UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT
SOUTH–SOUTH TRADE:
The Reality Check
ISSUES IN NEW GEOGRAPHY OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE
by
Miho Shirotori
and
Ana Cristina Molina
UNCTAD, Geneva
Geneva, 2009
NOTE
Miho Shirotori is Economic Affairs Officer of the Trade Analysis Branch of DITC and
Ana Cristina Molina is a Consultant to UNCTAD.
The views expressed in this study are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the
views of the United Nations or its member states.
The designations employed and the presentation of the material do not imply the expression
of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations Secretariat concerning the legal status of
any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or
boundaries.
Material in this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted, but acknowledgement is requested,
together with a reference to the document number. It would be appreciated if a copy of the publication
containing the quotation or reprint were sent to the UNCTAD secretariat:
Chief
Trade Analysis Branch
Division on International Trade in Goods and Services, and Commodities
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
Palais des Nations
CH-1211 Geneva
Series editor:
Victor Ognivtsev
Officer-in-charge, Trade Analysis Branch
UNCTAD/DITC/TAB/2008/1
UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION
ISSN 2071-7679
© Copyright United Nations 2009
All rights reserved
ii
Issues in New Geography of International Trade
ABSTRACT
South–South trade has shown a significant increase in the past decade, with a higher rate of
growth than international trade. Asian countries, particularly the "tigers" and "dragons" among them,
dominate South–South trade in terms of trade value. But trade complementarity among developing
countries is growing, suggesting new trading opportunities in interregional trade, e.g. between Africa
and the Americas. The dynamic expansion of South–South trade in recent years reflects an increase in
trade values between traditional partner countries and the new trading patterns taking place between
countries that have never traded before.
Key words: South–South trade, trade complementarity.
South-South Trade: The Reality Check
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are grateful and indebted for the valuable inputs and support provided
by Wojciech Stawowy, Marco Fugazza, Mark Bloch and Jenifer Tacardon-Mercado.
Constructive comments were also received from Victor Ognivtsev, Hiroaki Kuwahara,
Samuel Munyaneza, Sudip Ranjan Basu and Denise Penello-Rial. We also thank Susan
Graham for her administrative help.
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Issues in New Geography of International Trade
CONTENTS
A.
Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1
B.
Overview of the trend of South-South trade........................................................................... 2
C.
Direction and patterns of South-South trade flows................................................................. 4
C.1
C.2
D.
Comparative advantage, trade complementarity in South-South trade
and the dynamics of South-South trade expansion................................................................. 7
D.1
D.2
D.3
E.
At a regional level ...................................................................................................... 4
Findings at a subregional level ................................................................................... 6
Sectoral specialization in South-South trade.............................................................. 7
Trade complementarity among developing countries .............................................. 10
Dynamics of South-South export ............................................................................. 12
Concluding summary............................................................................................................ 14
Bibliography .................................................................................................................................. 15
Annex I
– Note on the South-South Trade Information System (SSTIS) ..................................... 17
Annex II – Note on the calculation of indices................................................................................ 23
Annex III – Figures ......................................................................................................................... 25
Annex IV – Tables ........................................................................................................................... 35
South-South Trade: The Reality Check
v
List of figures
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Post WWII Trend – Exports from the South .......................................................................... 2
Changes in export volume indices .......................................................................................... 2
Changes in Exports to the South (as % of world exports) ...................................................... 3
Growth of Exports (1995–2005)............................................................................................. 3
South-South trade flows ......................................................................................................... 4
Sectoral shares of South-South exports (2005) ...................................................................... 5
Annex Figures:
1.
2.
Product groups with comparative advantage in 2005........................................................... 25
Change in comparative advantage between 1995 and 2005 ................................................. 27
2.1.
Africa........................................................................................................................ 27
2.2.
Americas .................................................................................................................. 28
2.3.
Asia .......................................................................................................................... 29
Trade Complementarity Index in 1995 and 2005 ................................................................. 30
Trade Complementarity Index vs. Export Intensity Index, 2005 ......................................... 32
4.1.
Americas .................................................................................................................. 32
4.2.
Africa........................................................................................................................ 33
4.3.
Asia .......................................................................................................................... 34
3.
4.
List of tables
1.
South-South export as a percentage of
a sub-region’s exports to the world......................................................................................... 7
Bilateral trade data of selected countries .............................................................................. 12
2.
Table A1. Sectoral definition used in this chapter............................................................................. 18
Table A2. Definition of region/sub-region used in this chapter ........................................................ 19
Annex Tables:
1.1.
1.2.
2.1.
2.2
3.1.
3.2.
4.1.
5.1.
5.2.
5.3.
6.1.
6.2.
6.3.a.
6.3.b.
7.1.
7.2.
7.3.
vi
Matrix of export flows from the South ................................................................................. 35
Exports to the South as percentage of each region’s total exports to the world ................... 36
Breakdown of the origins of the South-South export ........................................................... 37
Breakdown of the destinations of the South-South export ................................................... 37
Ranking of sectors in South-South trade .............................................................................. 38
Ranking of sectors exported from each region ..................................................................... 39
Network of exports: Top 10 Exported Sectors ..................................................................... 42
Breakdown of exports into sub-regions ................................................................................ 44
The breakdown of destinations of the South-South exports ................................................. 45
Top 20 countries according to the 2005 value of exports to the South ................................ 46
Normalized RCA across subregions (HS 4-digit)................................................................. 47
Exports with revealed comparative advantage in 2005 ........................................................ 48
Top 10 subregions, ranked according to the height of comparative advantage in 2005....... 49
Top 10 subregions, ranked according to the degree of comparative advantage in 2005 ...... 50
Partners and Products ........................................................................................................... 53
Most traded (i.e. exported) products in new trade relationships (NTR):
By region (SQUARED MATRIX) ....................................................................................... 54
Existing products traded with existing partners ................................................................... 55
Issues in New Geography of International Trade
A. INTRODUCTION
Globalization in the 21st century now has a discernible Southern face. Total exports from
developing countries (the South) to the world in 2005 amounted to US$ 3.7 trillion, a three-fold increase
from 1995 levels. The value of exports now accounts for 32 per cent of the world’s total exports —
the highest level since World War II. While developed economies, or the North, remain a significant
market for exports from the South, it is South–South trade that shows impressive velocity and growth
momentum. In 2005, just under half of total exports from the South went to other developing countries.
This phenomenon has been termed the “new geography of international trade” and testifies to the
emergence of the South in the world economy (UNCTAD, 2004a). And, with the demographic dividend
of the South, i.e. an increasing number of workforce/consumers and upgrading of trade-facilitating
institutions and infrastructure among them, the South now represents a market with major growth
opportunities.
South–South trade is growing at the same rate as economic linkages are being forged between
countries of the South. South–South investment flows have increased substantially in the past decade, as
reflected by the 36 per cent or $334 billion of total global inflows that were earmarked for the South —
the highest share ever recorded. In 2006, 29 per cent or $379 billion of total global FDI inflows ($1,306
billion) were for the South. The South is also increasing its share in FDI outflows. The outflows from the
South – $193 billion in 2006 – account for 16 per cent of the world total. South–South FDI flows have
also risen spectacularly, from $2 billion in 1985 to $60 billion in 2004. Fuelling the growing trade and
investment performance of the South is the rise of Southern entrepreneurship with their own unique
models. Southern transnational corporations (TNCs) are advancing internationally, with their total sales
reaching at an estimated $1.9 trillion in 2005 and an estimated 6 million employees (UNCTAD, 2006c;
2007b).
On the trade logistics side, new efforts and technology have been responsible for bringing down
the transaction costs associated with South–South trade. It has been reported that freight costs as a
percentage of import values facing the South’s trade fell from 6.7 per cent in 1990 to 5.9 per cent in 2004,
compared to the world average, which remained more or less the same at around 3.6 per cent during the
same period1 (UNCTAD, 2006b). Recent improvements in the accessibility to information, e.g. through
the adoption of information and communication technology (ICT) or technological developments, have
facilitated market information gathering and to an extent financial transactions among producers and
exporters in the South2 (UNCTAD, 2006c).
The purpose of this paper is to conduct a reality check on the underlying trends and patterns
of expansion of South–South trade between 1995 and 2005. The study relies on the UNCTAD South–
South Trade Information System (SSTIS), which, based on the UN Comtrade, provides data on bilateral
(country-to-country) trade flow at the most disaggregated level of product classification (HS 6-digit).
The analysis reflects the data coverage available in September 2007. A more detailed explanation of the
SSTIS is provided in Annex I.
1
Note that this figure is based on developing countries’ imports from the world, not on imports from other developing
countries.
2
According to UNCTAD Information Economy Report 2006, in 2005 43 per cent of internet users around the world were
from developing economies, an increase from 28 per cent in 2001. While the internet penetration rate (i.e. the number
of internet users per 100 inhabitants) in developing economies remains low at 8.5 per cent compared to 54.4 per cent in
developed economies, penetration in developing economies has been increasing on average by 32 per cent per year (50 per
cent per year in Africa).
South-South Trade: The Reality Check
1
B. OVERVIEW OF THE TREND OF SOUTH–SOUTH TRADE
Plotting the long-run trend of exports shows that exports from the South went through three
distinctive phases in the post-WWII period. In the first two decades following WWII, the share of
exports from the South in world trade declined from over 30 per cent in 1948/1950 to just below 20 per
cent in 1970/1972 (see Figure 1), as dynamic post-war recovery and growth in economies of developed
countries far exceeded those of developing countries.3 The second phase occurred during the period of
high commodity prices in the mid-1970s, when the export share of countries in the South shot up above
the long-term trend, remaining above 25 per cent of world exports until the early 1980s. A decline in
oil prices in 1984-1985 brought the South’s share back down to 21 per cent. In the current phase, from
the latter part of 1980s to the present day, the South’s export share in total world export has been on an
upward trend.
Developing economies
Poly. (Developing economies)
Figure 1. Post WWII Trend – Exports from the South (in per cent)
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
0
The growth of exports from the South in the current phase (1987/1988 to date) is found not only
in trade value but also in trade volume. Changes in export volumes show that exports from the South
to the world increased fivefold from levels in the 1980s, compared to world exports that increased
threefold.4 On average, the volume of exports from the South grew by 7 per cent per year, exceeding the
rate of growth of world exports (6 per cent per year) as a whole (see Figure 2). After sluggish growth in
the first half of the 1980s, exports from the South rose at a constant rate of about 10 per cent per year,
significantly higher than developed economies for the decade between 1987 and 1996. The 1997 East
Figure 2. Changes in export volume indices
World Volume index of exports
Developing economies Volume index of exports
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
2
3
Data on the post-WWII trend is drawn from the UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 2006.
4
See UNCTAD, Handbook of Statistics 2006 for changes in the volume indices.
Issues in New Geography of International Trade
Asian financial crisis and the spread of financial volatility to other regions brought the growth of the
South’s export volume down to just over 1 per cent in 1998, but exports picked up quickly thereafter.
Exports from developing countries have increased enormously since then. In 2005, total exports from
the South reached $3.7 trillion, accounting for 32 per cent of world trade (Annex Table 1.1).
A large part of export growth from the South, particularly in the past decade, can be explained
by an expansion of South–South trade. In 2005, total South–South exports amounted to $1.7 trillion,
accounting for 46 per cent of total exports from the South, and 15 per cent of world exports (Annex
Table 1.2). The significant growth of South–South exports becomes clear when compared to changes in
exports to the South from the rest of the world (RoW) to the South during the same period. In terms of
shares of total world trade, the differential between the two narrowed from 5 percentage points in 1995
to 2.6 percentage points in 2005 (Figure 3).
Figure 3. Changes in Exports to the South (as % of world exports)
From South
From RoW
2005
2000
1995
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Figure 4. Growth of Exports (1995-2005)
14
16
18
to the South
20
to RoW
162%
World
195%
South
139%
RoW
198%
Asia
144%
Americas
277%
Africa
0%
50%
100%
150%
200%
250%
300%
Growth rate
Between 1995 and 2005, South–South exports increased by 197 per cent, exceeding the growth
of its exports to the rest of the world, which increased by 143 per cent (Figure 4).
The weight of the South as a market varies across developing regions. In the case of Asia, just
over a half (51 per cent) of its exports to the world went to the South. As for Africa and the Americas,
exports to the South accounted for 30 per cent and 27 per cent of their total exports, respectively.
Among the developing regions, the highest growth of exports to the South was recorded by
Africa, which posted an increased of 277 per cent. Its exports to the world increased by 179 per cent.
Asia’s exports to the South also increased by a much greater rate than its exports to the rest of the world.
The increase in exports from the Americas to the South was slightly lower than their exports to the rest
of the world.
South-South Trade: The Reality Check
3
C. DIRECTION AND PATTERNS OF SOUTH–SOUTH TRADE FLOWS
C.1
At a regional level
In terms of geographical trade flows, South–South trade exhibits a “hub-and-spoke” pattern,
i.e. one region acts as the center of gravity for the majority of trade flows from other regions. Asia is
incontestably the world’s most important hub, as it is both the largest exporter and the largest importer
in South–South trade.
In 2005, Asia’s exports (including intra-Asian exports) accounted for 85 per cent of total South–
South trade. Exports from the Americas claimed the remaining 10 per cent and those from Africa 5
per cent (Annex Table 2.1). In terms of the destination of exports in 2005, Asia received 58 per cent of
South–South exports from Africa and 32 per cent from the Americas. Trade between Africa and the
Americas only accounted for a minor share (just over 1 per cent) of total South–South trade in 2005,
but interregional trade levels between the two regions showed a sizeable increase since 1995 (Annex
Table 2.2).
Asia’s dominance in South–South exports
can be explained to a certain extent by its sheer
economic size as well as by its greater participation
in international trade than the other two regions. Asia
is the largest of all developing regions in population
and GDP, with the highest trade-per-GDP ratio (35.1
per cent), followed by Africa (21.1 per cent) and the
Americas (15.8 per cent). However, as can be seen
below, it is also due to a very high degree of regional
integration, as well as the active participation of
countries in the South in global/regional productionsharing schemes.
Figure 5. South-South trade flows
South-South Export (2005): Total = $1,699.8 billion
Asia
Intra Asia
$1,343 billion
$48.9 billion
$61.4 billion
The Americas
$50.21 billion
$9.4 billion
Intra Americas
$56.1 billion
Africa
Intra Africa
$9.3 billion
$94.27 billion
$27.13 billion
It is worth noting that interregional trade is
only a minor component of South–South trade. The bulk of South–South trade occurs among countries
within the same region.
In Asia, intraregional exports amounted to $1.3 trillion in 2005, accounting for over 90 per cent
of its South–South exports. Similarly, for the Americas, intraregional trade explains over 60 per cent
of its South–South exports. For Africa, however, the share of intra-Africa trade out of total South–
South trade actually fell from 47 per cent in 1995 to 31 per cent in 2005. Asia represents the most
important destination of its South–South exports. Still, there have been signs that inter-subregional
trade between and among countries in northern, East and South Africa is on the rise, reflecting progress
in arrangements for regional integration, such as SADC and COMESA.
