Laser Technology Laboratory
The Saskatchewan Structural Sciences Centre’s Laser Technology Laboratory main purpose lies with
the application of ultra-fast lasers. These short lasers pulses are a great aid in studying compounds
with short fluorescent lifetime and in using non-linear optical phenomenon to optimize imaging of
live cells. Disciplines from the life sciences, to chemistry, to electrical engineer make use of the
facility for their research programs.
Pre-requisites for access to the Laser Technology Laboratory
All University of Saskatchewan and SSSC
safety rules must be followed while in the
Laser Technology Laboratory.
Laser safety training is provided by the
University of Saskatchewan, Department of
Health, Safety and Environment. All users
wishing to receive training on equipment
housed in this portion of the facility must
attend the DHSE laser safety course. All users
wishing to be present while a Class 4 laser is in
use must attend the DHSE laser safety course.
Safety rules
Additional rules applicable to the Laser Technology Laboratory.
Safety form
Users must sign and submit the laser safety access form to gain access the laboratory.
Research officer and contact information
Sophie M. K. Brunet
Thorvaldson Bldg., room 186
966-1719
sophie.brunet@usask.ca
photo credit: K. Brown
Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy
The LSCM is primarily used for imaging fluorescent samples. Organelles and proteins in cells or
tissues are imaged using native fluorescence or by adding fluorescent tags. The LSCM is based on
point scanning approach to image formation whereby the information for each pixel is obtained
sequentially instead of the broad area excitation approach used for widefield imaging. A laser is used
for selective excitation of a fluorophore and an optical bandpass filter limits the light reaching the
detector. The LSCM is useful for three-dimensional reconstruction of data. Spatial resolution ~
300 nanometers is achievable with objectives of numerical aperture of 1.3. The Zeiss LSM 410 was
upgraded by LSM Technologies (optics, detectors, and computer). The instrument is on a floating
optical table to minimize vibration transfer.
“LASER SCANNING CONFOCAL
MICROSCOPE:
A light microscope that allows imaging of
fluorescent structures in thick (tens to hundreds
of micrometres) specimens. A series of optical
'slices' are collected using a scanning laser beam
and specially designed optics to eliminate out-offocus excited fluorescence. The slices are
reconstructed to provide detailed threedimensional representations of the image data. ”
From:
http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v6/n6/glo
ssary/nrg1618_glossary.html
photo credit: Keith Brown
Current capabilities
The SSSC’s Zeiss LSM410 inverted microscope is optimized for visible light microscopy and near
infrared excitation.
- Standard LSCM excitation sources: multi-line argon ion laser (457, 488, 514 nm) and three HeNe
lasers (543, 594, 633 nm).
- A variety of emission filters for fluorescence selection (bandpass and longpass).
- Objectives: 10x/0.3NA, 20x/0.75NA, 40x/1.3NA, 63x/0.9NA (dipping objective), 100x/1.3NA.
- Simultaneous detection in two channels.
- Optimized for simultaneous excitation at 488nm and 594nm (recommended for co-localization
studies).
- Time-sequence acquisition.
- Differential interference contrast (DIC) with 10x and 100x objectives.
- Instrument available for multi-hour and multi-day studies.
Additional technical information.
Advanced capabilities (contact us)
Objective inverter (LSM Technologies) for upright microscopy applications
Widefield imaging, CCD camera as detector (broadband excitation and emission)
~405nm excitation (achieved using the ultra-fast laser system and SHG)
FCS2 Temperature control chamber (contact Dr. Jim Xiang for use of the FCS2)
Two-Photon Excitation Microscopy
Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy
General statement for publications
You may use the following as a guideline for publication details. It is your responsibility to meet publisher
requirements prior to submitting.
The images were acquired using a LSM410 (Zeiss, Thornwood, NY) upgraded by LSM
Technologies (Etters, PA). An excitation wavelength of ___ nm from a multiline argon ion laser /
HeNe laser was used and a bandpass/longpass emission filter (part # and manufacturer) were used
for imaging. The total image acquisition time was ___ seconds and the pinhole was set to _____
airy units. The step size for three-dimension reconstruction was ____ micrometers and a total of
___ images were acquired.
Software for data analysis
LSM410 software
ImageJ
LSM Image Browser (Zeiss)
SOPs
Base Techniques
One Photon Guide*
Supplement to One Photon Guide
Advanced Techniques
Bioptechs FCS2 chamber
Objective Inverter
SHG for 405nm work – requires additional training
Training Information
Basic training includes instructions on the use of the LSM410 with the Argon Ion laser and three
HeNe lasers as excitation source according to the One Photon Guide. Operators will learn
optimization of settings for proper imaging, sequential multi-colour imaging, and z-sectioning over
three sessions totaling 12 hours. Don’t forget to bring a hardcopy of the documents with a * to the
first training session.
