Wind Power
Onshore & Offshore
Lindsey Hopf
Andrew Letsinger
Carl Reed
Brandon Kelley
Tong Wu
Keith McKenzie
November 1, 2013
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Presentation Outline
• History and Basic Theory
• State-of-the-art Designs/Products
• Impacts (Technical and Social)
• Challenges or R&D Focus
• True Stories of Application/Demonstration
• Recent Research
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History
• Early as 5000 B.C.
• 1890 – First wind turbine
• 1940s – “Grandpa’s Knob”
• Mid-1940s - 1970s – Decline in interest in wind turbines
• 1970s – Increase in interest in wind turbine generators
• Now – World’s fastest growing energy source
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Basic Theory
• Harness energy through wind’s momentum
• Wind’s momentum turns blades
• Blades turn the turbine
• Turbine turns generator
• Transformers step up voltage from generator
• Power flows to a substation which connects to a
transmission line
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Animation
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/wind/media/expanded_as3_single.swf
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Presentation Outline
• History and Basic Theory
• State-of-the-art Designs/Products
• Impacts (Technical and Social)
• Challenges or R&D Focus
• True Stories of Application/Demonstration
• Recent Research
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Enercon E-126
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Enercon built
7.58 MW power output
Total height: 198m (650ft)
Total weight: 6,000t
Cost: €11,000,000
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Turbine Details
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Gearless
Variable Speed
Single-blade pitch adjustment
Direct-drive annular motor
SCADA compatible
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Presentation Outline
• History and Basic Theory
• State-of-the-art Designs/Products
• Impacts (Technical and Social)
• Challenges or R&D Focus
• True Stories of Application/Demonstration
• Recent Research
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Technical Advantage
• Chart uses most conservative
estimates
• Others cite Wind at 0.02
pounds CO2 / kWh
• Coal estimates as high as 3.6
and natural gas as high as 2
pounds CO2/ kWh
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Technical Disadvantage
Source: International Energy Agency
• Distributing wind farms smooths output power
• Smoother output curves, less output variability
• Less variability, less cycling costs
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Technical Impact
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Environmental Impact
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Social Impact
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Impacts Overall
Technical:
+ Renewable
+ No pollutants
+ Low operating costs
+ Scalable
- EM Noise
- Variability
- Transmission
Social:
+ Lease payments
+ Economic stimulus
- Visual impact
- Bird/bat mortality
- Community conflict
Presentation Outline
• History and Basic Theory
• State-of-the-art Designs/Products
• Impacts (Technical and Social)
• Challenges or R&D Focus
• True Stories of Application/Demonstration
• Recent Research
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Disadvantages (Onshore)
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Reliability/Efficiency
Wildlife
Noise
Aesthetics
Geography
Land Use
Disadvantages (Offshore)
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Price To Build
Hurricane Force Winds
High Risk
Price For Customers ($1850/KWh)
Elements
R&D in Wind Power
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Increasing Efficiency
Reducing Cost
Floating Point Structures
Permit Timelines
Weather Modeling
Presentation Outline
• History and Basic Theory
• State-of-the-art Designs/Products
• Impacts (Technical and Social)
• Challenges or R&D Focus
• True Stories of Application/Demonstration
• Recent Research
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Overall review of China's wind power
industry: status quo, existing problems,
and prospective for future
development
Background
• Reduce CO2 emit/GDP – 40-50% by 2020
• Strategy
• By May 2012, total capacity – 50.26 GW
Two Concepts
• Integrated capacity
• Installed capacity
• Gap – Local consumption and transmission
Critical Problems
• Low grid access
• LVRT incapability of wind turbine
• Distribution mismatch between resources and
power consumption
• Misalignment between wind power planning and
network planning
• Insufficient peak regulation capability
Benefits
• Promote the market of equipment and increase the
utilization of wind power
• Ease the contradiction between wind farms and
power grid
• Lay a foundation for China’s future
Future Development
• In the past
• Switch to the large consumption places
• Slow down large scale wind farm
• More distributed and small-scaled installation
Future Power Market
• Short term, main grid will support the distributed
power
• Long term, owner of the distributed power can
trade power with main grid
• Long-distance transmission-HVDC
• Connection with the HV/extra HV grid
– ”Strong Smart Grid”
Conclusion
• At the fast-developing period
• Face several problems:
– Low grid access
– Operation problems
– Economic loss
• 2 points to achieve:
– Shift from concentrated construction to distributed
development
– Enhance the transmission capacity
Presentation Outline
• History and Basic Theory
• State-of-the-art Designs/Products
• Impacts (Technical and Social)
• Challenges or R&D Focus
• True Stories of Application/Demonstration
• Recent Research
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Low Voltage Ride Through (LVRT)
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Needed to avoid catastrophic cascade tripping of wind turbines.
FERC Order 661A (2005).
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3-phase fault with normal clearing (up to 9 cycles).
Single line to ground fault with delayed clearing (24 cycles).
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Magnetic Amplifier
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Magnetic amplifier is essentially a saturable reactor.
Each core links with 2 windings: ac winding and control winding.
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Sufficient dc current (ic) in control winding, core saturates (point A).
Adjust ic such that core operates in linear region (point B).
“Amplifier” since small change in ic causes large change in ia.
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PMSG WT with Magnetic Amplifiers
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Magnetic amplifiers in series between PMSG and diode rectifier..
Each phase split into two windings to avoid demagnetization of
magnetic amplifier during negative half cycle of supply voltage.
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Simulation #1: No Magnetic Amplifiers
DC Link Voltage
IGBT Voltage
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Voltage dips of 30%, 60%, and 90% at 0.4 s, 0.8 s, and 1.2 s.
Power from wind turbine has no where to go but dc link capacitor.
When voltage dips 90%, dc link voltage approaches 2 pu.
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Sim. #2: Magnetic Amplifiers Included
DC Link Voltage
IGBT Voltage
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Voltage dip of 90% at 0.5 s.
Control winding PI controller senses rise in dc link voltage.
Change in dc link voltage reduced dramatically.
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