The most-traded sector in South–South trade was the manufacturing sector, with manufactured
goods such as electrical goods, machineries, mechanical appliances and computer equipments claiming
37 per cent of total South–South trade — an increase of 31 per cent in 1995 (Annex Table 3.1). Fuel
was the second-most traded sector: its share accounted for 21 per cent of total exports and posted the
largest increase, as it rose from a level of 10 per cent in 1995. Textiles, clothing and agricultural products
experienced a steep decline in the share of total South–South exports in 2005, as the share of these
sectors decreased by almost half.
4
Issues in New Geography of International Trade
The overall ranking of exported sectors within the South, however, largely reflects exports from
Asia, where manufacturing sectors accounted for nearly half of all exports to the South, and its sectoral
share substantially increased from 35 per cent in 1995 to 45 per cent in 2005.
In the case of the Americas, agriculture was the leading export sector, accounting for 24 per
cent of the region’s total South–South exports — a lower level than in 1995. Three other sectors (fuel,
natural resource-based products and base metal and metal articles) accounted for about 13–15 per cent
of exports, a significant increase from 1995. Two other sectors, manufactured goods and transport, each
claimed about 10 per cent, also with an increase over 1995.
As for Africa, its exports to the South were largely concentrated in the fuel sector, which
accounted for almost 60 per cent of total exports to the South. The balance was taken up by three other
sectors: agriculture, base metals and related articles, and natural resource-based products. Exports of
manufactured goods accounted for a mere four per cent of Africa’s total South–South exports in 2005,
a decrease from 1995 levels (Annex Table 3.2, Figure 6).
Figure 6. Sectoral shares of South-South exports (2005)
Asia
Americas
Africa
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
Agri
Natural res
Fuel
Base metal & article
Plastic & rubber
Manuf
Textile & apparel
Transport
90%
100%
Chemical
This all suggests a high degree of regional specialization in exports among the South, as is
manifested in the top ten sectors that were traded in between developing regions (Annex Table 4.1).
Trade between Africa and Asia is a particularly clear example of interregional specialization.
Africa imports a wide range of manufacturing products from Asia, ranging from textiles and apparel
articles to electronic goods and vehicles. On the other hand, almost 80 per cent of Africa’s exports to
Asia are natural resources, including oil, mineral ores and base metal products.
In trade between Africa and the Americas, fuel accounted for over 80 per cent of exports
from Africa to the Americas, showing the highest degree of concentration among all interregional
trade relationships, while approximately half of what Africa imported from the Americas was in the
agricultural-food sector (e.g. prepared foodstuffs, animal and vegetable products, fats and oil). The
manufacturing sectors of these two regions accounted for a relatively small share of their export
portfolios.
Similarly, in trade between Asia and the Americas, two major export sectors from the Americas
were natural resource-based products and agriculture, each claiming 46 and 34 per cent of exports
respectively, while Asia’s exports to the Americas largely consisted of products from the manufacturing
sector. What is interesting in this trade relationship is that the export bundle from Asia to the Americas,
e.g. electrical machineries, appliances and vehicles, was very similar to the export bundle from the
South-South Trade: The Reality Check
5
Americas to the Rest of the World. In other words, the Americas import manufacturing goods from Asia
despite having the capacity to produce manufacturing goods which they export to developed countries
(particularly to the United States), as well as to developing countries within the Americas.
South–South trade within a region features more sectoral diversification than interregional trade.
In trade within Africa, for instance, foodstuffs (e.g. prepared foodstuffs, vegetables) become a major
exported sector, following exports of resource-based products. In trade within the Americas, vehicles
and other manufacturing goods, such as electric machinery, which do not appear in their export bundles
to Asia or to Africa, become a major exported sector. On the contrary, however, intra-Asia trade shows
more concentration than diversification as compared to their trade with other developing regions. The
manufactured goods, particularly those of high-skill components, accounted for a much higher share in
intra-Asia exports than inter-regional ones. Textiles and clothing, which account for the bulk of exports
to Africa and to the Americas, are of lesser importance in intra-Asian trade.
C.2
Findings at a subregional level
An aggregated view at the regional level conceals the existence of wide variations in involvement
with Southern trade partners across countries within a region. The study grouped developing countries
into 14 subregions as follows: (i) Africa – East Africa, Central Africa, North Africa, South Africa
and West Africa; (ii) the Americas – the Caribbean, Central America, South America 1 (covering the
Andean group of countries plus Surinam and Guyana), and South America 2 (covering the Mercosur
member countries plus Chile); and (iii) Asia – East Asia, the Pacific, South-East Asia, South Asia and
West Asia.
The share of exports to the South out of total exports varies from 9 per cent (Central America) to
56 per cent (South-East Asia). It also shows that almost all subregions, except the Caribbean and Central
America, showed an increase in the share of exports to the South between 1995 and 2005.
All Asian subregions, with the exception of the Pacific subregion, featured higher shares of
South–South exports than the overall average of 46 per cent. However, the Pacific subregion posted one
of the largest increases in the share of South–South trade.
East Asia, which includes export giants such as China, the Republic of Korea, and Taiwan
Province of China, exported goods to the South worth $768 billion in 2005, accounting for 45 per cent
of total South–South exports for the year (Annex Table 5.1). South-East Asia, which is represented by
the members of ASEAN, claimed another 21 per cent of South–South exports. These two subregions
are major destination of South–South exports, together absorbing 72 per cent of total exports from the
South. Even when exports within and between these subregions are excluded, these subregions received
17 per cent of total South–South exports, almost twice as much as all the Americas imported from the
South. East Asia in particular ranks as either the largest or second-largest export destination for almost
all subregions, including itself (Annex Table 5.2). Apart from exports to East and South-East Asia, a
big chunk of South–South trade remains within the same subregion, except in the case of South Asia
and Central Africa.
West Asia, South America 2 and South Asia also accounted for a relatively large share of South–
South exports, each claiming 16, 6 and 4 per cent, respectively.
6
Issues in New Geography of International Trade
In Africa, East Africa stands out
as a subregion with a particularly high
share (53 per cent in 2005) of South–South
exports. The share of South–South trade
in other sub-Saharan subregions was at
about 35 per cent in 2005, and 20 per cent
in North Africa. What is notable is that
all the African subregions exhibited a
significant increase in the share of South–
South trade from 1995 levels.
As for the Americas, the intensity
of South–South trade is most significant
in South America 2, whose exports to
the South increased from 47 per cent of
its total exports in 1995 to 51 per cent in
2005. South America 1, on the contrary,
exhibited the largest fall in the share of
South–South trade from 1995 levels.
Table 1.
South-South export as a percentage of a subregion’s exports to the world
Asia:
Africa:
Americas:
East Asia
Pacific
South Asia
South-East Asia
West Asia
Central Africa
East Africa
North Africa
South Africa
West Africa
Caribbean
Central America
South America 1
South America 2
Exports to the South
(% of total exports)
1995
2005
47.8
50.1
15.8
21.5
34.5
47.9
47.7
55.6
33.8
46.6
14.1
34.7
38.9
53.5
15.7
19.6
26.5
37.4
24.0
35.3
26.4
25.9
9.2
9.4
30.4
24.0
46.6
50.5
40.8
45.5
At a country level, the so-called
“Asian dragons and tigers” dominate
South–South trade. China topped the Average
ranking of the value of South–South
Source: UNCTAD Trade Information System.
exports in 2005 (Annex Table 5.3). The
top four Asian countries – China, Hong Kong China, Republic of Korea and Singapore – together
claimed almost half of total South–South exports. Fourteen of the top 20 countries in the ranking were
from Asia. These four countries, along with Taiwan Province of China, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia
and Philippines, claimed 65 per cent of total South–South exports in 2005. The highest ranked nonAsian country was Brazil at 10th place, followed by Argentina (14th), Chile (16th), South Africa (17th),
Mexico (18th) and Nigeria (20th). These countries together claimed about 8 per cent of total South–South
exports in 2005.
D. COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE, TRADE COMPLEMENTARITY IN SOUTH-SOUTH TRADE
AND THE DYNAMICS OF SOUTH–SOUTH TRADE EXPANSION
D.1
Sectoral specialization in South–South trade
As seen in section C.1, a significant amount of South–South trade, particularly interregional
trade, appears to due to sectoral specialization of production/exports in different developing subregions.
The degree of sectoral specialization can be estimated using the index of Revealed Comparative
Advantage (RCA).
The value of the RCA index is determined by comparing the weight of certain sectors in a
country’s export basket to that of the “reference group”. Using the normalized approach to calculate
the RCA index suggested by Laursen (Laursen, 2000), we measured the normalized RCA index based
on the share of a product group, classified at the HS 4-digit level (covering 1,241 product groups), in
a subregion’s total exports to the South, relative to that of total South–South exports, which is our
South-South Trade: The Reality Check
7
reference group.5 When the value of the normalized index of a given product group is above 0 (and
under or equal to 1), the subregion in question has a comparative advantage in that product group in
relation to other subregions included in South–South trade. methodological note on the calculation of
the RCA index is given in the Annex.
As East Asia claims a substantial share in the reference group, i.e. total South–South exports,
the values of normalized RCA of this subregion are likely to be close to zero, as the numerator (the share
of a sector in a subregion) and the denominator (the sector’s share of total South–South trade) are likely
to have a similar value.
Sectors with a comparative advantage
Product groups with comparative advantage in 2005 across product sectors for each subregion
are plotted in the RCA Graph 1 in the Annex. The orange dots are the items which had a comparative
advantage both in 1995 and 2005, while the green dots are the ones which acquired a comparative
advantage only in 2005. The frequency of product groups with a comparative advantage, measured as
a share of product groups with comparative advantage in total product groups for each subregion, is
given in Annex Table 6.1. Annex Table 6.2 provides the frequency of comparative advantage in 2005 in
sectors of different skill levels.
The highest frequency of a comparative advantage was found in East Asia, but as previously
mentioned it represents the reference group because of its sheer weight in South–South trade. South
Asia was second most important after East Asia with respect to frequency of comparative advantage in
South–South trade in both 1995 and 2005. South Asia was followed by Central America, South Africa
and South America 2. At the opposite end of the scale was Central Africa, where only 5 per cent of its
exports revealed a comparative advantage. Subregions in West Africa, the Pacific, West Asia, North
Africa and the Caribbean showed a comparative advantage in 20 per cent of their exported product
groups.
The plotted figures indicate that East Asia’s comparative advantage is remarkably concentrated
in a number of manufacturing sectors, suggesting that the subregion may have entered the stage of export
specialization. A tendency towards specialization can also be seen in the patterns exhibited by Central
America, South-East Asia, South America 2 and South Asia. The figures also suggest that a number
of subregions, namely South Asia, East Africa, Caribbean and the Pacific, had acquired comparative
advantage in “new” product groups in 2005, as indicated by the number of green dots. These dots may
point out the sectors of successful export diversification by these subregions.
Annex Table 6.2 presents the export concentration of African subregions in the primary
commodity sector which includes agriculture, and fuels (classified as energy sector in the table). These
sectors claimed 75 per cent of exports with comparative advantage from Central Africa, 58 per cent of
exports from North Africa, and 56 per cent of exports from West Africa, and so on. One exception
was South Africa, which showed higher-than-average frequency of comparative advantage in low- to
high-skill manufacturing sectors. In the base metal sector, South Africa revealed a particularly high
frequency of comparative advantage in iron, steel and steel products.
5
The UNCTAD South–South Trade Information System includes 1,241 product categories and 7 categories designated as
“special uses”.
8
Issues in New Geography of International Trade
Annex Table 6.2 also indicates that East Asia had an above average frequency of comparative
advantage, particularly in the labour-intensive manufacturing sector: half of its product groups with
a comparative advantage came from the labour-intensive or high-skill manufacturing sectors. The
comparative advantage of South-East Asia was found in the medium-skill and high-skill manufacturing
sectors. The majority of these medium- to high-skill manufactured goods were traded between East
Asia and South-East Asia, reflecting a high degree of intra-industry trade resulting from productionsharing schemes.
The table also shows that Central America had a significant comparative advantage in the
high-skill manufacturing sector, particularly in the chemical product groups, such as pharmaceutical
products, tanning extracts, paints and vanishes, and cosmetics. South Asia’s comparative advantages
were largely found in labour-intensive sectors such as base metal products, textile and apparel articles
and chemical and allied products.
Improvement in comparative advantages in the decade between 1995 and 2005
Which developing subregions improved their comparative advantages most in South–South
trade in the decade between 1995 and 2005?
RCA Graph 2 in the Annex provides a plot of product groups according to their associated
normalized RCA values in 1995 and 2005. A 4-digit figure attached to a point is the HS 4-digit product
code. The product groups that are placed above the 45° line running diagonally from the bottom-left to
the top-right are the ones whose normalized RCA value in 2005 was higher than in 1995.
The subregions that improved their degree of comparative advantage between 1995 and 2005
were South Asia, East Africa, Pacific, and South America 1.
South Asia and East Africa showed the highest degree of improvement. Sixty-four per cent
of South Asia’s product groups and 55 per cent of East Africa’s are placed on the left of the 45° line,
particularly in the top-left quadrant, suggesting that these subregions increased their export intensity
in a large number of product groups in the decade between 1995 and 2005. Many of the product groups
with improved comparative advantage were in the manufacturing sectors for both subregions, such as
textiles and processed metals. East Africa also evinced a high comparative advantage in the agricultural
sector, while South Asia demonstrated its comparative advantage in the chemicals and the machinery
sectors.
The plot nicely illustrates export concentration. For instance, in Central Africa, West Asia, and
the Pacific (and to a larger extent the Caribbean), a large portion of the product groups are spread along
the two axes, with a small group showing extremely high RCA values in both 1995 and 2005. Product
groups along the axes are the ones whose normalized RCA values were close to minus 1, either in 1995
or in 2005. These groups are particularly susceptible to a sudden surge or drop in export values in any
given year. They largely consisted of primary commodities that are prone to internal supply shock
or external demand shocks. Product groups that are concentrated in the top-right corner are the ones
that had the normalized RCA values close to 1 in both years, i.e. those that had extremely high export
shares in both years. Those products were also of primary commodities, such as mineral ores and
timber products for Central Africa, vanilla, pearls and corals for the Pacific, cotton for West Africa, and
aluminum and nickel oxide for the Caribbean.
South-South Trade: The Reality Check
9
The height of comparative advantage
Finally, Annex Table 6.3.a and 6.3.b provide the ranking of subregions according to their
aggregated values of normalized RCAs in six broad sectors (Table 6.3.a) and twenty subsectors (Table
6.3.b).6 Aggregated values can be a rough estimate of the degree of comparative advantage exhibited in
a given sector by each subregion.
Let us take those subregions that improved their comparative advantage – South Asia, East Africa
and South America 1 – as an example, and examine the sectors/subsectors in which these subregions
had high as well as growing comparative advantage in South–South trade.
