JUNE·1994
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E. B. 94-10
CENTRAL NEW YORK
AND
CENTRAL PLAIN
REGIONS
1993
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Wayne A. Knoblauch
Linda D. Putnam
James A. Hilson
A. Edward Staehr
Michael L.Stratton
Department of Agricultural, Resource,and Managerial E~
College of Agriculture and Life SCIences
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-7801
.
~
• Is the PolIcy of Cornell Un~ IlCtIvely to IUpport equality of
ec:IucatloMllnd employment oppcll1Unity. No person 11'1.0 be denied .
admlulon to My ~ progr-.n 01' aetMty 01' be denied
employment on the bMIe of ttrI IegtllIy prohibited dlacrimInation
Involving, but not IImitId to,lUCh t.ctoq • ,.., color, creec:I, religion,
nation.. or eIhnIc origin, . . . age or handicap. The UniYetWty Is
commJtIId to the INlintInanoe of IftitmathIt action progtMII ....1ch wilt
...... the continuation of IUClh equality of opportunity.
.
,
1993 DAIRY FARM BUSINESS SUMMARY
CENTRAL NEW YORK AND CENTRAL PLAIN REGIONS
Table of Content.
~
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . .
1
Program Objectives
1
Format Features . . . 1
2
SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS OF THE FARM BUSINESS
Business Characteristics
2
Income Statement . . . .
2
Profitability Analysis
4
Farm and Family Financial Status
7
Statement of Owner Equity.
11
Cash Flow Statement
12
Repayment Analysis
14
..····
Cropping Analysis
16
Dairy Analysis
~8
Capital and Labor Efficiency Analysis
20
n
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE FARM BUSINESS
21
Progress of the Farm Business
·····
Regional Farm Business Chart
New York State Farm Business Chart
Financial Analysis Chart
.
Comparisons by Type of Barn and Herd Size
Herd Size Comparisons
IDENTIFY AND SET GOALS
···· ·
·· · · ·
· · · · ·
.· ·· · ·
.··· · · ·
22
23
25
26
26
32
GLOSSARY AND LOCATION OF COMMON TERMS
· ·····
34
INDEX
·· · ·· ·
3/
•••••••••••••••••••••••.
­
1993 DAIRY FARM BUSINESS SUMMARY
CENTRAL NEW YORK AND CENTRAL PLAIN REGIONS*
INTRODUCTION
Dairy farmers throughout New York State have been participating in
Cornell Cooperative Extension's farm business summary and analysis program
since the early 1950·s. Managers of each participating farm business
receive a comprehensive summary and analysis of the farm business. The
information in this report represents an average of the data submitted from
dairy farms in the Central New York and Central Plain Regions for 1993.
Program Ob1ectiye
The primary objective of the dairy farm business summary, DFBS, is to
help farm managers improve the business and financial management of their
business through appropriate use of historical farm data and the
application of modern farm business analysis techniques.
This information
can also be used to establish goals that will enable the business to better
meet its objectives.
In short, DFBS identifies business and financial
information needed in identifying and evaluating strengths and weaknesses
of the farm business.
rOrmat reature.
This regional report follows the same general format as in the 1993
DFBS printout received by all participating dairy farmers.
The analysis
tables have an open column or section labeled My Farm.
It may be used by
any dairy farm manager who wants to compare his or her business with the
average data of this region. A DFBS Data Check-in Form can be used by non­
DFBS participants to summarize their businesses.
This report features:
(1) an income statement including accrual adjustments for farm business
expenses and receipts, as well as measures of profitability with and
without appreciation,
{2) a complete balance sheet with analytical ratios;
(3) a statement of owner equity which shows the sources of the change in
owner equity during the year;
(4) a cash flow statement and debt repayment ability analysis;
(5) an analysis of crop acreage. yields. and expenses;
(6) an analysis of dairy livestock numbers. production. and expenses; and
(7) a capital and labor efficiency analysis.
*This summary was prepared by Wayne A. Knoblauch and Linda D. Putnam,
Department of Agricultural, Resource and Managerial Economics, Cornell
University, in cooperation with Cooperative Extension Specialist Michael
Stratton from the Central Plain Region and Cooperative Extension Agents J±m
Hilson and Ed Staehr in the Central New York Region. The two regions are
similar in many respects and were combined to increase the number of
summaries which comprise a region. The counties included are Seneca, Wayne,
Yates, and Ontario in the Central Plain Region; and Cayuga, Onondaga, and
Oswego in the Central New York Region.
.......
2
S'OIIKARY
AlII)
ANALYSIS OF THB FAlUI BUSINESS
Ju.ine •• CbAracteri.tic.
Planning the optimal management strategies is a crucial component of
operating a successful farm. Various combinations of farm resources,
enterprises, business arrangements, and management techniques are used by the
dairy farmers in this region. The following table shows important farm
business characteristics and the number of farms with each characteristic.
BUSINESS CHARACTERISTICS
36 Central New York and Central Plain Region Dairy Farms, 1993
Type of Farm
Number
Dairy
32
Part-time dairy
o
Dairy cash-crop
4
Part-time cash-crop dairy
0
Type of Ownership
Owner
Renter
Number
32
Tvoe of Business
Single proprietorship
Partnership
Corporation
Number
23
9
4
Business Record System
ELFAC I I
Account Book
Agrifax (mail-in only)
On-Farm Computer
Other
Number
2
5
10
17
2
4
Type of Barn
Stanchion/Tie-Stall
Freestall
Combination
Number
13
19
4
Milking System
Bucket & carry
Dumping station
Pipeline
Herringbone parlor
Other parlor
Number
Milking Frequency
2x/day
3x/day
Other
Number
23
10
3
Production Records
DHIC
Owner-Sampler
Other
None
Number
31
o
1
16
14
5
o
5
o
The averages used in this report were compiled using data from all the
participating dairy farms in this region unless noted otherwise. There are
full-time dairy farms, part-time farms, dairy cash-crop farms, farm renters,
partnerships, and corporations included in the average.
Average data for
these specific types of farms are presented in the State Business Summary.
tAcoma Statement
In order for an income statement to accurately measure farm income, it
must include cash transactions and accrual adjustments (changes in accounts
payable, accounts receivable, inventories, and prepaid expenses) .
Cash paid is the actual cash outlay during the year and does not necessarily
represent the cost of goods and services actually used in 1993.
Chance in inventory: Increases in inventories of supplies and other purchased
inputs are subtracted in computing accrual expenses because they represent
purchased inputs not actually used during the year. Decreases in purchased
inventories are added to expenses because they represent inputs purchased in a
prior year and used this year.
.
-.
3
CASH AND ACCRUAL P.A!UI EXPENSES
36 Central New York and Central Plain Region Dairy Farms, 1993
Expense Item
Hired Labor
Cash
Paid
±
$76,579
Change in
Inventory
or prepaid
Expense
$0 «
±
Change in
Accounts
PaYable =
$786
Accrual
Expenses
$77,365
~
Dairy grain & conc.
Dairy roughage
Nondairy
Machinery
Mach. hire, rent/lease
Machinery repairs/parts
Auto expo (farm share)
Fuel, oil & grease
Liyestock
Replacement livestock
Breeding
Vet & medicine
Milk marketing
Cattle lease/rent
Other livestock expense
116,471
5,117
o
7,809
24,840
852
11,318
3,678
-354
14
o
440
12
o
«
-33
o
«
o
15
-89
o
-33
143
«
o
120,589
4,775
14
7,776
24,950
852
11,244
8,029
6,282
12,975
14,446
818
23,969
-292
92
8,029
6,311
12,680
14,452
818
23,769
11,203
7,099
8,592
2,115
475
82
306
75
92
13,624
7,649
8,766
7,088
10,600
10,265
-9
o
o
«
«
-55
140
64
7,024
10.740
10.329
8,067
974
12,529
28,883
5,020
$419,825
24,838
o
o
o
o
«
«
«
«
o
8.067
973
12.517
28.908
5.038
$427.259
24.838
27.237
24.023
$503.357
14
3
o
o
«
«
15
-298
6
o
~
Fertilizer & lime
Seeds & plants
Spray, other crop expo
Real Estate
Land/bldg./fence repair
Taxes
Rent & lease
Q.thn
Insurance
Telephone (farm share)
Electricity (farm share)
Interest paid
Miscellaneous
Total Operating
Expansion livestock
Machinery depreciation
Building depreciation
TOTAL ACCRUAL EXPENSES
13
$5,617
o
«
-1
-12
25
5
$1,817
o
Change in prepaid expenses (noted above by «) is a net change in non-inven­
tory expenses that have been paid in advance of their use.
If 1993 funds used
to prepay 1994 leases exceed the amount of 1993 leases prepaid in 1992. the
amount of this excess is entered as a negative number to exclude it from 1993
accrual lease expenses. The excess prepaid lease is charged against the
future year's business operation. A decrease in prepaid lease is added to
accrual expenses because it represents use of resources during this year that
were paid for in past years.
Change in accounts payable: An increase in accounts payable from beginning to
end of year is added when calculating accrual expenses because these expenses
were incurred (resources used) in 1993 but not paid for.
A decrease is
subtracted because the resource was used before 1993.
Accrual expenses are the costs of inputs actually used in this year's produc­
tion. They are the total of cash paid, as well as changes in inventory.
prepaid expenses, and accounts payable.
-
4
CASH AND ACCRUAL PARK RECBIPTS
36 Central New York and Central Plain Region Dairy Farms, 1993
Change in
Cash
Change in
Accounts
Accrual
Receipts + Inventory + Receivable
Receipt Item
Receipts
$465,441
$5,305
Milk sales
$470,746
28,823
$24,775
Dairy cattle
53,579
-19
8,933
Dairy calves
o
8,933
Other livestock
495
-153
o
342
10,212
8,040
Crops
-98
18,154
0*
Government receipts
7,117
o
7,117
Custom machine work
629
36
665
Gas tax refund
618
2
620
7,147
642
Other
7,789
(-)
~O
(-)
0
Less nonfa.rmnoncash cap.**
$527,243
$34,834
$5,868
Total Receipts
$567,945
*Change in advanced government receipts.
**Gifts or inheritances of cattle or crops included in inventory.
Cash receipts include the gross value of milk checks received during the year
plus all other payments received from the sale of farm products, services, and
government programs. Nonfarm income is not included in calculating farm
profitability.
Changes in inventory of assets produced by the business are calculated by
subtracting beginning of year values from end of year values excluding appre­
ciation.
Increases in livestock inventory caused by herd growth and/or qual­
ity are added, and decreases caused by herd reduction and/or quality are
subtracted. Changes in inventories of crops grown are also included. An
annual increase in advanced government receipts is subtracted from cash income
because it represents income received in 1993 for the 1994 crop year in excess
of funds earned for 1993. Likewise, a decrease is added to cash government
receipts because it represents funds earned for 1993 but received in 1992.
Changes in accounts receivable are calculated by subtracting beginning year
balances from end year balances. The January milk check for this December's
marketings compared with the previous January's check is included as a change
in accounts receivable.
