\
?
Wright, Ernest(-Bo-oh e \ o,.
-f
he.s;
li
s)
D^(:,lil.Ci r!,: ruili
F,.;,, .,,
-il')!
"L'ti.
;:.:
1.ldi,.:;t: r;r a;- ., r_nt.
. - _. i .l.l(,{"'i;itii i ::.
:.,'.1 i.: r,ii
5,-
.F
E}
de.i#
:l
.'j:
_{
Ft
,1,
THE ExPonT i,ul{iBEt
,*fl?"
oF lrI{E IIIfITED
STATJS
ti'RrGm
ERHIIST
SiBtIOORAPEI
rt of f oreign
Euile'bin lTo.6?
Dep
and. dornestie eommeree
'[J.S, Dep''b of Coirmerce
Tlinbet"nran iriareli 1925
$omo
Page 55.
Publlo end Ee'onoilfu'Acpoetc; of bhe Lr:-urber
Roport
IJo.114.
fndusir.y
U.
S. Dep lt of agnlcult,.ule.
f*{t
6
Nov
1957
k""*d
t
SENIOR TffiSTS
on
TIIE EXPORT
LUIvIBER
TRADE Of' THE UI\iITm STATBS
by
ERI{EST
lTRIGET
for the consideration and.
eorl"eetion of DEAIi GEORGE W, pEAtrry.
Subrnitr"ed.
Tli.i, IXPOIiT i,iii,Il[3 T]?l\nE LjF TI]E UTiTEI) STATES.
A;-tier,
i{:
ar:
Lu,t1t'rigt. Re gourt}€ s r
0rigi.nalJ-;r tii+ Uni'bt:C Si;stes conbained 822 million
of fores'1;s }:ub ab t1:* p:,es.*11t t,iriie or:iy 4aZ rLllion asres
nieillilLn. T1:* ;ffincipnl slrecies atle !h.e har.dl,loods in i;iie eenhnai
anrj souLi.rlrrr
r,egior,$, t)rfi.e g-eLicrlr gri-i:* aicrtig i;iie so,;th
,ii,il-f sLates, and il:ie r^rougl*e
ALlarri;i* an,:-'l- !e,r"iwour1
f ir, slrru-Je anc ceclap
o-il i;j:r: ITo.rLi:nest, 'svibl: ini:.cl: 5i;;l,iLer si",:n,i-s c:f - rr:j-alio Tll:ibe pine,
Callfo:":ria Sugo.r' p'ine ar,'c ti:c l?crlvocds. Th*re arc aiso :'eiatlvely
sttn'i 1 stetr.1r; r-rf East;e:.rr llJiil;e ,Oi:ie in ]iiinneaO"La anC lf iseOnsinr -q
snC sil:iucs ln iriai:rc.
ae.i",ls
Ah iry*siirlb Lho Urrii;ed. Si;ate:: is i;iie thi:.ri. w*ei.bhlest
i;ir;l?:er nai;it)]rt irr the vroritl ct)iLni;ir,:S lir:.3-oljor:: an.J Asietie Eussia
* s ii:'s i; snri Ca:i**.a i) si $ec ril:rd .
!1i,.. aver.rEise
t*tal,
,.Ji;-i;
of Lirirher,,in 1;iiis coutt"i,r"y lias
t:een
i-n'LiL,: 1;*st rp1-rrr)xiraabely 4C i:i_-l-l-ion lrcrn:,d feet annlrali-y, and of
tl:iis titroiJ.ni; I lr(ji:eent or 3 ?:i j.i!.on hoalC fee r; iias been e,;;ported,
Prfi ,s$Itr,
Si:,a
i;r-l$
Of A:nerigan
Lr-rrirbei: "inclu-str.y.
Tli.e ir:rd-]r.*i;r"y i:as soir.,i 49r000
gal"r ;nill pianis i.;hruouL tire
il;j:, I 1;ci.*f :r*xijortrT:. eLltj - r",f f.i.$ i;il_1j-oii boa L,,i feet. f tiis
:shcrws piai.nI"y l;lip, i, i;l,u iriC.irs l,rl". ie {:{ei. ins Lstled a.r:d Lresides a
;iiryr'l Ll's af sijuJrilrn$e is aisr-r cari:ieil.
Tircse 'uyro faql,ors are in a
gr;i1;-111,1";'r ';i
la,rge iiresL',r;r'ri rr$i)ol1i'ji-'r-rir:r irrl';reL.!.odi3 oi/ry-r-jJr(-r*rrr:u!1rn1 l,reeause
r:f i;ire neC'tlSCii:;r Oi- rir'-.r.;i,ir.,g i,"iS]: t,eXe,:lJ p,:.i,J. lii:i,e i,ci:.1, *l:.f,.f.geS.
lSur.Llier;iioL,r:,rreri;r,r,ij-Ls; anai rrri-reli lirrii:ei." jias.been rrrcrr.tgaged, tiie
u
1-ronderj. del:l; ol.c,rirt .r.rr.irrr i:rg inl,s: .'nens of iriiLli-r)rrs.
Ili.iry on lriain feiifi,,:f
i-,i:.: irlrgi,ray:!-yicltigi;r,;" i* l;irab i1r is.
unsi;a?..rle a::i'1" ls a 3,jr:jr.ri1; lr-Lr*ier irr.!*es sre eot:iirtu_a1J-;, fiuctuati*g. FI'ttr,,i ti:rie i;o i..t.i-,,,-3 eifl,:rL l;ni i;e+r lnad.e tci Sbuilli-y,e the in_
,Tue'i,1';: itHi;:'.:.:, fi,-:--l-,,c. c,.l ,.-: ,,tj t;'i.,.,,,;3lr{:gi, yir;-.r1ir..rr11. f
oilrirer"$ of ,;ire
4?rco0 $,61'r ;riii-.i--", _i;):,,; irrunense :'cs*,.,ve cf i,iiri'oer. gr;.,r^iiJ,
in excess
*f th.e i-.lrr.':'.,c.ii;i.,e di j,,$i;cr, ri;ri i;1.:l: riai:i{, ,,,ri!;i:t[ ,'riric'l:."si,rii- mi,'l-]s
can
\* iL:stalled,
x1
fr; l,l::: ;r-i l.;i.* Ai,.,::.ri,la:.: .i r,r-ilii-:r,.: {,iiitri i-.E S devrii;ed
Of
hi s i:rlri.r$-f i:i ov{iJ. srJi'it':.r l,l:r i)l-:nSi.Cal Oi.rsi;a,:l es of i:.isiliost
business,
]'Ie li* r; l;crgn a v.i]:lr*
L,!ierri,,i-rtggirra errg,iy"rer:r.'' rr"Lij fi]i iyrgeli.i.rus
r,;*iu i,,il1 {rpej4at;g_r.", ?i;i
?:r-;"'i; ii* iiail crll.rji.r:i.,*ni1.l
", negiected ilhE rnafketi.ng of hi $ Ij:*rrd-ir.) i, .