Detailed Training Information (what needs to be done to receive and complete training)
Training Session #3*
Training ‘Costs’:
Users are required to pre-purchase 18 hours of use on the instrument. These hours must be
used within three months of completing the training.
Requests for training are processed through the Evolution system.
Recommended Reading
Conn, P. Michael, ed. Confocal Microscopy. San Diego: Academic Press, 1999.
Diaspro, Alberto, ed. Confocal and Two-Photon Microscopy, Foundations, Applications, and
Advances. New York: Wiley-Liss, 2002.
Paddock, Stephen ed. Confocal Microscopy (Methods in Molecular Biology Volume 122).
Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1998.
Pawley, James B., ed. Handbook of Biological Confocal Microscopy, 2nd edition. New York:
Plenum Press, 1995.
Periasamy, Ammasi and Richard N. Day, eds. Molecular Imaging: FRET Microscopy and
Spectroscopy. New York: Oxford UP, 2005.
Yuste, Rafael, et al., eds. Imaging Neurons: A Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold
Spring Harbor Lab Press, 1999.
Links
LSM Technologies
Carl Zeiss Canada Ltd., Know How - Laser Scanning Systems
Other resources (some with further links):
Confocal Microscopy List
Molecular Expressions
Nikon's MicroscopyU
Olympus Microscopy Resource Center
University of Arizona, Cellular Imaging Shared Service
Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida
Invitrogen, Tutorials
AMU, HI, University of Helsinki, Confocal Microscopy tutorial
Columbia University Medical Centre, Optical Microscopy Facility
The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Molecular Cytogenetics and Microscopy
Core
Note: The Saskatchewan Structural Sciences Centre is not responsible for the content on these
websites.
Widefield imaging:
Silver Berry Scaly Hair, Fluorescence
Mammal pancreas, Fluorescence
Mammal pancreas, Light transmission
Muntjac skin fibroblast cells (FluoCells® prepared slide #6, Invitrogen), Fluorescence
Drosophila wing, Light transmission, 10x/0.3NA versus 20x/ 0.75NA
Dinosaur tooth, Fluorescence and uneven white light illumination
Two-Photon Excitation Microscopy
Two-photon excitation microscopy is best at reducing out-of-focus excitation thereby reducing the
risk of bleaching a volume of the sample which has yet to be imaged. The two-photon process
requires high photon density which is achievable at the focus point of the objective with ultra-short
light pulses. In some cases two-photon excitation can reduce photo-toxicity, improving live cell
imaging. The longer wavelength range required for the technique can make it possible to image
thicker sample compared to excitation in the ultraviolet and visible ranges.
Current capabilities
The two-photon excitation microscope is an upgraded feature of the LSM410. It requires the use of
the ultra-fast Mira laser in femtosecond mode as a light source.
- Excitation wavelength from 700 to 100 nm.
- Motorized optical correction for parfocality with one-photon excitation.
- Objective 63X/0.9NA, 2.2 mm working distance (efficient for infrared transmittance).
- Descanned (2 detectors with emission filter wheel) or non-descanned detection ports.
Advanced capabilities (contact us)
Objective inverter (LSM Technologies) for upright microscopy applications
FCS2 Temperature control chamber (contact Dr. Jim Xiang for use of the FCS2)
General statement for publications
You may use the following as a guideline for publication details. It is your responsibility to meet publisher
requirements prior to submitting.
The images were acquired using a LSM410 (Zeiss, Thornwood, NY) upgraded by LSM
Technologies (Etters, PA) for two-photon excitation. The excitation wavelength was ___ nm from
a femtosecond pulsed Mira 900-D laser system (Coherent, Santa Clara, CA) and a ____ nm
bandpass/longpass emission filter (part # and manufacturer) were used for imaging. The image was
acquired using a descanned/non-descanned light path. The total image acquisition time was ___
seconds and the pinhole was set to _______ airy units. The step size for three-dimension
reconstruction was ____ micrometers and a total of ___ images were acquired.