Accrual receipts represent the value of all farm commodities produced and
services actually generated by the farm business during the year.
Profitability Aglly.i.
Farm operators* contribute labor, management, and equity capital to
their businesses and the combination of these resources, and the other
resources used in the business, determines profitability. Farm profitability
can be measured as the return to all family resources or as the return to one
or more individual resources such as labor and management.
*Operators are the individuals who are integrally involved in the operation
and management of the farm business. They are not limited to those who are
the owner of a sole proprietorship or are formally a member of the partnership
or corporation.
-
5
Net farm income is the return to the farm operators and other unpaid family
members for their labor, management, and equity capital.
It is the farm
family's net annual return from working, managing, financing, and owning the
farm business. This is not a measure of cash available from the year's
business operation. Cash flow is evaluated later in this report.
Net farm income is computed both with and without appreciation. Appreciation
represents the change in values caused by annual changes in prices of live­
stock, machinery, real estate inventory, and stocks and certificates (other
than Farm Credit). Appreciation is a major factor contributing to changes in
farm net worth and must be included for a complete profitability analysis.
RET PARK INCOKB
36 Central New York and Central Plain Region Dairy Farms, 1993
Ayerage
My Farm
$567,945
4,968
4,627
11,309
1,817
$590,666
- 503,357
$87,309
$64,588
$---­
Item
Total accrual receipts
Appreciation: Livestock
Machinery
Real Estate
Other Stock/Certificates
Total Including Appreciation
Total accrual expenses
Net Farm Income (with appreciation)
Net Farm Income (without appreciation)
$---­
$---­
$---­
The chart below shows the relationship between net farm income per cow
(with appreciation) and pounds of milk sold per cow. Generally, farms with a
higher production per cow have higher profitability per cow.
Net Farm Income/Cow and Milk/Cow
36 Central NYjCentral PlaIn Farms, 1993
2.8
--_.
2.6
[]
2.4
2.2
2
1.8
1.6
o
1.4
1.2
0.:
E
~
~
o
t
0
0.4
0
~_.
- =::: L
jj
z
0.:
-0.6
L_---L
11
o
o
o
o
o
o
~
15l 0
DO DO
o
o
0
o
0=-_0
­
o
o 0
o
o
0
....L--J-......L __.L.-.L.__L..-...--l--I_
13
15
17
19
(Thousands)
Pounds Milk Sold Per Cow
.........__-'--_-'--_--'L-----'-_-'-_--'
21
23
25
6
Return to operators' labor, management, and equity capital measures the total
net farm income for the farm operator(s).
It is calculated by deducting a
charge for unpaid family labor from net farm income. Operators' labor is not
included in unpaid family labor. Return to operators' labor, management, and
equity capital has been calculated both with and without appreciation.
Appreciation is an important part of the return to ownership of farm assets.
RB'l'ORB TO OPERATORS I
LABOR, KANAGBKBN'l', AND EQUITY
36 Central New York and Central Plain Region Dairy Farms, 1993
Average
With
Without
Apprec.
Apprec.
Item
Net farm income
Family. labor unpaid
i $1,400 per month
Return to operators' labor,
management, & equity
$87,309
$64,588
- 3,808
- 3,808
$83,501
$60,780
My Farm
With
Without
Apprec.
Aporec.
$---­
$---­
$---­
$----
LAbor and management income is the return which farm operators receive for
their labor and management used in operating the farm business. Appreciation
is not included as part of the return to labor and management because it
results from ownership of assets rather than management of the farm business.
Labor and management income is calculated by deducting the opportunity cost of
using equity capital, at a real interest rate of five percent, from the return
to operators' labor, management, and equity capital excluding appreciation.
The interest charge of five percent reflects the long-term average rate of
return above inflation that a farmer might expect to earn in comparable risk
investments.
LABOR AND KANAGBKBN'l' INCOKB
36 Central New York and Central Plain Region Dairy Farms, 1993
Item
Return to operators' labor, management,
& equity without appreciation
Real interest @ 5% on $734,580
average equity capital
Labor & Management Income
Labor & Management Income per
1.32 Operator/Manager
Ayerage
My Farm
$60,780
$---­
- 36,729
$24,051
$---­
$18,220
$---­
-
7
Return on equity capital measures the net return rema1n1ng for the farmer's
equity or owned capital after a charge has been made for the owner-operator's
labor and management. The earnings or amount of net farm income allocated to
labor and management is the opportunity cost of operators' labor and
management estimated by the cooperators. Return on equity capital is
calculated with and without appreciation. The rate of return on equity
capital is determined by dividing the amount returned by the average farm net
worth or equity capital. Return on total capital is calculated by adding
interest paid to the return on equity capital and then dividing by average
farm assets to calculate the rate of return on total capital.
RB'J.'URN Oil EQUITY CAPITAL AND RB'J.'URN Oil TOTAL CAPITAL
36 Central New York and Central Plain Region Dairy Farms, 1993
Item
Return to operators' labor, management,
& equity capital with appreciation
Value of operators' labor & management
Return on equity capital with appreciation
Interest paid
Return on total capital with appreciation
Return on equity capital without appreciation
Return on total capital without appreciation
Rate of return on average equity capital:
with appreciation
without appreciation
Rate of return on average total capital:
with appreciation
without appreciation
Fa~
Average
My Farm
$83,501
- 36,697
$46,804
+28,909
$75,713
$24,083
$52,992
$---­
6.37%
3.28%
6.52%
4.56%
$---­
+----­
$---­
$---­
$---­
---'
----,
----,
---'
and Family Pinaneial Statu.
The first step in evaluating the financial position of the farm is to
construct a balance sheet which identifies all the assets and liabilities of
the business. The second step is to evaluate the relationship between assets,
liabilities, and net worth and changes that occurred during the year.
Financial lease obligations are included in the balance sheet. The present
value of all future payments is listed as a liability since the farmer is
committed to make the payments by signing the lease. The present value is also
listed as an asset, representing the future value the item has to the
business. For 1993, leases were discounted by 7.75 percent.
Advanced government receipts are included as current liabilities. Government
payments received in 1993 that are for participation in the 1994 program are
the end year balance and payments received in 1992 for participation in the
1993 program are the beginning year balance
Current Portion or principal due in the next year for intermediate and long
term debt is included as a current liability.
­
8
rc
1993 l'AlUI BUSINESS
NOHl'AlUI BALANCE SBBET
36 Central New York and Central Plain Region Dairy Farms, 1993
Farm Assets
Jan. 1
Current
Farm cash, checking
& savings
$13,844
Accounts rec.
31,768
Prepaid exp.
0
Feed & supplies
95,344
Total
$140,956
Dec. 31
$10,324
37,636
o
99,939
$147,899
Intermediate
Dairy cows:
$169,467
owned
476
leased
68,846
Heifers
1,276
Bulls/other lvstk.
199,057
Mach./eq. owned
1,211
Mach./eq. leased
5,269
Farm Credit stock
5,586
Other stock/cert.
$193,952
249
74,034
1,193
208,749
243
6,375
7,448
$451,188
$492,243
Total
Long-Tem
Land/buildings:
owned
leased
Total
Total Farm
Assets
$519,868
1,073
$568,000
475
$520,941
$568,475
$1,113,085 $1,208,617
Farm Liabilities
& Net Worth
Jan. I
Current
Accounts payable
$13,901
Operating debt
21,083
Short-term
13,408
Advanced govt. rec.
o
Current Portion:
Intermediate
o
Long Term
o
Total
$48,392
Intermediate
Structured debt
1-10 years
$171,617
Financial lease
(cattle/mach. )
1,687
Farm Credit stock
5,269
Total
Long Term
Structured debt
>10 yrs
Financial lease
(structures)
Total
Total Farm Liab.
FARM NET WORTH
Dec. 31
$15,717
19,036
36,817
o
40,901
12.504
$124,975
$168,463
492
6,375
$178,573
$175,330
$169,967
$153,758
1,073
475
$171,040
$154,233
$398,005
$715,080
$454,538
$754,079
Nonfarm Assets, Liabilities & Net Worth (Average of 21 farms reporting)
Liabilities
& Net Worth
Assets
Jan. 1
Dec. 31
Jan. 1
Dec. 31
Personal cash, chkg.
Nonfarm Liab.
$0
$0
$3,627
$3,558
& savings
8,781
9,181
Cash value life ins.
15,729
Nonfarm real estate
15,205
3,796
3,207
Auto (personal sh.)
4,405
4,252
Stocks & bonds
6,595
6,690
Household furn.
25,761
25,009
All other
$68,018
$67,779 NONFARM NET WORTH $68,018
$67,779
Total Nonfarm
Farm & Nonfarm Assets. Liabilities. & Net Worth*
Total Assets
Total Liabilities
TOTAL FARM & NONFARM NET WORTH
Jan. 1
$1,181,103
398,005
$ 783,098
Dec. 31
$1,276,396
454,538
$821,858
*Assumes that average nonfarm assets and liabilities for the nonreporting
fams were the same as for those reporting.
,
'
9
The following condensed balance sheet, including deferred taxes, contains
average data from only those farmers who elected to provide the additional
information required to compute deferred taxes.
peferred taxes represent an estimate of the taxes that would be paid if the
farm were sold at year end fair market values and date on the balance sheet.
Accuracy is dependent on the accuracy of the market values and the tax basis
data provided. Any tax liability for assets other than livestock, machinery,
land, buildings and nonfarm assets is excluded.
It is assumed that all gain
on purchased livestock and machinery is ordinary gain and that listed market
values are net of selling costs. The effects of investment tax credit
carryover and recapture, carryover of operating losses, alternative minimum
taxes and other than average exemptions and deductions are excluded because
they have only minor influence on the taxes of most farms.
However, they
could be important.
CONDENSED BALANCE SHEET INCLUDING DEPERR.l:D TAXES
December 31, 1993
11 New York Dairy Farms, 1993
LIABIL.TIES & NET WORTH
ASSETS
Current debts & payables
Current deferred taxes
Total Current Assets
Total Inter. Assets
$
48,897
$ 191,334
Total Long Term Assets
$ 178,091
TOTAL FARM ASSETS
$ 418,322
Total Current Liabilities
$ 29,319
13,689
$ 43,008
Intermediate debts & leases
$ 71,566
Intermediate deferred taxes
51,440
Total Inter. Liabilities
$ 123,006
Long term debts & leases
$ 55,484
Long term deferred taxes
18,836
Total Long Term Liab.
$74.321
TOTAL FARM LIABILITIES
$240,335
Farm Net Worth
$177,987
Percent Equity (Farm)
Nonfarm debts
Nonfarm deferred taxes
43\
$4.767
6.087
Total Nonfarm Assets
$ 37,756
Total Nonfarm Liabilities
TOTAL ASSETS
$456,078
TOTAL LIABILITIES
$251.189
Total Net Worth
$204.889
Percent Equity (Total)
$10.854
45\
-
10
Balance sheet analysis involves examination of relative asset and debt levels
for the business.