irl:*n ll';* 'i, i;irher c./i il.r:r. r) lr:.,i ir.r_14i,11i'.;,g,,.' Of tiie *.tiLmbr"y
f;, irt-:rlBC "iate tl_:.i: sulle r"ior.it ,.f of Aji"ie1.!cali
irrrn]rer "Lo lo.r:e I ir;r.r' []ijc ie s
L:]:ey uiii r:oi; fa',-1 i,(r i".,a-i- i-ze i,lie irCVgr:1;aU,e nf an o:*g&,'iized.
ex:iorj'l-;. ."18-fli,ij r; i,;,tg *;isi,r:l;l, r,itrl t;l ie ntjttessil;y r:f i;aking cere of tiie
:
fi()rlr1 li
fJ*'S l.trSOill'Je
2
A:nerican
Lun'j:e r,,ixg.;op!
g.
iil:i-L* bire annual prodLrctir:n of itl;rber in the U.S. has
sLr:nly cL,:cilned iiincr: l-'gOt .i.;h* exi.,or"ts -nas gr.aCually iner.eass:d
e-ae1: Jres.r ui: u"rr1;i1 1?15 iil.,i;11 bi:"ey i;ooll r,i r1sc,1-lne ancl then
begar:
i;'ireii: rise cL.i*e agaii:,
_ rl:"e grerl'i;i:r;i; pcr,'u of 1;r':o iyoori. exp,o::ts J:as eonsLsted. each
cf
i1].ri]. s#,rr:i;1ing tit; & tobar- va1r,:e in i.9r.6
l':,I,
, :oardsr-1:1anir[iro-i'rri'r11v;
u8;rllJ-l-lir)rt dcliars, iil:e errluris r:f 1ogs un,i liely*
saored 'i,i+s a:noi;.:rt;,*rl Lo si.rFr,(:xiitai,,ciy l]liSr00Or0Ct0"in l,it,: sa.jiLeand.
year,
Py fa:. ';hr: _r,ei,l-,ush Eit;roitj'iL Of art,i spec1,,.:e ex1:or"tei. in
bhe ;;esi lias been sriribhern yerlr:r,r i]!.ne. -Tiris }:as bebn
lcrig leaf pine. fri i-9?2 Dcugl.as fiy, eicec;r.ir:d sr:uLl:ier"5 *hlefly
;",e1iorr
,ptng l:'; ^i4! r44cr!!y r:rlar,j. ieJ*. Ti:.is-ii n v*i.y si;r"ickin8
ex,,r!flL1 r'riii*l;. bi:e iuilr,re:, iirlir,Ji"]"iu :rc.ryr.ng
f}r',l;_-.'':.:f';,r"a5-ridii;r
t.r .Jl.lv,
L
aU.l-:.t,,.1
CiraSt,,
i?i4 lTil$ r.;r:e rlrig expr:.r:t j',:rap fot" r,h-e IJnil;t*d sta.r:es r:Jut
.ln 1915 |.he:',i iras a. grert slump d.rre l,a Lhe yor,le ',ryai".
At the
1:r:esent i:he ri:r.crx.b lutilhe,r,ii"rdulbr,;r fuss ncL qLriIe rorn*
n1t
to &
"--"
par, ,yiLli 1314 l;u-t; i* r,airid.1_y. in,:i,iar:irig .+acii y*or",
in fo}mer- c.a;rs l:.rir:;*rr r,tres- sxiror.i_;eri eliiefiy frora Boston,
Yoi.ii, Philadelphig, T{onfdlk, }rewito:,t }Ie,,ys
br:d" near_by-ponts,
?-,ub. tlit: rtrigr*i;ir:n of i;i;e }i_:.rp}:,*r'inAuiiry
t:n,r hr;;Sili other im_
i:o:'tr:rrf irorbs irrhr_r p:,r.r,r;inenc{j, A"L 1",r1,,*sLni, e goo11"s1ie.1"g of tlie
iir.riire:'is shi1.,ped fr*i,r jiu,.d;.5et S,li;r.yr* ond 1;jre pfciflc Coas"L
1ror,.Ls,
principaliy- $eat,flj:, Tacorri, re1-i.ingr,,,,,i,
portLarr'j, s"" Fpanelsco
r;llil- Los Angles, Tiir: soul,l:.e,r"n or.. giiff
i)or"t;s ,i,* ui*o-;;iil""
extenslve cxpori;ing, T;.,e chie$ i:orts se*
of
i:,::s sj(3ctiai,-iiewi.rt
are
G.':i'ves'borr, ;'ot,"i; A;'5i:ur., Ilet'r O:"i*ans,
:l.Ie-qr
irci,_son.r,,iiie an.i
lIr:i.r s .
Liu;lber
il-xpo:',r,
ir:;;
j,ie i;i;r.rris
.
/Lt ii:'*
sLege of ex;>or.Lar;ion of r-un:b.:r f oi,iri t,i;is
'bl:e exroi1; cclrrpai:ios
e*untry iuosL of_*ar'lJr
or,vned. tireir., ol.rn sairing
vessels. ritir tiie t,Lven'; of tle; si;ealisiips,
the nlrrrrr:ep of 1rill
0i'iner"1. vesriDls d-ecreaged. evi;,-,y jl$fr]:. since
ir_r-r;:Lrrr. is e.xpor"ted
by $teanieirs ia:,ger- cargoss can-1;e ear.ried and it r:eea,ne necessery
t,. devise so'1e methocl of ol:baining *"a-*ntprin[ th;"pr,:duet
of
sever"ai rniiis. Trius ti.re export ,;,Jc,dj-,,:r,r*r, ,"rn* inbo
existenee
an<1 hsve to-day a s'brong fobt hr:rid ir:l r;rae
inar-rsiry,
Ti:-': e,,{iJo-i"'-; ;iij.j,:r.1*r;te::r aj:.i:r r;e:-}*r!a1i-y caliec uporr tcr
submit
an o"ffe-r: lnclud.ing hh* eo,sL of j:he
iurn1.:ur:-rr1; ti:e poi;[-of ioading.
oCqrEr:.ii'eigi:"t ic ii;ts desi;ir:il.,1or:, ai:ri -insur,ar-.,.ce oi fhe
freight.
?l-,e exr:orL; ;rii,l,jLeaan i*kex sL gr*i:b c.rianee
u.pon
obtair:ing
'rr'[:.o";;;;;i,
hle
f.rr:i-h si)a** rrl:tln .1,-,he r-r*rr*r jls i;l-ared.
*]:onld
g0 l-r-p irr thr rru+*n1;irii{: ire :,;rr jr' lr* ir...: r,, io**, rr l:erivn I
and he
os;*,
Irrrlr,r p.gl; evr:n l.;0
abl-r: hr; ${iiCur}r:)
i.,.1:*
}-1,rr}Cei.isi:i
y
",*"na$g.