Although South–South exports from South Asia account for less than four per cent of total
South–South trade, the subregion has a high and growing comparative advantage in a wide range of
export sectors to the South. South Asia was ranked within the top five in all sectors and in most of
subsectors in 2005. South Asia also showed an increase in comparative advantage in all sectors from
the 1995 level. The increase was particularly significant in the textiles and articles (particularly apparel
articles) sector, and in a number of subsectors, such as base metal products, machineries, and chemical
and allied industry products.
East Africa held the top place in the ranking in comparative advantage in the agricultural sector,
reflecting a particularly high comparative advantage in animal products, vegetable products and hide,
skin and leather products. The improvement in comparative advantage between 1995 and 2005 was
particularly significant in the agriculture and the base metal and metal product sectors. While East
Africa does not reveal significant comparative advantage in the manufacturing sector, there are signs of
improving comparative advantage, particularly in textile products.
The overall degree of comparative advantage of South America 1 is not as high as regional
neighbours such as South America 2 or Central America, but it is showing a steady increase in
comparative advantage in all sectors. The main area of comparative advantage is found in product
subsectors such as cement, footwear and headwear, and prepared foodstuffs. However, South American
1 is displaying an increasing comparative advantage in base metal and products.
The above findings suggest that, while South–South trade may be seen as being dominated
by Asian giants, it seems to provide ample trading opportunities for other developing subregions, as
suggested by increasing comparative advantages demonstrated by the above subregions. This suggests
a future research agenda on the rapidly growing demand for imports in volume and in variety by the
South and the way in which this creates positive impetus for production and export diversification by
developing countries, particularly in countries which have been on the fringe of international trade.
D.2
Trade complementarity among developing countries
Different patterns in revealed comparative advantage as illustrated above suggest trade
complementarity among developing subregions. But what is the extent of trade complementarity within
6
These sectors and subsectors (in parenthesis) are: agriculture (animal products, vegetable products, prepared foodstuffs, fats
& oils, and hides-skin-leather); natural resources and resource-based products (fuels, ore & minerals, plastic & rubber, stonesglass- cement, wood & products); base metal and products (base metal & products), chemical and allied industries (chemical
and allied industries); textiles and articles (apparel, footwear & head gears, textiles); and manufacturing (machineries,
electrical machineries-computers-telecom, etc., optical & precision tools, miscellaneous manufactured goods, vehicles).
10
Issues in New Geography of International Trade
the South, relative to that with the rest of the world, and to what extent does a developing subregion take
advantage of such trade complementarity with other developing subregions?
Using the Trade Complementarity Index (TCI), the Annex Figure TCI1 maps the degree of
trade complementarity between two subregions in 1995 and 2005. A positive TCI value indicates a
complementarity between two trading partners (see the Annex for the methodology for calculating the
TCI.)
First, we see that trade complementarity among subregions in the South is on the rise, as can be
seen from the majority of partner (i.e. importing) subregions are placed on the left-hand side of the 45°
diagonal line in each subregion’s graph. Across all, subregions that reveal high trade complementarity
with almost all the subregions are South-East Asia, Central America, East Asia and South America 2.
In most cases, partner subregions are spread along the 45° line, from the bottom-left corner to
the top-right corner, indicating different degrees of trade complementarity with different partners. One
exception is South Asia, whose graph reveals that its trading partners are largely concentrated at the
TCI of 40. South Asia also improved overall trade complementarity within South–South trade, followed
by East Africa, North Africa and West Africa, which suggests ongoing export diversification in these
subregions.
In order to examine whether trade complementarity between two subregions is reflected in
the actual trade flows between two subregions, we compare the TCI values of two trading partners
to the intensity of trade between them, as measured by the export intensity index (EII) between two
subregions.
Annex Figure TCI 2 maps the trade partners for each subregion according to the TCI and the
EII in 2005. The Rest of the World (RoW) as a trading partner was included as a reference. The graph
is divided into four quadrants:
•
The bottom-left quadrant includes partners whose trade complementarity and export intensity
is low. This is not surprising: if the export portfolio of Country A does not match the demand
portfolio of Country B, the trade potential between these two countries is expected to be low.
•
The bottom-right quadrant includes partners with low trade complementarity but high export
intensity. This can be the reflection of factors other than trade complementarity that are important
to trade, including geographical proximity, cultural similarities, historical trading relationships,
and preferential trade agreements.
•
The top-right quadrant includes partners with which both trade complementarity and export
intensity is high. In this case, the existing trade complementarity is being exploited.
•
The top-left quadrant includes partners with high trade complementarity but low export intensity,
i.e. trade complementarity has not yet been fully exploited.
Looking across the quadrant of all subregions, we see that there is scope for exploiting interregional
trade. This is particularly evident between Asia and the Americas. From Asian subregions, partners in
the top-left quadrant are all but subregions within the Americas (Central America, South America 1 and
2). Central America appears as the market to exploit for all Asian subregions. Likewise, the Americas
have not fully exploited their trade complementarity with South-East Asia and East Asia.
As for African subregions, South-East Asia and Central America present interesting market
opportunities for these subregions.
South-South Trade: The Reality Check
11
The bottom-right quadrant shows partner subregions to which high intensity of exports is made
despite relatively low trade complementarity. In most cases, partners in this quadrant are those with
geographical proximity to the exporting subregion, representing intraregional trade. It also includes
subregions with close cultural proximity, such as trade between North Africa and West Asia, or a
traditional trading network, such as trade between South Asia and East Africa. This suggests that
geographical proximity and cultural proximity do matter in South–South trade, as logistics and cultural
factors ultimately contribute to reducing trading costs.
African subregions generally show low complementarity with most developing subregions
because their export portfolios are largely limited, with high concentration in primary commodities.
But trade between Africa and other regions, such as the Americas, can be further exploited. One notable
trading partner of the African subregion is South America 2. This subregion is the only one that appears
in the top-right quadrant, i.e. it displays high trade complementarity and high export intensity in all
African subregions, with the exception of East Africa. The major export to South America 2 from the
African subregions is fuel. In return, South America 2 also features high export intensity with African
subregions again, with the exception of East Africa. Export from South America 2 to Africa largely
consist of agricultural and foodstuffs and vehicles.
D.3
Dynamics of South–South export
To what extent does South–South trade expand in a pure sense, i.e. involving trade with new
partners and in new goods?
Trade expansion occurs following an increase in trade between existing trade partners and
“new trade” taking place with new trading partners. We now examine the physical expansion of South–
South trade, i.e. developing countries exporting to new markets, by breaking trade growth down into an
extensive and intensive margin in terms of trading partners using a methodology suggested by Fugazza
and Molina (2008). An increase in the extensive margin is associated with trade taking place with a
new partner, while an increase in the intensive margin of trade refers to an increase of trade with an
“historical” trading partner.
The analysis is based on bilateral import Table 2. Bilateral trade data of selected countries
data extracted from the UN COMTRADE data
for the period 1995 and 2005. The products
Partners
are classified at 3-digit SITC 3 level (261
Existing
New
Products
product groups).7 We selected 57 countries
whose trade data were available both in 1995
Existing
70.27%
and 2005, in order to make the comparison
17.36%
between these two years possible. Trade
New
12.37%
among the 57 selected countries accounted for
87 per cent in 1995 and for 88 per cent in 2005
of the total value of South–South trade, and consisted of 2,157 trade relationships in 1995 and 2,442
trade relationships in 2005. We assume that trade relationships between 1995 and 2005 were stable and
that trade that did not take place in 1995 had not taken place in prior years, so the number of new trade
can be overestimated to a certain extent.
7
12
We resorted to the SITC classification, as the UNCTAD SSITC was in the process of being updated during the analysis.
Issues in New Geography of International Trade
Among the 2,442 trade relationships that took place in 2005, 424, or 17 per cent, of the number
of all trade relationships can be classified as “new trade”, i.e. trade between two countries that did not
trade in 1995. In terms of trade value, “new trade” accounted for 5 per cent of the value of total trade
within the sample.
Seventy per cent of the number of bilateral trade between selected countries took place between
historical partners on historical good i.e. pure intensive margin, accounting for 91 per cent of the value
of total South–South trade. The remaining 12 per cent was trade between historical partners on a new
product, accounting for 4 per cent of the value of total South–South trade.
The countries with the largest number of trading partners in 2005 were Brazil (57), China
(57), Indonesia (57), Malaysia (57), Thailand (57), India (56), and the Republic of Korea (56). All these
countries had already traded with almost all these countries in 1995. All countries in the sample
increased the number of partners between 1995 and 2005, with the exception of Sudan and Hong Kong
China (Annex Table 7.1). The countries that increased the number of trade partners most were Qatar,
Seychelles, Jordan, Mauritius and Togo.
Products with the highest traded values in new trade relationships included high-end manufactured
goods and components, such as telecom equipments and parts, office accessories, computer equipment
and electric circuits, which suggest that regional production-sharing is one of major drivers of both
extensive and intensive margins of South–South trade (Annex Table 7.2). These are traded between or
within East Asia and South-East Asia, indicating a continuing growth in regional production-sharing.
As for the Americas, the most traded products between new trade partners, in terms of value, were
passenger cars and automobile parts. In Africa, those were pearls and other precious stones, although
this was only valid in a single trading relationship within a group of selected countries.
Products in intensive margins, i.e. those that were traded between “historical partners”, included
parts and components, petrol, and equipment for the telecoms, computer, optical and electronics sectors,
again implying an increased intensity of production-sharing schemes. Within the sample considered,
the share of parts and components in the total trade value doubled, from 8 per cent in 1995 to 16 per
cent in 2005. Other products that showed the same sustained upward trend included office, telecoms and
computer equipment.
Products with high trade values in new trade are, however, not necessarily the same as those
that are traded most frequently in new trade; for example, in 2005 the most frequently traded products
were those of light manufacturing or consumer goods, such as plastic articles, printed matters and
clothing and apparel articles, followed by manufacturing parts for electrical goods. This could perhaps
be explained by high price elasticities of these products. However, further research is needed to identify
the reasons for this.
South-South Trade: The Reality Check
13
E. CONCLUDING SUMMARY
The main findings from the “reality check” on South–South trade are the following:
1.
In the decade between 1995 and 2005, the expansion of South–South trade was greater than the
growth rate of international trade;
2.
At this stage, the bulk of South–South trade takes place within regions. However, growing trade
complementarity among developing subregions suggests new trading opportunities in interregional
trade, e.g. between Africa and the Americas;
3.
A significant amount of trade that is taking place between subregions with seemingly low trade
complementarity suggests the importance of factors that reduce overall trade costs, such as
geographical proximity, cultural similarities and historical trading linkages;
4.
Asian countries, particularly these “tigers” and “dragons” among them, dominate South–South
trade in terms of trade value. East Asia and South-East Asia have established themselves as
prominent exporters of higher value-added manufacturing goods in world trade. It appears that a
substantial proportion of market shares in manufacturing sectors in the South has shifted to East
Asian suppliers from producers of the North;
5.
Notwithstanding, South–South trade offers new trading opportunities for countries other than
those in East and South-East Asia, as demonstrated by extremely high growth in South–South
exports from Africa;
6.
Also, South–South trade seems to provide ample opportunity for production and export
diversification for subregions whose exports to the South may only represent a minute share of
total South–South trade, as shown by improvement in the comparative advantage manifested by
subregions such as South Asia and East Africa in the decade between 1995 and 2005;
7.
Dynamic expansion in South–South trade over recent years reflects not only an increase in trade
values between traditional partner countries but also the new trading patterns taking place between
countries that have never traded before. The rise of new trade relationship is one of the drivers in
the dynamics of South–South trade;
8.
Existing production-sharing schemes in developing countries have been intensifying and new
ones are being developed, as reflected by the huge share in exports of manufacturing parts and
components in new trade relationships, as well as in established relationships.
Areas for future research
This paper has sought to shed light on the dynamic expansion of South–South trade, using
simple methods for a reality check. This study also identifies a number of areas for future research,
including the need to investigate:
14
•
South–South trade expansion at more disaggregated level;
•
The possible path through which the prospect and actual growth in South–South trade can
influence production and export diversification in different developing countries;
•
The potential impact of regional or interregional preferential trade arrangements on South–South
trade;
•
The economic impact of regional production-sharing schemes in the South–South dimension;
•
The factors influencing the creation of new trade relationships, and trade in new products, such
as market conditions (changes in demand, market access and entry conditions), development of
global and regional supply chains, and changes in production/trade costs.
Issues in New Geography of International Trade
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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unpublished paper.
Feenstra R, Lipsey R, Deng H, Ma A and Mo H (2005). World Trade Flows: 1962-2000, NBER Working
Paper No. W11040.
Fugazza M and Molina AC (2008). On the patterns of the intensive and extensive trade. UNCTAD
(forthcoming).
Fugazza M and Vanzetti D (2006). A South–South Survival Strategy: The Potential for Trade among
Developing Countries, UNCTAD Policy Issues in International Trade and Commodities, Study
Series No. 33, UNCTAD/ITCD/TAB/34.
Gaulier G, Zignago S, Sondjo D, Sissoko A and Paillacar R (2007). BACI: A World Database of
International Trade Analysis at the Product-level 1989-2005 version, CEPII Working Paper
(forthcoming).
Imbs J and Wacziarg R (2003). “Stages of diversification”, American Economic Review, Vol. 93, No. 1,
pp. 63-85.
Laursen K (1998). Revealed comparative advantage and the alternatives as measures of international
specialisation, DRUID Working Paper no. 98-30, Danish Research Unit for Industrial
Dynamics.
Laursen K (2000). Trade Specialisation, Technology and Economic Growth: Theory and Evidence from
Advanced Countries, Cheltenham, UK and Lyme, US: Edward Elgar.
OECD (2006). South–South Trade in Goods, OECD Trade Policy Working Paper No. 40 (TD/TC(2006)8/
FINAL).
UN (2007). World Economic Situation and Prospects 2007. Geneva: United Nations
UNCTAD (2007a). Commission on Trade in Goods and Services, and Commodities, Eleventh session,
Agreed Recommendations, (TD/B/COM.1/L.34), 26 March, paragraph 7.
UNCTAD (2007b). World Investment Report 2007. Geneva: United Nations.
UNCTAD (2006a). World Investment Report 2006. Geneva: United Nations.
UNCTAD (2006b). Review of Maritime Transport 2006. Geneva: United Nations.
UNCTAD (2006c). Information Economy Report 2006. Geneva: United Nations
UNCTAD (2006d). Handbook of Statistics 2006. Geneva: United Nations
UNCTAD (2006e). Report of the Trade and Development Board on the third part of its twenty-third
special session, Agreed Outcome of the Mid-Term Review of UNCTAD XI, (TD/B(S-XXIII)/7
(Vol I)), 11 October 2006, paragraphs 5, 18, 40 and 46.
South-South Trade: The Reality Check
15
UNCTAD (2005). Trade and Development Report 2005, New York and Geneva: United Nations.
