Master of Justice Administration
March 2016
Engage. Enrich. Empower
MJA Graduate Credits Program
and Networking Opportunities for
Her Success
By: Lisa Long
Raven Sapp was employed as a Probation/Parole Officer in Durham County managing adult
offenders that were convicted of domestic violence offenses when she decided to pursue
her Master of Justice Administration at Methodist University. Having earned a Bachelor of
Science in Criminal Justice Administration with a Law Enforcement emphasis from Park
University, Sapp knew that her ultimate goal was to own her own business and be an instructor at an institute for higher learning.
“I highly recommend this program of study to the CJ professional looking to advance personally and professionally.”
“I initially pursued my MJA so I would have the opportunity to teach,” Sapp recalls.
Sapp graduated in December 2012 and has
now seen some of her
professional goals come
to fruition. After leaving
Probation/Parole, she
began working as a correctional officer with the
Federal Bureau of Prisons in Butner, NC. This
was another rung of the
professional ladder Sapp
climbed on her way to
completing her MJA.
“I am [now] a full-time
owner/operator of my
own crime scene/trauma
cleaning business as well
as an adjunct Criminal
Justice Instructor at
Wake Technical Community College in Raleigh,
NC and North Carolina
A&T State University in
Greensboro, NC,” said
Sapp.
(continued page 3)
Raven Sapp, Owner/Operator, 4C: Central Carolina Cleaning Company, Inc.
- Raven Sapp
In This Issue

MJA Graduate speaks
about success

MU Activities

Showing Respect

Coordinator’s Corner

MJA Graduate published in FBI LE Bulletin
1
3 Ways Showing Respect Can Advance your Investigation: Failing to Show Respect to People May Prevent you
from Getting Information Essential to your Investigation
Methodist University Activities

March 7-11 Spring Break

March 18
By: John Bowden
Showing respect is one of the most powerful tools we can use in our effort to establish a rapport
and obtain cooperation from victims, witnesses, and suspects during investigative interviews
and interrogations.
Everyone wants respect from others — from the poorest person sleeping on the street to the
most powerful person in society. What is respect? Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines respect
as “A feeling or understanding that someone or something is important, serious or valuable and
should be treated in an appropriate way.” Treating a person with respect is to show deference to
them, their family and their way of life.
As a law enforcement officer, wherever you go you are in charge — people are required to obey
lawful orders of a police officer. We do not have time to explain or argue with a person in an
emergency. In an emergency, time is of the essence. Unfortunately, some officers carry that
“I’m in charge” attitude with them in all their dealings with the public. This attitude is disrespectful to others, and can be detrimental to the investigator getting the information they need to
complete the investigation.
Foreign
Film Series presents “Wakolda” (The German Doctor)

March 19
1:30pm Jazz Festival,
Huff Concert Hall Reeves Fine Arts Building
There is a quote which is useful here: “To get respect, give respect.” So, how do we show respect to others? Here are a few recommendations.
1.
Use proper manners.
Growing up, my parents taught me the basics of courtesy and respect when speaking to others,
using words such as: please, thank you, yes ma’am or sir, no ma’am or sir. Until invited to use a
person’s first name, address them by their last name with the appropriate title (Mr., Mrs., Miss,
Dr., military rank, etc.). Doing this verbally shows respect.
2. Ask for permission.
When you want to enter, search or speak to people ask for permission when possible. This has
a dual purpose; it shows respect and avoids disputes later. Here are some examples:
May I speak to you about…?
“Art, like morality, consists in drawing the line
somewhere.”
-Gilbert K. Chesterton
May I look in your car/house?
May I come into your house?
Permission is an important issue in some cultures. If you want to talk to a member of a person’s
family, ask for permission. If you speak to a wife, child or other member of the family without
permission, certain cultures can sometimes dictate that they are not to speak without permission
of the head of the family. Ask the head of the family if you can speak to the wife, child or other
family member. It shows respect to the family leader and the culture. Some officers argue we
are not required to ask permission. True, but failing to do so may prevent you from getting information essential to your investigation.