Ee*arrsc i;hi: :rri,:itl-1Eyr1l:.r ,_)l]$ r.F_r"!je nesr iror.t, s rrit.l: Clrect
sl;r,'aiiish.i} crlilr-l{:rctio,.s i,rir,l:i rcriLii* lnu.*tr,:,ro, t::,:yauii*
*f1;en
3
ii: n i'it'r;i;i-' '.;1r;il;i..,li 'r',r: ,,JC,,,f .': f.33:,:'i1n,. l- :1-.,-'a;; ICi;.; rj,a -bO Cglt,lt *'nlt$L1 'r,;,.c::r n s{lili ln:il.i OiJfi taal-;r:.r: nO'c. .i}l con$i;arlL bor-r-ch
itir::1;e.1;h*
,; L'ui:
l.r,*ighr -irr1,l..^t. Y,::".,). of i;r:rn Ll:er:": ;;iiCd.leriien ahFrte.r.
t;hei:'sl;cniiri:I's ailc.
ib lias been snic" il:at in il:e pasb fevr ]resr.s
iir{,.i.',i ;]Lt-lnrjli -l:"r:l l.;cr:;:r i:ir}"d..e thi-< rray I;hs.r: b;r i,hr: .?ctul-l- $al e of'
ii;-.irj.:-dr. birsr: Lh* 'To"r"id. lfar thc- oj.rr;ainiiig of orilers fr.o:n
alroad ha.s }:een ]r.ej:ely a que-qtion of adequa'be tonnage and nob
s que$t,ion of dolla"rs ilei, i000 feei.
Exl;r::'b Agenb s.
The exirorL; agcr:1, is a coirjiri:.,$siul-r nen ii€r,iyeen .bl:e erari.rC,I,1:ei. in Lher 1:rodi;-ci.r:lg ci:r-lni;.ry anC. Lhe .for.eign inpo.r*,i;er, oy
evij'ii i:e';ereen Lhe d,ornestio expo:r'i; ri.ierel.ant and the
cornrlrrrlfr Tliei:: :nain asseL is i;he lbcar }inourledge thattradinft
bi:ey rnust
poL{ses in ol.iel, to'i:uy t.i,r: ir,urfiier as cheai:}.1r as :_ios$llti,:, be:
cau.se coril:eti r; ir:n is s'l-jrt_x1g,
The exSrgfi; aget:r"i, soj;1c i-..iriir:s rilrt,eins a corir:ilission both
frcrs i;l:e ;rurc].:'l..i,rrr cn,L Lh,: ;i-i].i.r';1s11 - - ri.rirlnl_]-y p$;:ercent fyo,t
se3l.:.. Or $c:tol;iiri*s this ;:lat,"i;er is uei,blcd beLlleen- ilLe export
ageni; nnd bl:* il:,oker.
1I;:oi:t .r'iic() i rr irt; air r:.r:Cer i;h.-: exporL eg*r:L ,: o:iuir:-n-i-eates
iiis rniil conrietltlons *l"lrlt i.f ii, is i,i:r exiep.l;iona1i,y l.e:"ge
or.Cci" lie r:il1;r.:r1 C_iviC-es il; j:retwue:: geverai mi11s. I{e thcn
as:rer,ib'i es .i;he c,irg{, iir a coi-r.vcnii:n!:. 1_rorL or itrl+i;ru-cls bi:e shigr
t;o ;-iieir i;!i* eargo LilJ fii; vr,ir.ioriri tlot ts.
r,li1;1:
*i: lri*.r:ehant .
ki-1,* L]1 ,;;rpc:r."1 cgenl scil.s and."buys lulfilr:I, on a coiil'
;nission irr:s!s, l;l:...,; e.)iiroilil riiel."chort, s-t'rrrr.o1s.lor ihe .iii1por"i;er
a.s
aR lnd.eirr*ndet:t. e:tpr:rter opr::'aiing in jrls olcn najne. thua* exlrort
;nercirsrnt,s *rle ilr;;ir:r1 a.r? ti:e Guii consL t:sg:;ec!aii-y.
Exi.:o
"-
Tire
exj jei''L i:':-e.l'ehant.'i ge:lei'ri3-1;r x12L* a]4rangelrrent
s rvi'b}:
one orr ?lir]re io:"eig:r br"c]rers io r,epresenr t].ieni irr iarious eountries anri. the;r ot.i';ain ihei:: os"d.ertrj frlrri thei;i.
',:lligy1 tjtg ex"1ror.t i;ier,*?ir:111., o'i.r.i;ains; an
otnder thfu l:is
broke.r h.e senc.s cu.l bi.,Lr to !l:c vericus rni-iis ar:.d. seiecLs ihe
:irosb favora"bie off*r.
fn obb*ining i,1:r.r ii,rii:.ile.r:- Lhe ax;16r,,r, ;:rerehri::i eii;h-ef buys
outrlgLt iro;n 'i;lic ;i:i^r.i oi. ;:;r...;u.i5'r::r 'bii cc:i-1,-r"r,cj:i1g; f,o.r
.bhe
enl:ii"e c,i;-i plil; of a rnill. Ti-ris latier"lrrc:1;}:ocl is bi:ie iiore risky
d.ue to t}:c fi;-rcLu-rri:ig coridii;ion of -i;Lis irrrn]:cr inni.kel;.
Cu::s igrr;;ianL s .
sa-'rrii;ii1 operi,rLoi.$ rrrrL expor."L rcei'ehant;s
often 4esire to
"i.isi;csr: of i;hei.: stock i'.rl'i,iie:ut wait:irig for. or.ders bo corrie iy1.
d9,{;his, soriilesi;lons a:ire esfairlis:i:r,: ,,ri.1',r:r a conecr"}:r in e
Tn
,ryjt,3y,,s
fneeiiln
1-ror.i;
i;he.,r tliig_i
g{loe)s. Illiis
e
or.t.esl;oi:f_*::ri
is
o
4
as i.o tl;ie pr*Lrj.\e*l,s fo:, corisi6ning t,i:ei-:r sbocli.
Upon r,diri.ee frcr;i Lj,e e.orrespondeni; Lile turnber is shipped.
rt; isr ru.;,-r;r:llarJ* ici' ihe *,qr11signee 'ilo guaraniee bhe s*:i.* of tiie
i.rrm}":er r'til;l:in six ir.+.rti;lL$,
Lc sd.vise
l;i"Lt-+.ii:
Consignirli*rr'r;s o.:f.r Ofi;err r1.e)-ayed COnsiri.r:rab1;r en rOute and.
cr:n'i-i.l;ion.s tr1a.J'il:rfirdg r;. gl"+et; ,i"t:ai. of'ben wnote cersoes
a"I",j so1rl rr1-iir:: i;1ie -sri..ii1; is :..,1. i-ief;. Aild Llrerr &gair:L sot,rebimes t;he
iu-trr'ue.i'iriflr,r lirive.bc'r i;c $i;r.rr"ud llc:: i,ir:nt,hs, irieanvil:iIe i;he stora6e
charges sr"{} r.apidly gor.lsi;riin5 ilie pro:iiL.
uLa-i'ker',
Cceasionr ii;rr Li. is Ireeuiisl.r,y i;o d.ispose of cons-ii5nnen1;s
l:l lr-reiion !n order io ill\r{r {'ur{;l-;.rr,, l"eisi:. Thls itrei;.}:r:cl oF aisi)cr:rl, ir; soil"i*i;i;,:osi r.r"-rri j,cr,fri,ti. when tiar.iteh *ondlj;ions *re exgel"Lerh, a::d. E't p-('sl-s*fli, thf:.r'r,) 8.1:.(j isr3e eonce:tlliJ i.rr i}-r:,ope
that
fr:l"lLo'y i;iiiu trnd_e slone.