Note: Emission filter in non-descanned path: E700SP-2P, Chroma, Rockingham, VT
Software for data analysis
Please refer to the software for LSCM.
Publications
Senanayake, V.; Juurlink, B.H.; Zhang, C.; Zhan, E.; Wilson, L.D.; Kwon, J.; Yang, J.; Lim, Z.L.;
Brunet, S.M.K.; Schatte, G.; Maley, J.M.; Hoffmeyer, R.E.; Sammynaiken, R. “Do Surface Defects
and Modification Determine the Observed Toxicity of Carbon Nanotubes?” Journal of Biomedical
Nanotechnology 4.4 (2008): 515-523
SOPs
Base Techniques (LSCM)
One Photon Guide*
Supplement to One Photon Guide
Two-Photon Excitation
Two-Photon Imaging*
Mira, Imaging Users*
Advanced Techniques
Bioptechs FCS2 chamber
Objective Inverter
Training Information
Pre-requisite: basic training on the LSM410.
Minimum recommended experience: 6-8 hours using the LSM410 for one-photon excitation over
two work days.
Training includes turning the Verdi/Mira laser system on and off, determining the modelock status
of the Mira, using the automated IR-correction optics (beam expander), laser attenuation, and using
the non-descanned port. Don’t forget to bring a hardcopy of the documents with a * to the training
session.
Training ‘Costs’:
Users are required to pre-purchase 6 hours of use on the instrument. These hours must be
used within three months of completing the training.
Requests for training are processed through the Evolution system.
Recommended Reading
Diaspro, Alberto, ed. Confocal and Two-Photon Microscopy, Foundations, Applications, and
Advances. New York: Wiley-Liss, 2002.
Links
Many links listed for laser scanning confocal microscopy include information on two-photon
excitation.
LSM Technologies
Note: The Saskatchewan Structural Sciences Centre is not responsible for the content on these
websites.
Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy
FLIM is the measurement of the lifetime of a fluorophore in an excited electronic state as a function
of position on an image. This gives a picture of environment of the fluorophore. The lifetime of a
fluorophore can change with chemical composition (pH, calcium concentration) or because of
quenching (FRET, oxygen).
At the SSSC, FLIM is based on the time domain acquisition of information in conjunction with the
laser scanning confocal microscope. The pulsed laser system can used in pico- or femtosecond
mode with a variety of repetition rates, and it can be used in the visible or infrared regions.
Current capabilities
- Excitation wavelength: Visible from 400-490 nm or two-photon excitation 700-1000 nm.
- Descanned detection port for visible light excitation (selected emission filters available).
- Descanned or non-descanned detection port for two-photon excitation.
- Data acquisition board: SPC-830 (Becker and Hickl)
- Standard detector: PMC-100-4 (Becker and Hickl) with FHWM 190 picoseconds.
Advanced capabilities (contact us)
Objective inverter (LSM Technologies) for upright microscopy applications
FCS2 Temperature control chamber (contact Dr. Jim Xiang for use of the FCS2)
Detector: Cooled MCP-PMT R3809U-51 (Hamamatsu) with FWHM ~ 35 picosecond
General statements for publications
You may use the following as a guideline for publication details. It is your responsibility to meet publisher
requirements prior to submitting.
One-photon excitation and descanned detector (RFL2 filter wheel):
The FLIM time domain data was acquired using a laser scanning confocal microscope, a pulsed laser
system set at ____ nm, and a SPC-830 (Becker and Hickl, Berlin, Germany) FLIM data acquisition
board. The LSCM was a LSM410 (Zeiss, Thornwood, NY) upgraded by LSM Technologies (Etters,
PA), the bandpass/longpass emission filter in the confocal path was a ___-___ nm (part # and
manufacturer) and the pinhole was set to _____ airy units. The light path was redirected to a single
photon counting photomultiplier tube, a PMC-100-4 (Becker and Hickl, Berlin, Germany), whose
signal became the CFD input to the SPC-830. The laser was a Mira 900-D laser system (Coherent,
Santa Clara, CA) in femto/picosecond mode, with a repetition rate modified to ______ Hz using a
pulse picker PP9200, and a harmonic generator, HG 9300, changed the wavelength to ___ nm. A
pick off optic was used to trigger the fast photodiode, a PHD-400 (Becker and Hickl, Berlin,
Germany), to send a time decay synchronization pulse to the SPC-830. The SPC-830 was set for a
total acquisition time of ____ seconds/minutes, ___ time channels, and receiving scanning
synchronization information from the LSM410 for image construction of ___ pixels by ___ pixels.