3. Demonstrate value for culture and leaders.
The United States is a melting pot of cultures. Many people have brought their culture, customs
and beliefs with them. Be familiar with the cultures in your area and show respect. When entering a Holy ground for the culture, respect the rules and apologize when you make a mistake —
it shows that you want to give respect to their culture.
Most groups of people have a leader, whether formal or informal. This goes for churches, businesses, gangs, or neighborhoods. Showing respect to these leaders will build a rapport with the
leader and through the leader of the group.
(Continued on page 4)
2
Sapp, continued
Sapp is convinced that obtaining her MJA opened doors for her continued professional success. She was first given an opportu nity to teach at
ITT Technical Institute in Cary, NC in 2013. After gaining that experience, she received her position at Wake Tech. Her MJA coupled with the
network of students she met in the program and the assistance of MJA faculty assisted Sapp in receiving her position at NC A& T University
this past January.
“I presented a talking paper at the NC Criminal Justice Association conference in 2015 in the company of Dr. Darl Champion (M JA Program
Director) and several other former MJA graduates. I met and networked with many in the field of CJ practice and/or academia, ” Sapp recalls.
“Those connections later afforded me the opportunity to learn about and apply for an adjunct teaching position with the Department of Criminal
Justice and Political Science with NC A&T University.”
Sapp’s professional work experience assisted her in being successful at completing her MJA. Sapp drew from her work as a Pro bation/Parole
Officer to complete her Capstone project on “The Effects of Childhood Exposure to Television/Movie Violence & the Domestic Vi olence Probationer.” This experience allowed Sapp to make her Capstone selection early in her coursework, making the entire journey sli ghtly easier.
“Narrow down your topic early in the program to allow your research to be a continuum throughout [your coursework] so you have an extensive amount of it [completed] once you begin the actual capstone course,” Sapp suggests.
Sapp encourages working adults who have a full-time job and a family, but still want to earn their graduate degree to consider the MJA program.
“I highly recommend this program of study to the CJ professional looking to advance personally and professionally. The relat ionships and
knowledge you gain during this time is priceless,” says Sapp.
Sapp continued to explain how the design of the MJA Program was ideal for her.
“The fact that this is a hybrid program and you not only have on-line instruction, but face-to-face interaction with instructors once a month is
critical and what makes this program stand out,” she said.
Not only are the professional networks and connections a key to the success of the MJA program, but the everlasting memories that are built
during the residency weekends are sometimes priceless as well.
“My favorite memories would be the class cookouts we had, which gave us all an opportunity to let our hair down and breathe a little after
weekend class. The friendships born during this
time will last throughout our careers. I take pride
in still being able to stay in contact with many of
my classmates as well as witness their growth
and development in their own lives,” Sapp
states.
Sapp is originally from Kansas City, MO. She is
a United States Air Force veteran, where she
served four years active duty as an EMT-Basic.
Not only is she busy professionally, she still finds
time to give back to others.
“I love to travel and am involved in numerous
community service projects,” she says.
In her “free time” Sapp enjoys movies, food, music, cooking, and riding motorcycles. She has
been married to her wonderful husband for nearly 10 years. She has a 6-year-old “fur kid”
named Glock, who she truly adores.
3
Raven pictured with her “fur kid”, Glock
(Respect,
Continued)
A Real-World Example
In one instance, there was a small, low income neighborhood occupied by the normal mix of people — some with regular jobs, others on
government assistance, and others involved in a variety of criminal activity.
In this neighborhood was an individual referred to as “Redbone.” He had received the name because of his reddish brown comple tion and
red hair. He was the leader of a drug dealing organization and was considered the defacto leader and controlling force of the neighborhood.
People would not talk to the police nor go against Redbone’s wishes for fear of reprisal.
In several instances where drug cases had been made in the neighborhood, law enforcement had to proceed with caution. In fact , there had
been several occasions where officers tried to make arrests and found themselves fighting a neighborhood.
I was working a case regarding the molestation and rape of a 12-year-old girl. The perpetrator was an adult male in his thirties, living in the
neighborhood. There was a possibility he may work for Redbone. I was advised that I would have to battle the neighborhood to make the
arrest and ultimately the victim and any witnesses would not cooperate.