;eriu .'rii-;, al^,''"Lr-,,r' lor C.isliosing of a carg0
sent- oil eo'nsig,urreni; i_s I6 per" c,:n L !irrs 1$
af rr tA vt
- v\'-iJ.1
i:er. cer rt C, ri !ar/ YrA
l:rnri''l
in,r
Lr: e.:1r'ii, ir,t' ! rr .:l .e,r;c.,. ?f t'" t.i.r1a'rr,(ra
rq-.,r1
* _"- - t Ur.4 rL\'-:JlIUa
'..:r
lll::.r1 c r,r;t1lt1i s ri i arr
Exirorting Dlrecl,,
Dlrgct _ exi;r:ri; inE is ce l:r,L*::L o,rr Lr-r e. i ai"g'3p e;ii,eni; 'oy
'r,ii.nn ?.r;r 1;!"-ie Ij,S. in gene_rr.ai l;l::-* jra:,Ciyr:ocii are
fot'e.igrr c,lurti; ri*c
iixl)o("i-,cd i;o ii. lll,eairii:, er:i:enb i;::riri a.l,e U:e sofLtyooC irit,j.r reference
to io.I'e1-gn cr:,.;"ntries. Direct ex1:rorting is il-re irleat. 11,sr. of expo-r'[ in* s.tj iL cr-r"us cu.i; 1;]ri: iliiC<l j-+;:r,ei:. nr:di. i.Lis
1-r:,O-li,L. S,rriie r:f ii:.e
inl'3cr
scr:
1.r",
?-.1,3n,]?',
;'.urril )i1.tr. ei.ai:I*ri.rons lI'*
io ::er:.iize i;i:is
;!.iiing riy
i,'g i: cco?"diylijiy. ifi:e1; are clcirrf
i;l::.iJ
esiai:rii-shilg
A,.ii,'.r'"i"ec.ll
o.lf l:;;;
,1:re
nt:.c
i',r-r.irlr'1 .
Jci.,rL -suii. i"r:; agane ies.
As cojrrrrel;i*n sroil$ ]'irji,rr;jr"" irr,i",1:r: ex1;o::i; j;r,acl.r tl:r 1"eoi snl-l--l-i"l:6 exi:er:sgfi- iir'rrlii {jt:.. ir:ii,g}r...itaFi; pnri, iii seeuring
of'(ler:-. A f?w exi)ort ri j.l-;s llF \i* ccrr:hirir:ij. ,;o seLi l;l:e;it, oirl;p,ui
'-i.r.r-*i;icrr;.,
:i::,i1i A j rrir.i, e jei)Cu r i',rl- 1,0 .f,,3.;e f i: i;q1 i;.i.* Seiiing ff r:l:r jLr: mgn11,; t.r"f-g i r: $:1,{;','l j, i, {.i ,inr:1t *a f,1,.,
{'l i c : .ir,.rr r-.r, lt j LiCJ."i UIt iff:CI"te"i y j,ieDnS
it":'i*i' p:iorif it,.
"i,;
"i:,iC
,:..:
s frr The
u i, E;lp c:., u Ti.e d c .
lii:e fil.ou-Ir oI rr_iils $r:;iiing -ii:.ei:. exi)orts thr:u
a single
$.se?"rey l:as s{i fs.rL. I:ac. r.'rut; iil,t;it: e.i:rent, u1:.ci elinating cut [1...r:oat
r:nr*iretir;;iolr n:iir:rng'hi:e r,i'l-is anc1- i:ns;:er,iialrs s?ijii int,L*isified i;j:e
C o.r r:i-, i.r.
r,'ri'-,j..-i-S i;r_r d_i
t*
l;
i
$:JO*i(j,tf bh.eil,
.::.r
f.,i1rr.1-'i
_:
CLil:..
Ti:*r*, l:,iS .:ieuri con$i.ii,:rrablc ,f,iffe.r:enee of opinicn es
f' Of nc i; i;.:* e;,1:.'1; i i; ).1-1 St -i rr."r r, rlr'? i !,. ,ri O C Ofnlf inai i Orr* f Oi. tc)
-l r. a
l; l:e r::i:: o r. b
d-* ,
l,f
J:r,:'L;l^'i:;
{}.
F,
Thr i)1-i'31:ost *f i;l-r, coj,iirel:rli f.ui:eiids 1arg1eir" upon ileLi;ing
sufiicir:r:l: rilr.tLbe.r ci::rii-1-s i,rbet.er;i;Lc1 irr ii;s fo:,,iL1;ion
tii give"
bhe.i} sol,e
1",<)1)]"rer.jl:ri,r
!-;
i *ri" -lo.r,
,;,1-:+
expci,L
lri,r.1
i.r.1ess ar:i1 ,,,htts iirc.ke
iO
5
tt drffleul'b for outsld.er.s to eompete., Two hmben export opganlzalions at the pnesent tlme ln operatlon on the Paclfle
Coast. The Douglas Fln Exploitatlon and Export Company and,
Tbe Hedwood. Expont Co. e both of Ca1lfornia.
Tr.ading CompanLes.
A great pet'centage of lnternatlonal trad.e ls eontrolLed
by lmpontant tradlng eompanies y{lth an extemslve onganiaatlon
ln the eonsumlng as well as the pnoclueing eountriee. These corr
panles d"eaI ln a great man]r conmrodities and. most of them handLe
lurnber, Most of the aonrpanies are fonoi.grg but some are enerlean
owned,.
lng The Lurnber Export Tnad.e.
Tl:e question of flnanee rs always one of the most rrnpontant mattey.s ln conneetlon wlth the export trad,e.
The terrns between saw mt1l olyner.s and t.he exporter are
nearly always cash.
Dnafts are a substantlaL -means of obtalnrng money a].so,
all large banks having suffierent influence abroad-to obialn
dlscount on the exporterls d.raft rnakes lt very convient.
Finane
Gnad.lng And fnspeetlon
0f
Lunrber Expont.
Disputed as to gnades are the most cormon obstaele to
the selling of rmeriehn lumber abnoad.
Conslder.tng tho fact that tbis eountny had more than
500 dlffenent speeles of wood,, lt ls nead.lly seen that the flxing of speeifie gnades ls a very diffieult matter.