Percent equity is calculated by dividing end of year net
worth by end of year assets and multiplying by 100. The debt to asset ratio
is compiled by dividing liabilities by assets. Low debt to asset ratios
reflect business solvency and the potential capacity to borrow. Debt levels
per productive unit represent old standards that are still useful if used with
measures of cash flow and repayment ability.
BALANCB SaBT ANALYSIS
36 Central New York and central Plain Region Dairy Farms, 1993
Ayerage
Item
Financial Ratios - Farm:
Percent equity
Debt/asset ratio: total
long-term
intermediate/current
62%
.38
.27
.47
----_%
3%
34%
66%
---_%
----_%
---_%
Farm Debt Analysis:
Accounts payable as % of total debt
Long-term liabilities as a % of total debt
Current & inter. 1iab. as a % of total debt
Farm Debt Leyels:
Total farm debt
Long-term debt
Intermediate & current debt
Per Cow
$2,239
760
1,479
My Farm
Per Tillable
Acre OWned
$1,584
537
1,046
Per Cow
$---
Per Tillable
Acre Owned
$---­
Farm inventory balance is an accounting of the value of assets used on the
balance sheet and the changes that occur from the beginning to end of year.
Changes in the livestock inventory are included in the dairy analysis. Net
investment indicates whether the capital stock is being expanded (positive) or
depleted (negative).
PARK INVENTORY BALANCB
36 Central New York and Central Plain Region Dairy Farms, 1993
Average of Region's Farms
Real Estate
Machinery & Equipment
Item
$519,868
Value beg. of year
Purchases
Gift/inheritance
Lost capital
Sales
Depreciation
+
$68,907
0
6,894
1,167
24,023
$199,057
$34,381
+
0
2,078
27,237
=
Net investment
Appreciation
= 36,823
+ 11,309
+
Value end of year
$568,000
$208,749
*$7,147 land and $61,760 buildings and/or depreciable improvements.
5,066
4,627
-
11
The Statement of OWner Equity has two purposes.
It allows (1) verification
that the accrual income statement and market value balance sheet are
interrelated and consistent (in accountants terms, they reconcile) and (2)
identification of the causes of change in equity that occurred on the farm
during the year. The Statement of OWner Equity allOWS you to determine to
what degree the change in equity was caused by (1) earnings from the business,
and nonfarm income, in excess of withdrawals being retained in the business
(called retained earnings), (2) outside capital being invested in the business
or farm capital being removed from the business (called contributed/withdrawn
capital) and (3) increases or decreases in the value (price) of assets owned
by the business (called change in valuation equity).
Retained earnings is an excellent indicator of farm generated financial
progress.
STATDEN'l' 01' OWNER EQUITY (RECONCILIATION)
36 Central New York and Central Plain Region Dairy Farms, 1993
Item
Beginning of year farm
net worth
Net farm income w/o apprec.
+Nonfarm cash income
-Personal withdrawals & family
expenditures excluding
nonfarm borrowings
RETAINED EARNINGS
Nonfarm noncash transfers
to farm
+Cash used in business
from nonfarm capital
-Note/mortgage from farm
real estate sold (nonfarm)
CONTRIBUTED/WITHDRAWN CAPITAL
Appreciation
-Lost capital
CHANGE IN VALUATION EQUITY
IMBALANCE/ERROR
End of year farm net worth*
Change in net worth w/apprec.
Change in Net werth
Without appreciation
With appreciation
*May not add due to rounding.
Ayerage
My
Farm
$715,080
$ 64,588
+ 5,772
$--­
$--­
+--­
- 48.867
+$ 21,493
$
+
$--­
0
$--­
2,394
+--­
o
+$
2,394
$ 22,721
- 6,894
+$---­
$--­
+$
15,827
712
+$---­
-$--­
=$ 754,079
$ 38,999
=$--­
$ 16,278
$ 38,999
$,--­
$,---­
$---­
-
12
CAM Ploy Stat'Mpt
Completing an annual cash flow statement is an important step in
understanding the sources and uses of funds for the business. Understanding
last year's cash flow is the first step toward planning and managing cash flow
for the current and future years.
The annual cash flow statement is structured to show net cash provided
by operating activities, investing activities, financing activities and from
reserves. All cash inflows and outflows, including beginning and end
balances, are included. Therefore, the sum of net cash provided from all four
activities should be zero. Any imbalance is the error from incorrect
accounting of cash inflows/outflows.
ANWAL CASB FLOW STATDBNT
36 Central New York and Central Plain Region Farms, 1993
Item
Cash Flow from Qoeratina Activities
Cash farm receipts
Cash farm expenses
= Net cash farm income
+
=
Nonfarm income
Personal withdrawals/family expenses
including nonfarm debt payments
Net cash nonfarm income
Net Provided by Operating Activities
Cash FlOW From Investing Activities
Sale of Assets:
Machinery
+ real estate
+ other stock/cert.
= Total asset sales
Capital purchases: expansion livestock
+ machinery
+ real estate
+ other stock/cert.
Total invested in farm assets
= Net Provided by Investment Activities
Cash FlOW From Financing Activities
Money borrowed (inter. & long term)
+ Money borrowed (short-term)
+ Increase in operating debt
+ Cash from nonfarm cap. used in business
+ Money borrowed - nonfarm
= Cash inflow from financing
+
+
=
Principal payments (inter. & long-term)
Principal payments (short-term)
Decrease in operating debt
Cash outflow for financing
Net Provided by Financing Activities
Cash FlOW From Reserves
Beginning farm cash, checking & savings
Ending farm cash, checking & savings
= Net Provided from Reserves
Imbalance (error)
Average
$ 527,243
419.825
$107,415
$
5,772
48,867
$-43,095
$ 64,320
$ 2,078
1,167
-----..Q.
$ 3,245
$ 24,838
34,381
68,907
45
$128.171
$-124,926
$ 93,326
31,234
o
2,394
o
$126,954
$ 59,284
7,825
2.047
$69,156
$ 57,798
$ 13,844
10.324
$ 3,520
$
712
-
13
ANNUAL CASH PLOW STATEKZRT
Item
My Farm
Cash FlQW from Operating Actiyities
=
+
=
Cash farm receipts
Cash farm expenses
Net cash farm incQme
$--­
NQnfarm incQme
PersQnal withdrawals/family expenses
including nQnfarm debt payments
Net cash nQnfarm incQme
Net PrQvided by Operating Activities
$--­
$--­
$--­
$--­
Cash FlOW From Inyesting Activities
Sale Qf Assets:
Machinery
$--­
+ real estate
+ Qther stQck/cert.
=
=
TQtal asset sales
Capital purchases:
expansiQn livestQck
+ machinery
+ real estate
+ Qther stQck/cert.
TQtal invested in farm assets
Net PrQvided by Investment Activities
$--­
$--­
$--­
$,--­
Cash FlOW From Financing Actiyities
+
+
+
+
=
+
+
=
MQney borrQwed (inter. & lQng term)
MQney borrQwed (shQrt-term)
Increase in Qperating debt
Cash frQm nQnfarm cap. used in business
MQney borrQwed - nQnfarm
Cash inflQw frQm financing
$--­
Principal payments (inter. & lQng-term)
Principal payments (shQrt-term)
Decrease in Qperating debt
Cash QutflQW fQr financing
Net PrQvided by Financing Activities
$--­
$._-­
$--­
$--­
Cash FlQW From Reserves
=
Beginning farm cash, checking & savings
Ending farm cash, checking & savings
Net PrQvided frQm Reserves
Imbalance (errQr)
$--­
$~--
$,--­
-
14
Bapavm-nt An_ly.i.
A valuable use of cash flow analysis is to compare the debt payments
planned for the last year with the amount actually paid. The measures listed
below provide a number of different perspectives on the repayment performance
of the business. However, the critical question to many farmers and lenders
is whether planned payments can be made in 1994. The cash flow projection
worksheet on the next page can be used to estimate repayment ability, which
can then be compared to planned 1994 debt payments shown below.
PAlUI DEBT PAYMENTS PLANNED
Same 27 Central New York and Central Plain Region Dairy Farms, 1992 & 1993
Debt Payments
Long-term
Intermediate-term
Short-term
Operating (net
reduction)
Accounts payable
(net reduction)
Total
Per cow
Per cwt. 1993 milk
Percent of total
1993 receipts
Percent of 1993
milk receipts
Average
1993 Pavrnents
Planned
Made
Planned
1994
$25,073
60,270
8,339
$25,308
68,994
12,612
$26,619
62,702
15,252
5,853
3,930
4,469
6,222
$105,757
o
$110,844
4,953
$113,995
$518
$2.70
$543
$2.83
17%
18%
21%
22%
My Farm
1993 Payments
Planned
Made
Planned
1994
$--- $ - - - $._-­
$--- $--- $--­
$--­ $--­
$--- $--­
The cash flOW coverage ratio measures the ability of the farm business
to meet its planned debt payment schedule. The ratio shows the percentage of
payments planned for 1993 (as of December 31, 1992) that could have been made
with the amount available for debt service in 1993. Farmers who did not
participate in DFBS in 1992 have their 1993 cash flow coverage ratio based on
planned debt payments for 1994.
CASH PLOW COVERAGE RATIO
Same 27 Central New York and Central Plain Region Dairy Farms, 1992 & 1993
Average
My Farm
Cash farm receipts
- Cash farm expenses
+ Interest paid
- Net personal withdrawals from farm*
$568,376
451,085
32,710
46,427
$---­
(A) = Amount Available for Debt Service
(B) = Debt Payments Planned for 1993
(as of December 31, 1992)
(A/B) = Cash Flow Coverage Ratio for 1993
$103,574
$---­
$105,757
.98
$---­
Item
*Personal withdrawals and family expenditures less nonfarm income and nonfarm
money borrowed.
If family withdrawals are excluded, or inaccurately
included, the cash flow coverage ratio will be incorrect.
-
15
ANNUAL CASH PLOW WORKSHEET
My Farm
..,R""e..:.lg""'i....o<.Ln.,.a....l.........A~vue....r~a41g;L:e~ Per Cow/
Per Cow Per Cwt. Per Cwt.
188.8
36,044.8
Item
No. cows and cwt. milk
Accrual Oper. Receipts
Milk
Dairy cattle
Dairy calves
Other livestock
Crops
Misc. receipts
Total
$2,493.36
283.79
47.31
1.81
96.15
85.76
$3,008.18
$13.06 $
1.49
.25
.01
.50
Accrual Oper. Expenses
Hired labor
Dairy grain & conc.
Dairy roughage
Nondairy feed
Mach. hire/rent/lease
Mach. rpr./parts & auto
Fuel, oil & grease
Replacement Ivstk.
Breeding
Vet & medicine
Milk marketing
Cattle lease
Other livestock exp.
Fertilizer & lime
Seeds & plants
Spray/other crop expo
Land, bldg., fence repair
Taxes
Real estate rent/lease
Insurance
Utilities
Miscellaneous
Total Less Int. Paid
$409.78
638.71
25.29
.07
41.19
136.66
59.56
42.53
33.43
67.16
76.55
4.33
125.90
72 .16
40.51
46.43
37.20
56.89
54.71
42.73
71.45
26.68
$2,109.92
Net Accrual Operating Inc ome
(Total)
(without interest paid)
$169,595
- Change in Ivstk./crop inv.*
34,834
5,868
- Change in accts. rec.