The scan rate of the LSM410 was carefully chosen for timing of excitation of each pixel based on
the repetition rate of the laser.
Two-photon excitation and non-descanned detector:
The FLIM time domain data was acquired using a laser scanning confocal microscope, a pulsed laser
system set at ____ nm, and a SPC-830 (Becker and Hickl, Berlin, Germany) FLIM data acquisition
board. The LSCM was a LSM410 (Zeiss, Thornwood, NY) upgraded by LSM Technologies (Etters,
PA) for two-photon excitation and a non-descanned emission path with a 700 nm short pass filter
(E700SP-2P, Chroma, Rockingham, VT). The single photon counting photomultiplier tube detector
was a PMC-100-4 (Becker and Hickl, Berlin, Germany) and its signal became the CFD input to the
SPC-830. The laser was a Mira 900-D laser system (Coherent, Santa Clara, CA) in
femto/picosecond mode and set to ___ nm, with a repetition rate modified to ______ Hz using a
pulse picker PP9200. A pick off optic was used to trigger the fast photodiode, a PHD-400 (Becker
and Hickl, Berlin, Germany), to send a time decay synchronization pulse to the SPC-830. The SPC830 was set for a total acquisition time of ____ seconds/minutes, ___ time channels, and receiving
scanning synchronization information from the LSM410 for image construction of ___ pixels by
___ pixels. The scan rate of the LSM410 was carefully chosen for timing of excitation of each pixel
based on the repetition rate of the laser.
Software for data analysis
SPC-Image (Becker and Hickl)
SOPs
Base Techniques (LSCM)
One Photon Guide*/**
Supplement to One Photon Guide
FLIM
FLIM SOP, SHG*
SHG for LSM410 *
Mira, Imaging Users*
FLIM SOP, TPE**
Two-Photon Imaging**
Mira, Imaging Users**
Advanced Techniques
Bioptechs FCS2 chamber
Objective Inverter
Training Information
Pre-requisite: basic training on the LSM410.
Minimum recommended experience: 8-10 hours using the LSM410 for one-photon excitation over
three work days.
Training includes turning the Verdi/Mira laser system on and off, determining the modelock status
of the Mira, laser attenuation, use of the FLIM data acquisition module. The user must specify the
type of excitation desired (one-photon via SHG of the Mira or two-photon excitation). Don’t forget
to bring a hardcopy of the documents with a * or ** (depending on the type of excitation desired) to
the training session.
Training ‘Costs’:
Users are required to pre-purchase 8 hours of use on the instrument. These hours must be
used within three months of completing the training.
Requests for training are processed through the Evolution system.
Recommended Reading
Becker, Wolfgang. Advanced Time-Correlated Single Photon Counting Techniques. Berlin:
Springer, 2005.
Links
Becker and Hickl
Note: The Saskatchewan Structural Sciences Centre is not responsible for the content on these
websites.
Time-Correlated Single Photon Counting
TCSPC is used to measure the fluorescence lifetime of compounds in specific environments. An
ultra-fast laser pulse excites the sample and the light emitted from the sample is tagged for arrival
time. A decay trace of the fluorescence as a function of time is used to determine the number of
lifetime components present and their respective value. Lifetime measurements from 50
picoseconds to hundreds of nanoseconds can be measured.