Speclal grad.lng r"u1es h^ave at tlmes been ad,opted for:
the export tnade, d,Lfferdng-rmatenially fnom the d,omes.tlc gnadec
in the amount of sap wood. alIowecl.
sgme yoars ago a bureau of inspectlons lras fonmed., thls
-was calLed
the Paelfle Expont Bureau rnc. Thfs ls a sepaiate
onganlzatlon from the lurober assoelatlons, They h.ave ?iatned
experte who lnspeet the rumber cargos and. if th6y are up to *
gna-der they lssue a eertifleate o3'tnspeetlon which ls b.uly Sworn
to befor"e a notany public. The fee foi these lnspeettone is a
flxed charge per 1OOO feet.
Frelght Rates.
Both steamshlps and saillng vessels are used exbenelveLy.
Th.e pnefenenee usual3-y depend.s upon the freight rate. Tho frelgbt
rate on a saillng vessel ls usually lees than on a steamer. tt
takes fronr thnee to foun tlmes as long to get the lunrben to its
destlnatlon horever whlch ls a serlouJ dnawbabk in sorne eases.
of the tO*rn'age there:A'reirat'flUHb€r
namely faeilltles in ports
frelghts,
of othen faetors affecting
dues ln these portsr. th'en
of loadlng an,J, ports of cllsehar[e,
of obtalning retu::n
possiniilties
destination of lthe dargO,
pont of shlppment.
the
;;e;; *r,A tn" demand foi Lottoias,at
quotlng the
T[e exporoter. deduets the freight eharges lnpay
these
to
is
the
lmporter
lurnben as it is understood that
Besrides ti:re eharaeter
eharges.
iriarine fnguranee.
The cargo must be insured agalnst loss before the banks
ane wlll-lng to [iscount drafts, bbcause their secu:rlty ls mainly
ln the cargor
The exporte:r usually talces out thts lnsunance, llcludlng
an estirnate of the importer-s pt'of it. The factons determlnq the.
dlffeirent
rate of rnapine lnsuranee on lumber cergoes may be vel'y
the
rate of
in vanlous cases. Some of the factons lnflueneing
insuranee BPor
(1). flhether the cargo ls shlp'oed in a steamer or bysalllng vessel. The age and ehanaeter of the vessel-r typerand
the vessels sultab1llty for c81'$or
ports of ship{2). fhe passale unclen contenrplatlon,
damaged lumber
hand,llng
prnent and destlnation. Faeilltles for
th.ere.
condltlons
rusrket
i**go"s at ti:e ports of deetinatlon and
deck
on
(5). The piace of stor:age of the lumben wbether
to
t'atee
or und.er the d.eck. (Deck cargoes are usually subjeeted
fnonr 2 lo 4 times hi,gher thnn rmden d.eck ltutilcer. )
(4). In ease of parcel lots the eomposltlon of the remainder of the eargo,
(5). l4rhether the vessel is loaded to fuI1 capoelty'
(rr
ttre cr,se the ::a'be w111 probably be hlgher.)
tnfs'ti*
.
(6). The type of h:vnber shlpped whether d'reesed' or
r"ough.
$hi;.rptr
ng
Doeumen'L
s.
shlpping d.ocunents must b6 attaeh.od f,o the d.raft that
the expor"tei-nllhes to have Clscorrnted. Theso documenfs Lssued
by the tr:anspor"batlon eompatries and are a for:rn of recelpt fo:r
the
eustoffier
Itefects Of Pfesent System Of lviarketing.
Fnom,the stantLpolnt of the millman as rnrell as from tha'b
of the natlonal lnterest, tL,.e working of the present systero is
fan from satlsfaetony.
Perraanenb
Foreign i'{ar}rets Not Sought.
The lack of lnterest in permanent foreign markets doubtless aeeounts for a large propor:'bion of the defeetive sblppments.
:)
7
thts has d.one gneat d.atnage to the Arnerlcan export lurnber tnade
and the expoi:tens of thls eountny are norr beglning to neaLlze
this and are doing all that they can to eorreet thls wsek:ese.
Defects In ifanufaeturing Liethod.s.
Among t}:re princtpal complalnts heard ln eonneetlon wltb
amerloan luraber shlppments has been the critieiem of defeettve
cuttlng and. seasonlng.
iviore comtrr,eten'b fllers ancl machlne men sh.ould be hlned and
the speed of output should be lessened Ln order to obtaln betten
Luinben.
Defeete fn Se11lng l,iettr.od.s
Probabl;r the vrorst conpla.lnts made againsb Anrerlcan ltun-
ber ln foretgn tnarkets have beerr irr negarcl to lneffltclent gnadlng
or the lack of ed.equate 6rading rulqs raeogrr-Lzed by both par.tles.
ft rnust be cmphas LzcC th.at rnost eonpetitors of Arnerlcan
lwnber.men sell the lumbet" on a quality basls whlle the Amorleane
ee11 lt on e eost basis.
fn adCltion to tFrls hulber ls often sold unsorted. when
it is not known wbat the exact nants of tlie lmpontor. &r.e. Coneequently lhg eonpanles have not stood back of-theln produet by
I5r'andlng thelr name on fhe lurnber,. At present branding ls ynucf
mone in vogue than a few years ago with the significenee that the
produeer is no longeir ashamed of }:is products.
Defents fn Shlpping jrietho<ls.
As mentlor:ed. before rruny exporter.s fal1 to foIIow speeteat lons .
rt, has hapnened tlia't in spite of the inpontens strict
'Conri
ordens shtpptDg inslructiErns liave rrot i:oen fo11-oiv6d.
trbcts state that loading shall t,ake place during ralnldany
an& that
bar.ges shall be eover"ed vrlth tarpaulir:s. It seefrs to be the maln
fault with tl:.e Amerlcan exporte:r- thert he d.oes not eare so mueh
alrout quality and spectflcations as he d.oes about obtalning im-
rnecjlaLe noney.
Then ioo ib is often founcl tr"et there is a shortage of
lumber in cargoes. That is the the bill of ladlng d.oes not check
t;he eargo in board feet. ]te all L,no# how we disllke and onJeet-to under weight
our
Thls is essentially the same
thing as eargo shor"bages.Bul.ehaseg.
fn Erarrssht.pruent .
Lurnben shlppecl frorn thie eountry frequently suffers rhile
ln tra-nsit, beeause no ine'bhod h.as been devtsda to lake
care of ttre
Iu:nben whlle iN is waiting for facllities ln the por.t of tnans,shlpment.
Lurrrber.
8
Fault s 0f the Ltlddlemen.
The absenee of 'brands has caused. dlssatisfaetiorr and.
eomplair:ts -',:ave so;ile in frequeni;i_,r f::om t;his or,lgin. Complaints
regar'JinE qufllity are also frecluer:tiy mad.e, and it LLss been reporteC tiia! sorlre export rr;er.cl:ants buy one quallty and. eell lt as
enother. fl:Ley har,,e not only tarni:ered with gr.ades but also wlth
speeles. Tl:ls does not of course appiy to reputatrle conserns.