UNCTAD (2004a). Strengthening participation of developing countries in dynamic and new sectors of
world trade: Trends, issues and policies, (TD/396), 17 May.
UNCTAD (2004b). New Geography of International Trade: South–South Cooperation in an Increasingly
Interdependent World, (TD/404), 4 June.
UNCTAD (2004c). São Paulo Consensus of UNCTAD XI, (TD/410), 25 June 2004, paragraphs 25, 69,
92, 96 and 113.
16
Issues in New Geography of International Trade
ANNEX I – NOTE ON THE SOUTH–SOUTH TRADE INFORMATION SYSTEM (SSTIS)
Data used in this analysis are those from UNCTAD South–South Trade Information System
(SSTIS), a work in progress.
The SSTIS was conceived to deal with the missing values data, which is one of the major
problems in trade data. There are two main reasons why the data may be missing: either because there
is no trade between two countries, in which case the trade value is zero, or because the country in
consideration did not report its trade flows, in which case trade flows need to be estimated. In the UN
Comtrade database, the missing values’ issue is particularly important for developing country trade
data, and therefore its treatment is essential when carrying out any analysis. The treatment of missing
values requires first their identification and secondly their estimation. Several authors (see for instance
Feenstra et al.(2005), Gaulier et al.(2007)) have developed different methodologies to overcome this
problem and harmonize import and export data. The SSTIS deals only with the problem of missing
values and provides an alternative solution to their treatment by looking at the aggregate trade data of
each country.
The first problem with missing values is their identification. In the SSTIS, missing values are
identified by using the information contained in the pattern of trade of each country over time.8 In other
words, the SSTIS looks at the data that is available at the aggregate level for each year and identifies
the years for which the data is missing9. Once the missing values were identified, they are estimated
by means of five different methods, namely, interpolation; extrapolation; data averaging; mirror data
and data replication. The choice of the estimation method is again based on the data availability for
each country. In order to have complete coherence the estimated values are compared to a benchmark
database (UNCTAD GlobStat) and a general adjustment rate is computed for each year. The general
adjustment rate is then applied to the estimated values.
The SSTIS, once fully developed, will contain bilateral trade flows of 139 developing countries
and territories, plus 82 countries in the rest of the world, reported to the UN Comtrade statistical
database. The SSTIS will overcome the missing data problem in the UN Comtrade by systematically
applying the estimation method developed in UNCTAD/DITC/TAB; and it will cover a time series of
bilateral trade flows from 1991 onwards, with a possibility to extend the coverage into 1980s.
For the time being, the SSTIS is a work in progress, and for that reason this report employs
estimates from SSTIS only at the aggregate level and at 2-digit level of disaggregation.
The product grouping used in this study is given in Table A1 below.
The “South” in this database is defined as: countries that are the members of the Group of 77
and China plus other countries that claimed a developing country status in the framework of the World
Trade Organization (WTO) plus those developing territories that are reported to UN Comtrade. The
classification of regions and subregions used in this study is given in Table A2 below.
8
Based on the availability of the data and on the assumption that when a country declares its trade flows it declares
everything.
9
For a given year, the SSTIS assumes that if a country declares its trade flows it declares everything. This means that if for
a given year, a country reports at least one trade value, any missing value in the same year is considered as zero i.e. there
was no trade.
South-South Trade: The Reality Check
17
Table A1. Sectoral definition used in this chapter
Code Description
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Animals and animal products
Vegetable products
Fats and oils
Prepared foodstuffs, beverages, etc…
Ores and minerals, excl. fuels
Fuels
Chemicals & allied industries
Plastics and rubber
Raw hides & skins, leather, furs, etc.
Wood and wood products
Textile and textile articles
Footwear, headgear, umbrellas, etc.
Articles of stone, glass, precious stones & metals
Base metals and products
Computers, nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery & mechanical appliances
Electrical machinery & equipm., telecomm equipm.,
electronics excl. computers and parts thereof
Railway or tramway locomotives and equipment
Vehicles other than railway or tramway rolling stock
Aircraft & spacecraft, ships, boats & floating structures
Optical and precision instruments
Arms and ammunition
Miscellaneous manufact. articles
Works of art, etc
Special Usesa
a
HS Chapters
covered
01 - 05
06 - 14
15
16 - 24
25 - 26
27
28 - 38
39 - 40
41 - 43
44 - 49
50 - 63
64 - 67
68 - 71
72 - 83
84
85
86
87
88 - 89
90 - 92
93
94 - 96
97
98-99
This category takes into account miscellaneous goods or goods that reporter countries were not able to classify in any other
category. Because of its composition, this category is mainly informative.
18
Issues in New Geography of International Trade
Table A2. Definition of region/sub-region used in this chapter
Country
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
Central African Republic
Chad
Congo, Democratic Republic
Congo, Republic of
Equatorial Guinea
Gabon
Sao Tome and Principe
Burundi
Djibouti
Eritrea
Ethiopia (excludes Eritrea)
Kenya
Malawi
Rwanda
Somalia
Tanzania (United Republic of)
Uganda
Zambia
Algeria
Egypt
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Morocco
Sudan
Tunisia
Angola
Botswana
Comoros
Lesotho
Madagascar
Mauritius
Mozambique
Namibia
Seychelles
South Africa
Swaziland
Zimbabwe
Benin
Burkina Faso
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Cote d’Ivoire
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Liberia
Type
Region
Subregion
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Central Africa
Central Africa
Central Africa
Central Africa
Central Africa
Central Africa
Central Africa
Eastern Africa
Eastern Africa
Eastern Africa
Eastern Africa
Eastern Africa
Eastern Africa
Eastern Africa
Eastern Africa
Eastern Africa
Eastern Africa
Eastern Africa
North Africa
North Africa
North Africa
North Africa
North Africa
North Africa
Southern Africa
Southern Africa
Southern Africa
Southern Africa
Southern Africa
Southern Africa
Southern Africa
Southern Africa
Southern Africa
Southern Africa
Southern Africa
Southern Africa
Western Africa
Western Africa
Western Africa
Western Africa
Western Africa
Western Africa
Western Africa
Western Africa
Western Africa
Western Africa
.../...
South-South Trade: The Reality Check
19
Table A2. (continued)
Country
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
Mali
Mauritania
Niger
Nigeria
Senegal
Sierra Leone
Togo
Antigua and Barbuda
Aruba
Bahamas
Barbados
Bermuda
Cuba
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Grenada
Haiti
Jamaica
Montserrat
St. Kitts and Nevis
St. Lucia
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
Trinidad and Tobago
Belize
Costa Rica
El Salvador
Guatemala
Honduras
Mexico
Nicaragua
Panama
Bolivia
Colombia
Ecuador
Guyana
Peru
Suriname
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)
Argentina
Brazil
Chile
Paraguay
Uruguay
China
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Democratic People’s Republic
Korea, Republic of
Type
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Region
Subregion
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Americas
Americas
Americas
Americas
Americas
Americas
Americas
Americas
Americas
Americas
Americas
Americas
Americas
Americas
Americas
Americas
Americas
Americas
Americas
Americas
Americas
Americas
Americas
Americas
Americas
Americas
Americas
Americas
Americas
Americas
Americas
Americas
Americas
Americas
Americas
Americas
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
Western Africa
Western Africa
Western Africa
Western Africa
Western Africa
Western Africa
Western Africa
Caribbean
Caribbean
Caribbean
Caribbean
Caribbean
Caribbean
Caribbean
Caribbean
Caribbean
Caribbean
Caribbean
Caribbean
Caribbean
Caribbean
Caribbean
Caribbean
Central America
Central America
Central America
Central America
Central America
Central America
Central America
Central America
South America 1
South America 1
South America 1
South America 1
South America 1
South America 1
South America 1
South America 2
South America 2
South America 2
South America 2
South America 2
Eastern Asia
Eastern Asia
Eastern Asia
Eastern Asia
.../...
20
Issues in New Geography of International Trade
Table A2. (continued)
Country
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
Macao, China
Mongolia
Taiwan Province of China
Cook Islands
Fiji
Kiribati
Nauru
New Caledonia
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Iran (Islamic Republic of)
Maldives
Nepal
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao People’s Democratic Republic
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Timor-Leste
Viet Nam
Bahrain
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Syrian Arab Republic
Turkey
United Arab Emirates
Yemen
Type
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Region
Subregion
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
Eastern Asia
Eastern Asia
Eastern Asia
Pacific
Pacific
Pacific
Pacific
Pacific
Pacific
Pacific
Pacific
Pacific
Pacific
Pacific
South Asia
South Asia
South Asia
South Asia
South Asia
South Asia
South Asia
South Asia
South Asia
Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia
Western Asia
Western Asia
Western Asia
Western Asia
Western Asia
Western Asia
Western Asia
Western Asia
Western Asia
Western Asia
Western Asia
Western Asia
* S = South (developing economies and territories)
South-South Trade: The Reality Check
21
ANNEX II – NOTE ON THE CALCULATION OF INDICES
1.
Index of Normalized Revealed Comparative Advantage
Normalized Revealed Comparative Advantage (NRCA)
Where
⎛ xij ⎞
⎜ X ⎟ −1
i⎠
NRCAij = ⎝
⎛ x sj
⎞
⎜ X ⎟ +1
s⎠
⎝
χ ij = country i’s exports of product j
χ sj = South–South exports of product j
Χi = country’s total exports
Χs = South–South total exports
•
The index of Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) measures a pattern of exports specialization
relative to a “reference group”. What it measures is a “revealed” comparative advantage in the
sense that a high sectoral share relative to that of the reference group infers that a country enjoys
a comparative advantage in that sector.
•
The value of the index of Revealed Comparative Advantage ranges between zero and infinity,
with the critical value at 1. One problem with the Index is that the values are not comparable on
both sides of the unity. The RCA value of sectors with weak comparative advantage (i.e. RCA <
1) ranges between zero and 1, while sectors with strong comparative advantage range between
1 and infinity (Laursen, 1998). Also, the spread of RCA values across sectors in each subregion
cannot be directly compared. In order to evade these problems of asymmetry and make the RCA
index comparable across different subregions, the study uses the “normalized” measure of RCA
as suggested by Laursen (Laursen, 2000).
2.
Trade complementary Index (Michaely, 1996)
Trade Complementarity Index
⎡
n ⎛ m − x
ik
ij
TCI kj = 100 * ⎢1 − ∑ ⎜
⎜
2
⎢⎣ i =1 ⎝
⎞⎤
⎟⎥
⎟⎥
⎠⎦
Where:
χ ij = the share of good i in global exports of country j
(i.e. exports of good i from country j to the world)
mik = the share of good i in all imports of country k (i.e.
imports of good i from the world to country k)
•
The Trade Complementarity Index (TCI) is a measure of potential trade between two partners by
comparing the export portfolio of country i to the import portfolio of country j.
•
The index is zero when no goods are exported by one country or imported by the other and 100
when the export and import shares exactly match.
•
Intuitively, the index indicates whether there is a match between the demand by one country
and the supply by the other. In the index logic, trade complementarity between two partners
is considered to be high, when the products imported by country k are the same than the ones
exported by country j. However, the TCI has an inherent size bias, i.e. a subregion whose export
portfolio is limited (or smaller than other subregions) will end up with having a low TCI value.
South-South Trade: The Reality Check
23
3.
Export Intensity Index
Normalized Export Intensity Index
⎛ xij ⎞
⎜ X ⎟ −1
i⎠
TII ij = ⎝
⎛ x wj
⎞
⎟ +1
⎜
X
w⎠
⎝
24
Where:
χ ij = exports from country i to country j
χ wj = exports from the World to country j
Χi = country i total exports
Χw = World total exports
•
The Export Intensity Index (EII) compares the share of exports from country i to country j in i’s
total exports to the share of world exports to j. The index is used to examine whether the value
of trade between two countries is greater or smaller than would be expected on the basis of their
importance in world trade.
•
The EII values range from 0 to infinity, the reference point being 1. An index greater (lower)
than one indicates a bilateral trade flow that is larger (smaller) than expected, given the partner
country’s importance in world trade. Once normalized, the critical value is zero, and the index
values range between minus 1 to 1.
•
If the EII is greater than 1, country j share in i’ exports is larger than country j share in world
exports, implying that j as a market accounts for more in i’s export portfolio than in the world’
portfolio (i.e. i’ exports being relatively more concentrated in j ).
Issues in New Geography of International Trade
ANNEX III – FIGURES
1. Product groups with comparative advantage in 2005
Central Africa
.8
.6
.4
0
.2
.6
.4
.2
0
Normalized RCA>0 in 2005
.8
Normalized RCA>0 in 2005
1
1
Caribbean
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
0
2000
Product code (HS-4digit)
NRCA>0 in 2005 given NRCA<0 in 1995
NRCA>0 in 2005 given NRCA>0 in 1995
NRCA>0 in 2005 given NRCA<0 in 1995
Western Africa
6000
8000
10000
NRCA>0 in 2005 given NRCA>0 in 1995
.8
.6
.4
.2
0
.2
.4
.6
.8
Normalized RCA>0 in 2005
1
1
Eastern Africa
0
Normalized RCA>0 in 2005
4000
Product code (HS-4digit)
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
0
10000
2000
Product code (HS-4digit)
NRCA>0 in 2005 given NRCA<0 in 1995
4000
6000
8000
10000
Product code (HS-4digit)
NRCA>0 in 2005 given NRCA>0 in 1995
NRCA>0 in 2005 given NRCA<0 in 1995
NRCA>0 in 2005 given NRCA>0 in 1995
North Africa
.8
.6
.4
Normalized RCA>0 in 2005
0
.2
.8
.6
.4
.2
0
Normalized RCA>0 in 2005
1
1
Pacific
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
Product code (HS-4digit)
NRCA>0 in 2005 given NRCA<0 in 1995
NRCA>0 in 2005 given NRCA>0 in 1995
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
Product code (HS-4digit)
NRCA>0 in 2005 given NRCA<0 in 1995
NRCA>0 in 2005 given NRCA>0 in 1995
.../...