5,617
+ Change in feed/supply inv.**
+ Change in accts. payable***
1,792
$136,302
NET CASH FLOW
- Net personal w/drawals from
farm (see footnote on pg. 14)
$43,095
Available for Farm Debt
Payments & Investments
$93,207
94,742
- Farm debt payments
Available for Farm Investment
$-1,535
- Capital purchases: cattle,
machinery & improvements
$128,171
Additional Capital Needed
Expected
1994
Change
Projection
_
$---­
$15.76 $
_
$---­
$2.15 $
3.35
.13
.00
.22
.72
.31
.22
.18
.35
.40
.02
.66
.38
.21
.24
.19
.30
.29
.22
.37
_
$---­
----r..i2.
--....ll
$11.05
$---­
$--­
$---­
$--­
$---­
$--­
$---­
$--­
$,---­
$
$
*Includes change in advance government receipts.
**Includes change in prepaid expenses.
***Excludes change in interest account payable.
-
16
Cropping 'p'ly.i.
The cropping program is an important part of the dairy farm business and
often represents opportunities for improved productivity and profitability. A
complete evaluation of what the available land resources are, how they are
being used, how well crops are producing, and what it costs to produce them is
important to evaluating alternative cropping and feed purchasing alternatives.
LARD RBSOURCBS AND CROP PRODUC'1'I:ON
36 Central New York and Central Plain Region Dairy Farms, 1993
Ayerage
Item
~
~
Crop Yields
Hay crop
Corn silage
Other forage
Total forage
Corn grain
Oats
Wheat
Other crops
Tillable pasture
Idle
Total Tillable Acres
Rented
173
8
287
9
76
372
Tillable
Nontillable
Other nontillable
Total
~
6
187
~*
35
33
201
144
4
35
24
7
6
6
15
16
36
19
339
122
27
41
52
34
32
460
My Farm
~
Owned
460
17
82
559
---
Prod/Acre
3.35 tn
16.84 tn
5.76 tn
2.80 tn
4.26 tn
114.46 bu
63.76 bu
32.33 bu
Rented
Total
---
---
Prod/Acre
tn DM
tn
tn DM
___ tn DM
___ tn DM
___ bu
bu
bu
DM
DM
DM
DM
*This column represents the average acreage for the farms producing that crop.
Average acreages including those farms not producing were hay crop 195, corn
silage 132, corn grain 81, oats 5~ tillable pasture 14, and idle 14.
Average crop acres and yields compiled for the region are for the farms
reporting each crop. Yields of forage crops have been converted to tons of
dry matter using dry matter coefficients reported by the farmers.
Grain
production has been converted to bushels of dry grain equivalent based on dry
matter information provided.
The following crop/dairy ratios indicate the relationship between forage
production, forage production resources, and the dairy herd.
CROP/DAI:RY RA'1'I:OS
36 Central New York and Central Plain Region Dairy Farms, 1993
Item
Total tillable acres per cow
Total forage acres per cow
Harvested forage dry matter, tons per cow
Ayerage
2.44
1. 74
7.43
. My Farm
-
17
Cropping An_Iy.i. (continued)
A number of cooperators have allocated crop expenses among the hay crop,
corn, and other crops produced. Fertilizer and lime, seeds and plants, and
spray and other crop expenses have been computed per acre and per production
unit for hay and corn. Additional expense items such as fuels, labor, and
machinery repairs are not included. Rotational grazing was used on three
farms in the region.
CROP RELATBD ACCRUAL EXPENSES
Central New York and Central Plain Region Dairy Farms Reporting, 1993
Total
Per
Till.
Acre
Item
No. of farms
reporting
Ave.number
of acres
Fert./lime
Seeds/plants
Spray/other
crop expo
TOTAL
All
Corn
Per
Acre
Corn
Silage
Per
Ton DM
Corn
Grain
Per Dry
Sh.Bu.
36
21
460
$29.62
16.63
272
$43.75
26.00
$7.73
4.59
$.38
.23
19.06
$65.31
27.07
$96.82
4.78
$17.10
~
Pasture
Per
Per
Till.
Total
Acre
Acre
Hay Crop
Per
Per
Acre Ton DM
16
$.84
0
231
$20.76 $6.19
2.50
8.38
4.09
$33.23
1.22
$9.91
0
$.00
.00
0
$.00
.00
~
.00
$.00
$.00
My Farm:
Fert./lime
Seeds/plants
Spray/other
crop expo
TOTAL
$--­
$--­
$--­ $--­ $-- $-- $-- $-­
$--­
$--­
$._-­ $ - - - $ . _ - $ - - $ - - $ - ­
Most machinery costs are associated with crop production and should be
analyzed with the crop enterprise. Total machinery expenses include the major
fixed costs (interest and depreciation), as well as the accrual operating
costs. Although machinery costs have not been allocated to individual crops,
they are shown below per total tillable acre.
ACCRUAL IlACRINERY' BXPENSES
36 Central New York and Central Plain Region Dairy Farms, 1993
Machinery
Expense Item
Average
Total
Per Till.
Expenses
Acre
Fuel, oil & grease
Machinery repairs & parts
Machine hire, rent & lease
Auto expense (farm share)
Interest (5%)
Depreciation
Total
$11,244
24,950
7,776
852
10,195
27,237
$82,254
$24.44
54.24
16.90
1.85
22.16
59.21
$178.81
My
Total
Expenses
Farm
Per Till.
Acre
$
$
$
$
-
18
Dairy Analy.i.
Analysis of the dairy enterprise can reveal a great deal about the
strengths and weaknesses of the dairy farm business.
Information on this page
should be used in conjunction with DHI and other dairy production information.
Changes in dairy herd size and market values that occur during the year are
identified in the table below. The change in inventory value without
appreciation is attributed to physical changes in herd size and quality. Any
change in inventory is included as an accrual farm receipt when calculating
all of the profitability measures on pages 6 and 7.
DA:IRY HERD :IHVENTORY
36 Central New York and Central Plain Region Dairy Farms, 1993
Pairy Cows
No.
Item
Beg. year (owned)
'Value
Bred
No. 'Value
Heifers
Open
No. 'Value
No.
55
36
35
$169,467
174
+ Change w/o apprec.
+ Appreciation
198
End incl. leased
203
Average number
189
$18,384
$9,379
22,491
-1,388
2,939
733
1,994
222
2,102
580
$193,952
End year (owned)
$41,083
Calves
Value
52
$39,917
45
$23,425
39
$10,692
132 (all age groups)
My Farm:
Beg. of year (owned)
_
$--0-;- -
$--
$--
$-­
$--
$--
$--
$-­
+ Change w/o apprec.
+ Appreciation
End of year (owned)
End including leased
Average number
_
__
(all age groups)
Total milk sold and milk sold per cow are extremely valuable measures of
size and productivity, respectively, on the dairy farm. These measures of
milk output are based on pounds of milk marketed during the year. Farm
managers on DHI should compare milk sold per cow with their rolling herd
average on the test date nearest December 31 to see how close the PHI estimate
of milk produced is to actual milk sales.
K:ILX PRODUCT:ION
36 Central New York and Central Plain Region Dairy Farms, 1993
."
Item
Total milk sold, lbs.
Milk sold per cow, lbs.
Average milk plant test, percent butterfat
Ayerage
3,604,480
19,097
3.60
My Farm
-
19
The cost of producing milk has been compiled using the whole farm method and
is featured in the following table. Accrual receipts from milk sales can be
compared with the accrual costs of producing milk per cow and per
hundredweight of milk. Using the whole farm method, operating costs of
producing milk are estimated by deducting nonmilk accrual receipts from total
accrual operating expenses including expansion livestock purchased. Purchased
inputs cost of producing milk are the operating costs plus depreciation.
Total costs of producing milk include the operating costs of producing milk
plus depreciation on machinery and buildings, the value of unpaid family
labor, the value of operators' labor and management, and the interest charge
for using equity capital.
ACCRUAL UCBZPTS 1"ROII DAZRY AND COST 01" PRODUCZHG IIZLJt
36 Central New York and Central Plain Region Dairy Farms, 1993
Ayerage
Per Cow
Total
Item
Accrual Costs of
Producing Milk
Operating costs
Purchased inputs
costs
Total Costs
Accrual Receipts
From Milk
Farm
Per Cow
Per CWt.
My
Per CWt.
Total
$354,898
$1,880
$9.85
$
$
$
$406,158
$483,705
$2,151
$2,562
$11.27
$13.42
$
$
$
$
$
$
$470,746
$2,493
$13 .06
$
$
$
The accrual operating expenses most commonly associated with the dairy
enterprise are listed in the table below. Evaluating these costs per unit of
production enables an evaluation of the dairy enterprise.
DAZRY RELATED ACCRUAL EXPOSES
36 Central New York and Central Plain Region Dairy Farms, 1993
Average
Item
Purchased dairy grain
& concentrates
Purchased dairy roughage
Total Purchased
Dairy Feed
Purchased grain & conc.
as % of milk receipts
Purchased feed & crop expo
Purchased feed & crop expo
as % of milk receipts
Breeding
Veterinary & medicine
Milk marketing
Cattle lease
Other livestock expense
My Farm
Per Cow
Per CWt.
Per Cow
$639
25
$3.35
.13
$
$
$664
$3.48
$
$
$4.31
$
$.18
.35
.40
.02
.66
$
26%
$823
-­
33%
$33
67
77
4
126
Per CWt.
%
$
- ­%
$
-
20
Capital and Labor Iffiei.ney An_lyaia
Capital efficiency factors measure how intensively the capital is being
used in the farm business. Measures of labor efficiency are key indicators of
management's success in generating products per unit of labor input.
CAPITAL EPPICIENCY
36 Central New York and Central Plain Region Dairy Farms, 1993
Per
Worker
Item
$239,351
Farm capital
Real estate
Machinery & equipment
Asset turnover ratio
42,192
Per
Cow
Per Tillable
Acre
Per Tillable
Acre Owned
$6,149
2,885
1,084
$2,524
$4,045
1,898
445
.51
My Farm:
Farm capital
Real estate
Machinery & equipment
Asset turnover ratio
$
$
$
$
LABOR PORCE INVENTORY AND ANALYSIS
36 Central New York and Central Plain Region Dairy Farms, 1993
Labor Force
Operator number 1
Operator number 2
Operator number 3
Family paid
Family unpaid
Hired
Total
My
11.39
3.42
1. 00
5.50
2.72
34,17
58.19
49
39
33
Operator's
I.abor Costs
Value of operator(s)
labor ($1,400/mo. )
Family unpaid
($1, 400/mo.)
Hired
Total Labor
Machinery Cost
Total Labor & Mach.
14
15
Total
$22,134
3,808
77« 366
$103,308
$82,254
$185,562
Worker Equivalent
Operator/Manager Equiv.
