupant gender ratio – elevation –
photovoltaics ‐development density – register location – cooling distribution system – roof insulation –building manager training – cool roof – building surface to volume ratio –
building use type –janitorial services – metering strategies – commissioning – structural system – acoustic treatment – slab edge detailing –night setback temperature –ground water temperature –humidity –occupant dress code –lamp replacement strategy –roof slope –daylight controls –sensor calibration –corporate culture – lease terms –utility meter characteristics –parking garage ventilation – HVAC system capacity –number of separate tenants – retail space –age of equipment – ceiling height – heating fuel –
transformer capacity –window mullion pattern –terms of maintenance contract – wall thickness –building height – lighting fixture layout – overhangs – thermostat location –
exit lighting – private offices – refrigerators – solar hot water – utility meter –load diversity Different Players Affect Building
Performance
Computers and Equipm
Schedule
Habits
Tenants
Operation
Staffing
Controls
Maintenance
Commissioning
Design
Layout
Integration
Installation
Components and Fea
Sensitivity Analysis
Comparing the Impact of Design, Operation, and Tenant Behavior on Building Energy Performance
Building Operation
BedZED
Attribution: Elekhh
Photo: DPR Construction
Components of energy outcomes
1
Energy Use
Operating
Characteristics
0
Design
Components
2000
2010
2020
2030
Occupancy
Hood River Middle School, OR . Courtesy: Michael Mathers
End Use in HP Buildings
RFM: Energy End Use based on 16 months EUI = 20 kBtu/sf/yr
Solar Produced
Solar PV Production
‐7%
Elevator
2%
HVAC, DHW,
Fans 31%
Elevator
Plugs/Misc
Plugs/Misc
44%
Lighting
23%
Lighting
HVAC,DHW,Fans
Plug Load Power Density Measured Performance (W/SF)
Office Location:
Size (SF)
Average Weekday Daytime
Average Weekday
Night
Measured
Peak Irvine, CA 1
8,328
0.8
0.4
1.6
47%
4x
Irvine, CA 2
1,500
0.8
0.6
1.8
70%
2x
Rosemead, CA
16,500
0.5
0.3
0.7
63%
equal
Los Angeles, 8,024
CA
1.5
1.46
2.1
97%
5x
Vancouver,
BC
0.6
0.3
0.8
49%
1.2x
9,000
Source: nbi Office of the Future Pilot Project Monitoring
% of total Ratio of at night Plug Load
to Lighting Load
20
Components of energy outcomes
1
Tenant Behavior
Energy Use
Operating
Characteristics
0
Design
Components
2000
2010
2020
2030
Office of the Future Program
• Single‐Fixture Task‐
ambient (task light provides ambient)
• All building lighting on occupancy sensors
• Private offices 50% auto‐on with occupancy sensors, all lights auto‐off
Title 24 2005 Baseline1.18 W/SF
Connected Load 0.83 W/SF
Controls Credit 0.66 W/SF
Courtesy of Glumac
“That Which Exists Must Be Possible”
Rice Fergis Miller Offices
Outcome‐Based Building Performance
Mark Frankel
Technical Director
New Buildings Institute
mark@newbuildings.org
www.newbuildings.org
Hood River Middle School Photo:Michael Mathers