APA
DOCUMENTATION
1
DOCUMENTING our sources means
GIVING CREDIT to the sources.
Why do we care?
Recognizing sources…
•establishes credibility
•persuades others to take our words
seriously
•allows readers to find the sources
themselves
2
Keep in mind…
When doing your research, you need to keep track of
certain information about your sources:
•author or other creator (e.g., editor, photographer)
•title(s) of work (journal, book, website, etc.)(article,
chapter, webpage, etc.)
•publisher or sponsor
•place of publication or web locator
•date published/last updated/copyrighted
3
As a system of documentation, the APA requires two
citations:
1) brief in-text documentation each time an outside
source is used, whether by quotation, paraphrase, or
summary
2) complete and detailed documentation in a list of
references or sources at the end of the text
The in-text citation and the complete citation in the
references list work together. The in-text citation tells the
reader exactly where to find the complete citation on the
references list. The complete citation on the references
list tells the reader how to find the source for
him/herself.
4
We’ll start with the bibliographic entries on the
references list because, once we know how to do these
detailed entries, the in-text citations will be easy.
5
REFERENCES LIST: BASIC RULES
• Begin on a separate page at end of your text.
• Center the page title (References); do not use quotation
marks, boldface, or italics.
•Double-space entries.
•Format with hanging indent (Home toolbar, Paragraph
box expanded, Indentation: Special).
•Invert authors’ names: last name, then initials of first
name.
•Name up to seven authors.
•Alphabetize entries.
6
REFERENCES LIST: Basic rules, continued
•Present journal titles in full; do not abbreviate.
•Capitalize all major words in periodical titles. But, when
referring to other sources (books, chapters, articles, web
pages, etc.), capitalize only the first letter of the first word
of a title and subtitle, and the first letter of proper nouns.
•Italicize titles of longer works such as books and
journals.
Tip: Find the example in the APA manual or
this presentation that is most similar to your
source and use the format of that example.
Warning: Software that formats citations is unreliable. You need to know
the proper citation format yourself.
7
REFERENCES LIST: BASIC FORM for each entry
Include information about a journal article in the following order:
•author(s) by last name, followed by initials
•publication year in parentheses
•title of article or other short work
•title of the longer work (in which the short work is found) italicized
•volume number italicized
•issue number, if any, in parentheses
•page numbers indicating where article/short work appears in long work
•for online sources, give the DOI if a DOI has been assigned to the article. If
no DOI has been assigned, write “Retrieved from” and give the URL of the
website from which you are retrieving the periodical.
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of
Periodical, volume number(issue number), pages. DOI[or Retrieved
from http://...]
8
REFERENCES LIST: Capitalization
The APA’s rules about capitalization are a little complicated.
•Use sentence case for the title of an article or other short work, meaning
that you only capitalize the first letter of the first word of a title and
subtitle, and the first letter of proper nouns
•For titles of the longer works in which short works are found:
•If the long work is not a periodical—books, websites, movies, etc.—
use sentence case.
Ex: Thoreau, H.D. (1849). Civil disobedience. In G. McMichael (Ed.), Anthology
of American literature, Vol. 1: Colonial through romantic (pp. 15561571). New York, NY: McMillan Publishing Company, 1989.
•If the long work is a periodical, i.e., it is published periodically–
scholarly journals, newspapers, magazines, etc.—use title case,
meaning that you capitalize the first letter of all words except articles
(a, an, the), simple conjunctions (and, but, or, etc.), and short
prepositions (at, by, for, to, with, from, etc.).
Ex: Cunningham, J.A., & Selby, P. (2007). Relighting cigarettes: How common is
it? Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 9, 621-623. doi: 10.1080/
14622200701239688
9
REFERENCES LIST: AUTHOR/AUTHORS
The rules for handling works by a single author or multiple authors apply
regardless of the type of work (printed or online, book, article, interview,
digital image, etc.).
Single author
Berndt, T. J. (2002). Friendship quality and social development. Current
Directions in Psychological Science, 11, 7-10.
Two authors
Wegener, D. T., & Petty, R. E. (1994). Mood management across affective
states: The hedonic contingency hypothesis. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 1034-1048.
10
REFERENCES LIST: Author/authors, continued
Three to seven authors
Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C. R., Berry, A., Harlow, T., & Bach, J. S.