Knowing that the sexual assault of a child was frowned upon even by most criminals, I took my case directly to Redbone. I inf ormed him that
I was not there about any of his activities. I was there regarding the molestation and rape of a 12-year-old girl that lived in the neighborhood.
I explained the case and asked that his people not interfere in the arrest.
The person I needed to arrest was actually in the crowd gathered in front of Redbone’s house where we were talking. Redbone t hought for a
few moments and told me to go ahead and make the arrest. He then pointed to the perpetrator and motioned him to my car. I walked over to
the subject, put the cuffs on and made the arrest. At the same time, Redbone announced to the crowd not to bother us as we we nt to the
car. He explained the arrestee had raped a 12-year-old girl. No one bothered us and we made our case.
In this case, the respect I afforded to Redbone was returned and the arrest was made without incident.
Respect works.
About the authorJohn Bowden is the founder and director of Applied Police Training and Certification (APTAC). John retired from
the Orlando Police Department as a Master Police Officer In 1994. His career spans a period of 21 years in law enforcement ov erlapping 25 years of law enforcement instruction. His total of more than 37 years of experience includes all aspects of law enforcement to include: uniform crime scene technician, patrol operations, investigations, undercover operations, planning and research
for departmental development, academy coordinator, field training officer, and field training supervisor. As the director of APTAC,
John is responsible for coordinating operations and conducting training for law enforcement organizations across the United
States. APTAC clients include law enforcement agencies, state police academies, sheriff departments, correctional institutions,
military law enforcement, as well as colleges and universities across the United States. John has written numerous books, including Report Writing for Law Enforcement & Corrections, Management Techniques for Criminal Justice, Today's Field Training Officer, and others. Contact John Bowden<mailto:john.bowden@policeone.com?subject=>
4
Coordinator’s Corner
This section of the newsletter is going to be MY SPACE!!! Similar to a blog...but, not!! For
the first installment of Coordinator's Corner, we are going to talk March Madness!!! College Basketball! For those of you that know me, you know that I am a HUGE UNIVERSITY
OF KENTUCKY BASKETBALL FAN!!! GO CATS!!! For those that don’t know, now you know!!
This time of year is always bittersweet for me. I LOVE March Madness, I love the games,
I love the atmospheres, I love the fans, I love the players!! But, it also reminds me that
once the “Big Dance” is over, another season of college basketball comes to an end. No
NFL, no NCAA basketball, what’s a girl to do?!?!?! I digress...my real concern is for my
team this year. I feel that the University of Kentucky program, along with many other
NCAA powerhouses are beginning to feel the sting of the “one-and-done” rule in college
basketball. No longer are these teams continuing to build rich traditions and strong programs, but they are becoming training camps for NBA teams. For many All-American top
high school recruits nowadays, their primary focus is playing in the NBA, making money. I
get it. We all, at some point in time, had career aspirations to become professionals at
what we went to college for. But, for those of you that are police officers, how many of
you graduated at the top of your BLET class, spent one year on the road in patrol and was
then promoted to Chief? I’d venture to say, nobody! You need to be in the game for a
little while before you are ready to step up to the next level. Don’t get me wrong, there
are some unique situations where some of these players are ready to move on to the next
level. However, in my opinion, the tradition of college basketball is struggling because of
this rule. Some of the mid-major schools that can’t land the All-American recruits are
beginning to be big time contenders at the “Big Dance.” These schools are keeping players
for three to four years and they are building programs. While my Wildcats are continually
trying to re-build each year!! Yes, we may have the top recruiting classes, but what are we
sacrificing in order to have that? Wins? Tradition? Championships? I guess we'll see at
tip-off time! GO CATS!!!
I welcome your feedback and opinions!! I will publish
(reasonable) responses and feedback!! Send any feedback or
responses, or suggestions for content to:
LLONG@METHODIST.EDU
Disclaimer: Views presented in this section of the newsletter are that of the program
coordinator and in no way represent Methodist University
5
Law Enforcement Organizations: Possibilities and Challenges for the Future
By Jay Fortenberry, MJA
About the Author: Jay Fortenberry, Chief of Police, Edenton, NC, graduated from the MJA Program in December 2012. This article was recently published in the FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin
Some previously legal activities are classified as illegal these days, and a number of today’s crimes could be deemed lawful in coming years. Law enforcement leaders must accept the reality that change is inevitable, and preparing for it is an ingredient for
increasing success. Current indicators may help organizations project what the future will hold for policing.