Current capabilities
- The TCSPC data acquisition module a SPC-830 or SPC-630 (Becker and Hickl)
- Time range: 3.3 nanoseconds to 2 microseconds
- Choice of 1 to 4096 time channels
- Cuvette holder with temperature control and magnetic stirring (FLASH 200, Quantum
Northwest): -25 to +80 °C
- Excitation wavelength range: 240-330 nm and 360-500 nm
- Excitation pulse repetition rate: 9.5 kHz to 4.75 MHz (variable) or 76 MHz
- Emission wavelength range: 400 – 910 nm (monochromator + MCP-PMT)
- Detector: cooled MCP-PMT, R3809U-51 (Hamamatsu); FWHM ~ 35 picoseconds; detection
wavelength range from 160 – 910nm
- Motorized double subtractive monochromator (CM112, Spectral Products; gratings: 600gr/mm for
visible range and 1200gr/mm for infrared region)
Advanced capabilities (contact us)
Detection below 400 nm (optical filter for wavelength selection)
Detector: PMC-100-4 (Becker and Hickl) detector (185-820 nm and FWHM ~ 190 ps)
Detection in ultra-violet and visible with CM110 monochromator (gratings AG1800-00450H
or AG0600-00500) and PMC-100-4 detector
Dual detectors: MCP-PMT and PMC-100-4 with CM110 (individual data acquisition boards)
General statement for publications
You may use the following as a guideline for publication details. It is your responsibility to meet publisher
requirements prior to submitting.
The time correlated single photon counting data was acquired using a pulsed laser system as an
excitation source and processed via the TCSPC data acquisition board SPC-630/SPC-830 (Becker
and Hickl, Berlin, Germany). The laser was a Mira 900-D laser system (Coherent, Santa Clara, CA)
in femto/picosecond mode, with a repetition rate modified to ______ Hz using a pulse picker
PP9200, and a harmonic generator, HG 9300, provided the wavelength of ___ nm. A pick off
optic was used to trigger the fast photodiode, a PHD-400 (Becker and Hickl, Berlin, Germany), to
send a time decay synchronization pulse to the SPC-630/SPC-830. The fluorescence emission was
collected at Magic angle (54.7°degrees) relative to excitation beam polarization. The emission light
intensity was controlled using absorbance neutral density filters to maintain a photon counting ratio
of ____% relative to the excitation beam repetition rate. The emission wavelength was selected
using a monochromator (CM112, Spectral Products, Putnam, CT) outfitted with a AG0600-
00500/AG1200-00750 grating and ____ mm slits. The resulting light was detected using a MCPPMT R3809U-51 (Hamamatsu, Japan), its signal was amplified using a HFAC-26 (Becker and Hickl,
Berlin, Germany), and then sent to the CFD input of the SPC-630/SPC-830 which was set for a
total acquisition time of ____ seconds/minutes, overflow correction on/off/stop, and ___ time
channels.
Software for data analysis
psDecay 2000
SPC-Image
TRFA Global Analysis
Publications
Kowalska, D., and R.P. Steer, “Quenching of MgTPP and ZnTPP fluorescence by molecular
oxygen.” Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology, A, 195, 223-227 (2008).
Lu, Yin and Matthew F. Paige “An Ensemble and Single-molecule Fluorescence Spectroscopy
Investigation of Calcium Green 1, a Calcium-ion Sensor” Journal of Fluorescence 17.6 (2007): 739748.
SOPs
Mira, General Users
PP9200
HG9300- SHG
HG9300- THG
TCSPC, SSSC
Scheduling time on the TCSPC
Training Information
Training on the operation of the Mira laser system is included in training for using the TCSPC.
Users will learn tuning of the Mira laser (changing wavelength) and achieving modelocking (pulsing).
All new users will be trained on the SSSC TCSPC detection system.
Training on the HG9300 for Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) is automatic while Third
Harmonic Generation (THG) is by special request.
Training ‘Costs’:
Users are required to pre-purchase 60 hours of use on the instrument. These hours must be
used within three months of completing the training.
Requests for training are processed through the Evolution system.
Recommended Reading
Phillips, David, and Desmond V. O’Connor. Time-Correlated Single Photon Counting. London:
Academic Press, 1984.
Becker, Wolfgang. Advanced Time-Correlated Single Photon Counting Techniques. Berlin:
Springer, 2005.
Links
Becker and Hickl
Boston Electronics
Note: The Saskatchewan Structural Sciences Centre is not responsible for the content on
these websites.
