Energy Storage Technology
ECE 421/521 – November 4, 2013
Group 2: Logan Cook, Chris Crowder, Nan Duan, Steven Dutton,
Stephen Estep, Edward Jones, Siqi Wang
Introduction
Energy storage is necessary for portable devices and
transportation.
Grid storage is an increasingly necessary solution to problems
with reliability and variable resources.
CALISO 33% integration tipping point
Most common types of electric energy storage:
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Batteries (lead acid, lithium, redox flow)
Hydrogen
Pumped hydro
Compressed air
Flywheels
SMES
Supercapacitors
[1] www.deeyaenergy.com
[2] www.renewableenergyworld.com
[3] www.maxwell.com
Batteries
History & basic theory
The term “battery” was first used by
Benjamin Franklin in the 1740’s to
describe a set glass jar capacitors that
would gather an electric charge via a
static generator and store the charge
until discharge. [1]
The first battery, the electric pile or
voltaic pile, was created by Alessandro
Volta in the 1790’s and consisted of a
brine soaked cloth sandwiched
between two metal discs. [2]
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3
[1] http://www.benfranklin300.org/frankliniana/result.php?id=72&sec=0
[2] http://americanhistory.si.edu/powering/past/prehist.htm
Batteries
Advantages & disadvantages
Advantages:
 Can be combined or scaled to provide the needed
voltage and current for a specific application.
 Battery systems can provide longer runtimes than other
technologies, such as flywheels or ultracapacitors. [1]
 Multitude of design options available to suit a given
purpose.
Disadvantages:
 Can be costly, bulky, and toxic to the environment.
 Limited charge/discharge cycles.
 Can have long recharge time.
4
[1] http://www.apcmedia.com/salestools/DBOY-77FNCT/DBOY-77FNCT_R2_EN.pdf
Batteries
State of the art designs and products
Lithium-Polysulfide Flow Battery
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Utilizes a single tank/pump design in lieu of the traditional two
tank/pump flow battery design. [1]
Utilizes a simple coating on the lithium anode to allow
electrons to pass without degrading the metal in lieu of the
expensive membrane required in traditional flow batteries.
Simpler, cheaper, and smaller design.
[1] http://www6.slac.stanford.edu/news/2013-04-24-polysulfide-flowbattery.aspx
Batteries
Research challenges & focus
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Develop electric vehicle batteries with energy densities
levels equal to or better than that of fossil fuels.
Develop more environmentally friendly batteries
utilizing organic compounds.
Develop batteries that
can withstand a larger
number of charge/
discharge cycles and
have shorter recharge
times.
[1] http://www.anl.gov/articles/researchers-tackle-new-challenge-pursuit-next-generation-lithiumbatteries
Hydrogen
History & basic theory
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1834, William R. Grove invents
gaseous voltaic battery.
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Used H2 and O2 as reactants and
platinum for contacts.
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The main process for production is
electrolysis of water.
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Other sources are natural gas
reformation and biomass extraction.
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Once synthesized, is used as a storage
mechanism for wind and solar power.1
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Stored in liquid form or compressed
form.1
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Stored in fuel cells for electrical use.1
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Has gained more attention due to
emissions free combustion.
7
[1] Metz, Stefan (2011). Hydrogen as Energy Storage. The Linde Group. Retrieved from http://www.the-lindegroup.com/en/clean_technology/clean_technology_portfolio/hydrogen_as_fuel/hydrogen_as_energy_storage/index.html
Hydrogen
Advantages & disadvantages
Advantages
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Provides backup power during peak
usage or when renewable sources are
not adequate.1
1.
2.
High energy density
3.
Only by product of combustion is H2O.
4.
Long storage periods.
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Disadavantages
1.
Low round trip efficiency of 40%
(produced then re-electrified).1
2.
Half as efficient as Compressed Air and
pumped hydro.
Stores up to 10 MW.2
5.
6.
Cheaper than Compressed Air Energy
Storage and pumped hydro.2
7.
Emergency response time of less than
one minute.2
www1.eere.energy.gov
[1] Study. (2012). European Renewable Energy Network. Retrieved from
http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2009_2014/documents/itre/dv/renewable_energy_network_/renewable_energy_network_en.pd
f
8
[2] Anscombe, Nadya (4 June 2012). Energy Storage: Could Hydrogen Be the Answer. Solar Novus Today. Retrieved from
http://www.solarnovus.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5028:energy-storage-could-hydrogen-be-theanswer&catid=38:application-tech-features&Itemid=246
Hydrogen
State of the art designs and products
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Biggest areas of development is in
automobiles, using hydrogen fuel cells for
fuel.