Looking back into the past is one way to understand the influence of innovation on police operations; it
may aid departments in preparing for what comes next. Inventions during the industrialization of the United
States, such as the automobile, telegraph, telephone, and electricity, dramatically altered the way law enforcement organizations functioned. Advances in photography, fingerprinting, and communications helped
create databases for recording criminal activity; these assist officers with the identification and apprehension of suspects.
Since the 1980s progress in computer technology has placed vast amounts of information at the fingertips
of police officers. They have immediate access to current regional and national crime data and files on
stolen items and wanted suspects. Developments in DNA evidence and automatic fingerprint identification
systems (AFIS) enable investigators to solve cases that previously may have gone unsolved. Crimemapping software helps law enforcement administrators use resources more effectively and efficiently by
putting officers where crime patterns have emerged.
EXISTING TRENDS
When examining the possibilities and challenges for the future of law enforcement, it is important to contemplate existing trends and predictions. One identified success due to advanced computer programs is
the ability to forecast where crime most likely will occur. Many police departments across the United States already use this sophisticated software.[1]
Large metropolitan areas, such as Los Angeles, California; Memphis, Tennessee; and New York, New York, currently use “data based,” or “predictive
policing,” strategies to reduce burglaries, robberies, thefts, and other criminal offenses.[2]
The main concept behind this type of law enforcement is as basic as amassing crime data and looking for identifiable patterns to predict where new
offenses probably will occur.[3] Supervisors use the information to assign officers in a more logical manner to deter criminal activity.[4]
Predictive policing is an effective way to get better results with fewer resources.[5] Departments experiencing budget cuts and personnel reductions can
position officers where they are needed most by using available crime data. As crime-tracking software becomes increasingly refined, accurate, and
affordable, more agencies will employ the technology for day-to-day operations.
TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES
As new technology unfolds, law enforcement organizations must adapt techniques and amend policies to better serve and protect communities. Invention of the motor vehicle and in-car radio caused police to initiate motor patrols and centralized dispatching. Likewise, tomorrow’s innovations will influence future police operations.
Crime Mapping
Police agencies now have the ability to predict when and where crime most likely will occur.[6] There are strong indicators that the reliability and accuracy of this technology will increase for future officers.[7] Police on patrol hoping to catch a criminal in the act probably will become obsolete.[8]
Sophisticated crime-mapping software can direct officers to locations where the greatest likelihood exists for preventing crime or apprehending a suspect. Interactive websites provide instant information for citizens and police that raises awareness to a new level.[9] Individuals can obtain crime data
about a location before they arrive or uncover criminal activity in their community without having to ask a police officer. Law enforcement managers can
use this information strategically to place patrols in areas where most offenses have occurred.
The National Highway Traffic and Safety Administration (NHTSA) and the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) have implemented an operational model
for law enforcement, Data-Driven Approaches to Crime and Traffic Safety (DDACTS), and have published guidelines for agencies to use in implementation.[10] This program evaluates existing crime data so departments strategically can deploy officers where they need to be to reduce criminal activity
and traffic safety problems. This emerging technology is expected to continue to grow and progress in the future.
Lie Detection
Advances in neuroimaging raise confidentiality issues. The possibility exists for reliable, secret, and remote brain-scan lie-detection systems.[11] Recent advances in imaging technology enable monitoring of brain activity without cranium penetration, and some tests can measure this activity both
externally and covertly.[12]
6
Although the law enforcement community may welcome the potential for this improvlaws are of concern.[13] If a police officer unobtrusively can
conduct a brain scan of a suspect to test for truthfulness during an interview, the consequences for individual rights likely will come under scrutiny.