Lack Cf Responsihillty,
The 'luestion of r.esponslt,ility naturelly eomes up ln a
good manJr cases and ser'iot-is corirpleirrbs jiave been heard- frorn lmporb{:I'ri ihal, [he exporbers on thig side do not always enjoy the
best
re 1:utat
ion Ln l;li.i,-; :"espect,.
Cl-a funs
A:lici'icl-i't exitor'l-:(ir:'ri h*ve beerr severely erltietzecl
un"'iliilirrgrtess to seb1,;ie ciaims. Th.i.s.r unlirillingness has hadfor
lts
orlgi.n -
(1) To a slight extnet, ln shar.i: prael,ises of a'few
ext;ent, in t;he rnisundenstar,dLng
th.at, arre spt ob an"rise ff."I:en btr-yer e.nd se-t_lerr are far
d,j"stant f,::orn eaeh otlirlr..
(g I fn the actiiiitir-:s of pr.ofessir;rr.al- cornpl ainer,s or
treiricannerr'sn
whose guilt is eviderrb but hand to prove.
Disadvaiti;ages 0f Conslgnments.
Ccnsign,,ients have s Cetr;oi,alizlng effent upc)n the export
ind.ustry very sitrtillar to our 1;r.er:si1; cer shipprnents corffron in
rlispossirrg of lu.nrber in tli.is count;ry, These bbirsilgnrilerrts also
resu-it, in severe losses Erb tirnes.
trrefects In Buy:Lng System.
rnrpo}bers oft.;en b.ave not suff:i.cien'l, knolTleclge of prevai-1-iilg condi'Lions in ti:.irs ur::r:.nt,r,r to speeify what dlmenslons
bi:ey ,,yent. Th.ls ea.siJ-y causes u_niirr:it;ed compl"leations.
.nrney.iean exlt{rr.t er$ .
(2) To a mueh gr'ee.t'rr
Excessive Proflts Of frrrportet'$r
It is not gerrel'al-l-;y trcnowrr that hiie prof:it 6n Arnerican
lu:n?:er ln foretgn countrles oi::Lairrecl'hy importer,,s is two and three
tirnes ss great a.s o.bhor. ir"rrported. liu'r,rtrer.
This excess profii is rri;t.r,lJruteC. to the fact tl:.aL otjrer
eountriur; sei-'i- tlic;ir ']-utni:er ifloi.e ir: 1-rE:yo6i 1ots, Anierlcans i:ave
le.cked the ad.var:.1-ages of d-'Lreet stearisl:iil ilnes, and. ti:e irnportens
Iisl" and. expense itas l-,een offseb'ny srri-rsi:c,rr-ent irigirer prlces to
bl,e
eonsrilrreJ. .
o
Dlsaclire.ntages Of Broker $ystem.
TIie Europggn rumhen l:r-olrer.s depentl
entirely
thelr
reputation vrhile the Amerlean br.oirer hi.s not r, gooh upon
rlputatlon
to start wit,l: d.ue to the eharp praetlses of the ear.llei. e*"*ieun
brokers.
The Ainer.iean exponter can tli.er"efore d._:pend to a mueh
glgaten extent upon the forelgn brokers thair they can upon us.
This
is far
frrorn er.ed.itaLrLe b6
ttie
American expoi.t industny,
Developnent Of The ExSrori; Lrunber Trad.e.
some 1tryg1legn oxporters have gone a long way.'to-werds
solving_the diff
icu.lties of tlre expon{ lumber tiade- of the
Unlted Statesr- !Y! eyep. yet we are a long Says from e&tlsfactony
cond.ltlons. Numerous things ean be d.one-that wlll ara [r:eaaiy "
ln developlng the export tnade of thls eountry.
In il"re-past F.o.B.
l:ave
not
increased, as they
-1:rices
should.- Regard.less of tl:e faet
as to whether on not our export
volurne has lncreased the F,0.8. prlee should. Thts lnerease can
be brought about by
( 1 ) . Mol"e }aref,ul manufactllro
r
i,,{ore efflelent methods er6e neeessary in manufaeturing of lumber. The lompei;itor,s of the Amerlcan iunrher
inaustty
exereLse the greateet eare to avold mlscuts and, mismeasureynentg.
witir the deereese in stumpaserthe manufactures of
countny
plpp their" iyasrofuL meUn6as. At;;eseht only
lll* of a-tneemr,ist
ls
uttltzed
for }.unben. rars Liaves iluerl room
?sr
for inprovemeni.
(2). Shlppment of nough lurnber should be done away wlth
as mueh as possible, mainly "bo eut d.own freight rates
and.- stonage
space.
Betier Organlzation Of Exportlng.
Proper {nytng of lurnher" ls of vita} irnportance. The
desire fon lmmedlate
netur"ns is la:rgely nesponsible fon most
gne-en shipp::nentb. Inth a better or[anizabi-on and. inspectlon
lumher exports, t,hese dlfficrrlttiee-wirl rangery-ne--oveneofle. of
Method Of Saving Fr.eight Ratesr
At tiie presenb tlme tiie saving of fneiggt on luraber
car.goes 1s_espeeially l*rportant. fn f,frls conneetion if
clear"portlons of the luitber are eut orrt'cefore the fu:aUer is the
sntppea
there will be a savlnE" Bv
* the- eleminatlons or rne*[nt changes on
defectiveportions.
.
BranCIng.
The inrpoftance of bi-'anding lumbe:: has been reallzed. fon
many years by.the_mogt experlenced lumber exporters of the oorfa,
who have d.eveloped. the system of brand.ing on'r" artu"*rrr" scale.
10
in Lhis count,ry bi.LePe iras i:,een a few expot Lers rho have branded
their iunber for a gCICId titally jrerrrt*i, ?:ut bhis is rrrore tiie exceptlon than bhe r"uie.
A
urirrer" ir,ysnS- shnuid,
tndicate:
(r . Tl:e ]'tB.irie of bh.ep:'orlueel.:.
(z . The speeies of i,rcrld,
(3 . Tl:e gnad.e.
(+ . T,,'heti:er" ma.nufaet'.:.r.ec1 o.n rough.
F.Jr ingi:anee a jrrand such as
,s+ D
(ne*1
wouid ceitry tl:e folioi,ring i.nforina.bion: 14I = T,lashlngton Lulilber" Cor;
+ = !.ro ? e1ear.;:ft Douglos fir:;
ar:Ld- L,ii.e red" eolor woulC indicate
tiie l-urr,Trel- es shipped rough.
A brand sueh as
lYOD
(3l"ue )
worrld be iril;er:prrderJ as f ot1c,,ws: jif .: Ta shingt'on Lu-:r'oe Cor; Q r
iri+l.charitable; D= Fouglas f ir"; airrl Lhe l:luc color would ind.lcate
pla:r:rerl lurnber.