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Siemens developing more advanced
electrolyzers for hydrogen production
based on proton exchange membrane
technology.1
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A United Kingdom company, ITM Power,
has developed electrolyzers with minimal
moving parts.1
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Virginia Tech researchers are extracting
large amounts of hydrogen from xylose.2
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Hydrogenics, partnering with Enbridge,
developing ways to use existing natural gas
pipelines for transport.
www.cafcp.org
[1] Study. (2012). European Renewable Energy Network. Retrieved from
http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2009_2014/documents/itre/dv/renewable_energy_network_/renewable_energy_network_en.pd
f
9
[2] Barlow, Z. (4 April 2013). Breakthrough in Hydrogen Fuel Production Could Revolutionize Alternative Energy Market. Virginia Tech
News. Retrieved from http://www.vtnews.vt.edu/articles/2013/04/040413-cals-hydrogen.html?utm_campaign=Argyle%2BSocial-201304&utm_content=shaybar&utm_medium=Argyle%2BSocial&utm_source=twitter&utm_term=2013-04-04-08-30-00
Hydrogen
Research challenges & focus
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Focus of hydrogen storage is large
scale production of hydrogen and
transportation costs.
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Research on the difficulty of large
scale integration into existing utilities.
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Siemens and ITM Power are designing
more efficient electrolyzers for
integration in the Mega-Watt range.1
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Researching areas suitable for long
term storage for integration into
existing utilities.2
[1] Anscombe, Nadya (4 June 2012). Energy Storage: Could Hydrogen Be the Answer. Solar Novus Today. Retrieved from
http://www.solarnovus.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5028:energy-storage-could-hydrogen-be-theanswer&catid=38:application-tech-features&Itemid=246
10 [2] Study. (2012). European Renewable Energy Network. Retrieved from
http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2009_2014/documents/itre/dv/renewable_energy_network_/renewable_energy_network_en.pd
Pumped hydro & compressed air
History & basic theory
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Used for storing energy for the grid.
Energy is stored during off-peak hours.
First Pumped hydro was 1930.
First Compressed air was 1978.
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[1] http://caes.pnnl.gov/
[2] http://www.ferc.gov/industries/hydropower/gen-info/licensing/pump-storage.asp
Pumped hydro & compressed air
Advantages & disadvantages
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Pumped Hydro
 Advantages:
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Disadvantages:
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Largest Capacity storage available
Most cost efficient way
Highly dependent on the geography of the area.
Compresses Air
 Advantages:
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Disadvantages
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Possible to reuses old mine shafts
High efficiency
Obvious safety risks
Higher safety codes which limit usability.
[1] http://www.pge.com/en/about/environment/pge/cleanenergy/caes/index.page
[2] http://www.ferc.gov/industries/hydropower/gen-info/licensing/pump-storage.asp
Pumped hydro & compressed air
State of the art designs and products
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Pumped Hydro
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Using sea water
Small scale versions.
Pairing it with solar or wind power to store the energy
produced.
Compressed Air
PG&E are looking into creating an
underground one in California.
 Found higher efficiency expander.
 Fiber reinforced containers for storage.
 Pumping air into airbags beneath the ocean surface for storage.
 Use it for automobile fuel system.
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[1] http://physics.ucsd.edu/do-the-math/2011/11/pump-up-the-storage/
[2] http://caes.pnnl.gov/
Pumped hydro & compressed air
Research challenges & focus
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Pumped Hydro
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Increasing the efficiency.
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Pump
Decreasing storage losses
Making it more universally usable.
Compressed Air
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Increasing the efficiency.
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Expanders and compressors.
Keeping the air temperature high.
Using abandoned mine shafts.
[1] http://physics.ucsd.edu/do-the-math/2011/11/pump-up-the-storage/
Flywheels & SMES
History & basic theory
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Flywheels
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Superconducting Magnetic
Energy Storage (SMES)
[1] http://www.dg.history.vt.edu/ch2/storage.html
[2] http://www.intechopen.com/books/wind-energy-management/superconducting-devices-in-wind-farm
Flywheels & SMES
Advantages & disadvantages
Flywheels
E = (1/4) mr2w2
Advantages
• Efficiency (low losses)
• Quick energy transfer
• Maintenance
Disadvantages
• Weight
• Failure Problems
• Cost
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Superconducting Magnetic
Energy Storage (SMES)
Advantages E = (1/2) LI2
• Short time delay
• Energy Recovery Rate
• Environmentally beneficial
Disadvantages
• Temperature sensitivity
• Limited applications
• Initial cost
[1] http://www.theoildrum.com/node/8428
[2]http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Superconducting_magnetic_energy_storage.html
Flywheels & SMES
State of the art designs and products
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[1]http://www.physics.oregonstate.edu/~demareed/313Wiki/doku.php?id=superconductor_electricity_transm
ission
[2]http://www.technologyreview.com/news/416518/a-more-durable-wind-turbine/
Flywheels & SMES
Research challenges & focus
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SMES market projected to hit $57.2 Million by 2018
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Driven by rising demand for advanced energy storage
technologies
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Vendors are focusing efforts on the development of SMES
systems with higher energy storage capacity
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Efforts are being made to lower the cost of the SMES
technology.