South-South Trade: The Reality Check
25
1. Product groups with comparative advantage in 2005 (continued)
South America 2
.6
.4
0
.2
Normalized RCA>0 in 2005
.6
.4
.2
0
Normalized RCA>0 in 2005
.8
.8
Western Asia
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
0
10000
2000
Product code (HS-4digit)
NRCA>0 in 2005 given NRCA<0 in 1995
NRCA>0 in 2005 given NRCA<0 in 1995
NRCA>0 in 2005 given NRCA>0 in 1995
Southern Africa
6000
8000
10000
NRCA>0 in 2005 given NRCA>0 in 1995
1
.8
.6
.4
.2
0
.2
.4
.6
Normalized RCA>0 in 2005
.8
1
South Asia
0
Normalized RCA>0 in 2005
4000
Product code (HS-4digit)
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
0
10000
2000
Product code (HS-4digit)
NRCA>0 in 2005 given NRCA<0 in 1995
4000
6000
8000
10000
Product code (HS-4digit)
NRCA>0 in 2005 given NRCA<0 in 1995
NRCA>0 in 2005 given NRCA>0 in 1995
NRCA>0 in 2005 given NRCA>0 in 1995
Southeast Asia
.4
0
.2
Normalized RCA>0 in 2005
.8
.6
.4
.2
0
Normalized RCA>0 in 2005
.6
1
Central America
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
0
2000
Product code (HS-4digit)
NRCA>0 in 2005 given NRCA<0 in 1995
NRCA>0 in 2005 given NRCA>0 in 1995
NRCA>0 in 2005 given NRCA<0 in 1995
South America 1
8000
10000
NRCA>0 in 2005 given NRCA>0 in 1995
.4
.3
.2
0
.1
Normalized RCA>0 in 2005
1
.8
.6
.4
.2
Normalized RCA>0 in 2005
6000
Eastern Asia
0
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
Product code (HS-4digit)
NRCA>0 in 2005 given NRCA<0 in 1995
26
4000
Product code (HS-4digit)
NRCA>0 in 2005 given NRCA>0 in 1995
Issues in New Geography of International Trade
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
Product code (HS-4digit)
NRCA>0 in 2005 given NRCA<0 in 1995
NRCA>0 in 2005 given NRCA>0 in 1995
2. Change in comparative advantage between 1995 and 2005
2.1.
Africa
North Africa
4408
1301
2302
2620
0
7316
8107
79062401
-.5
2513
2512
8425106
5601
44139705
2711
2523
3823
2615
305
3602
8412
2402
8901
3507
9406
8427
2511
2804
8001 7304
303
5705
8407
2710
8907
4102
902
7403
7615
2203
7610
7311
8207
2525
9016 3209
9026
7215
9703
7301
1521
9027
7102
2942
3913
8428
2811
6306
7309
102 9015
2844
8431
8705
511
8205
1209
8716
4001
9010
8704
2520
7404
2508
1513
1101
901
8408
6309
9030
7307
6211
9706
7326
8413
1207
8426
9031
4418
4009
8429
8609
8438
2839
6304
2204
3407
8478
7308
5609
1103 9604
6813
3912
6506
4809
2501
3003
3606
8502
1208
8481
2713
8468
7212
8417
7116
3208
7001
2504
3304
3603
4016
8474
4412
2827
3306
4012
4901
8802
7313
7216
904
4911
7312
3104
7302
1704
7305
9101
3811
8458
8703
4819
4420
3925
1516
301
402
3006
3917
7612
8203
2519
2922
8904
6810
6112
8515
3819
203
7310
8112
2904
4707
6910
1801
8414
8467
6305
8702
8484
4101
3906
2714
3205
5408
7607
8311
1602
2830
3922
3305
8424
8701
6310
6307
7223
7315
7508
7609
8480
3505
4820
9011
7002
3401
801
6116
6811
8461
8537
5607
813
9701
8903
1302
1901
2937
6908
8508
8711
2009
3403
4011
6405
6203
7306
8007
2505
1511
9403
1605
2526
2621
7012
7320
8206
8310
2903
2208
7317
8483
9401
8485
8526 8101
306
2201
2205
2828
2925
4205
4409
5516
6401
6505
7020
8215
9020
808
2106
4421
7314
9017
8418
8462
8307
4107
8214
9019
5515
3926
9603
3909
8423
3808
8506
8204
602
712
2206
2516
2917
4910
8905
9007
9004
9102
8529
7606
8501
4013
3302
7228
3004
8544
8803
3402
5911
8538
7104
302
1518
2506
3214
3802
4503
5608
5701
6115
7007
7411
7419
8213
8209
8437
8472
9303
6208
8503
7117
8302
6805
3923
8516
8460
8482
7214
7013
6403
8415
94049405
9402
88707
97318
712
6103
018
8410
6815
2530
2806
105
809
2008
2814
2821
3706
3817
3822
4010
4017
4813
5503
6106
7324
8202
8301
8432
8452
8459
8463
8548
9105
9033
9602
4802
8532
3703
8539
7208
7616
8525
8450
2815
8479
8511
7210
84658466
8477
4810
2002
703
907
803
7323
4823
6911
6210
8416
403
714
806
1507
1404
2801
2823
2905
2918
3105
3215
3919
4414
4817
4816
4902
4908
5212
5704
7009
7018
7113
7322
7415
7614
8504
8513
8512
8535
8545
90219022
9206
9608
2915
8471
3920
8451
9503
1005
8507
3102
805
4602
8409
406
7413
8708
8536
1006
6109
7321
4014
7907
8528
6204
9504
8517
6804
9009
3814
6205
5209
547602
8303
208
6402
6209
4415
9032
9505
3924
7108
2517
1512
101
202
201
206
205
210
209
401
307
404
506
505
504
503
502
501
410
409
408
407
508
510
701
604
707
706
705
704
709
803
807
812
811
810
814
903
909
908
907
906
905
1004
1003
1002
1001
1008
1102
1201
1109
1108
1107
1106
1105
1204
1203
1210
1214
1213
1510
1509
1508
1506
1505
1504
1503
1502
1501
1403
1402
1401
1515
1514
1517
1520
1601
1522
1603
1806
1805
1804
1803
1802
1703
1702
2001
1905
1904
1903
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2101
21042105
2207
2301
2209
2303
2305
2308
2307
2503
2502
2507
2510
2509
2515
2514
2518
2522
2521
2524
2529
2528
2527
2601
2604
2606
2608
2610
2614
2613
2612
2616
2619
2618
2708
2707
2706
2705
2704
2703
2702
2701
2712
2715
2802
2805
2810
2809
2808
2813
2812
2819
2818
2826
2825
2824
2834
2833
2832
2831
2829
2838
2837
2842
2841
2840
2848
2847
2846
2845
2850
2902
2914
2913
2912
2911
2910
2909
2908
2907
2906
2920
2919
2916
2938
2936
2935
2934
2933
2932
2931
2930
2929
2928
2927
2926
2924
2923
2941
2940
3002
3001
3005
3101
3103
3207
3206
3204
3203
3202
3201
3301
3213
3212
3211
3307
3406
3405
3404
3504
3503
3502
3501
3601
3605
3604
3702
3806
3805
3804
3803
3801
3707
3705
3704
3810
3812
3818
3816
3821
3820
3903
3902
3905
3908
3907
3911
3910
3915
3914
3918
4008
4007
4006
4005
4004
4003
4015
4201
4111
4110
4109
4108
4106
4105
4104
4304
4303
4302
4301
4206
4204
4402
4405
4411
4417
4416
4419
4601
4504
4502
4501
4702
4701
4706
4705
4704
4801
4806
4805
4804
4808
4815
4814
4812
4822
4906
4905
4904
4903
4909
5006
5005
5004
5003
5002
5001
5113
5112
5111
5110
5109
5108
5107
5106
5105
5104
5103
5102
5101
5207
5206
5205
5204
5203
5202
5406
5405
5404
5403
5402
5401
5311
5310
5309
5308
5307
5306
5305
5304
5303
5302
5301
5211
5210
5511
5510
5509
5508
5507
5506
5505
5504
5502
5501
5606
5605
5604
5603
5602
5702
5804
5803
5802
5801
5910
5909
5908
5907
5906
5905
5904
5903
5902
5901
5811
5810
5809
5808
5807
5806
6002
6001
6102
6108
6110
6201
6117
6212
6217
6216
6215
6214
6308
6504
6503
6502
6501
6507
6703
6702
6701
6603
6602
6801
6803
6809
6808
6807
6806
6814
6909
6907
6906
6905
6904
6903
6902
6901
6914
7008
7006
7005
7004
7003
7011
7017
7016
70147015
7107
7106
7115
7114
7112
7111
7110
7109
7201
7118
7203
7207
7206
7205
7209
7211
7213
7219
7218
7217
7221
7227
7226
7225
7224
7229
7319
7325
7406
7405
7412
7410
7601
7507
7506
7505
7504
7503
7502
7501
7418
7417
7416
7414
7605
7604
7603
7613
7806
7805
7804
7803
7802
7902
7904
8006
8005
8004
8003
8002
8104
8103
8102
8106
8113
8111
8110
8109
8108
8212
8211
8210
8208
8306
8305
8304
8309
8308
8406
8405
8404
8403
8402
8411
8420
8419
8436
8435
8434
8442
84408441
8439
8447
8446
8445
8444
8449
8455
8454
8457
8464
8470
8469
8473
8476
8475
8505
8510
8518
8520
8522
8531
8530
8534
8542
8541
8540
8546
8608
8607
8606
8605
8604
8603
8602
8601
8706
8710
8709
8715
8801
8805
8804
8902
8906
9008
9006
9005
9003
9002
9001
8908
9013
9012
9024
9023
9029
9028
9104
9103
9114
9113
9112
9111
9110
9109
9108
9107
9305
9304
9302
9301
9209
9208
9207
9205
9204
9203
9202
9307
9502
9501
9601
9508
9611
9610
9609
9607
9606
9605
9618
9617
9616
9615
9614
9613
9702
9704
3904
4818
6206
8519
8524
9506
5407
5512
5514
5703
8509
2835
3701
8443
8456
8521
8527
103
5007
6913
7101
8514
8533
8714
9612
207
304
2304
4202
5513
630163026303
603
3901
3921
6104
7202
7222
7409
713
4401
8523
7019
6207
7801
804
2202
2817
4002
6107
507
2807
6406
3506
8201
8433
104
6404
2921
7408
711
802
4803
8422
1104
8448
405
6704
208
8547
3210
6101
3303
4821
3809
3815
6202
6601
2309
9025
4203
7303
2901
3916
128421
601
2103
1206
6912
604
204
6802
1902
4807
8543
702
708
7220
2607
1519
2851
6213
6105
6111
710
9507
4404
3807
1205
8453
4410
6812
8430
3813
2306
7608
6114
1007
2849
7407
9106
8713
2102
7905
4103
5805
4811
8401
9201
910
70107103
470312021212 7901 6113
2843
2617
27162820 9014
7105
2816
509
-1
-.5
0
.5
1
.5
0
7402
-.5
7204
1211
2709
5201
9306
Normalized RCA Index 2005
7401
4407
5301
2809
3103
2510
2714
25153105 1207
2826
1703
4501
406
104
1515
2835
2511
2711
5505
2001 3819 106
710
1604
403
1212
204
2523
2520804
2814
5201
1213
2506 7802
2834
2004
2806
1301
701
7204
1902
3404
811
601
2710 76051509
8105
4818
6908
1101
1510 8434
2508
6213
2002
101
1102
7902
4108
805
4803 3209 6211 1006
4504
7214 2505
3602
3803
7215
2206
2529 711 6910
1404
89027217
25261806 7602
7310
2707
7203
2808
3402
2715
1517
2102
9614
7404
3102
2712
7206
27096813
2101
407
5604
3306
4402
2815
1004
4102
2501
8208
2005
703
8425 2009 61122202 9028
6802
2901
7208
709
909
7326
2838
1209
708
6906
1704
12023005
1214
3922
7615
5514
9405
1052704
4105
9015
401
7016
8436
1905
7013 3905 702 4819
1210
1103
4410
1211
7308
2309 3401 2306602
5705
6309
1203
3210
7301
1302 4503
7608
7801
2007
4703
3303
301
9705
8702
3004
4011
7324
2703
8430
7603
790163022507
7316
2104
8701
812
1007
302 2805
705
7210 3207
5408
814
2105
7216
4820 8716 807
8403
2836
713
7320
39016914 3212
8113
3213
6306
1702
3603
3002
7010
6214
2204
810
3405
6207
904
2702
7124101
510133059403 3904
307
9026
1516
4707 508 4109
2517 3304 73062403
3917
3032522
2807 2839
6805
7207
2610
409
8306
803
603
1104
2301
4107
5704
8457
6905
7604
7201
4004
73094809
2106
7209 8907
7223
9406 809 7317
8206
1701
6911
7221
5507 9601
2833
3820
7219
3506
2207
3003
6904
8311
8421
4807
2811
3507
6107 902 4823
4003
1206
7229404
7007
7311 7303
4808
2708
2008 7302
3208
8307
9605
6307
2602
3006
6801
3501
5607
5205
8214
8544
1402
5701
7413
2509
3915
1008
7610
7020
3823
2919
5703
6203
8903
2832
7212
5404
4901
8446
6804
3214
3912
8418
7614
8440
6912
4414
6901
2607
1512
49026902 2801
8474
3926
1105
6210 7213
8450
9007
2617
8445
8512
5204
4103
4415
6305
504
7314
3804
7017
3101
7323
714
5304
2804
4905
3909
7612
8506
2824
6810
4111
7803
8472
2620
6505
5305
2851
6403
4804
8429
6310
5102
3921
9404
4201
4810
9020
7002
4106
7415
2938 2828
8207
1108
3817
700358084421
3307
8441
4417
4802
2302
1521
4411
2512
806
2209
3923
6807
9604
6913
6811
4805
8485
7321
5601 6405
3814
3918
1904
4409
6803
506
8524
3913
9018
5206
2705
2525
2103
7325
8442
8417
9402
6301
3812
2845
2006
8509
5806
3203
8424
4801
4408
8302
8507
4910
201
3406
8547
2606
2840
3916
604
8438
6304
3403
8211
3822
910
3301
2713 4104
7606
5406
808
7616
8210
7601
4911
4418
6204
8003
40084009
7202
3211 4817
5515
6216
8310
2844
7313
3906
1520
9603
8539
3701
6809
7304
4016
8528
3902
5516
6406
7305
8426
4601
6808
5307
3505
7411
707
8414
5608 74198484
9023
8537
9609
9701
5211
2829
8419
7607
2516
3302
7015
8431
4205
8415
402
5605
7218
5306
6114
7312
2303
7417
8428
9024
6208
3920
7418
6209
7307
405
813
7008
8502
2304
7222
6109
9505
1601
2003
7001
7108
8427
9602
8511
8530
8422
905
9021
5109
7409
5509
304
9202
8704
2922
1511
3809
8462
8479
2827
5209
5107
7318
6815
7009
4401
1602
305
1805
8705
6303
4413
6401
8475
210
3201
8420
4203
2305
2935
8416
102
3605
3206
2928
7006
8205
8301
8409
2521
8444
5807
8202
908
4811
4706
1507
7407
7004 802
5405
5702
7012
5508
1005
2905
1901
4204
8536
8215
830328038432
2502
2821