Ayerage
Per Worker
Total
My Farm
Per Worker
39
743,192
95
386
189
3,604,480
460
1,874
Total
$27,047
7,817
1,833
13
/ 12 =
/ 12 =
Labor
Efficiencv
Value of
Labor & Mgmt.
/ 12 = 4.85 Worker Equivalent
1.32 Operator/Manager Equiv.
farm: Total
Cows, average number
Milk sold, pounds
Tillable acres
Work units
Years
of Educ.
Age
Months
Average
Per
Cow
$117
Per
Cwt.
$.61
20
.11
-ill
--'.....ll
$547
$436
$983
$2.87
$2.28
$5.15
Total
My Farm
Per
Cow
Per
Cwt.
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
-
21
COIIPARA'fXVB AlULYSIS 01' '1'BB I'AlUI BOSIDSS
Proar... of the
I'.~
Bu.in•••
Comparing your business with average data from regional DFBS cooperators
that participated in both of the last two years can be helpful to establishing
your goals for these parameters.
It is equally important for you to determine
the progress your business has made over the past two or three years, to
compare this progress to your goals, and to set goals for the future.
PROOUSS 01' '1'BB I'AlUI BUSIHBSS
Same 27 Central New York and Central Plain Region Farms, 1992 & 1993
Selected Factors
Ayerage of 27 Farms*
1992
1993
Size of Business
179
204
Average number of cows
Average number of heifers
136
142
3,495,120 3,909,963
Milk sold, lbs.
Worker equivalent
4.73
5.17
455
468
Total tillable acres
Rates of Production
19,477
19,128
Milk sold per cow, lbs.
3.24
3.24
Hay OM per acre, tons
15
17
Corn silage per acre, tons
Labor Efficiency
38
40
Cows per worker
738,130
756,323
Milk sold/worker, lbs.
Cost Control
Grain & conc. purchased
25%
26%
as % of milk sales
Dairy feed & crop expo
per cwt. milk
$4.26
$4.23
$1,004
$981
Labor & mach. costs/cow
operating cost of producing
$10.43
$10.04
cwt. of milk
Capital Efficiency**
$5,837
$6,064
Farm capital per cow
$1,151
$1,064
Mach. & equip. per cow
.54
.53
Asset turnover ratio
Profitability
$58,621
$62,913
Net farm inc. w/o apprec.
$95,935
$80,645
Net farm inc. w/apprec.
Labor & mgt. income
$15,818
$18,009
per oper./manager
Rate of return on eq.
capital w/apprec.
8%
6%
Rate of return on all
capital w/apprec.
7%
6%
Financial Sununary
$696,039 $721,892
Farm net worth, end year
.39
Debt to asset ratio
.42
$2,334
Farm debt per cow
$2,364
*Farms participating both years.
**Average for the year.
My Farm
1992
1993
%
Goal
%
%
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
%
%
%
%
%
%
$
$
-
R.gional
Bu.in...
r.~
22
Chart
The Farm Business Chart is a tool which can be used in analyzing your
business. Compare your business by drawing a line through or near the figure in
each column which represents your current level of performance. The five
figures in each column represent the average of each 20 percent or quintile of
farms included in the regional summary. Use this information to identify
business areas where more challenging goals are needed.
rARII BOSIDSS CHART POR PARII MANAGEMENT COOPERATORS
36 Central New York and Central Plain Region Dairy Farms, 1993
Size of Business
Pounds
Worker
No.
of
Equiv­
Milk
Cows
alent
Sold
(11) *
12.0
3.9
3.2
2.6
1.6
(11 )
525
149
100
69
53
Rates of Production
Pounds
Tons Corn
Tons
Milk Sold Hay Crop Silage
Per Cow
OM/Acre Per Acre
( 11)
(9 )
(10)
10,359,452
2,731,516
1,898,415
1,229,133
838,889
21,666
19,561
18,547
17,093
14,363
Labor Efficiency
Cows
Pounds
Per
Milk Sold
Worker
Per Worker
(9 )
24
18
17
16
13
4.1
3.6
3.2
2.7
1.6
(11)
( 11)
48
43
37
30
21
890,063
780,573
681,133
534,489
377,143
Cost Control
Grain
Bought
Per Cow
% Grain is
of Milk
Receipts
(10)
(10)
$375
511
597
706
900
17%
22
26
29
37
Machinery
Costs
Per Cow
Labor &
Machinery
Costs Per Cow
(11)
( 11)
$309
375
457
549
689
Value and Cost of Production
Total Cost
Oper. Cost
Milk
Production
Receipts
Milk
Per Cwt.
Per cwt.
Per Cow
(10)
(10)
(10)
$2,807
2,544
2,392
2,230
1,842
$6.95
8.73
9.46
10.47
11.72
$11.80
13 .33
14.14
14.89
16.68
Feed & Crop
Expenses
Per Cow
(10)
(3)
$254,515
78,646
46,852
27,151
5,490
(10)
$549
700
826
928
1,094
$705
918
1,061
1,161
1,380
Net Farm
Income
w/Apprec.
Feed & Crop
Expenses Per
Cwt. Milk
$3.13
3.97
4.48
4.95
5.86
Profitability
Net Farm
Labor &
Inc. w/o
Mgt. Inc.
Apprec.
Per Oper.
(3 )
$198,064
63,083
28,503
15,907
-1,690
(3 )
$65,236
20,406
4,325
-8,733
-29,709
*Page number of the participant's DFBS where the factor is located.
Change in
Net Worth
w/Apprec.
(6 )
$166,179
37,212
18,064
3,891
-48,511
-
23
I •• York Stat.
Pa~
Bu.in... Chart.
The Farm Business Chart is a tool which can be used in analyzing a business
by drawing a line through the figure in each column which represents the current
level of management performance. The figure at the top of each column is the
average of the top 10 percent of the 357 farms for that factor.
The other figures
in each column are the average for the second 10 percent, third 10 percent, etc.
Each column of the chart is independent of the others. The farms which are in the
top 10 percent for one factor would n2t necessarily be the same farms which make up
the top 10 percent for any other factor.
The cost control factors are ranked from low to high, but the lowest cost is
not necessarily the most profitable. In some cases, the "best" management position
is somewhere near the middle or average. Many things affect the level of costs,
and must be taken into account when analyzing the factors.
PAlUI BOSIIIU. CHAR'!' POR PAlUI IlANAQBIIBIT COOPBRA'1'ORS
357 New York Dairy Farms, 1992
size of Business
No.
Pounds
Worker
of
Milk
EquivSold
alent
Cows
(11 )
(11 )
(11) *
10.0
5.4
4.1
3.4
3.0
428
184
136
107
89
8,455,437
3,511,396
2,551,838
1,971,002
1,660,762
Rates of Production
Pounds
Tons
Tons Corn
Milk Sold Hay Crop Silage
OM/Acre Per Acre
Per Cow
(9 )
(10)
(9)
22,613
21,180
20,249
19,582
18,753
4.8
3.7
3.2
3.0
2.7
Labor Efficiency
Cows
Pounds
Per
Milk Sold
Worker
Per Worker
(11 )
(11 )
22
18
17
16
15
52
43
38
34
32
959,379
797,982
715,818
640,614
587,553
----------------------------------------------------------2.6
2.4
2.1
1.8
1.2
Grain
Bought
Per Cow
(10)
$348
484
556
618
665
712
763
826
896
1,030
76
64
57
48
37
1,366,246
1,149,820
964,766
792,337
578,602
% Grain is
of Milk
Receipts
(10)
16%
21
24
26
27
29
31
32
35
42
18,065
17,445
16,486
15,085
12,400
2.5
2.3
2.1
1.8
1.4
Cost Control
Machinery
Labor &
Costs
Machinery
Costs Per Cow
Per Cow
(11 )
(11)
15
13
12
10
6
29
27
25
23
18
Feed & Crop
Expenses
Per Cow
(10)
$250
325
379
414
442
$675
803
867
926
993
$497
649
716
783
832
478
512
548
608
796
1,058
1,114
1,180
1,274
1,563
892
943
1,004
1,071
1,232
*Page number of the participant's DFBS where the factor is located.
534,745
477,585
432,399
389,221
296,180
Feed & Crop
Expenses Per
Cwt. Milk
(10)
$3.23
3.77
4.09
4.36
4.55
4.76
4.99
5.27
5.70
6.76
­
24
PARK BUSINESS CHART poa PARK
IlANAGJDIBH'l' COOPBItATO:RS
357 New York Dairy Farms, 1992
Milk
Receipts
Per Cow
(10)
Milk
Receipts
Per Cwt.
(10)
Oper. Cost
Milk
Per Cow
(10)
Oper. Cost
Milk
Per Cwt.
(10)
Total Cost
Production
Per Cow
(10)
Total Cost
Production
Per Cwt.
(10)
$3,086
2,861
2,732
2,638
2,527
$14.64
14.02
13.77
13.60
13 .46
$1,068
1,419
1,575
1,706
1,845
$ 6.84
8.27
8.96
9.62
10.15
$1,952
2,312
2,452
2,567
2,691
$11.79
13.00
13.60
14.12
14.75
2,434
2,340
2,199
2,023
1,684
13 .38
13.27
13 .15
13.02
12.56
1,954
2,051
2,163
2,357
2,636
10.67
11.07
11.51
12.18
14.08
2,792
2,934
3,091
3,241
3,666
15.44
16.01
16.59
17.54
21.09
Prof i tabil ity
Net Farm Income
Return to Operator's Labor,
Management. & Eauitv Capital
With
Without
Appreciation
Appreciation
(3)
(3)
Labor &
Management Income
Per
Per
Farm
Operator
with
APpreciation
(3)
Without
Appreciation
(3)
$275,597
99,964
71,930
55,060
44,009
$218,659
79,562
55,878
42,428
32,527
$272,714
97,288
68,243
52,537
39,218
$216,089
77,148
53,019
38,519
27,999
$152,525
46,635
28,823
18,603
9,260
$111,774
33,282
20,747
12,977
6,723
33,724
26,725
18,592
8,916
-16,432
23,687
16,924
9,627
353
-31,254
29,676
22,688
14,777
5,299
-20,794
19,523
12,394
5,882
-4,196
-34,417
1,980
-4,505
-13,845
-23,769
-61,040
1,639
-3,779
-11,067
-21,005
-53,650
(3 )
(3 )
Farm Business Charts for farms with freestall barns and 120 cows or less and
more than 120 cows, and farms with conventional barns with 60 cows or less and more
than 60 cows are shown on pages 28-31.
"BMW ABlvai.
Chert;
The farm financial analysis chart on page 25 is designed just like the Farm
Business Chart and may be used to assess the financial health of the farm business.
Most of the ~inancial measures used in the chart are defined on pages 6, 10, 14 and
20 of this publication. References to DFBS output page numbers for participating
dairy farmers are provided in the table headings.