In a recent case, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that the exterior measure of temperature patterns emitted from a home did not constitute a
police search.[14] This case involved use of a plane equipped with infrared technology to measure the escaping heat from a residence.[15] The
resulting information regarding the degree of warmth coming from the house led to a search warrant and the discovery of an illegal narcoticsgrowing operation.[16] One justice concluded, “The patterns of heat distribution on the external surfaces of a house are not information in which the
respondent had a reasonable expectation of privacy and offer no insight into the person’s private
life.”[17] This proposes the question of whether patterns of electricity emanating from the brain
could fall into the same category. The potential for this type of technology brings the issue of reasonable expectation of individual privacy to a new level of concern for the future.
This type of brain-scan technique, using a process termed “brain fingerprinting,” suggests the
potential to discover if preexisting facts are present in the mind.[18] Instead of a truth-or-lie test,
this procedure determines if a person already knows certain information. For example, a detective
could show photographs of a crime scene and establish if those images already are present in the
subject’s mind. This would indicate prior knowledge or could place a suspect at a crime scene by
determining if the memory of the event already exists in the individual’s brain.[19]
If this technology is fully developed, how will the information be used? Will law enforcement personnel be the only users, or will private entities gather and store data? What measures will be
implemented to protect memories from criminals intending to obtain personal information, bank
codes, or passwords? Law enforcement organizations and the courts must address these questions as they arise and the process advances.
“Since the 1980s progress in computer
technology has placed
vast amounts of information at the fingertips of police officers”
DNA
Continuously progressing DNA mapping emerged in the mid-1980s as a highly significant, reliable
identification process. Advances in this area enable recognition of individuals in criminal and missing person investigations. The United States and China have a combined database containing over 32 million known samples.[20] These have produced almost 600,000 positive matches, bringing closure to many cases.[21]
The future direction of DNA testing involves new technology combining several existing methods in a process termed “massively parallel sequencing (MPS).” This procedure will increase capacity by simultaneously sequencing DNA more efficiently and accurately using a variety of techniques
and types of evidence samples.[22] Advances in DNA processing combined with increased known-sample databases will provide extensive possibilities for future investigations.
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
Police, fire, and other emergency services can use unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to transmit data over existing wireless networks to gather
valuable information from real-time reconnaissance during major incidents, such as toxic chemical spills, gas leaks, large fires, natural disasters,
and terrorist attacks.[23] UAVs equipped with air sensors and video cameras can collect facts in these situations without risking the health and
safety of rescue personnel.
As the potential for UAVs increases, so do the legal implications. Courts in several states temporarily have forbidden operation of these vehicles
pending safety studies.[24] For instance, the state of Illinois recently passed a law banning law enforcement’s use of UAVs without a search warrant and approving use only in clearly defined emergency situations.[25]
Surveillance
Video surveillance is becoming commonplace in municipalities worldwide, and law enforcement organizations are capitalizing on this technology to
effectively detect and dissuade criminal activity. Officers use these systems to identify and apprehend suspects. A DOJ guide outlines best practices for the installation and use of video monitoring equipment.[26] As technology improves, this will become a more widespread, essential asset for
police.
Many agencies attributed the identification of suspects in the 2013 Boston Marathon bombing to various public and private videos that were active
in the area.[27] The resolution and reliability of these systems are improving and enhancing the vision of police departments. Additions, including
license plate identification, facial recognition, and night vision, continue to advance and increase the applications for law enforcement.[28]
The future of video surveillance is changing rapidly as systems affixed to buildings or poles are enhanced with cameras attached to UAVs.[29]
Court rulings regarding privacy issues and legal requirements for the operation of these vehicles demand compliance of law ed science, the implications for privacy enforcement agencies. The probability of UAVs filling the skies, transporting items, collecting data, and conducting surveillance
is high, and organizations must begin regulation and enforcement to protect the public.
7
TRAINING OPTIONS
An important aspect of any law enforcement agency is continual training. Education is shifting from traditional classrooms to online learning.[30] As
baby boomers are beginning to retire, they are giving way to a new generation with greater familiarity and dependence on technology. The disappearance of the classroom along with these boomers could become reality, and the way police departments adapt to these evolving trends will
change their future.[31]
Many companies use videogame programs to teach basic job functions, ranging from preparing food to installing wireless networks. To teach and
reinforce driving and tactical response, police academies could use advanced video game technology, which is well-suited to the new generation
of officers. Some law enforcement agencies use firearms training simulators (FATS) with conflicting results; however, technological advances provide more realistic and interactive learning.