(1993). There's more to self-esteem than whether it is high or low:
The importance of stability of self-esteem. Journal of Personality
and Social Psychology, 65, 1190-1204.
More than seven authors
Miller, F. H., Choi, M. J., Angeli, L. L., Harland, A. A., Stamos, J. A.,
Thomas, S. T., . . . Rubin, L. H. (2009). Web site usability for the
blind and low-vision user. Technical Communication, 57, 323-335.
Organization as author
American Psychological Association. (2003). Publication Manual of the
American Psychological Association, 6th Ed. Washington, D.C.:
American Psychological Association.
If no human being is identified as the author, look for the
organization responsible for creating the source material.
11
REFERENCES LIST: Author/authors, continued
Creator but no author
Duncan, G. J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (Eds.). (1997). Consequences of growing up
poor. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
Spielberg, S. (Director & producer). (2012). Lincoln [Motion picture].
Universal City, CA: Dreamworks.
If there’s no “author,” but a human being created the source
material, name the creator where you would have put the
author’s name. Indicate in parentheses the creator’s role.
No author or creator named
Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (10th ed.).(1993). Springfield, MA:
Merriam-Webster.
Feminism. (n.d.). In Encyclopædia Britannica online. Retrieved from
http: //www.britannica.com/Dbchecked/topic/724633/feminism
When you cite a source with no author or creator named,
begin with the source's title instead of a name.
12
REFERENCES LIST: PRINT SOURCES
Article in journal
Harlow, H. F. (1983). Fundamentals for preparing psychology journal
articles. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55,
893-896.
Scruton, R. (1996). The eclipse of listening. The New Criterion, 15(3), 5-13.
Article in magazine
Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools.
Time, 135, 28-31.
If a periodical is published weekly or daily,
provide a more precise date than just the year.
Review
Baumeister, R. F. (1993). Exposing the self-knowledge myth [Review of the
book The self-knower: A hero under control by R. A. Wicklund &
M. Eckert]. Contemporary Psychology, 38, 466-467.
13
REFERENCES LIST: Print sources, continued
Book
Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA guide to preparing
manuscripts for journal publication. Washington, DC:
American Psychological Association.
For printed books, list the city and the state where
the publisher is located. Use the two letter postal
abbreviation without periods. Ex: New York, NY.
Edited book – No author
Duncan, G. J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (Eds.). (1997). Consequences of
growing up poor. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
14
REFERENCES LIST: Print sources, continued
Selection from an anthology
Cosby, B. (2008). The baffling question. In K. Flachmann & M.
Flachmann (Eds.), The Prose Reader: Essays for Thinking,
Reading, and Writing, 8th Ed. (pp. 153-155). Upper Saddle River,
NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall.
Government document
National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical training in serious
mental illness (DHHS Publication No. ADM 90-1679).
Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Photograph, photographer unknown, no title
[Photographs of Robert M. Yerkes]. (ca. 1917-1954). Robert Mearns
Yerkes Papers (Box 137, Folder 2292). Manuscripts and
Archives, Yale University Library, New Haven, CT.
If no author or creator is named, and no title can be found,
give the document a short descriptive title in brackets.
15
REFERENCES LIST: ONLINE SOURCES
Article from an online periodical
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title
of Online Periodical, volume number(issue number if available).
Retrieved from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/
Article from an online periodical, no DOI assigned
Online scholarly journal articles without a DOI require the URL of the journal
home page, to provide your readers with enough information to find the article.
Kenneth, I. A. (2000). A Buddhist response to the nature of human
rights. Journal of Buddhist Ethics, 8. Retrieved from http:
//www.cac.psu.edu/jbe/twocont.html
It is not necessary to include database information in citations
because databases change over time. More importantly,
provide the homepage for the article or for the journal in which
the article was published. If the database does not provide this
information, you may need to look it up.
16
REFERENCES LIST: Online sources, continued
Article from an online periodical, DOI assigned
Brownlie, D. (2007). Toward effective poster presentations: An
Annotated bibliography. European Journal of Marketing, 41,
1245-1283. doi:10.1108/03090560710821161
Wooldridge, M.B., & Shapka, J. (2012). Playing with technology:
Mother-toddler interaction scores lower during play with
electronic toys. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology,
33(5), 211-218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2012.05.005
Publishers who follow best practices state the DOI
prominently on the first page of an article. Sometimes the
DOI is hidden under a button labeled Article, CrossRef,
PubMed, or name of other vendor of full-text articles.