Advontages Of Brandl:eg.
(i). T.ne neiiie of bl:e prcd"ueer wou-ld stund a.s a guariantee.
(2)' fi ircuid i:revent enli of 1;3:e vr,rricus mi,ddlen-nen, importe-,:s c'::r1 ,lyhoieselet,,$ f.r.o;ri i;amper.,ing with the g:.ad.tl,
(l',). fneilear,ing Filrrj{13l"ers would pi:event s,ltrs,t,ihul,ion along
t,his ltne.
(4). Shoning lrl:etiiec bl:r: iurn-ber wss rough or planned ls
a riieans of .1ri'everrLing i;:ir1;or'fers froirl 1-;3-erriii'rg exporters unjustly.
(S). Erandet-l- Iu;nb*;:' eom:nands a higiie.r, 1.rriee, because itis guaranieet tl:e sai'.ie as a gr:oC :nahe of sLoes.
A Cireebor'-v r.>-f ?:.ranrls iroul.d i;e of gleat value tothe ir.rfoptei', Tiris in realitlr lrrr,rid- 'i:e e r,e,fer:.ence iisb of sawmllrs
in this counb;r titat a.r'e ni1-1in6 to baek the.ir producl;s by their.
Ilaiile,
llxlI)orL Gre'ding Ruies.
One of tl:e keenesL neod,s of Lhe expor,t indus-br.y is
cle,finite\ sel, of graeling ruler*, rt is an eleurentarlr neeessity
fr-"r' tire nianufaeture-r to r:sfablisl: r.u1es for gradlng export tumner
that lviii suit iiotl,.liis custoiirs!: arrd iiimself .
To ostablish thes rul:,:$ close eooper.abion b,e"Lweea lmporte1' and consiltriei' e.'r:roed and. ex;;ot*ter and rnnufireturer is
$.
a;"r-
s
ol-ui;
e
1y
nee e s $ I rilv-.
t1
Arbitratlon
Of' Clalrrs'.
arbltrato:r in a fonelgn fleld
ts essentiai.
of !i:,e perfeetion of the exfrort trade,,
solre controvietes,,riil arise arld a man on hand. ean settle thts
with trut very 1lttIe tnouble soinetirnes
Deposi.Ls 0f Lumber In Fonelgn C,ountr:les.
It ls not neeessary to rsfer exeluelvely to oun corlpetltor"s to prove tha.t liand.ling exirort business with personal
represenbatives in foreign countr"les is th.e most shtisfactory
and effielent nethod of sel-Iing luiuber.
Then too t,iris would do away crith the praetlee of eonsignmenbs to a large exterrt a.s eondibions abroad rrould. be better
i{aintaining e
p'enmanent
Regarcll&ss
known.
Advertlsing.
AdvertisJ-trg is an efficlent ai:d ef,fective way of putting
any forrrr of product befor,e the prrblic eye and the eye of the
llrorid in the case of bhe ex1:ort irrdustry.
So far. our lu:nber products have nob been greatly ad.vertlsed, irr forsigrr countries ancl most of our speeles spo uDknov,rn. Cypress is perh.ap's the best advertlsed, abnoed. of aLl our
speeles, then Redwood, oale arrtl. $outhern ye3-1ow pine
Conf;r.i.sion
There
ls
much eonfu-slon
fn
lTames
Of Wooils.
ln the deslgnatlons of various
kinds of lwet-;en. Douglas fir" (Fsed.uotsuga taxlfolla) is eal}ed
oogggl piner.Bnltlsh columrbta 1rine, Dougfas spruee, ye1low fln,
red f ir, western f ir, Tlas]ril.gton flr, Ptrd.get sound-f tn or pine,
and west coast on northwest fir.
It is elear hols confuslng thts
r;rust be to l,lLe forelgner.
Shook Tr.ade.
At
there is a. gr.eat de:rsnd for shook stock
thls is a vel,l' likely fieicl for exporl,ers to devel.op.
Fonelgn Goirpetitlon fn Tl:e Lurnben Trade.
fn al,lrost every t'i'LarkeL Arneriean luraben meets rlth coillpetition wlth lu'rtlcer: fnom other countr"ies.
The s'bnor:g eomtrr,etitlon th.at the u.s. faees in for.olgn
mankets frorn varlousLy equil:ped eountries - sone ltke RueelI
with vast reservog of tinr?:er lrndeveloped and others like }Tonway
with d.isappeallnq- resources, gld highl;," developed. menufaeturtng'
and shlpptng faeilitles - with bheir newly aeclufu"ed eLbntness
to .blre neoessit;r for a 'bhoror:,gh
orgar:izatic,rr 6f tfre Auen!.ean
expor.t 'Lr.ade bh"elr srs our" chief eor etitiors.
abroad. and
preselr"L
t2
Sc and
irravie
and. Ininiend .
Tl:e foresl, pt'oduets r:f rrothr:rn Eu"rope are irr lrteny weys
pir:e ( Pinus s]rlves'h ris )
ii:f erior t6 jm&r'ican iru11"]:er. S*otchr:est
$tericiin sr:ftwood.s and
and du:ratrle e.s the
is nct aij str:ong
selCo:li can t;:e obtained. irr long elear lerrgths.
To offseb t,his d.iriad.vanbage .rnolle effielen| nethods of
itanufaetnring are used ancl a i:igh" grerd.e of produet is tu"rned out.
fn tl:.i$ u/a:r prie(js ean lte obi,,ained. on a leve1 ltith our producte
to a rmrch grea'bet' extcnt tlie.ir rroulC crbherwise result.
Tire aCvarr'i;eges of Scand-lnavion and. Ftnnish exporters of
l-urnbev. are as follows; they ha.ve superiol: shil:lplng facllities
1;h::u- nativr, owned tonna.ge, effieLent rnat'}<.etin-g sysi;erns, coop€fabiOr: ai"nons exporbers arid. iir,;-ro]'t,ers, nearness to the pri.nclpal
iu,-nber rna-r.kets of ilurolre and a established reputation.
Bussia errd Siberie.
0n a-cc{,u}-rt of -bheir enoli}r1ous tiirrber" resou}ces Russia
and Slberla will laten prove io be the keenest ccmpetlbors of
tlie Ainerican lurrfr:er ilrdusLr,y.
The foresb weslth r:f norlhern Fussle. comprtses 243,
million aei*es of untouched foresi iands.
Russia has eonsider"able conlfei'ou.s forests but al$o
v*rsI h.ardwor:d. forests contposed rna.ini.y of oak, pop1er., e7-rrt,
and. ash.
I{ortheasteirn Asla.
Iieen competiticn :riay i::e eneountened. in the futur.e f:om
ncrttr eastern Asia. Both softwood"c and. hard.woods are found ln
thls neglon.