Increasing education costs and decreasing budgets could force law enforcement managers to consider alternative training options to meet future
needs.[32] There are some negative aspects to online instruction; for example, lack of social interaction might affect personal communication
skills. However, the cost and convenience could lead administrators to employ it.[33] Although, to maximize training effectiveness, academies may
consider a hybrid model consisting of both online and traditional classroom learning.
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATIONS
The investigative portion of law enforcement has evolved significantly due to technology. Crime fighters in the “Old West” often did not have photographs of culprits and had to base their arrests on physical descriptions or crude drawings. Developments in photography changed police operations and
investigations. Subjects were photographed, and mug shot books were created, allowing crime victims to search pictures in hopes of recognizing a perpetrator. Today, officers collect photos, fingerprints, and DNA from suspects, significantly increasing the likelihood of positive identification. Due to
advances in science and DNA with MPS, it is beyond the imagination what future law enforcement
professionals will be able to accomplish.[34]
“The investigative
portion of law enforcement has
evolved significantly
due to technology.”
Polygraph technology is a standard tool for assisting investigators in seeking the truth; however, many
criminal courts do not recognize its accuracy or allow submission of its results.[35] Precise, reliable
brain scanning is a future possibility for enabling police to look into a person’s mind and retrieve memories or thought patterns.[36] Law enforcement organizations and the courts will have to monitor this
technology to ensure that officers employ it appropriately and others do not use it for illegal purposes .
INTERNATIONAL JUSTICE
As technological advances in communication bring the world closer together, the concept of international justice may be a viable consideration and
not just for extreme and heinous offenses. The principle requires agreements between countries so criminals can be prosecuted across international borders. The Nuremberg Trials in 1945 marked the first type of multinational court.[37] Four years later the 1949 Geneva Convention examined countries’ obligations to enact legislation allowing effective penal sanctions for individuals charged with “grave breaches.”[38]
Between 1948 and 1976, the United Nations enacted treaties regarding racial discrimination, prejudice against women, and the legal rights of children and more recently has recognized rape and sex offenses as crimes against humanity.[39] As of May 1, 2013, 122 countries ratified the creation of the International Criminal Court (ICC), governed by the Rome Statute and seated in the Netherlands.[40] The ICC already has heard international cases, and several have been prosecuted and may serve as an effective deterrent for prospective war criminals and a warning for others
to reduce atrocious crimes in the future.[41]
Criminals across the globe use the Internet to conduct cybercrime and fraud that often is outside the scope and jurisdiction of local and federal law
enforcement. Organizations must work closely together and may need an international court to oversee investigations and conduct trials that cross
international borders. In the future stronger alliances between countries could better serve everyone’s interests by combining resources to reduce
crime and protect victims.[42]
FUTURE LEADERS
Another concern for law enforcement is training and developing future leaders. Recruitment, preparation, and growth will affect the success of
police organizations.[43] Officers from the millennial generation—born between 1978 and 2000—are replacing retiring baby boomers.[44] This new
group has grown up in a world of instant information and communication in an online environment much different from that of the boomer.[45]
8
At a police executives’ conference, a North Carolina Highway Patrol captain discussed the strengths and weaknesses of the millennial generation.[46] This officer stressed that law enforcement administrators must recognize this group’s online interaction and navigational knowledge as
valuable assets to the organization.[47] When training new leaders, methods should reflect the abilities and preferences of the learner, and the
transformational leadership of the department must recognize and accept change as the next generation takes the helm.[48]
WELLNESS PROGRAMS
The motivation and productivity of future officers may revolve around well-being. Organizations are trying to reduce workers’ compensation claim
losses and high insurance rates by focusing on employee wellness programs.[49] Smoking cessation classes and mandated health exams are
becoming requirements for lowering medical insurance fees. Additionally, many police departments are considering physical and mental fitness
testing for recruits and incumbents. As health care costs increase and managers attempt to maximize staff efficiency and effectiveness , the focus on wellness will continue.
