Marine Power
(Tidal and Wave )
Group 3
Jacob Favory, Wade Lumpkins ,
Michael Honey, Benjamin Mills,
Robert Stow, Yajun Wang
Tidal Power
● Converts Kinetic energy from tides into
electricity.
● Earliest tide mills date back to the middle
ages. At high tide water would fill a pool ,
and at low tide water would leave the
pool and spin a water wheel. This would
produce mechanical power that was
typically used to grind grains .
● Rance Tidal Power Station – the worlds
first commercial tidal power plant .
Located in Brittany France . Opened in
1966. Was the Largest Tidal Power Plant
in the World until 2011 .At peak output
produces 240 M Watts.
● Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Station –
Currently the worlds largest tidal power
station . Produces 254 M watts at peak
output.
4 types of generating methods
● Tidal Stream – uses under water turbines to make use of the
kinetic energy of moving water . Works similar to wind turbines
● Tidal Barrage – Specialized dam that allows water to flow in at
high tide and releases water through turbines at low tide . Taking
advantage of the potential energy in the difference of heights
between high and low tides.
● Dynamic Tidal Power – new untested method , that involves ‘T’
shape dam like structures .
● Tidal lagoon – newer tidal technology works similar to barrages ,
however built on an artificial site and not a pre existing.
ecosystem.
Wave power
● Capturing the energy
of
ocean
surface
waves. To generate
electricity
● 1799 – first patent to
use
energy
from
ocean waves filed in
France
● First working wave powered
device was developed in 1910 by
Bochaux Praceique to light and
power his house
● 2008 – Aguçadoura Wave Farm
opened
in
Portugal,
first
experimental wave farm.
State of the Art Designs & Products
Pelamis Wave Energy Converter
Manufacturer: Pelamis Wave Power
# Deployed: 6 Machines Worldwide
Power Output: 750 kW
Snake-like apparatus with several tubular joints linked endto-end
• First offshore wave machine to put electricity onto onshore
power grid (UK)
•
•
•
•
Pelamis Wave Energy Converter
• Operates in water depths > 50m
• Machine floats semi-submerged on water surface
facing into direction of wave motion
• Sectional bending movement caused by wave
motion is converted into electricity.
SeaGen
• Manufacturer: Marine Current Turbines
• # Deployed: 2 Machines (Strangford Lough, UK=>1.2MW)
(Lynmouth,
Devon, UK =300kW)
• World’s first large-scale commercial tidal stream generator
• Connected to the UK electrical grid in July 2008.
SeaGen: Functions
• Two underwater turbines behave in a similar
manner to wind turbines
• Each turbine connects to a rotor
• Rotors rely on kinetic energy from marine currents
• Pitch-shifting capability
• Force of tidal flow in Strangford
Lough is equivalent to 345 mph
winds!
Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages of Tidal:
- Decarbonisation of energy supply
- The development of a market for developers and
supply chain industry
- Most efficient form of renewable energy
- Impacts environment on local scale, not the
global scale
Advantages and Disadvantages
Examples of Advantages:
- China is pursuing the installation of a large tidal
plant instead of constructing two nuclear plants.
- New turbines made to be fish friendly and prevent
strike damage to marine animals.
- The Chinese and Dutch are working together to
implement Tidal power in China.
Advantages and Disadvantages
Disadvantages of Tidal:
- Invasive to the marine habitat
- Disrupts current and tidal patterns
- Potential environmental damage from
paints,lubricants, and antifouling coatings
- Higher risk of failure during installation
- Due to developmental nature of tidal power it is
still costly to produce
- Need to have back up sources of power in case of
inconsistency.
Advantages and Disadvantages
Example of Disadvantages:
- Accidents in the operation of SeaGen caused
severe damage in the rotors.
Technological Journey
1. Basic Research
2. Applied Research
3. Early Demo Projects
4. Full Scale Demonstration
5. First Farms
6. Market Diffusion
http://si-ocean.eu/en/upload/docs/WP3/Technology%20Status%20Report_FV.pdf
Funding in the USA
http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2014/07/f17/MHK_7.23.14.pdf
Worldwide Funding
Funding outside of the US.
• The Scottish government is spending about 19.3
million dollars on research and development
plans.
• The European Union has spent nearly 70 million
dollars so far and is continuing to research for
marine energy.
• China has spent 160 million dollars so far creating
a Dynamic Tidal Power generator.
The Problem in Development
Most marine energy projects have been
unsuccessful due to many reasons.
• The prototype breaks or gets destroyed by the
extreme forces of the tidal waves.
• It costs more than expected because of setbacks.
• Funding can be scarce due to a lack of interest in
the U.S.