­
25
PIHAHCIAL ANALYSIS CHART
357 New York Dairy Farms, 1992
Planned Debt
Payments
Per Cow
(8)*
Available for
Debt Service
Per Cow
(12)
$ 46
191
276
362
411
458
501
584
677
885
Leverage
Ratio**
0.02
0.11
0.24
0.35
0.48
0.58
0.74
0.95
1.29
3.20
Asset
Turnover
(ratio)
( 11)
.71
.57
.52
.48
.45
.42
.39
.35
.31
.24
Liquidity (repayment)
Cash Flow
Coverage
Ratio
(8)
$840
663
579
494
440
401
339
274
181
-22
4.11
1.75
1.37
1.14
0.98
0.86
0.73
0.60
0.29
-0.14
Solyencv
Debt/Asset Ratio
Percent
Current &
Long
Equity
Intermediate
Term
(5 )
(5)
(5)
98%
90
81
73
68
63
57
52
44
29
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.18
0.28
0.38
0.48
0.57
0.70
1.04
0.01
0.08
0.14
0.21
0.29
0.35
0.39
0.46
0.55
0.77
Efficiency (Capital)
Real Estate
Machinery
Investment
Investment
Per Cow
Per Cow
( 11)
(11)
$1,327
2,044
2,372
2,667
2,967
3,279
3,663
4,188
4,861
7,201
Debt Payments
as Percent
of Milk Sales
(8)
$
545
792
942
1,054
1,194
1,358
1,520
1,753
2,008
2,722
Debt
Per Cow
(5 )
5%
9
13
15
17
19
22
25
30
38
$
116
754
1,302
1,781
2,160
2,521
2,882
3,243
3,735
5,214
Profitabi lity
Percent Rate of Return with
appreciation on;
Equity
Inyestment***
(3 )
(3 )
22%
11
8
5
3
1
-1
-4
-8
-26
Total Farm
Assets
Per Cow
( 11)
$ 4,339
5,156
5,727
6,243
6,680
7,120
7,621
8,236
9,100
12,014
16%
10
8
6
4
3
1
-1
-2
-7
Change in
Net Worth
w/Appreciation
( 11)
$185,910
59,227
40,515
28,384
19,748
13,025
5,269
-2,230
-10,422
-50,747
*Page number of the participant's DFBS where the factor is located.
**Dollars of debt per dollar of equity, computed by dividing total liabilities by
total equity.
***Return on all farm capital (no deduction for interest paid) divided by total
farm assets.
-
26
Cgmpari.on by Type of Barn and Herd Size
When analyzing a dairy farm business by comparing it to a group of farms, it
is important that the group of farms have used as many of the same physical
characteristics as possible as the farm being analyzed. To assist in this
endeavor, dairy farms in the summary have been divided into those with freestall
and those with conventional housing. Conventional housing includes stanchion and
tiestall barns. Within each group, is a further classification by size of the
dairy herd.
The table on page 27 includes the average values for the resulting four
groups of dairy farms. The average size of farms in the four groups ranges from 47
cows on the small conventional farms to 250 cows on the large freestall farms. The
large conventional farms and small freestall farms averaged approximately the same
herd size and rates of milk output per cow.
The large freestall farms averaged the highest milk output per cow and per
worker, the lowest total costs of production and investment per cow, and the
greatest returns to labor, management and capital. The large conventional farms
showed average profits somewhat higher than the small freestall operations. Total
costs of production averaged substantially less on the large conventional farms.
Farm business charts have been computed for each of the four housing and herd
size categories and are on pages 28-31. By comparing the farm's performance on the
most appropriate business chart, a farm manager will be better able to evaluate his
or her business performance.
Bard
Size C9PPari.on.
A detailed comparison of profitability, financial situation and business
analysis factors across herd sizes is contained on pages 40-49 of the 1992 State
Summary*. As herd size increases, the average profitability generally increases
(pages 42-43). Net farm income without appreciation was $252,256 per farm for the
300 or more herd size group and $4,790 per farm for those with less than 40 cows.
This relationship generally holds for all measures of profitability including rate
of return on capital. However, the 200 to 299 herd size group showed a lower level
of profitability in 1992 than the farms with 150-199 cows.
Farm net worth increases rapidly as herd size increases (pages 44-47), even
though percent equity was higher on the smaller farms. The 85 to 99 cow group and
the group with more than 300 cows demonstrated the strongest ability to make debt
payments.
Crop yields showed little relationship to herd size, but fertilizer and lime
expenses, and machinery cost per tillable acre generally increased as herd size
increased (pages 48-49)*. Milk sold per cow increased as herd size increased,
ranging from 17,208 pounds on the farms with less than 40 cows to 19,795 pounds on
farms with 300 or more cows. Farm capital per worker increased, and farm capital
per cow decreased as herd size increased. Milk sold per worker increased
dramatically as herd size increased, ranging from 369,797 pounds at the lowest herd
size category up to 923,495 pounds at the largest size category.
*smith, Stuart F., Wayne A. Knoblauch, and Linda D. Putnam, Dairy Farm Management
Business Summary, New York, 1992, Department of Agricultural, Resource, and
Managerial Economics, Cornell University, A.E. Res. 93-11, August 1993.
.......
27
SBLECTBD BUSINESS FACTORS BY TYPE OP BARN AND BERD SIZE
328 New York Dairy Farms, 1992
Farms with:
Item
Number of farms
Cropping Program Analysis
Total Tillable acres
Tillable acres rented*
Hay crop acres·
Corn silage acres·
Hay crop, tons OM/acre
Corn silage, tons/acre
Oats, bushels/acre
Forage OM per cow, tons
Tillable acres/cow
Fert. & lime exp. /til. acre
Total machinery costs
Machinery cost/tillable acre
Conventional
<= 60 Cows >60 Cows
99
86
59
84
156
53
100
29
2.3
13 .4
57.0
7.6
3.3
$17.79
$22,434
$144
276
90
165
52
2.6
15.1
68.8
7.9
3.1
$ 21.31
$39,496
$
143
301
126
154
75
2.8
13.3
60.3
8.7
3.5
$ 24.95
$46,959
156
$
675
280
268
248
3.1
14.9
67.6
7.2
2.4
$ 28.81
$114,680
$
170
pairy Analysis
Number of cows
48
Number of heifers
37
Milk sold, lbs.
828,310
Milk sold/cow, lbs.
17,337
Operating cost of prod. milk/cwt.
$10.09
Total cost of prod. milk/cwt.
$16.41
Price/cwt. milk sold
$13.35
Purchased dairy feed/cow
$713
Purchased dairy feed/cwt. milk
$4.11
Purc. grain & conc. as % milk rec.
29%
$4.81
Purc. feed & crop exp./cwt. milk
Capital Efficiency
Farm capital/worker
Farm capital/cow
Farm capital/til. acre owned
Real estate/cow
Machinery investment/cow
Asset turnover ratio
Labor Efficiency
Worker equivalent
Operator/manager equivalent
Milk sold/worker, lbs.
Cows/worker
Labor cost/cow
Labor cost/tillable acre
Freestall
<= 120 Cows >120 Cows
89
70
1,617,663
18,131
$10.12
$14.54
$13.41
$727
$4.01
29%
$4.73
87
73
1,566,899
18,042
$10.54
$15.70
$13.67
$714
$3.95
28%
$4.98
279
213
5,421,782
19,469
$10.61
$13.59
$13.68
$750
$3.85
27%
$4.62
$193,685
$7,641
$3,546
$3,991
$1,420
0.37
$212,649
$7,032
$3,373
$3,269
$1,401
0.41
$225,584
$7,534
$3,758
$3,458
$1,589
0.42
$245,237
$6,012
$4,249
$2,654
$997
0.54
1.89
1.15
439,237
25
$610
$187
2.95
1.41
548,374
30
$526
$170
2.90
1.38
540,489
30
$563
$162
6.83
1. 71
794,151
41
$546
$225
$35,087
$7,912
4.2%
$2,174
69%
$26,671
$-70
4.3%
$2,482
67%
$105,301
$31,312
7.9%
$2,462
58%
profitability & Balance Sheet Analysis
$15,377
Net farm income (w/o apprec.)
$-1,752
Labor & mgmt. income/operator
Return on all capital w/apprec.
1.1%
$2,353
Farm debt/cow
Percent equity
70%
*Average of all farms, not only those reporting data.
-
28
I'AlUI BUS:IDSS CHART POR SMALL CONVBN'l':IONAL STALL DA:IRY PARKS
99 Conventional Stall Dairy Farms with 60 or Less Cows, New York, 1992
Size of Business
Worker
No.
Pounds
Equivof
Milk
alent
Sold
Cows
(11 )
(11)
(11) *
Rates of Production
Pounds
Tons
Tons Corn
Milk Sold Hay Crop Silage
OM/Acre Per Acre
Per Cow
(10)
(9 )
(9)
Labor Efficiency
Cows
Pounds
Per
Milk Sold
Worker
Per Worker
(11 )
(11)
2.9
2.5
2.3
2.1
2.0
60
59
56
52
50
1,216,307
1,056,041
971,222
904,369
833,676
21,382
19,969
19,389
18,540
18,160
3.1
3.1
2.9
2.6
2.4
22
18
16
15
15
46
36
30
27
26
760,933
627,590
540,690
492,638
454,994
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
44
42
38
29
741,239
663,822
614,828
460,178
16,512
15,520
14,121
11,563
2.1
1.9
1.6
1.2
12
12
10
4
23
22
20
16
400,809
369,048
323,957
241,563
----------------------------------------------------------47
784,602
17,523
1.8
2.2
13
24
427,601
Grain
Bought
Per Cow
(10)
% Grain is
of Milk
Receipts
(10)
$324
454
531
602
650
17%
23
25
26
28
Cost Control
MachineJ;y
Labor &
Costs
Machinery
Costs Per Cow
Per Cow
(11 )
(11 )
$251
304
352
396
437
470
29
690
729
31
506
545
796
33
599
874
35
867
43
1. 068
value and Cost of Production
Total Cost
Oper. Cost
Milk
Production
Receipts
Milk
Per Cwt.
Per Cwt.
Per Cow
Feed & Crop
Expenses
Per Cow
(10)
Feed & Crop
Expenses Per
Cwt. Milk
(10)
$451
582
671
724
783
$3.20
3.78
4.12
4.34
4.52
$666
810
917
977
1,049
1,108
849
1,159
913
1,212
967
1,316
1,054
1.680
1.302
Profitability
Net Farm
Net Farm
Labor &
Income
Inc. w/o
Mgt. Inc.
w/Apprec.
Apprec.
Per Oper.
(3)
4.73
4.95
5.33
5.90
6.88
Change in
Net Worth
w/Apprec.
(10 )
(10)
$2,911
2,698
2,574
2,497
2,422
$6.56
8.05
8.52
9.30
9.88
$12.90
14.03
14.70
15.40
16.05
$63,046
45,628
36,269
28,971
24,643
$44,806
34,597
27,896
22,714
17,420
$23,678
14,168
9,493
4,888
1,521
$59,924
35,056
22,019
16,391
12,621
2,322
2,178
2,049
1,882
1.468
10.38
10.84
11.31
12.23
13,66
16.43
16.83
17 .59
19.38
23.90
18,479
14,042
8,645
3,338
-9.920
12,690
8,549
2,239
-3,095
-17,335
-2,983
-7,798
-13,240
-19,918
-38.585
6,278
119
-4,219
-9,925
-20,443
(10)
(3 )
(3 )
*Page number of the participant's DFBS where the factor is located.