The laek of transl:o,:Lation fae i-l-ltles is the naln obebErcle to l:e overeo:ne i:efore the elipor,us of thts region will
serlously h.andieap 'bhe Ar*ei:ican expor.i lur:*:er trade ,
Canada.
Littie need. be sald. ebout the forest resou-rees of
competiticn wi-uh t,he Ar*eriean exponL trad,e.
anC the1r'
Canad.a
Canada trad. fewen species tl:an the United. Statee and
of the inost valuable Amerlcan specles are not found sueh
as long leaf plne, eypress and nedwood but they h.ave great
quantlties of spruee and. $r:r:F3}as fln and we will d,epenC upon
them very rnuch in the future for our sup.r},y.
Canad.a rali;hc no! 8.s olC in the lr::Tibering game a.s the
ttdited Siates D.llc as far ed-vanceC as we Bre at the present and
i{-e {lay do rryel-i to looi,, to.bhen: fo:r" cxarnples in a gor:d lna.ny of
bliej.r po1leles,
irenJr
15
Ar-is1;:"r1
is., south Ainerico,
i,,i.)d
other Oountrles.
in i;ii O.rie.;:bI *r:ri*yixa::: J:a::d;vooCs nnd, solf ,,7ooel.s.rieet
co:rli:ei:iurlr ;"/i'tl: i;lis h.nf.:ilload shiiri_i,*tl" f"l:-im .rt,usl,:,eLia and. tlre
Pi:i1li:g:i}les. nsireclall-y is Li:is se;:,ious wiLb i:*gar",cl Lr: the
Ai.r.':r-'7.'8iif;n e:'";;rii:'l,s J:E'Ll;eg'* s.r.* ga'd'urn;rreiir;ai ilLrsf**i:r,:d
s]f3bsjii-.l,]ini;hisgivei:exr:.:,ii*i,iI*o,ri.*:""--
,.1
south Aneriea'is not, of grea"b eoncern becau.se i;heir
F],'; lni,CCitssab1rc nnC itlnnS;:;or,l,1;1On is ia.c]iJ-rrg.
i'+[iOl-tf'eCS
Tliis ssJrig ie.u.i'c hoid.s l,:,iie+ '';r-r 1..".*x:i3() nnc ceni;relA.rre"r'ics, Tl:ese cDL,:i.!,i,':.eS wiii be iiltt).t?a in Ll:.e nAtUt"e
of irn_
1:ci"ters l,hni: .:xpo:o'te:L.s s]-ij br;gtr.
Lr-:-,,tbe.,:'
n,^r'nr'
r:o
Trad,* c,f Ti:e
Fut.r-l3,e.
:,1.i-1-e it is nrna;;q dsr:ger:crils
to rrrekc s.peeifle ;]:,c'?
6..v"4. n 1 n .!a1- .5,ra'f
Cilr,."1"ar;r
e:,u.ri:ii.i,r ri}t,..:rr, e"iOng WhlCh bl:.* ii;:,it-:e.1, ir:rCr_iStfy
.l:c
i:::;=ll"r.
3ii1 [:]o .l.i;;i'i;ci' c,';rjcl.l, l;::si'lr: 91.ir(l ric*+;ined io duv:'l c,p cg.n
in_
f,ieatcd, begining r';Lth i;h.e foundabiln of the fnaouirS:,
1he foyes_ts.
llorg'1.53 .llir has nirt,r:dy $urpass€id. scuti:ern yeLicrr pine
- expr:rt
qurnt lt_v. if i;!:e 1:r,csen"'u- rate of c,;i.t i f ng" c oni;1nuos
il
stanCs of soui'l:*rn yeJ.loi,r pine ivilt-".i:e d.epleted.
-Y1",:olj-1':l:i:1
:-.i'1 i5 Jrt;ai'$ anC 1ti::.e eX':Optg,'ti.I_i CCli.i6 hei.e aftef,
f1.clr.; SeCOnd.
alrC Lhir"C ;ro;1';h stEyrds.
Yiti.r iJI.Oper. Ca-lj,{:: Of .l:he g.r.ea.[ fc,r,eSt feSOut.eeS Of t]ie
eoun"br"y, ''vi';h -r'es.h.r.icLion a.s tr,;5ir:i:ting, and iri;h;;;ensive:"e_
f {,1"}r,ta'i, i cri, lrid+ a?iea s ai"iiro3r; ils,,iess*ior eii}rb,liii1g else
car: he
r,rn*"e-1-;o 1:ir:1d a 6r,e*.b a:'lrl sieadi,- f]-o,.,' of fc:re[t prEaucts.
sireeden has 'ireen n*.tr!:ir.Lg expr:-rl i-.u.;ii:ei, for. eece*isr-"ana sr:e
owes
'l;s li.:1. ;vi5e i:uii.c;.
'rhs fael;- i;l,::i"a.l; ii Lsr r:til-i liaii-eover.ed ,vith
gj.,e
fot"est,s *,1:a1r
l,curi"eCi: ss lt:r:,r,.il.io€ji; enduning and-.rost valuable
ssset.
Tl:e :'ie i:i6 p:'i-etS r:f -'i-;li'rih*:t" wi.-i_l_ e\re?rl-uA- 1y fei,r.Ce ,i,he
greater iiiii;LrcLiar of r;h* hl.El*,
i,:o?:.er
j,1arr;-?a;iur.:irra^
atrd.bei,1;er{]rge,nl.asl,iorrr:f:iiar.ir-6ttr:5. es.*e.fu1
Th'e co,,
specul*tioi: h*s a.bour, passed and
?{. sturrrpage
h*e , 1:r'ofi.t,s
r,ltrl. i:e i.,;t,i;t.acbo,r. f],t:.:i -1,i:i{, r_u_rrr.rey. i:usiyiess
rraini;r by,scieni;.if ic riianagr:]ii*ni;,
w"'hen-
lt-
in L;^-:u ne{ri1 futu.'s vre ;iln; 1*cri; .io::. a g,r€r; b iili:,z,overrren-b
i:: oi-ir' iii;:fu::". irdusij';.- ii1 ;vr,:u j-ti n:ii i;h-,is Linre is noi; very
fnr cisb&rii;r l-l:,::r'i-,1-rc r{;,ref ican.
L.o.i;ll;: fr;ii- ext,errt the
yalUe Af hi s .^r,i',3 i,'l; g ,i r:r tl- I r' . ilcC -r.eniiaes
0;,;(.: L.h.C .f r:i"c;i;f.rSt nnt, iOn Ln
1:"r:lfuc:" eons+]:v5Li-on. 'r't is *Ji"n:."ic1,,:.r.isLi"c of ;l:ie Ayner tcans not
191 an"yi:,hing wfi:a}-J- Lhe:ir, !o lny great ext,ent 'trub r;il.Len tl:"ey
it,
finarlly dn h+qin bo iro:'ry abou"h
iteir fasi: dirtishing lr;rrherraesource "i;he i:r'oi:lern wl1i be cr.ri.iclil;r and rffic.ieni;if soived.
f
'l.l:
!)