9612
3925
4602
9010
9401
306
8423
8309
1802
3706
2201
8709
7315
8708
9206
3808
8437
6205
5006
6111
8212
5801
8408
2701
6116
8401
8461
1513
8546
8455
8707
8305
1518
1106
8402
2917
6113
2915
8714
8452
9017
15085203
2920
4404
3907
8538
8529
8501
7319
2608
8517
8703
5401
208
6206
8201
6907
6308
8407
6504
9208
4010
3215
7228
2402
7211
4502
1803
8464
8465
8504
8413
7225
3813
8433
2936
9016
9501
8480
8483
4420
8609
511
1804
9610
8525
9027
8466
9607
6903
8447
706
7403
8526
4419
4906
3924
8481
2802
8901
6212
4001
2825
4821
5907
8412
6115
8470
2830
5202
801
3908
3910
4812
6701
8448
5802
9025
8476
3204
3810
6201
7114
3801
8443
8514
6117
3919
8602
5606
4005
7907
5602
6602
7904
8463
4110
3202
8308
8213
2530
4412
4202
8535
3816
206
5212
76092942
7804
3104
5512
9606
9618
4816
2504
1504
3911
9204
9019
8468
8477
8451
8203
2524
7113
2912
2513
8516
9031
7019
5911
9615
6101
3805
9006
4015
8453
704
8543
6103
207
5909
5111
1519
5910
9107
4301
4002
7011
7322
2816
4822
7014
6002
507
8204
2933
4012
5105
9032
9608
1003
5809
9102
4407
9009
8482
8712
4806
7005
5510
7613
901
8460
2918
2847
8523
2203
5208
2849
906
3903
4403
9703
8508
8515
2923
9503
7117
9030
5407
8467
2208
5402
5110
2503
5303
7508
2934
3707
7412
8706
6102
2846
5311
8007
2921
2817
2941
7018
2818
9001
2842
7505
8548
6806
7806
8513
6402
6202
3703
9611
6110
4814
3606
5811
6503
8112
2909
8471
6215
5903
8104
8459
8456
2819
6108
8531
6506
9004
9617
1401
9106
4013
2308
2604
2932
7205
8304
4908
2401
7115
6601
8503
3811
8532
7408
8520
8405
9029
6105
9011
6217
5804
9022
9014
3821
4907
8541
5603
9506
8458
5513
2823
7903
1001
6001
5511
3702
5908
2518
2926
2924
4006
7220
8449
9113
5308
2929
2916
9504
8711
5503
9209
6702
2841
6106
8545
8469
9207
6104
8410
3503
3807
408
2528
2937
3802
4014
5007
5310
5501
7406
8542
8905
9008
9205
8473
8518
5309
8505
2903
9613
7106
4903
8713
5609
5210
8607
3407
9507
5112
9103
103
203
205
209
501
410
503
903
1002
1201
1109
1501
1505
1503
1514
1522
1603
1605
1801
1903
2307
2514
2527
2603
2609
2614
2613
2612
2611
2616
2619
2618
2621
2813
2812
2820
2822
2831
2837
2843
2848
2850
2908
2911
2910
2914
2913
2927
2925
2930
2940
2939
3001
3502
3504
3601
3604
3704
3818
3914
4304
4406
4405
4416
4702
4705
4704
4813
4815
4904
5003
5002
5001
5005
5104
5108
5113
5302
5502
5906
5905
5904
6502
6501
6507
6603
6704
6703
6814
7105
7104
7103
7102
7101
7107
7112
7111
7110
7109
7116
7118
7224
7227
7226
7402
7401
7405
7410
7414
7416
7501
7504
7503
7507
7506
7611
7805
7906
7905
8002
8001
8103
8102
8101
8006
8005
8004
8110
8109
8108
8107
8106
8404
8406
8411
8454
8605
8604
8603
8601
8608
8710
8805
8804
8803
8802
8801
8906
8904
8908
9005
9012
9104
9110
9109
9114
9112
9203
9301
9303
93069307
9305
9508
9704
9706
1107
2907
2906
5902
8519
8522
8534
8533
505
9013
9108
9502
3806
8478
90029003
7502
8540
4007
9111
8439
8715
9201
907
1502
5004
8521
3815
510
4303
8527
6909
4909
5106
2615
5805
5504
2931
9304
6812
5506
8111
4302
2519
2904
9
2601
8435
202
9101
5901
3205
9702
105
302
9033
2810
8510
1205
4701
5803
1208
5403
2902
1403
3705
502
9616
6404
5207
420640171204
8209
5103 5810
2716
1506
2205
2605
8606
509
2706
-1
.5
2605
2609
4403
2602
8105
7611
2836
1701
-1
Normalized RCA Index 2005
1
Central Africa
4406
2403
7903
2939
2611
2603
2822
1
-1
-.5
-.5
0
.5
1
Normalized RCA Index 1995
1
1
.5
0
Normalized RCA Index 2005
-.5
-1
1
.5
0
-.5
Normalized RCA Index 2005
-1
.5
Southern Africa
Eastern Africa
205
1404
5203
2618
2530
1109
5304
902
2616
4402
8105
4102
1008
4103
1207
2615
2609 102
901
604
4701
2401
104
1204
708
2529
907
304
1210
7103
1102
1301
4101
2501
1208
204
1104
6033401
511
106
7613
5302
4105
713
3405
508602
5904
1506
7108
210 401
2522
2302
5511 1704 9705 6401
2617
9604
506
26116305
4904
509
70105201
2605
2509
7403
7902
801
1517
7317
7408
3602 1521 1007
1107
3922101 5001
7802
7615
3925
2714
9610 9703
208
4106
6301
6304
9702
2705
2506
2203
91056084804 4816
8046309
2512
2307
8309 6306
8201
1103
5507
1005
7402
7012
21024404
4820 1601
2526
2306
2839
2523
7210
4906
7803 909 24023001
802
6904
5805
17013819
4406
2205
7204
3803
5607
48192101 3003
2715
7805
904
96083923
6810
4420
7103051101
4808
1702
7401
9701
4907
2106 3306
6105
4905
1202
4407
1806
3201
5101
303
8716
9404
4202
306
701
707 4704
7215
8460
28078438 36051003
3404 105
12141209
76063924
3202
1516
7001
9406
705
3913
4405
15203505
7324 2207
307 709
1302
4410
702
64053603
8410 5604
8304
2716
3304
62142104
1108 4910
2712
9020
3004
409
1905
9017
405
2828
3005
7313
2811
2710
42031801
4817 7314
6402
7306 3209
3407
1501
5301
6208 1511
4803
3820
7212
67043305 5202
1401
4413
7229
1512
7309
6813
5908
3502
510
7301
7602
2208
1403
7209
905
2603
8601
4806 3102
4801
8474
3402
407
7310
3406 1703 1206
73238705
2834
1212 9023
7414
96058710
2201
2009
1213
8210
2502
4901 7216
2806
2904
7206
203
2206
805
1211
7007
4707
3208
854428156905
9609302
80044805
5109 3703
4412
507
7112
1510
620976047611
706 2804
7303
62054415
8459
7405
9301
8401
1901
8101
6203 8432
3002 711
3808
9007
3822
3917 7612 8006
4012
2105 3210
3213
1515
4503
2832
7218
2403
8506
2007 7214
5802 6106
6811
7610
8712
4821
807 5204
703
803
9617
4014
8604
7404
2840
4902
7003
9508
2520
9084013 4011
7311
4403
6109
2619
2923
4107
7005
2008
7308
2824
7013
3918
6506
7413
6403
4501
7320
7217
4813
9403
2802
8702
722248022801
8709
2521
6202
6404
5516
9402
5205
4110
7419
2836
2845
1105 7903 4006704
3006
8440
2528
7507
2303
8905
403
8403
8535
2202
8704
8478
1904 21038429
5303
6406
5310
4104
8472
2503
8517
8203
42068427
1604
94053814
3203
3919
7325
2939
7302
5210
201
2827
5514 4409
3307
1507
7111
6103
1508
4204
4408
8462
8125513 2204
6303
6201
903
2823
8437
3921
7305
8537
5206
4421
7603
5015308
9507
8508
7315
8413
6703
5907
2833
408
8110
1006
9018
4418
7208
6504
3905
6804
8701
2507
809
3501
2813
3215
4008
4911
5503
7017
9603 32117227
4823
4706
2936
6115
6911
8453
7304
5910
9618
8103
3920
4401
3301
7415
402
8502
1402
7002
8476
2001
6207
301
2525
4005
8703
8206
4411
2816
6503
4201
6801
5509
3904
2209
4010
7211
8430
1205
4810
7605
25178310
7906
7312
7804
7801
9015
7307
2846
5702
8405
2005
5809
5601
206
8602
3104
2510
9010
5212
2821
8465
2808
8205
7213
6211
8433
3214
8109
8477
8802
9106
8301
8423
9021
6001
6814
5305
5905
2309
3702
8311
8412
6114
714
2911
4811
8714
7105
8424
6310
7321
810
7608
5401
4818
8422
1106
3907
4001
1502
8455
3701
4602
3212
8426
1201
8447
8711
7004
3204
2829
5209
8303
8146302
6308
2524
8212
6117
6601
5111
8707
8425
8416 6812
7228
4705
4417
6505
3809
1004
5808
4601
4009
7616
8207
9303
2830
6808
1001
7016
1805
4015
7326
2513
8436
8441
6104
6101
8803
4301
6206
5705
2805
406
7409
8407
2929
601
4414
1513
2925
4908
9505
6217
2713
5306
9506
7907
3303
8903
4909
7614
6805
3811
3705
7318
8464
2504
1203
8428
3302
4809
2822
7201
8202
5515
5701
2301
8408
8431
6815 3915
6108
7904
410
6910
906
8548
8419
6113
7316
3926
9601
3707
8531
2835
8104
3206
7019
5512
3105
7220
207
6102
8204
4016
6909
8418
1509
8513
2906
502
9016
4205
3823
2918
8306
9401
8504 8421 56023606
2606
5208
6802
8468
8446
9611
5804
8483
8302
2620
5105
7202
8404
8215
2848
8907
6603
5211
5508
2704
9613
6502
6809
2707
811
9208
9031
1522
2304
8420
7219
8607
6307
8501
1902
6806
8481
202
8538
1519
2838
8713
8511
8902
8402
2851
2602
9026
5501
2701
5408
5901
712
2921
6107
8530
5806
7319
7607
9201
7114
8213
8466
8515
9025
8547
8208 5911
2812
8516
8445
3812
2927
7223
2847
3901
2002
2849
9616
8545
6110
8414
8435
3507
7006
8448
3911
2909
3103
8443
2711
3909
2621
8007
6913
3816
3806
8480
8507
3506
5505
1602
9202
2914
3604
8479
6901
8001
8475
8609
2931
5311
5504
8467
9602
5207
70091518
5506
9011
8528
7101
5801
4109
9014
6912
3403
2820
8524
6111
2842
4504
2508
7117
9028
6204
8305
8708
8442
3912
9002
6116
8415
6210
2915
2910
7018
5807
2519
9606
8527
8308
8525
8536
3902
3802
3805
9105
6002
2941
7601
4302
9027
3815
6908
8546
2308
5609
2928
7226
8452
6907
7102
8461
9103
4419
9614
8102
813
806
7411
7104
9302
4304
9029
9006
8509
6807
5903
8214
4017
9024
9501
9612
6902
8211
2826
7407
7418
2916
9304
5404
2516
9001
6702
9009
8485
9206
7115
2841
8526
2511
3804
3813
2907
8463
4814
8539
5704
5606
2850
2933
9207
3910
8470
3207
8451
9008
8482
3807
8112
8608
8450
9503
5703
4003
7609
3916
2607
2919
9101
8519
3810
2825
504
5502
7225
7116
9032
8484
6112
9022
7406
7221
7417
9030
9504
9005
6914
2817
7322
2908
808
8503
8512
2903
8439
3906
2942
8417
5309
5407
8406
5810
9004
5402
8505
2905
2814
8521
8514
7224
48123101
2837
4002
7113
9102
8543
8471
2922
6215
8209
2305
8520
7508
5403
7207
2809
505
7014
3801
8409
2924
9615
8411
8805
4416
9204
3903
9607
8307
2917
404
2004
5406
2932
3503
5902
7106
9305
8533
8518
2505
8458
7015
8529
6212
2803
5510
7020
7110
2706
8456
5906
2515
5307 8706
2604
5106
6903
9502
2902
8542
8473
2006
8523
7901
1505
1903
2844
3817
4303
6216
6906
7506
5007
8901
8454
4007
8541
4004
8534
2920
2926
3706
7806
2940
4807
209
503
1002
1503
1603
1605
1802
1804
2514
2518
2527
2608
2610
2614
2613
2612
2703
2810
2913
2937
3504
3818
3821
4502
5006
5005
5004
5003
5002
5103
5102
5108
5107
5110
5113
5405
6501
6507
6602
6803
7107
7118
7205
7410
7412
7416
7502
7505
7504
8003
8002
8005
8108
8107
8106
8111
8449
8510
8603
8605
8715
8804
8904
8908
9012
9019
9104
9108
9107
9114
9113
9112
9111
9110
9203
9307
9704
2601
8906
9013
2818
4702
9209
7203
8540
2901
8522
8532
9109
2003
5112
2709
2935
2930
7501
5603
4703
2831
2938
7905
3205
7008
4903
2912
2843
5909
3601
3914
8469
2819
6701
9003
1514
9033
8434
8457
5811
9706
103
6213
2934
3908
4822
5605
7503
8444
4111
7011
3704
4815
9205
1504
2702
5803
4108
8113
1803
8606
5104
8801
27087109
9306
-1
0
Normalized RCA Index 1995
Normalized RCA Index 1995
2604 3804
4815
5302
2307
4702
3601
1103
7401
7904
1210
7110
4406
2614
2618
88023302
2615
2524
4102
9705
4404 75062844
2602
2714
3603
805
3602
2619
1503 6904 8903
7313 1102
3201
2206
7202
8804
4907
1105
7502
204
2819
7805
2502
8478
509
2708
2082610
2204
2849 2504
27157508
2203
907
2403
8004
9604
2401
8801
2605
6401
2621
2501
1023814
2914
3803
2823
101
8604
8401 4101
2807
5203
2809
2812 2205
5101
5102
4804
2820
8403
2506
2802 1603 7804
7402
2607
9020
2207
7612
7215
4808
7601
4904
806
7905
7112
2806
5910
80076105 48163101
1005
4103
8705
7404
7602
3801
4402
7902
3822
3202
1065103 8474
4911
2841
1702
7308
4706 6106
4401
2701
8437
8006
3406
808
2509
8602 9014 9028
7204
8435
9703
2825
7208
2832
7219
6812
2202
2008
72168111
7606
303
5505
3105
809
210
5201
4415
7103 201
8438
2712
8436
4908
1505
3816
5808
8701
2508
2813 4405
701
1209
8607
1206 1208
7107 9203
905 8421
603
2009
8432
7205
8710
7213
5105
6504
1701
8434
2104
6905
4802
3605
3507
2828
2209
2518
3002
7201
4801
1704
2834
6101
9406
7314
506
2617
1104
8526
2709
3802
1007
3301601
7008
1806
4107
2601
7209
2934
8601
8422
2529 5304
28338704
6808
3808
3104
7302
3813
8413
306
4812
84767206 7608
2208
8608 1602
6404511
2503
2851
8105
3305
8430401
1520
104
4905
7505
2308
34044703
3211
8530 3819
2302
7615
7310
7207
602
3306
7901
4902
8424 4819
7217
6506
408
1107
9702
90163820
83093209
2512
3307
8716
8545
6306
2907
2706
6811
1401
6603 6601 5106
2837
820648177003
2801