17
REFERENCE LIST: Online sources, continued
Encyclopedias and dictionaries – No author named
Often encyclopedias and dictionaries do not provide bylines (authors' names).
When no byline is present, move the entry name or title to the front of the
citation. Provide publication dates if present or specify (n.d.) if no date is
present in the entry.
Feminism. (n.d.). In Encyclopædia Britannica online. Retrieved from
http://ww.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/724633/feminism
Article – No author named
Anabaptist. (n.d.). In Wikipedia.org. Retrieved January 22, 2013, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabaptists
Include retrieval date if the address could change, as for a wiki.
The APA’s Publication Manual warns that wikis (like a
Wikipedia entry, for example) are collaborative projects that
cannot guarantee the verifiability or expertise of their entries.
18
REFERENCES LIST: Online sources, continued
Blog associated with newspaper
Parker-Pope, T. (2008, May 6). Psychiatry handbook linked to drug
industry [Blog]. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://
well.blogs.nytimes.com
If the nature of the document is not clear, insert
some descriptive language in brackets after the title.
19
REFERENCES LIST: Audiovisual media–Online
Map
Lewis County Geographic Information Services (Cartographer). (2002).
Population density, 2000 U.S. Census [Demographic map].
Retrieved from http://www.co.lewis.wa.us/publicworks/maps/
Demographics/census-pop-dens_2000.pdf
Photograph, photographer known
Buren, D. (Photographer). (2012). Grand Palais–November 13, 2012,
photo of the day: People and culture. National Geographic.
Retrieved from http://photography.nationalgeographic.com/
photography/photo-of-the-day/art-grand-palais/
Photograph, photographer unknown, no title
[Photograph of winery]. (2011, November). In Dwell: At home in the
modern world, Reign of terroir. Retrieved from http://www.
dwell.com/food/article/reign-terroir
20
REFERENCES LIST: Audiovisual–Online, continued
Advertisement—no author, no title
Pierre Balmain Spring/Summer 13. (2013). In Vogue.com [magazine
advertisement]. Retrieved January 21, 2013, from www.vogue.
com/magazine
In the absence of an author/creator and a
title, take the most prominent text as the title.
Graphic data (e.g., interactive maps and other graphic
representations of data)
Name of researching organization. (Date). [Type of data and form of data].
Project name. Retrieval information
Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment. (2007). [Graph illustration,
the SORCE Spectral Plot May 8, 2007]. Solar Spectral Data
Access from the SIM, SOLSTICE, and XPS Instruments.
Retrieved from http://lasp.colorado.edu/cgi-bin/ionp?page=input_data_for_ spectra.ion
21
REFERENCES LIST: Audiovisual–Online, continued
Online interview
If an audio or video file or a transcript is available online, use the
following model, specifying the medium in brackets (e.g. [Interview
transcript], [Interview audio file], [Interview video file):
Butler, C. (Interviewer) & Stevenson, R. (Interviewee). (1999). Oral
History 2 [Interview transcript]. Retrieved from Johnson
Space Center Oral Histories Project Web site: http://www11.
jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/oral_histories.htm
If an interview is not retrievable in audio, video, or print
form, cite the interview only in the text (not in the
reference list) and provide month, day, and year in the text.
22
REFERENCES LIST: More audiovisual sources
Movie
Spielberg, S. (Director & producer). (2012). Lincoln [Motion
picture]. Universal City, CA: Dreamworks.
Podcast
Van Nuys, D. (Producer). (2007, December 19). Shrink rap radio
[Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.shrinkrapradio.com/
Single episode from a television series
Egan, D. (Writer), & Alexander, J. (Director). (2005). Failure to
communicate [Television series episode]. In D. Shore (Executive
producer), House. New York, NY: Fox Broadcasting.
23
REFERENCES LIST: More audiovisual sources
Video
American Psychological Association (Producer). (2000).
Responding therapeutically to patient expressions of
sexual attraction [DVD]. Available from http://www.
apa.org/videos/
Use of “Available from” rather than “Retrieved from”
means that the document cannot be viewed (or heard)
directly at the web address, but can be obtained there.
For example, a DVD can be purchased.
Music recording
Taupin, B. (Songwriter). (1975). Someone saved my life tonight
[Recorded by Elton John]. On Captain fantastic and the brown
dirt cowboy [CD]. London, England: Big Pig Music Limited.