Fluorescence Up-Conversion
The SSSC fluorescence up-conversion system is used to measure the lifetime of short-lived
fluorescent molecules in solution. The sample solution is exposed to an ultra-short laser pulse (400
nm) and the fluorescence emitted is monitored for intensity my mixing (up-conversion) it in a nonlinear crystal with another ultra-short laser pulse (800 nm), the probe. By delaying the time at which
the probe pulse reaches the non-linear crystal, and mixes with the fluorescence, the intensity of the
up-conversion can be monitored as a function of decay time. The up-conversion process is the sum
frequency generated in the non-linear crystal by the combination of the fluorescence and the 800 nm
probe light resulting in a wavelength shorter than that of the fluorescence. Lifetimes in the subnanosecond range can be measured using this technique.
Current capabilities
- Sample excitation wavelength: 400nm
- Decay lifetime measurement
- Rise-time measurement
- Cross-correlation FHWM: ~ 200 femtoseconds
photo credit: Keith Brown
Experimental Details
Fluorescence up-conversion
Publications
Liu, X., U. Tripathy, S.V. Bhosale, S.J. Langford and R.P. Steer, “Photophysics of tetrapyrroles in
solution. II. Effects of perdeuteration, substituent nature and position and macrocycle structure and
conformation in zinc(II) porphyrins” Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 112, 8986-8998 (2008).
Liu, X., U. Tripathy, A. Mahammed, Z. Gross and R.P. Steer, “Photophysics of Soret-excited
tetrapyrroles in solution. III. Al and Ga metallocorroles.” Chemical Physics Letters, 459, 113-118
(2008).
Tripathy, U., X. Liu, D. Kowalska, S. Velate, and R.P. Steer, “Photophysics of Soret-excited
tetrapyrroles in solution. I. MTPP, M = Mg, Zn, Cd.” Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 112, 58245833 (2008).
X. Yao, H.-B. Kraatz and R.P. Steer, Photophysics of pyrene-labelled compounds of biophysical
interest. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 4, 191-199 (2005).
SOPs
Fluorescence Up-Conversion
Training Information
Requests for training are processed through the Evolution system.
Ultra-Fast Laser Suites
Current capabilities
Two class 4 ultra-fast lasers suites from Coherent Inc. are available.
1- Verdi / Mira / Pulse Picker / Harmonic Generator
Description:
This laser system includes a tunable Ti:Sapphire laser capable of picosecond or femtosecond pulse
from 700 to 1000 nm with a repetition rate of 76 MHz. The pulse picker is used to change the
repetition rate up to 4.75 MHz. The Harmonic Generator can change the near infrared beam of the
Mira to the ultra-violet and visible regions of the spectrum (240-330 nm and 360-500 nm).
Current applications:
This system is used as a light source for the TCSPC and LSCM. It is used for two-photon excitation
imaging and fluorescence lifetime measurements (FLIM and TCSPC).
photo credit: Keith Brown
2- Vitesse / RegA / OPA
Description:
This ultra-fast pulsed laser system includes a Regenerative Amplifier (800 nm) with its pump source
(Vitesse Duo) and an Optical Parametric Amplifier for visible light use (480-700 nm).
Current applications:
This system is used as a light source for the Up-Conversion Fluorescence Lifetime instrument.
photo credit: Keith Brown
Advanced capabilities
Most ready for use applications of these laser suites are already mentioned elsewhere in this site. If
you wish to use these lasers as light sources only, contact us for help with adapting to your project.
General statements for publications
You may use the following as a guideline for publication details. It is your responsibility to meet publisher
requirements prior to submitting.
Verdi / Mira / Pulse Picker / Harmonic Generator
The laser system (Coherent, Santa Clara, CA) was a Verdi V-10 pumped Mira 900-D tunable
Ti:Sapphire laser set in the pico/femtosecond mode at ___ nm. The repetition rate of the laser
beam was set to ___ Hz using a pulse picker, PP9200. The wavelength was modified to ___ nm
using a harmonic generator, HG9300. The average output power was ____ mW.
Vitesse / RegA / OPA
The laser system (Coherent, Santa Clara, CA) was a Vitesse Duo pumped RegA 9000 producing 800
nm light at a rate of ____ kHz for an average power of ____ mW. The RegA pumped the
OPA9400 to produce ____ nm (____ mW power).
Training Information
Training on these lasers is typically done in conjunction with their current application.
Requests for training are processed through the Evolution system.
Links
Coherent Inc.
Note: The Saskatchewan Structural Sciences Centre is not responsible for the content on these
websites.