Agencies are looking closer at health and well-being as ingredients for reduced stress and increased productivity among personnel. Administrators recognize the importance of these programs because improved physical condition strengthens performance and morale while reducing medical expenses for both the employee and the organization.[50] The future of healthcare in the United States will have a significant influence on
departmental fitness policies.[51]
CONCLUSION
Predicting the future is complicated and nearly impossible. Often, unforeseen and uncontrollable measures dictate the direction of organizations.
Terrorist activities radically have transformed how police train and respond to events.
As laws change and technology evolves, some of today’s actions will not be criminalized in the future. The war on drugs already has started to
shift with the legalization of recreational marijuana in some states, which may continue across the country in years to come. The repeal of Prohibition in 1933 caused officers to move from enforcing the ban on alcohol to handling its effects and the public nuisance and safety-related crimes
it created. Similarly, making marijuana legal will modify the mission of police agencies and may reveal new problems associated with its use.
Although predicting the future is difficult, law enforcement leaders can look at current trends and existing technology to begin thinking about issues that could affect the next generation of officers and leaders. A shift from classroom to online learning to accommodate the new generation
may become more pertinent in the near future.
Technological advances—DNA mapping, lie detection developments, UAVs, high resolution video surveillance systems, crime-mapping technology, and online learning—are clear indicators of issues that will alter the future of law enforcement. To function effectively organizations will need
to adapt, train, and incorporate response to change. On the other hand, criminals will work continuously to circumvent progress as the struggle
for law and order continues for years to come.
9
Endnotes:
[1]
[2]
Samuel Greengard, “Policing the Future,” Communications of the ACM, March 2012, accessed October 1, 2015, http://cacm.acm.org/magazines/2012/3/146249-policing-the-future/fulltext.
Ibid
[3]
Ibid
[4]
Ibid
[5]
Ibid
[6]
Ibid
[7]
Ibid
[8]
Ibid
[9]
“Crimemapping–Building Safer Communities,” The Omega Group, accessed July 28, 2015,http://www.crimemapping.com/map.aspx; and “RAIDS (Regional Analysis and Information Data Sharing)
Online,” BAIR Analytics, accessed October 1, 2015, https://www.raidsonline.com.
[10]
U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, and U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Assistance and National Institute of Justice, Data-Driven
Approaches to Crime and Traffic Safety (DDACTS) Operational Guidelines, DOT HS 811 185 version 1.1, August 2009, accessed October 1, 2015,https://www.iadlest.org/Portals/0/Files/
Documents/DDACTS/Docs/DDACTS%20Operational%20Guidelines%20-%20MASTER.pdf.
[11]
Ian R. Kerr, Max Binnie, and Cynthia Aoki, “Tessling on My Brain: The Future of Lie Detection and Brain Privacy in the Criminal Justice System,” Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal
Justice 50, no. 3 (June 2008): 367-387, accessed August 27, 2015, http://iankerr.ca/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/tessling_on_my_ brain.pdf.
[12]
[13]
Brad Evenson, “The Guilty Mind,” National Post, February 10, 2003, accessed July 28, 2015,http://www.prisonplanet.com/news_alert_021003_general6.html.
Ibid
[14]
Kerr, Binnie, and Aoki, “Tessling on My Brain.”
[15]
Ibid
[16]
Ibid
[17]
Ibid; see also Kyllo v. United States, 533 U.S. 27 (2001), accessed December 21, 2015,https://supreme.justia. com/cases/federal/us/533/27/case.html.
[18]
Ibid
[19]
Ibid
[20]
Jianye Ge, Hongyu Sun, Haiyan Li, Chao Liu, Jiangwei Yan, and Bruce Budowle, “Future Directions of Forensic DNA Databases,” Croatian Medical Journal 55, no. 2 (April 2014): 163-166, accessed October 1, 2015,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4009716/pdf/CroatMedJ_55_0163.pdf.
[21]
Ibid
[22]
Ibid
[23]
Kai Daniel and Christian Wietfeld, “Using Public Network Infrastructures for UAV Remote Sensing in Civilian Security Operations,” Homeland Security Affairs, January 2011, accessed August 27,
2015,https://www.hsaj.org/ articles/71.