24
IN-TEXT & PARENTHETICAL CITATIONS: Basic forms
APA in-text and parenthetical citations require three pieces of
information:
1)
Author’s last name (or authors’ last names, up to five names) –
If there’s no author, use the name of the creator (editor,
photographer, movie director, etc.). If no creator, use the title.
Follow guidelines for references list.
2) Date of publication – Insert “n.d.” if no date. Follow guidelines
for references list.
3) Page number(s) if you are quoting or paraphrasing from your
source.
The first two kinds of information are always included in the in-text or
parenthetical citation. Include page numbers when directly quoting or
paraphrasing from your source.
If your source doesn’t have any page numbers, see slide 33 for guidance.
25
IN-TEXT & PARENTHETICAL CITATIONS:
Basic forms, continued
There are two ways to do citations:
•In in-text citation
Ex: Faigly (1992) suggests that “[t]he world has
become a bazaar…” (p. 12).
•In parenthetical citation
Ex: As one observer notes, “The world has become a
bazaar…” (Faigly, 1992, p. 12).
FYI, here’s how this source appears on the references list:
Faigly, L. (1992). Fragments of rationality: Postmodernity and the subject of
composition. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
26
IN-TEXT & PARENTHETICAL CITATIONS: Capitals
When you refer in your text to the title of a source, capitalize the first
letter of the first word of a title and subtitle, and the first letter of all
other words except articles (a, an, the), short conjunctions (and, but, or,
yet, etc.), and short prepositions (to, at, for, from, with, on, etc.). This
pattern of capitalization is called “title case.”
Ex:
A Short History of a Small Place; Gone Girl: A Novel – books
Journal of Neuroscience – periodical
“Sonnet XVI” – poem
“Gun Control Opponents, Supporters Squaring Off” – news article
COMPARE: In contrast, in your references list, except for titles of
periodicals like journals and newspapers, capitalize only the first letter of
the first word of a title and subtitle, and proper nouns.
Ex:
A short history of a small place; Gone girl: A novel
Gun control opponents, supporters squaring off
But, Journal of Neuroscience, a periodical
27
IN-TEXT & PARENTHETICAL CITATIONS: Italics
Italicize the titles of longer works such as books, edited collections,
periodical journals, newspapers, web sites, movies, television
series, documentaries, and music or photo albums. Do not italicize
the titles of shorter works that are collected with other short works
for publication, for example, scholarly articles, news articles,
poems, short stories, web pages, chapters in a book, and television
episodes.
Ex:
The Closing of the American Mind – book
Zero Dark Thirty – motion picture
Journal of Psychiatry – scholarly journal
The Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) – web site
NOTE: Longer works like these are also italicized in your references
list: The closing of the American mind, Zero dark thirty, Journal of
Psychiatry, The Purdue online writing lab (OWL)
28
IN-TEXT & PARENTHETCIAL CITATIONS: Quotation marks
Put quotation marks around the titles of shorter works such as journal
articles, articles from edited collections, web pages, television series
episodes, photographs, short stories, and song titles.
Ex:
"Multimedia Narration: Constructing Possible Worlds“ - article
"The One Where Chandler Can't Cry“ – television episode
“The Lottery” – short story
COMPARE: In contrast, no quotation marks will be used in your references
list.
Ex:
Multimedia narration: Constructing possible worlds
The one where Chandler can’t cry
The lottery
29
IN-TEXT & PARENTHETICAL CITATIONS: Authors
Two Authors: Name both authors each time you cite the work. Use the word
"and" between the authors' names within the text and use the ampersand
(&) in the parenthetical citation.
• Research by Wegener and Petty (1994) supports... (p.12).
• Some commentators maintain that … (Wegener & Petty, 1994, p.12).
Three to Five Authors: The first time you cite the source, list all authors.
• Kernis, Cornell, Sun, Berry, and Bach (1993) claim that … (p.16).
• Some psychologists argue that … (Kernis, Cornell, Sun, Berry, & Bach,
1993, p. 16).
If you cite the same source again, just use the first author’s name plus “et al.”:
• Kernis et al. (1993) contend that … (p.22).
• According to other psychologists, … (Kernis et al., 1993, p.22).
Six or More Authors: Use the first author's name followed by et al. in the
in-text or the parenthetical citation.