9402
3917
307
3103
7108
8483
3401
8002
2301206 7802 202
9023
2309
1512
7903
7210
4407
4416
3704
73095704
6701
7605
2102
70174803
2916
4704
9611 3405
2402
7228
8429
8908
4403
4010
6104
2516
4901
2105
2936
8709
7611
2704
2620
405
6206
8433
8412
7312
2513
8805
7306 3807 7218
4009
504
9026
8427
1108 3701
8416
5705
5911
1207
9603
305
2927
5809
1205
8468
709
4822
21063902
7610
16017010
6909
8907
4037315
2530
6501 6109
4820
4707
6903
3805 505
2829
9610
5511
1004
7413
3102
8535
4411
7101510
8207
1604
4012
8303
8417
6813
4811
8455
3304
9403
9015
5805
4111
2901
8310
620362056806
8702
4910
8606
801
7326
6303
7007
2847
6804
3925
8409
6305
7301
6103 8484
4011
3922
9007
8423
2835
8115202
8446
3006
3005
2103
7102
3402
4821
8442
2905
9022
3003
3823
4418
7304
2839
4504
2517 7320
7324
8202
7325
3821
4805
1008
2007
1109
2707
604
4409
8302
3815
4006
2830
1518
8210
8204
1517
4008
7415
1904
8431
3923
1902
2507
6208 7220
304
6802
2606
7322
3403
8419
2808
8407
407
1101
9601
3916
8537
2817
1202
2929
2306
3212
902
9404
2815
1106
2930
8311
2915
8211
2703
2816
6809
910
7806
5506
6912
4016
7086902
7106
4410 8467
8425
73115602
8304
3906
8703
7318
8201
8208
8512
5402
2811
6110
2519
3501
3606
1504
1519
5702
1214
3213
2923
1905
5001
8443
4823
3028460
508
2523
8428
2848
8418
8481
5204
3812
2710
9607
1515
7607
2005
1403
9032
7307
7316
4201
4701
9202
8445
3215
9106
6503
4413
3210
2824
8205
3904
3001
5701
8511
4601
6207812
2827
7411
8463
5507
2001
9701
9029
8426
4503
2911
2805
8546
3214
8108
3809
4420
7419 6302
3909
4807
3811
402 7407
2522 1502
2101
8547
1302
705
7227
7212
3810
8514
3004
807
5109 8708
5703
2904
6810
3914
8454
8803
69145303
8439
3208
7214
8525
2803
70017222
4810
5802
7616
5803
8410
7414
5609
1901
2705
8459
1509
9205
9027
8420
2840
7603
5607
3924
7405
5905
9208
8408
4705
8502
4813
7211
2201
5502
7317
4421
9405
3206 2921
7801
2520
2713
9401
703
5811
9618
8203
5211
6910
3912
5909
8469
3506
406
4005 8482
9304
2006
2826
706
8524
7907
5908
904
9018 8485
6310
6114
5514
9612
7323
5104
6211
8452
8402
1805
804
6908
713 9031
6117
5108
3907
901
8305
4909
8544
203
6307
4002
7412
3926
6204
2515
7906
8609
3703
8448
8307
1521
9025
1506
7009
8501
7507
7613
8712
7321
8466
9507
9207
5902
4417
9012
2850
2918
4818
3921
6807
55019206
8479
2711
3407
8215
3905
8447
2810
4419
8301
3918
5310
9608
8441
7229
6301
8209
90302004
7417
7803
105
8451
4004
8506
3503
6113
8711
2505
2836
2846
7403
8414
2845
5209
2525
2702
7225
1513
3806
8464
8405
6814
7226
2603
7614
3707
5608
6405
9004
8475
7104
9616
4205
3203
8516
1212
2804
4806
8513
7109
9021
7609
2912
2514
802
3207
6803
6805
8517
1703
9010
6209
96137305
9011
3920
6309
1903
9609
5401
4014
9005
702
4502
8465
6901
4408
9303
8603
6115
1213
5601
3505
6304
3604
7013
2925
6001
5906
6217
8504
9017
4007
8707
2928
9704
3919
7005
8515
404 9306 1203
9019
8472
6403
5112
6507
5907
9104
6308
3705
5212
4602
8440
4414
8528
7319
3901
6505
7418
8306
8212
8508
9505
5512
704
2838
810
6703
9305
4814
7002
8539
1001
4204
3303
2932
9024
2616
6112
9506
2909
2821
5515
8461
5807
5603
7221
814
8536
4110
4809
5205
8713
2521
2924
8411
9103
9606
8415
9508
9109
3204
7604
6201
4013
8538 4906
7203
160513012843
9006
9201
8527
803
2002
3702
7019
8507
8404 8005
9008
6602
9009
8906
8509
5405
9614
2939
7015
2931
207
409
2908
6215
7303
1804
6111
4203
2906
8113
6116
4501
4104
8406
9605
4017
2938
5604
6815
6402
3913
813
4015
6911
8477
9101
4206
8214
5806
5208
6210
2842
6216
711
8450
9003
8531
5503
8462
3915
6406
6212
9617
2903
1402
8706
3502
1501
7006
8480
9504
2003
8518
5516
8444
9502
7223
7020
3205
7113
103
4003
8110
9615
4202
9302
5107
8714
8503
2528
2526 1508
2609
301
6107
1516
2510
2935
9209
1211
7016
9204
3910
6704
8523
811291075207
2922
712
4412
8543
7011
8470
9501
8520
1006
5305
5308
8471
8510
7406
5301
1404
6102
5904
3908
2303
9503
8456
707
8308
5406
5404
8715
5903
2831
8213
6702
9105
28225110
5210
7408
906
7018
6913
8519
5408
7116
5513
9602
5006
8505
501
5111
6214
6906
4108
8473
7004
5901
8457
6907 81017409 2814
4001
5407
5801
8453
4302
2305
8529
6002
2919
8521
3504
3706 9033
5309
2917
2933
7117
2910
4105
8605
2942
3911
8902
3817
9110
4903
6213
9002
6108
2941
5007
2940
5509
8458
2920
7501
8104
9706
2304
7105
2511
6202
5206
507
7111
6801
2926
2937
1201
1204
9001
1802
4301
8102
3903
4303
909
7114
1514
5003
8904
4106
1002
502
7101
410
9102
5403
8542
5804
714
8901
7014
2902
1803
8003
7115
8533
903
7012
5508
1003
6502
3818
1507
8541
2608
8001
8548
7224
8540
8532
8449
209
7118
8905
1511
2913
7503
8522
4109
908
9113
8109
5504
5306
5510
5606
5810
8107
9111
9301
9013
7416
1522
2613
7410
2818
8534
9112
9114
9108
205
503
1801
2527
2612
2611
2716
5005
5002
5004
8106
7504
5311
5307
9307
510
4304
5113
5605
8103
-1
-.5
0
.5
1
Normalized RCA Index 1995
801
1801
5201
1803
2104
1802
4601
102
4408
2809
2101
2523
8902 2709
25012510
3105
901
3401 3304
1008
6305
3303
3601
1002
12078903
104
7086704
4403
4407
7215
1902 2815
4406
6401
2828
5203
1901
7606
1517
2713
303
7802
101
703
3923
405
73172305
2616
3605
1512 7204
8710
803
3205
8111
6811
8904
1805
1101 40324022002 2710
3305
302
9703
2302
2306
7508 1520
106
32096807 3924
2715
5511 1804
5810
7610 4012 402 1704
2530
1404
7417
9204
3917 3306
2606
305
8207
4409
3808
4411
4106
48198201 5608
1203
1209
2202
2603
4808
2812
52071511
3602
7217 6402
7415
3816 3402
4813
4103
4404
8434
2205
602
1006
6309
3819
8478
27034421
87052509
89014820
1806
2203
7214
8411
4907 7323
7313
1103
2106
7602
1905
9406
1109
8702
8604
4910
2615 2601
4817
8431
2208
8716
9616
5901
3002
8506
7310
5506
307
1505
3802
9608
3208
8309
2103
4001
7314 1007
1301
4405
2706
4011
3814
8429
5505
2811
7309
7306
2911
53052524
6405
1104
9023
2204
7010
8906
5208 2105
1519
8046306
2401
712
3406
1506
5601
1211
8401
8426
3210
3102
1604
25154417 5607
4818
2209
2201
33072009
2830
2207
7404
8474
1904
6905
1106
401
84271202
3904 9206
2939
28273104
2920
2518
2505
8803
4102
33024911
3204
2520
7902
3603
7503
813
7307
6304
105
5109
7216 2806
910
3502
35067615
812
8407
7210
209
8802
1005
2711
7213
56042522
4101
2808
1514
8422
8417
4420
8704
1513
3507
8430
7114
802
7308
713
1521
1212
407
9404 5204
4418
2831
5403
604
8303
8437
5903
1502
3811
8311
2511
7222
7316
3005
709
4105
902
504
7019
404
2851
4901
2602
8310
9604
8410
9015
2930
8538
2712
5301
3214
4413 2832
1701
2309
3405
7616
8443
3922
3823
7804
9403
8544
8711
7304
4504
4821
210
8107
4415
8481
2102 8701
7209
1515
2836
710
3404
4013
8446
3103
8502
3921
601
8444
203
7607
6114
501
2844
8703
3909
6601
6307
2001
1107
3903
4015
2807
9305
8307
8438
2804
7105
8416
7321
8205
8607
5408
1516
8413
1509
1702
6203
8479
5209
5510
2802
3919
5406
8907
9610
8535
1208
7408
3206
7311
3202
4905
9014
2516
4810
9031
6109
6908
707
2829
9025
2526
5803
3925
3403
8433
2833
6812
2301
2805
6506
3902
1602
9026
2839
3004
8468
909
7303
3215
6703
2507
8462
8408
8477
9017
2508
8112
7102
8202
9010
5513
5212
7104
904
4009
8801
9401
7413
7305
8425
8412
8445
1903
8421
6912
5516
905
5308
4804
8467
5805
2840
8463
7027012819
8428
9402
2924
3820
7401
8435
6310
7318
7903
9618
3212
2922
9501
5602
3926
3704
1102
6102
9005
3003
7211
9508
1108
8409
6205
7612
8418
8609
7326
7103
4805
5609
8511
3913
4008
8007
2304
304
8414
2008
8002
3301
306
8501
207
5806
8483
6810
2926
906
1105
3914
4401
8528
7301
4014
7206
3916
2308
9102
6207
406
8484
1518
2821
4823
714
8432
6801
7613
8475
9505
8465
2915
5211
3505
3912
8480
8415
7312
3810
8424
5705
7207
6404
2842
7801
8206
6103
9701
3920
603
7907
6209
5508
4402
9617
9506
99405
8301
603
908
8714
2512
2940
5501
704
6302
8442
8441
5603
4803
3809
208
7017
7609
7325
8527
3901
7604
8203
2835
1302
5906
2918
2824
7224
9602
5503
2005
8423
3915
4802
7905
3101
6909
7002
8003
8405
8513
3822
9027
409
9507
7315
6210
4503
7225
2906
4010
4822
2905
6910
6804
7614
7320
9018
2849
8712
5404
7302
2941
6505
8546
9502
3806
9030
2826
8507
2903
5514
3604
3203
7016
8454
8452
8204
8461
4811
6907
4707
8708
4909
8419
206
5802
3906
807
6115
711
3905
2923
2607
4816
8713
8709
408
2801
6815
7003
8406
7409
2921
7419
2513
8517
8466
3701
3812
4902
6806
9504
202
7212
2
904
7208
7007
4017
2004
2912
5302
7407
7418
9016
8504
2803
6809
9606
7411
8456
8448
8515
5205
8485
2936
8436
3821
4908
7008
7226
8476
5101
5402
8308
201
9033
1601
3707
4419
2814
6201
8512
2823
5804
6211
5703
9032
3918
507
2834
2907
4809
5911
3501
1603
6902
8001
9003
9208
9611
8545
9612
6206
8521
8536
8516
6813
7608
8503
7324
6406
4016
5515
5701
1401
8537
8469
5210
3706
8459
7001
6914
7218
7412
9029
808
8447
9001
1507
5309
6507
8464
9022
4203
8450
9503
9109
2007
8514
2503
9008
6204
7005
8305
4202
8804
9028
5907
9007
4005
9601
2847
5401
6403
7009
5303
6101
2816
2506
2519
2822
2935
3001
3213
3807
4108
7201
7805
9021
9103
8518
8453
2929
3705
7403
9706
3911
8526
6911
84718472
8525
6805
2914
6208
8451
5407
6104
6802
8208
8519
2931
8524
5512
9009
9020
9004
8302
6111
8539
2813
8304
36105
6901
703
2901
3006
6107
2843
3801
3818
4806
6001
6202
7112
7501
8105
8103
8460
8805
9024
9106
9201
3908
2916
8508
8529
8533
3702
8473
8715
8543
8547
204
4205
8482
6913
7018
5509
809
5702
8402
7806
8509
7011
3907
3201
4104
8531
1201
5704
2707
9202
8458
9205
7
8520
8706
805
5504
117
4
7020
801
1001
6217
9609
7220
6301
2303
2925
511
205
503
502
505
510
806
814
903
1003
1206
1205
1204
1210
1214
1213
1501
1504
1510
2006
2307
2502
2504
2514
2521
2525
2527
2529
2605
2604
2608
2611
2610
2613
2702
2701
2621
2620
2619
2618
2617
2705
2708
2820
2838
2846
2845
2848
2850
2902
2908
2910
2938
3407
3504
3804
3813
4003
4007
4006
4110
4201
4204
4304
4303
4302
4301
4206
4410
4416
4502
4703
4702
4701
4706
4705
4812
4814
4904
4903
5004
5003
5002
5001
5107
5106
5105
5104
5103
5102
5113
5306
5311
5405
5502
5507
5606
5605
5807
5809
5902
5910
5909
6110
6216
6215
6308
6503
6502
6501
6701
6603
6602
6814
6904
6906
7015
7014
70127013
7101
7107
7106
7111
7110
7109
7115
7118
7203
7221
7322
7402
7406
7405
7410
7416
7502
7507
7506
7505
7504
7603
7904
8006
8005
8004
8101
8106
8104
8110
8109
8108
8113
8403
8439
8457
8532
8534
8542
8541
8603
8602
8601
8605
9012
9019
9104
9108
9107
9112
9114
9203
9302
9304
9307
9605
9614
9704
301
410
811
1605
2909
4002
5007
6002
6112
7113
7202
7219
7601
8455
8470
8510
8522
8540
9013
9111
9110
9613
2704
2841
2942
3207
4109
5310
9006
7116
8213
9209
103
2934
3815
8548
6106
9002
5108
6702
9105
907
3503
7229
5811
6212
3817
3910
7006
2003
6117
810
1703
2609
5801
7803
2825
4906
7004
6108
7319
6803
2919
8209
508
2937
2933
2932
4107
706
9011
5112
8306
9101
8210
5111
82118212
7414
8530
2614
8404
7205
8505
7605
8523
2528
2817
9207
9702
8215
9607
3211
9705
7901
8214
4111
2810
7223
8420
6116
4004
2917
4414
9113
6303
5908
6213
8440
8608
8102
5905
5808
2928
3805
2927
506
2913
5110
6903
1403
5206
4501
705
1508
6113
5304
8606
5005
7906
4602
1402
6214
2837
4807
6808
5904
2714
3803
1004
9615
7227
5097228
3606
8449
2716
6504
4815
5307
7611
5006
15032818
2612
-.5
0
.5
4704
9303
8908
9301
9306
8707
2206
-1
Normalized RCA Index 2005
1
Western Africa
-1
4412
7108
1522
2517
2403
5202
-.5
8905
0
.5
1
Normalized RCA Index 1995
South-South Trade: The Reality Check
27
2.2.