(6 )
-
29
FARK BUSI:NBSS CBAR.T FOR LARGB CONVBHTI:OHAL STALL DAI:RY FAlUIS
86 Conventional Stall Dairy Farms with More Than 60 Cows, New York, 1992
Size of Business
Worker
No.
Pounds
Equiv­
of
Milk
Sold
alent
Cows
(11) *
( 11)
(11)
Rates of Production
Pounds
Tons
Tons Corn
Milk Sold Hay Crop Silage
Per Cow
OM/Acre Per Acre
(9 )
(10)
(9)
Labor Efficiency
Cows
Pounds
Per
Milk Sold
Worker
Per Worker
( 11)
(11)
4.9
3.7
3.3
3.1
2.9
153
115
101
90
83
2,798,611
2,136,428
1,839,098
1,662,293
1,550,272
22,871
20,905
20,106
19,342
18,385
5.0
3.6
3.2
2.9
2.7
23
19
17
17
16
48
37
34
32
31
876,546
724,109
641,723
592,104
563,811
2.6
2.5
2.3
2.1
1.8
77
70
67
65
62
1,423,737
1,333,387
1,236,304
1,104,978
878,461
17,845
17,054
16,373
15,006
12.535
2.5
2.2
2.0
1.8
1.4
15
13
12
10
7
29
27
25
24
21
512,314
467,326
430,539
397,414
352,630
Grain
Bought
Per Cow
(10)
$
311
411
506
568
636
710
807
870
925
1. 054
% Grain is
of Milk
Receipts
(10)
14%
20
22
24
26
28
31
34
37
42
Cost Control
Machinery
Labor &
Costs
Machinery
Costs Per Cow
Per Cow
( 11)
(11)
$223
316
369
412
426
447
489
523
563
718
Value and Cost of Production
Total Cost
Milk
Oper. Cost
Receipts
Milk
Production
Per Cow
Per Cwt.
Per Cwt.
(10)
(10)
(10)
$
620
747
824
887
945
Feed & Crop
Expenses
Per Cow
(10)
$
1,014
1,075
1,122
1,197
1.372
Feed & Crop
Expenses Per
CWt. Milk
(10)
442
580
656
707
811
$3.02
3.60
3.79
4.04
4.41
875
953
1,004
1,058
1.245
4.64
4.93
5.19
5.60
6.51
Profitability
Net Farm Income
Labor &.
With
Without
Mgmt. Inc.
Apprec.
Apprec.
Per Oper.
(3 )
(3 )
(3 )
Change in
Net Worth
w/Apprec.
(6)
$3,093
2,821
2,690
2,590
2,465
$ 6.72
7.90
8.52
9.10
9.66
$11.87
12.73
13.29
13.68
14.21
$108,267
74,747
62,248
53,294
45,675
$91,353
65,766
55,029
43,685
37,569
$43,558
28,599
23,048
18,555
9,783
$82,187
41,744
32,305
25,438
15,961
2,394
2,265
2,159
2,013
1. 699
10.37
10.88
11.34
11. 76
12.91
14.75
15.42
15.91
16.56
18.29
34,976
27,816
19,825
11,517
-9.556
28,776
19,963
12,165
2,831
-20.251
4,808
-1,813
-7,608
-17,446
-43,084
8,831
4,654
-157
-6,447
-39.646
*Page number of the participant's DFBS where the factor is located.
-
30
PAIUI BOS:IHBSS CHART POR SHALL PREESTALL DA:IRY PARKS
59 Freestall Barn Dairy Farms with 120 or Less Cows, New York, 1992
Size of Business
Worker
No.
Pounds
Equivof
Milk
alent
Sold
Cows
(
11)
( 11)
(11) *
4.5
3.7
3.4
3.3
3.1
118
108
104
97
91
2,318,393
2,025,486
1,905,776
1,812,755
1,697,486
2.7
2.5
2.2
2.0
1.4
80
72
62
45
1,351,124
1,173,922
1,022,537
651.669
Rates of Production
Pounds
Tons
Tons Corn
Milk Sold Hay Crop Silage
Per Cow
OM/Acre Per Acre
(10)
(9 )
(9)
23,226
20,742
20,075
19,485
18,584
5.7
3.9
3.4
3.2
2.9
Labor Efficiency
Cows
Pounds
Per
Milk Sold
Worker
Per Worker
(11)
(11)
21
19
18
16
15
53
42
37
34
872,689
770,827
688,683
603,386
571,158
32
----------------------------------------------------------86
1,557,311
18,036
2.6
14
Grain
Bought
Per Cow
(10)
% Grain is
of Milk
Receipts
(10)
$ 374
488
551
605
658
16%
20
23
26
28
29
2.3
12
27
2.0
10
25
8
1.8
23
3
1.3
15
Cost Control
'Labor &
Machinery
Feed & Crop
Costs
Machinery
Expenses
Per Cow
Costs Per Cow
Per Cow
( 11)
(10)
(11)
538,989
488,313
433,176
360,361
270,409
17,504
16,043
13,200
11. 685
$264
376
406
448
490
$
679
810
872
933
1,011
$
Feed & Crop
Expenses Per
Cwt. Milk
(10)
529
653
708
803
864
$3.36
3.83
4.24
4.50
4.83
----------------------------------------------------------1,097
924
705
30
538
5.10
749
827
900
974
value
Milk
Receipts
Per Cow
(10)
31
33
35
39
592
644
692
875
-and
Cost of Production
Total Cost
Oper. Cost
Production
Milk
Per cwt.
Per Cwt.
(10)
(10)
1,183
1,290
1,449
1.741
998
1,066
1,109
1.186
Profitability
Net Farm Income
Labor &.
With
Without
Mgrnt. Inc.
Apprec.
Apprec.
Per Oper.
(3)
(3)
(3 )
$3,115
2,801
2,718
2,626
2,534
$ 6.33
8.39
9.37
9.78
10.13
$11. 89
13.23
14.13
14.97
15.66
$179,031
79,233
63,081
51,912
41,056
$86,712
61,053
48,995
36,234
25,578
2,451
2,353
2,186
1,895
1.694
10.57
11.17
11. 72
12.99
14.79
16.07
16.67
17.68
18.98
20.47
34,711
28,891
22,662
7,870
-22.606
18,848
15,569
9,092
- 9,009
-36.917
$51,557
22,625
10,907
6,110
1,978
689
4,932
-15,149
-26,857
-65.994
-
*Page number of the participant's DFBS where the factor is located.
5.26
5.56
6.29
6.91
Change in
Net Worth
w/Apprec.
(6)
$133,449
55,877
38,686
27,392
19,985
13,594
5,705
-4,431
-13,164
-46,141
­
31
PARK BUSIHBSS CHART POR LARGE PUESTALL DAIRY PARKS
84 Freestall Barn Dairy Farms with More Than 120 Cows, New York, 1992
Size of Business
Worker
No.
Pounds
Equivof
Milk
alent
Cows
Sold
(11)
(11)
(11) *
17.8
8.4
7.3
6.2
5.8
827
370
280
234
205
16,288,987
7,526,000
5,563,510
4,442,314
3,922,439
Rates of Production
Pounds
Tons
Tons Corn
Milk Sold Hay Crop Silage
PM/Acre Per Acre
Per Cow
(10)
(9)
(9)
22,717
21,818
21,355
20,495
19,777
5.0
4.1
3.6
3.3
3.0
Labor Efficiency
Cows
Pounds
Per
Milk Sold
Worker
Per Worker
(11)
(11)
21
18
17
16
16
1,138,851
899,158
845,337
805,033
760,845
60
47
44
42
40
----------------------------------------------------------5.2
4.8
4.3
3.8
3,2
190
173
158
145
128
Grain
Bought
Per Cow
(10)
$
3,626,910
3,324,340
3,036,766
2,675,565
2.294.285
% Grain is
of Milk
Receipts
(10)
19,160
18,228
17,535
16,783
14.619
15%
21
24
25
27
$259
320
366
397
421
728
768
804
861
960
28
30
31
33
38
441
479
513
553
691
Value and Cost of Production
Oper. Cost
Total Cost
Milk
Receipts
Milk
Production
Per Cow
Per Cwt.
Per cwt.
(10)
(10)
(10)
$ 7.56
8.92
9.56
10,27
10.82
$11. 30
12.22
12.99
13 .36
13.66
$
37
35
33
31
27
15
14
13
11
7
Cost Control
Machinery
Labor &
Costs
Machinery
Per Cow
Costs Per Cow
( 11)
(11)
411
556
618
667
701
$3,137
2,978
2,893
2,792
2,701
2.8
2.6
2.4
2.2
1.8
713
810
850
879
924
Feed & Crop
Expenses
Per Cow
(10)
$
1,001
1,037
1,099
1,185
1. 339
731,079
690,044
647,088
598,697
492.796
Feed & Crop
Expenses Per
Cwt. Milk
(10)
644
765
803
819
873
$3.19
3.86
4.17
4.41
4.55
910
937
982
1,038
1.141
4.70
4.90
5.12
5.44
6.23
Profitability
Net Farm Income
Labor &.
With
Without
Mgmt. Inc.
Apprec,
Apprec.
Per Oper,
(3 )
(3)
(3)
$556,579
219,914
152,924
117,022
100,788
$437,174
202,962
127,718
95,001
79,566
$266,126
78,676
43,360
33,386
21,848
Change in
Net Worth
w/Aoorec.
(6)
$368,663
133,568
85,566
57,664
41,655
----------------------------------------------------------2,597
2,486
2,365
2,297
2.024
* Page
11.10
11.30
11.65
12,24
13 .58
13.92
14.55
15.37
16.26
17 ,28
85,282
53,580
35,584
22,661
-29.806
55,575
37,649
19,581
-954
-56,453
10,659
-1,813
-12,922
-34,149
-79.753
number of the participant's DFBS where the factor is located.
25,685
16,246
-1,307
-34,827
-96.233
-
32
IDENTIFY AND SET GOALS
If businesses are to be successful, they must have direction.
Written goals help provide businesses with an identifiable direction
over both the long and short term. Goal setting is as important on a
dairy farm as it is in other businesses. Written goals are a tool which
farm operators can use to ensure that the business continues to move in
the proper direction. Goals should be SMART:
l.
Goals should be Specific.
2.
Goals should be Measurable.
3.
Goals should be Achieyable but challenging.
4.
Goals should be Rewarding.
s.
You should designate
a~
when each goal will be achieved.
Goal setting on a dairy farm does not have to be a complex
process.
In many cases it provides a process for writing down and
agreeing on goals that you have already given some thought to.
It is
also important to remember that once you write out your goals they are
not cast in concrete. If a change takes place which has a major impact
on the farm business, the goals should be reworked to accommodate that
change. Refer to your goals as often as necessary to keep the farm
business progressing.