• Harris et al. (2001) identify the root of the problem as ... .
• Some consider the root of the problem to be … (Harris et al., 2001).
30
IN-TEXT & PARENTHETICAL CITATIONS: Authors,
continued
Unknown Author: If the work does not have an author, cite the source by
its title in the in-text citation or, in the parenthetical, by the first word or
two of the title. Titles of books and reports are italicized; titles of articles,
chapters, and web pages are in quotation marks.
• A similar study was done of students learning to format research
papers ("Using APA," 2001).
Organization as an Author: If the author is an organization or a
government agency, mention the organization in the in-text or
parenthetical citation the first time you cite the source.
• According to the American Psychological Association (2000),...
If the organization has a well-known abbreviation, include the
abbreviation in brackets the first time the source is cited and then use only
the abbreviation in later citations.
• First citation: (Mothers Against Drunk Driving [MADD], 2000)
• Second citation: (MADD, 2000)
31
FAQ: How do you cite website material that
has no author and/or no year?
Because there is no author, begin with the title of the
article or section. Insert “n.d.” (for “no date”) in place of a
year. The entry in the reference list might look like this:
Heuristic. (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary
(11th ed.). Retrieved from http://www.m-w.com/
dictionary/heuristic
Your in-text or parenthetical citation will include the
title (or short title) and "n.d." for no date:
“Heuristic” (n.d.)…
… (“Heuristic,” n.d.).
32
FAQ: How do you cite website material that
has no page numbers?
To document a quotation or paraphrase from source
material that does not include page numbers, you can
include any of the following in the text:
• A paragraph number, if provided; alternatively, you could
count paragraphs down from the beginning of the document.
(“Anabaptists,” n.d., para. 8)
• A section heading plus a paragraph number within that
section.
(Kernis et al., 1993, Methodology, para. 3)
(Heuristic, n.d., definition 2)
• A short heading title in quotation marks, in cases in which
the heading is too unwieldy to cite in full. Ex: (Brownlie,
2007, “A Short History”).
33
RESOURCES
• Publication Manual of the American Psychological
Association, 6th Ed., Second Printing (The first
printing, in July 2009, contained several errors. For a
complete list of errors with corrections, visit
http://supp.apa.org/style/pubman-reprintcorrections-for-2e.pdf.)
•
APA online manual and tutorials: www.apastyle.org
• OWL at Purdue: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/
• Hacker, Diana. (2009). A Pocket Style Manual, 5th Ed.
Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin’s
• Aaron, Jane. (2011). Little Brown Essential Handbook,
7th Ed. Boston, MA: Longman/Pearson
34
-ENDINDEX FOLLOWS
35
INDEX – APA DOC’N
References list
1 author 10
2 authors 10
3 to 7 authors 11
8 or more authors 11
Advertisement, online 21
Article, no author, online 18
Article, online periodical, DOI 17
Article, online periodical,
model 16
Article, online periodical,
URL but no DOI 16
Article, journal, print 13
Article, magazine, print 13
Available from, not Retrieved 24
Blog associated w/ newspaper 19
Book, print 14
Brackets, use of 15, 19
Capitalization 9
Capitalization, compared to
in-text citations 27
Creator but no author 12
Database URLs 16
Dictionary, no author, online 18
DOI 17
DOI preferred over URL 9
DVD, not retrievable online 24
Edited book, no author, print 14
Encyclopedia, no author, online 18
Government document, print 15
Graphic data, online 21
Interview, online 22
Italicization 8, 9
Map, online 20
Movie 23
Music recording 24
No author named, online 18
No author 12, 32
No year 32
No author or creator named 12
No author or creator, no title
(photograph) 15, 20
Organization as author 11
Photograph, photographer
known, online 20
Photograph, photographer
unknown, no title, online 20
Photograph, photographer
unknown, no title, print 15
Podcast, online source 23
Publisher of printed source 14
Quotation marks, compared to
in-text citations 29
Review of book, print 13
Retrieval date 18
Selection from anthology, print 15
Television series episode 23
Video, online 24
In-text citations
2 authors 30
3 to 5 authors 30
6 or more authors 30
Basic forms 25, 26
Author unknown 31
Capitalization, compared to
references list 27
Italicization 28
No author 31, 32
No year 32
No page numbers 33
Organization as author 31
Parenthetical citation, model 26
Quotation marks 29
Signal phrase, model 26
36