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[1] http://www.renew-grid.com/e107_plugins/content/content.php?content.10389
Electrical double layer capacitors
History & basic theory
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Commonly known as supercapacitors, ultracapacitors,
electrochemical capacitors
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Electrical double layer capacitors
Advantages & disadvantages
Advantages over other storage types
 Power density 100x that of conventional batteries
 Cycle life in hundreds of thousands, instead of one thousand
 Cycle depth can be varying without degradation
 High round-trip efficiency
Disadvantages
 Low cell voltage (< 3 V)
 Lower energy density (about half that of advanced batteries)
 Require more advanced power electronics
20
[1] A. Schneuwly, “Charging ahead: Can ultracapacitors provide the power that storage devices can’t?”, IEE Power Engineer, vol. 19, issue 1, pp. 34-37, Feb. 2006.
[2] S. Atcitty, “Electrochemical capacitor characterization for
electric utility application,” Ph.D. dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 2006.
Electrical double layer capacitors
State of the art designs and products
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Electric vehicles- regenerative braking, accelerating, hill-climbing
Grid storage for active and reactive power support
Wind farm energy storage and power smoothing
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[1] www.howstuffworks.com
[2] C. Abbey and G. Joos, “Supercapacitor energy storage for wind energy applications,” IEEE Transaction on Industry
Applications, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 769-776, May/Jun. 2007.
Electrical double layer capacitors
Research challenges & focus
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Increased energy density
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Carbon nanotube electrodes
Electrolytes with higher breakdown voltage
Lower-cost power electronics
Hybrid supercapacitor/battery storage systems
Activated carbon electrode - 10µm particle diameter Carbon nanotubes – 1 nm particle diameter
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[1] A. Schneuwly, “Charging ahead: Can ultracapacitors provide the power that storage devices can’t?”, IEE Power Engineer, vol. 19, issue 1, pp. 34-37, Feb. 2006.
[2] S. Atcitty, “Electrochemical capacitor characterization for
electric utility application,” Ph.D. dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 2006.
The control of STATCOM with supercapacitor
energy storage for improved power quality
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Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM)
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Improve power quality(power factor and voltage regulation)
Limited capability for delivering real power
Supercapacitor Energy Storage System (SCESS)
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Store significant amount of energy and release it quickly
[1] P. Srithorn, M. Sumner, L. Yao, and R. Parashar, “The control of a STATCOM with supercapacitor energy storage for
improved power quality,” presented at CIRED Seminar, Frankfurt, Germany, Jun. 23-24, 2008, Paper 0008, SmartGrids for
Distribution Session 1.
The control of STATCOM with supercapacitor
energy storage for improved power quality
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3 operation modes
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Supplying reactive power to the grid
Recharging of the supercapacitor (Buck Mode)
Supplying real power to the grid (Boost Mode)
Boost:
IGBT2
ON
OFF
Energy
C grid
Csc L
L
C
Vdclink
q in C
(Buck mode has reverse energy exchange
process, namely, from grid to Csc)
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[1] P. Srithorn, M. Sumner, L. Yao, and R. Parashar, “The control of a STATCOM with supercapacitor energy storage for
improved power quality,” presented at CIRED Seminar, Frankfurt, Germany, Jun. 23-24, 2008, Paper 0008, SmartGrids for
Distribution Session 1.
The control of STATCOM with supercapacitor
energy storage for improved power quality
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Control of STATCOM + SCESS
Mode1:Supply reactive power
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Model 2:Buck Mode
Model 3:Boost Mode
[1] P. Srithorn, M. Sumner, L. Yao, and R. Parashar, “The control of a STATCOM with supercapacitor energy storage for
improved power quality,” presented at CIRED Seminar, Frankfurt, Germany, Jun. 23-24, 2008, Paper 0008, SmartGrids for
Distribution Session 1.
Energy Storage System In Smart Grid
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Key Storage Technology Example
Electricity storage can be deployed throughout an electric power systemfunctioning as generation, transmission, distribution, or end-use assets-an
advantage when it comes to providing local solutions to a variety of issues.
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Energy storage system in Smart Grid
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Battery Energy Storage System
Battery energy storage systems are comprised of batteries, power
electronics for conversion between alternating and direct current, and the
control system. The batteries convert electrical energy into chemical energy
for storage.
27
[1] Such, M.C. ; Hill, C. (2012). Battery Energy Storage and Wind Energy Integrated into the Smart Grid. Innovative Smart Grid
Technologies (ISGT), 1-4.
Energy Storage System In Smart Grid
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Batteries Installation Example In Minnesota
1MW sodium-sulfur battery energy systems to support generation from a
nearby 11MW wind farm.
Battery components
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Single battery cell
[1] H. L. Chan and D. Sutanto, “A new battery model for use with battery energy storage systems and electric vehicles power systems,’’ in IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, 2000, vol. 1, pp. 470-475, January 2000.
[2] Chet Sandberg . Integrating Battery Energy Storage with a BMS for Reliability, Efficiency, and Safety in Vehicles . Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC), 2012, pp. 1- 3
Conclusion
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Characteristics of an energy storage technology
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Energy density- kWh capacity per volume
Power density- kW capacity per volume
Cost, round-trip efficiency, etc
Different technologies for every application
29
[1] C. Abbey and G. Joos, “Supercapacitor energy storage for wind energy applications,” IEEE
Transaction on Industry Applications, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 769-776, May/Jun. 2007.