It is important to identify both objectives (long-range) and goals
(short-range) when looking at the future of your farm business.
A suggested format for writing out your goals is as follows:
a.
Begin with a mission statement which describes why the
business exists based on the preferences and values of the
owners.
b.
Identify 4-6 objectives.
c.
Identify SMART goals.
Worksheet for Setting Goals
I.
Mission and Objectives
-
33
Worksheet for Setting Goals (continued)
II.
Goals
What
How
When
Who is Responsible
Summarize Your Business Performance
The Farm Business and Financial Analysis Charts on pages 22-25 and
28-31 can be used to help identify strengths and weaknesses of your farm
business.
Identify three major strengths and three areas of your farm
business that need improvement.
Strengths:
_
Needs improvement :
_
-
34
GLOSSARY AND LOCATION OP COMMON TERNS
Accounts Payable - Open accounts or bills owed to feed and supply firms, cattle
dealers, veterinarians and other providers of farm services and supplies.
Accounts Receivable - Outstanding receipts from items sold or sales proceeds not yet
received, such as the payment for December milk sales received in January.
Accrual Bxpenses -
(defined on page 3)
Accrual Receipts -
(defined on page 4)
Annual Cash Plow Statement Appreciation -
(defined on page 12)
(defined on page 5)
Asset TUrnOVer Batio - The ratio of total farm income to total farm assets,
calculated by dividing total accrual operating receipts plus appreciation by average
total farm assets.
Balance Sheet - A "snapshot" of the business financial position at a given point in
time, usually December 31. The balance sheet equates the value of assets to
liabilities plus net worth.
Capital Bfficiencv - The amount of capital invested per production unit.
Relatively
high investments per worker with low to moderate investments per cow imply efficient
use of capital.
Cash Pro. Nonfarm Capital Osed in the Business - Transfers of money from nonfarm
savings or investments to the farm business where it is used to pay operating
expenses, make debt payments and/or capital purchases.
Cash Ploy Coveraae Batio Cash Paid -
(defined on page 14)
(defined on page 2)
Cash Becatpt. -
(defined on page 4)
<:benge in Ac;c;ounts PaYable -
(defined on page 3)
<:benge in Accounts Receivable <:benge in Inventory -
(defined on page 4)
(defined on page 2)
CUrrent Porti.on - (defined on page 7)
Dairy (fara) - A farm business where dairy farming is the primary enterprise,
operating and managing this farm is a full-time occupation for one or more people
and cropland is owned.
Pairy Ca.h-Crop (tarm> - Operating and managing this farm is the full-time
occupation of one or more people, cropland is owned but crop sales exceed 10 percent
of accrual milk receipts.
Debt Per Coy - Total end-of-year debt divided by end-of-year number of cows.
Debt to Jaset Batios Deterred Taxes -
(defined on page 10)
(defined on page 9)
Matter - The amount or proportion of dry material that remains after all water
is removed. Commonly used to measure dry matter percent and tons of dry matter in
feed.
Dry
19uity Capital - The farm operator/manager's owned capital or farm net worth.
­
3S
Expan.iQn Liye.tQck - Purchased dairy cattle and other livestock that cause an
increase in herd size from the beginning to the end of the year.
Para Debt Payment. a. Percent Qf Milk Sale. - Amount of milk income committed to
debt repayment, calculated by dividing planned debt payments by total milk receipts.
A reliable measure of repayment ability, see page 14.
Para Debt Payment.
the repayment plan
number of cows for
Financial Analysis
Per CQW ­ Planned or scheduled debt payments per cow represent
scheduled at the beginning of the year divided by the average
the year. This measure of repayment ability is used in the
Chart.
Pinancial Lea.e - A long-term non-cancellable contract
asset in exchange for a series of lease payments. The
usually covers a major portion of the economic life of
substitute for purchase. The lessor retains ownership
giving the lessee use of an
term of a financial lease
the asset. The lease is a
of the asset.
InCome Statement - A complete and accurate account of farm business receipts and
expenses used to measure profitability over a period of time such as one year or one
month.
LAbQr and Management InCome -
(defined on page 6)
LabQr and Xanaaement InCome Per ODeratQr - The return to the owner/manager's labor
and management per full-time operator.
LAbQr Bfficiency - Production capacity and output per worker.
Liquidity - Ability of business to generate cash to make debt payments or to convert
assets to cash.
Net Para InCome -
(defined on page S)
Net Worth - The value of assets less liabilities equal net worth.
the owner has in owned assets.
Operating CQ.t. Qf PrQducing M11k -
It is the equity
(defined on page 19)
Opportunity CQ.t. - The cost or charge made for using a resource based on its value
in its most likely alternative use. The opportunity cost of a farmer's labor and
management is the value he/she would receive if employed in his/her most qualified
alternative position.
Other Liye.tQck Expen.e. - All other dairy herd and livestock expenses not included
in more specific categories. Other livestock expenses include; bedding, DHIC, milk
house and parlor supplies, livestock board, registration fees and transfers.
Part-Time Ca.h-CrQP Dairy <fara> - Operating and managing this farm is not a full­
time occupation, crop sales exceed 10 percent of accrual milk receipts and cropland
is owned.
Part-Ttme Dairy <fara> - Dairy farming is the primary enterprise, cropland is owned
but operating and managing this farm is not a full-time occupation for one or more
people.
Per.Qnal Withdrawal. and PAmily Expenditure. Including Nonfara Debt Payment. - All
the money removed from the farm business for personal or nonfarm use including
family living expenses, health and life insurance, income taxes, nonfarm debt
payments, and investments.
PrQfitAbility - The return or net income the owner/manager receives for using one or
more of his or her resources in the farm business. True -economic profit- is what
remains after deducting all the costs including the opportunity costs of the
owner/manager's labor, management, and equity capital.
Purcha.ed Input. CQ.t Qf PrQducing M11k -
(defined on page 19)
.......
36
Repayment Analysis - An evaluation of the business' ability to make planned debt
payments.
ReplaCement Liyestock - Dairy cattle and other livestock purchased to replace those
that were culled or sold from the herd during the year.
Return on Equity Capital Return on Total Capital -
(defined on page 7)
(defined on page 7)
Return to Operators' Labor. Hanagement. and Equity Capital -
(defined on page 6)
Solyency - The extent or ability of assets to cover or pay liabilities.
and leverage ratios are common measures of solvency.
Total Costa of Producing Kilk -
Debt/asset
(defined on page 19)
Whole Para Method - A procedure used to calculate costs of producing milk on dairy
farms without using enterprise cost accounts. All non-milk receipts are assigned a
cost equal to their sale value and deducted from total farm expenses to determine
the costs of producing milk.
........
37
Pagels)
Accounts Payable
Accounts Receivable
Accrual Expenses
Accrual Receipts
Acreage
.
Advanced Government
Receipts
.
Age
.
Amount Available
for Debt Service.
Annual Cash Flow
Statement
Appreciation
Asset Turnover Ratio.
Balance Sheet
Barn Type
Business Type
Capital Efficiency
Cash From Nonfarm
Capital Used in
the Business . . . . • . .
Cash Flow Coverage Ratio
Cash Paid . . • • . .
Cash Receipts
Change in Accounts
Payable
.
Change in Accounts
Receivable
Change in Inventory
Change in Net Worth
Crop Expenses
Crop/Dairy Ratios
Current Port ion. .
Dairy (farm)
Dairy Cash-crop (farm)
Debt Per Cow
.
Debt to Asset Ratios
Deferred Taxes
Depreciation
Dry Matter • . .
Education
Equity Capital
Expansion Livestock
Expenses
.....
Farm Business Chart.
Farm Debt Payments
as Percent of
Milk Sales
Farm Debt Payments
Per Cow
.
3,8
4,8
3,5
4,5
16
7,8
20
14
12
5,11,18
20
8
2
2
20
12
14
2
4,12
3
4
2,3
11
3,17
16
7,8
2
2
10
10
9
3,10
16
20
7
3,12
3
22,23,
.24,25,28
. 29,30,31
13
13
Pagels)
Financial Analysis Chart
Financial Lease
Income Statement
.
Inflows
.
Labor and Management
Income
.
Labor and Management
Income Per Operator
Labor Efficiency
Land Resources
Liquidity . . . . •
Lost Capital . . .
Machinery Expenses
Milking Frequency
Milk Production
Milking System
Money Borrowed
Net Farm Income
Net Investment
Net Worth
Number of Cows.
Operating Costs of
Producing Milk
Opportunity Cost ..
Other Livestock Expenses
Outflows
.
Part-Time Cash-Crop
Dairy (farm)
Part-Time Dairy (farm)
Percent Equity
.
Personal Withdrawals and
Family Expenditures
Including Nonfarm
Debt Payments ..
Principal Payments
Profitability
Receipts . . . . . • • • •
Record System . . . .
Repayment Analysis
Replacement Livestock
Retained Earnings . . . .
Return on Equity Capital
Return on Total Capital
Return to Operator's
Labor, Management,
and Equity Capital
Solvency . . • . . • .
Total Costs of
Producing Milk
Whole Farm Method
Worker Equivalent
Yields Per Acre
25
8
2
12
6
6
20
16
10
10
3,17
2
18
2
12
5
10
8
18
19
6
3
12
2
2
9,10
12
12
4
4
2
14
3
11
7
7
6
10
19
19
20
16
-
OTHER A.R ••• I. BXTUBIOJJ IULLlTIIJ8
(Formerly A.E. Extension Publications)
No. 93-18
Time Value of Money
Eddy L. LaDue
No. 94-01
Fruit Farm Business Summary Lake
Ontario Region New York 1992
Gerald B. White
Alison OeMarree
Linda D. Putnam
No. 94-02
Micro OFBS, A Guide to Processing
Dairy. Farm Business Summaries in
county and Regional Extension
Offices for Micro OFBS Version 3.0
Linda D. Putnam
Wayne A. Knoblauch
Stuart F. smith
No. 94-03
Dairy Farm Cash Flow, Debt
Repayment Ability and Financial
Analysis
George L. Casler
No. 94-04
The Cornell Program on Dairy
Markets and Policy
Summary of Activities, 1989 to 1993
Andrew M. Novakovic
No. 94"'05
Bibliography of Horticultural
Product Marketing and Related Topic
Papers, Second Edition
Enrique E. Figueroa
No. 94-06
DFBS Expert System For Analyzing
Dairy Farm Businesses Users' Guide
for Version 4.0
Linda D. Putnam
Stuart F. Smith
No. 94-07
Dairy Farm Business Summary
Western Plain Region 1993
Stuart F. Smith
Linda D. Putnam
Jason Karszes
Michael Stratton
David Thorp
No. 94-08
Dairy Replacement Programs: Costs
& Analysis western New York, 1993
Jason Karszes .
No. 94-09
Dairy Farm Business Summary
Northern New. York Region 1993
Stuart F. Smith
Linda D. Putnam
George Allhusen
Patricia Beyer
German Davalos
Anita Deming
Gleason Wally
George Yarnall
-