[24]
Bill Smith, “Update to Biss Drone Bill Becomes Law,” Evanston Now (Evanston, Illinois), August 1, 2014, accessed July 28, 2015, http://evanstonnow.com/story/government/bill-smith/2014-0801/65157/update-to-biss-drone-bill-becomes-law.
[25]
Ibid
[26]
U.S. Department of Justice, Community Oriented Policing Services, Using Public Surveillance Systems for Crime Control and Prevention: A Practical Guide for Law Enforcement and Their Municipal Partners, Nancy G. La Vigne, Samantha S. Lowry, Allison M. Dwyer, and Joshua A. Markman, September 2011, accessed October 1, 2015, http://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/alfresco/
publication-pdfs/412402-Using-Public-Surveillance-Systems-for-Crime-Control-and-Prevention-A-Practical-Guide-for-Law-Enforcement-and-Their-Municipal-Partners.PDF.
William Evans and Edward P. Deveau, “The Boston Marathon Bombing: Operational Overview and Lessons Learned” (presentation at the North Carolina Police Executives Association 68th Annual Training Conference, Wilmington, NC, July 23, 2014).
[27]
[28]
U.S. Department of Justice, Community Oriented Policing Services, Using Public Surveillance Systems for Crime Control and Prevention.
[29]
Smith, “Update to Biss Drone Bill Becomes Law.”
[30]
[31]
Jim Leal, “E-Learning and Online Education: Implications for the Future of Law Enforcement Training,” World Future Review 1, no. 3 (June-July 2009): 22-28.
Ibid
[32]
Ibid
[33]
Ibid
[34]
Ge, Sun, Li, Liu, Yan, and Budowle, “Future Directions of Forensic DNA Databases.”
[35]
David Gallai, “Polygraph Evidence in Federal Courts: Should It Be Admissible?” American Criminal Law Review 36, no.1 (Winter 1999): 87-116.
[36]
Kerr, Binnie, and Aoki, “Tessling on My Brain.”
[37]
[38]
Justice Richard Goldstone, “The 19th Annual McDonald Constitutional Lecture: The Future of International Criminal Justice,” Review of Constitutional Studies 14, no. 1 (2009): 1–19, accessed
October 1, 2015,http://ualawccsprod.srv.ualberta.ca/ccs/index.php/review-of-constitutional-studies/457-review-14-no-1.
Ibid
[39]
Ibid
[40]
International Criminal Court (ICC), accessed July 29, 2015, http://www.icc-cpi.int/EN_Menus/ICC/Pages/ default.aspx.
[41]
[42]
Goldstone, The 19th Annual McDonald Constitutional Lecture.
Ibid
[43]
Christopher Gergen and Gregg Vanourek, “Dynamic Organizations for an Entrepreneurial Age,” in The Organization of the Future 2: Visions, Strategies, and Insights on Managing in a New Era,
ed. Frances Hesselbein and Marshall Goldsmith (San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 2009), 159-173.
[44]
Leal, “E-Learning and Online Education.”
[45]
Ibid
[46]
David Allen, “Generational Issues in Hiring, Retaining and Managing Employees” (presentation at the North Carolina Police Executives Association 68th Annual Training Conference, Wilmington,
NC, July 22, 2014).
[47]
Ibid
[48]
Ibid
[49]
Daniel Mattos, “The Need to Promote Career-Long Vitality and Wellness in the Police Profession,” FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, October 2010, 18-25, accessed July 29, 2015,https://
leb.fbi.gov/2010/october/perspective-the-need-to-promote-career-long-vitality-and-wellness-in-the-police-profession.
[50]
Ibid
[51]
Ibid
10
Methodist University
Master of Justice Administration
5400 Ramsey St.
Fayetteville, NC 28311
http://www.methodist.edu/mja-admissions
https://www.facebook.com/methodistmja.coordinator
Program Director
Program Coordinator
Dr. Darl H. Champion
Lisa G. Long, MJA
Phone: 910-630-7050
Phone: 910-630-7268
Email: champion@methodist.edu
Email: llong@methodist.edu
11