Potential
http://www.rnp.org/node/wave-tidal-energy-technology
Application
Rance Tidal Power Station
Brittany, France
Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Station
Gyeonggi , South Korea
Annapolis Royal Generating Station
Nova Scotia, Canada
Jiangxia Tidal Power Station
Zhejiang, China
Four Biggest Tidal Power Station
NAME
YEAR
COST
TURBINE
TIDAL
RANGE
CAPACITY
ANNUAL
GENERATION
Sihwa Lake
2011
$ 293 million
10
5.6 m
Rance
1966
$ 120 million
24
8m
Annapolis
1984
Unknown
1
6.5 m
Jiangxia
1980
$ 1.9 million
6
8.4 m
254 MW
552.7 GWh
240 MW
540 GWh
20 MW
50 GWh
3.9 MW
7.32 GWh
Rance Tidal Power Station
•
•
•
•
Capacity factor of approximately 26%
Actual power generating portion : 330m
Power approximately 130,000 houses a year
Tides are totally predictable
Plans for world's biggest wave farm
Biggest wave farm
Western Isles, Scotland
• 40MW farm
• Supply power for over
nearly 30000 houses
Benefits
• Decarbonize power system
• Increase energy security
• Reduce dependence on
imported fossil fuels
OYSTER
Interesting Invention
• An offshore buoy with an
electric generator attached
via an 'extended antenna'
• It is not known how much
electricity the structures
could generate
Iris sculptures
Beirut, Lebanon
• Looks like an eye
• Provide shelter
• Harvest electricity
Tidal Energy Machines: A Comparative
Life Cycle Assessment Study
• The hypothetical site where
upcoming data was collected was
located in the UK, in a 5km wide
channel between the mainland and
an island.
• The sea bed area available for tidal
energy extraction was assumed to
be 1km x 1km, and to have the
conditions detailed below, which
are based on existing and planned
tidal energy installations.
- 50m water depth
- Max. tidal range of 2.6m
- Mean tidal velocity of 2.5m/s
- 5° angle between tidal ebb and flow
- Bedrock seabed
Selected Devices
The Tidal Generation
Ltd. (TGL) DeepGen
device is a tri-blade
single turbine design,
with a support
structure mounted by
piles to the seabed.
(1MW design)
The OpenHydro device
is an open-centre
horizontal axis multiblade turbine with a
ducted housing,
known simply as the
Open Centre Turbine.
(2MW design)
Flumill is a unique
twin
Archimedes’
screw design of tidal
device, mounted to
the seabed by a
monopile
foundation. (2 MW
design)
The ScotRenewables
SR250 device is a
floating,twin
horizontal axis turbine
design, with cable
moorings, constructed
of steel with composite
blades. (2MW design)
Output & CO2 Savings Over Functional Period
• The OpenHydro functional unit
generates just over 7,500,000 GJ, in
comparison to the Flumill and
ScotRenewables figures of around
6,500,000
GJ
and
TGL
of
approximately 5,800,000 GJ.
• This is due largely to the different
shape of the power curve of each
device, with the relatively low cut-in
speed (0.7m/s) of the OpenHydro
device allowing it to generate electricity
at lower speeds than the other devices.
• It should be noted, however, that the
TGL device reaches its maximum power
output at lower speed than the other
devices, so at a site with very high
average tidal velocity this device would
achieve greater output than the others.
Device Comparison
●
Due to its size, the TGL device is at a
disadvantage in comparison the larger
2MW devices. Due to the use of 1MW
machines, the TGL array requires twice as
many installation, maintenance and
decommissioning processes, and this has a
significant impact on its overall energy and
CO2 intensity.
●
The OpenHydro device achieves energy
payback quicker than the others but has
high materials energy requirements,
whereas the Flumill device has low
materials energy requirements due to its
low weight design.
●
Flumill has the shortest payback period for
both energy and CO2.
●
The ScotRenewables device has the lowest
energy requirement for installation,
maintenance and decommissioning.
●
The ScotRenewables device uses an
innovative foundation system which lowers
installation energy, and the TGL device
power curve means it performs well in high
tidal velocity areas..
•
The results of the study indicate that the
OpenHydro device produces the largest
amount of energy over the functional unit,
followed by the Flumill and ScotRenewables
devices, and finally the TGL Deepgen turbine.
Conclusion of Comparison
Payback
C02
Payback
Period Intensity(gC0 Devices &
Devices Period(Energy) (C02)
2/kwh)
Lifetimes
TGL
11.2
5.9
34.2
10,4
OpenHyd
ro
7.3
3.6
19.6
5,5
Flumill
7.2
3.5
18.5
5,5
ScotRene
wables
8.7
4.5
23.8
5,5
Energy
Produced(100yr
period in GJ)
5800000
7500000
6500000
6500000
From the table above, the Flumill device appears to be the top choice. The
OpenHydro isn’t far off though and clearly is superior in the energy
production category. However, with the Flumill device having the shortest
payback periods and low materials energy requirements due to its low
weight design, one looking to make a significant initial investment to make
a quick turn-around would want to go with the Flumill device.
Summary & Questions?
• Popularity at the moment.
• Potential
Sources
• http://si-
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•
ocean.eu/en/upload/docs/WP3/Technology%20Status%20Report_FV.p
df
http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2014/07/f17/MHK_7.23.14.pdf​
http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/77080/2/WRRO_77080.pdf - Related
Reseach Paper
http://depts.washington.edu/nnmrec/workshop/docs/workshop_repor
t_low_res.pdf
http://www.rnp.org/node/wave-tidal-energy-technology
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040162512000704
http://ec.europa.eu/research/energy/eu/index_en.cfm?pg=researchocean-support
http://qz.com/193966/china-pursues-the-holy-grail-of-ocean-energyin-a-massive-way/