Americas
-1
-.5
0
.5
1
Central America
908
2512
1904
5506
3706
3813
5502
7313
3004
8212
3305
2104
1102
1403
7612
7010
8701
6808
3306
4417
2103
5501
7304
3405
1104
2826
5505
2106
7902
4818
102
1601
2518
5908
2105
8107 2202
7402 49044110
2807
8528
8309
5805 6809
2309
3006
604
3401
3802
1901
2009
2208
506
4109
3101
2203
201
3206
1202
1905
7602
7404
3209
7017
4819
804408
3205
7803 2828
3923
2509
2830
3605 2501
2305
9603
401
9508
2824
409
4902
6811
3916
3402
4816
3917
2933
2007
803
7401
705
1704
2102
3407
8407 3808
9609 4404 4012
3307
2529
4064901
7042101
8201
4803
5406
3702
708
5602
1103
7321
1702
3203
305
3816
2703
2702
3303
3701
1302
4911
2001
901
3002
602
2519
3602
206 508
7411
7005
3302
6504
8418
2005
4707
2904
8511
713
9306
702
2616
105
7310
3003 2833
2936
3208
3801
5607
1207
701
4806 2934 2816
7314
2930
306 3214
1522
405
5811
2923
4038203
6805
8450
7802
28362102915
4820
7324
4704
304
404
1001
3404
3925 4808
5212
3915
3304
1701
3924
7607
3604
2937
7614
3806
706
6908
3922
1109
7306
2941
302
2608
6910
4811
2901
3820
4823
8110
8406
4821
4908
407
2806
2917
3507
8544
2209
8434
7217
6305
2714
6115
7220
9616
4410
2847
7417
3603 4205 7204
8525
6914 2848
6401
6905
8438
8303
402
2617
807
8506
8469
7901
3215
7311
2619
3904
5508
8704
15169501
7604
1007
6902
2522 9604
2835
4804
3207
3213 2908
3814
7210
8437
3406
1602
15171902
3506
1101
9015
4415703
3815
2839
3921
40164101
3819 3505
1806
1204
9608
9406
9404 6813
5203
7214
511 2613
49101209
2511
2817
307
8307
7907
8410
4905
5404
8409
3212
1105
7609
9026
4008
3503
37032513
2840
2827
603
4815
1511
3906
3811
202
7212
5911
8703
3805
9403
7001
1803
4006 2523
5401
3823
3105
4407
3920
8311
8436
3907
1513
5603
2811
6106
4002
9018
2918
2607
8545
8540
8475
9612
7317
8530
2207
3301
203
8716
7209
7007
2803
7216
4817
7308
2716
1108 2801
8204
30055201
8411
44137013
3905
1520
8476
6810
5202 4001
2850
8305
8421
3809
2206
3909
4909
23027413
904
2008
8209
8509
16048524 2903
2832 8442
8481
1605
8907
72084822
2935
7611 6113
8446 2906
5302
8435 7207
6806
8422
2508
8417
6306 2520
7616
3601
2804
209 6405
2006
4805
6807 9017
1512
7096302
9610
4108
2932 7806 6406
3204
9401
8483
2842
2530
4408
8538
303
6503
5503
7312
1106
3919
2709
3912
9032
8301
6105
2815
9505
7019
805
7009
8507
7615
3926
8412
5204
504
2603
3822
8413
1502
7608
6107
3504
5601
7320
1521
8514
8419
3812
8424
812
8432
8423
2715 6912
292687052504
6210
2924
7115
7309
7805
4009
9405
7508
3606
2401
3403
8502
2921
8310
8002
601
7016
8208
40058471
1805
44182834
9106
4011
2825
7227
2914
29098708
9107
8527
6801
1004
2851
93028607
9607
8537
5910
4420
3104
5111 4812
8444
2708
2402
6403
8408
8473
3821
7326
6310
4409
2301
3501
4104
5609
4204
3211
8433
8202
5513
6206
2621
6903
4015
2601
3502
8210
5206
7403
9007
8801
9615
3705
2820
7215
4403
3914
7106 8427
8903
5909
6812
1005
8425
4809
8213
3103
2920
8480
7229
6212
5604
4414 2602
4903
7801
7407
4802
4014
6207
5210
55128452
8536
7128477
5804
3704
8439
5703
8542
5807
9304
6913
2916
7904
1703
6108 7323
8205
5408
2308
9503
8508
8428
9027
811
8474
4801
2922
2829
8472
6209
6203
5103
8484
8440
6303 5605
5403
6506
44213202
9016
7906
6002
8414
8302
3913
5402
106
7322
8430
1301
5515
85169611
6804
8206
6211
4010
8415
7610
8441
3903
9618
8515
103
73194504
2618
8547
8447
2505
2911
1211
9028
8517
7903
7211
5806
7414
8306
2849
4502
8443
7325
8429
2003
2713
5112
9613
5208
8709
8518
8211
2526
5514
3707
8519
2823
6205
710 2821
7003
510
2201
2525
8904
2517
6101
3911
4004
8535
4107
1515
9019
9702
3001
2912
9010
3102
207
5808
9020
3810
2306
8308
8207
9031
3901
2515
8402
5209
4503
7318
8454
8465
3902
9025
5211
5802
9022
84318501
73077117
2303
8111
714
1505 4206
707
7409
2805
7004
7221
6802
809 6204
6909
1214
8214
5205
8510
410
8416
7412
4810
2925
7225
8464
2919
9014
2939
8504
6502
7316
6208
906
8479
6904
7315
3910
8513
7219
6117
806 2931
7202
3918
8485
6307
76064807
6815
810
9606
7418
8445
9504
8463 2929
5903
6402
6111
8539 84032841
8451
7415
3210
8512
8702
25216215
5407
8448
802
4412
711
9023
2002
7228
2905
6102
7223
9021
9006
65019703
5906
6109
2606
1507
813
9102
9029
6505
8468
9605
8803
1804
8405
4111
4202
7408
8455
8548
2927
2810
5901
7305
7406
2507
910
1603
2710
6803
8706
4501
4203
9004
9011
1206
2808
9402
5207
101
8420
9602
2814
7905
2831
8460
61039206
5705 63011506
4201
7601
7113
8101
6507
2707
8603
4105
6112
8007
5516
9701
7018
8482
6114
9030
8462
5405
8543
6213
2712
9205
9705
9506
6104
1518
4813
1107
8529
7613
8521
1008
6216
808
8523
5310
8453
7301
6304
5509 7303
8461
8467
9001
4013
3807
4411
909
8712
1801
5902
2004
6217
7804
3908
8526
8113
5809
6404
2711
9202
2706
8711
9024
2506
6907
7419
8505
9105
5810
7218
4416
5801
5904
3804
7002
3201
8707
4007
5510
1509
1404
7226
6309
4907
2902
9003
8546
1519
9033
9502
8215
6116
9209
2907
2304
9617
7410
8426
4401
801
8503
2204
6602
8534
9009
2928
7222
2812
6601
5907
9204
8466
3817
8802208 1208
8404
8533
8608
7302
6308
7104
2940
2809
8470
6901
9601
7505
9103
4017
4304
6201
9201
5006
6702
9104
4814
4419
301
4405
8532
1006
2704
5608
2838
7020
5701
6110
8106
4406
2822
8459
1401
1212
2844
8531
9614
6202
4602
8456
902
4601
7603
905
5305
8458
2819
9005
2942
6814
8715
8304
2612
7103
4103
2503
7114
9008
8609
9203
9109
5311
5105
8449
7507
5702
104
2528
2837
7213 7111
2615 5905
2620
6214
8714
5109
6911
2516
8541
5511
8601
7008
9303
8520
7108
2845
2818
4003
7201
4402
4102
8478
8713
2514
2510
7015
2913
7112
7116
1510
6001
9207
4906
2604
9113
5309
5704
2403
1504
7205
9012
7006
8003
9101
2843
7105
6704
8109
1201
1203
7109
4703
7501
9307
9002
5308
8457
5606 9301
9111
907
4302
9208
4706
5803
6603
9507
5303
7206
2802
7224
8606
2701
8522
7011
4303
4106
7203
7506
2846
4702
9110
9108
2610
7110
8112
1205
8006
86025113
6701
7416
8105
3818
4301
5007
1003
6703
8108
6906
8005
2938
5004
5106
5101
9114
5307
8001
7012
8901
9112
7605
5301
2910
7107
28135104
205
502
501
903
1002
1210
1213
1402
1503
1903
2307
2502
2609
2611
4701
4705
5005
5003
5002
5001
5108
5107
5110
5306
7014
7102
7405
7504
7503
8102
8605
8604
8805
8804
8906
8908
9704
9706
505
1508
7101
2524
8004
507
9013
2614
7502
2605
8104
5102
1514
204
5504
503
2527
1802
8103
9305
8710
8902
1501
8401
8905
5304
509
38032205
2705
7118
5507
.5
0
-.5
Normalized RCA Index 2005
814
-1
.5
0
-.5
-1
Normalized RCA Index 2005
1
Caribbean
7501
9702
4911
28142818
7203
8113
4820
2715
4109
2714
1904
2202
2105
1601
9003
8906
8524
2203
2206
3004
7213
8908
2009
3210 3002
9007
4904
2904 2208
2710
6101
10013101
2402
2807
4905
7310
76102209
2501
9704
3925
3819 2708
3102
3006 1066307
1905
2523
48176810
4818
4819
7010 2522
2517
1517
1101
4910 7204
7314
4821 7212 2005
2520
9018
7602
2511
9004
4418
2103
3822
8438
4909
1503
2711
3306
72021701
4402
3402
9022
8464
2703
2806
2707
7404
7207
3605
714
2201
3602
3917
9302
803
3401 2309
2008
8903
9402
1109
97034901 9206
7317
8713 8426
9406
401
3201
3808
8406
3303
1103
7214
4707 908
812
2503
4803
6501
1902 3820
5310
2606
713
3816
9508
3923 9404
6807
1602
3209
2505 1806
2521
2205
30016401
4823 9033 3922
9011
2302
3911
709 30036207 1209
8804
813
2403 101 4816 3406406
7905
5512 6306
9301
9001
2905
105
5811
3405
2106
1805
8905
9701
2102 8901 8902
807
8907 1803
3307
2811 602
7313 3208
2204
6804
8478
1901
704
3214
9103
1704
9005
2508
7001
2833
7024808 1804
8523 8802
2932
2828
4409
306
3501
3301
304
61056910
9401
6109
8476
5609
7076203
8422
2615
6504
910
1204
6303
33042104
6106
701
4413
2207
303
9603
1507
4420
73167308
3814
5607
3027802
89041801
4902
9017
2007
7103
5809
2802
805
9021
6205
814
9026
3914
1510
9403 6206
705 8429
3924
2851804 3105
87058206
7227
6114
3921
73116801 6305
8434
4014
7413
38238431
7321
2509
8507
409
9020
4416
2713
4421 6405
9015
3506
4101
3005
8310
2004
8435
1520
8208
1513
3926
2512
23043103
6404
9019
6912 1903
6701
8527
2910
9104
7217
3503
711
2801
8707
8546
8427
402
7611
8415
8309
7322 8536
3302
8430
3305
1005
7228
4601 2620
6403
61037215 7326
9405
8544
7210
4103
4811
8419
3215
8525
8521
8504
6208
7320
9507
2006
6904
2809
9027
8201
7216
9207
6505
2530
6309
8533
7306
7007
6506
8418
3212
3211
901 6204
2837
6310
1301
6808
8412
1212
4015
6905
7118
8545
9010
8305
2835
7616
8413
5601
7604
9505
1302
9601
4806
1006 8004 6104 6302
3507
3920
7017
3701
1102
6503
2401
6907
8421
9705
3805
1515
8479
96111106
6113
6806
904
4415
902
3809
2709
6814
8505
8436
3807 40116107
8437
3603
2712
5513
7613
7418
5808
4417
8306
2836
8311
7301
8467
703
8425
4907
6112
1004
9030
4404
6211
2607
9606
2812
3207
6212
8203
5911
5505
4408
5602
3915
8528
102
8304
8502
6202
6210
7229
7318
8537
2621
810
3104
8214
5401
7312
3907
6901
8205
3811
706
8417
3821
7615
2804
1107
8508
8443
8442
7307
9101
4412
3910
1105
2515
6110
6908
305
207
3075803 9031 403603 4903
8207
9609
6805
5204
4009
3919
511
9208
8424
6601
8477
3918
6115
906
801
6209
8202
710
5301
6913
7906
8716
5910
9024
6809
3909
905
2815
8474
6216
3604
9608
1509
9618
8703
5905
8403
8510
2001
8303
7309
5807
301
8702
8423
7116
2923
9201
9204
5705
9607
6108
1518
3904
1211
7902
7113
7323
5508
7408
8543
8704
2839
2526
8520
7013
8483
2507
8515
604
6217
9506
8441
7805
8301
8709
1702
1104
6116
8452
3905
2525
8402
7319
3404
5202
3213
8410
8535
4202
4012
8481
5510
8213
3707
210
3206
8414
8432
6906
8465
7801
8711
8407
4801
7325
7002
8509
7009
7315
811
9303
806
6213
84683912
4407
8517
8518
5703
9205
6602
17033815
8712
4016
4414
8433
2930
7114
8461
9612
8484
5907
4802
6914
8439
8531
8501
7412
9023
3903
3916
5704
4804
8538
2516
2845
4201
9008
5906
9203
6304
8204 7612
2842
4203
7806
8459
5515
5804
6507
7407
6117
7006
4908
3407
7324
6802
5516
809
8215
8511
9025
7305
8455
1206
8472
1605
2101
7222
4810
6111
8471
7405
8006
8532
4805
6215
7606
3706
8307
8211
2808
9105
7304
8462
6902
2940
5604
4504
4419
7907
1604
7011
8473
6815
8701
9502
5208
2942
4822
7208
8212
405
712
808
5608
907
7609
8470
7020
8404
7111
8513
8450
2843
7104
9501
7005
1201
8409
8708
8460
4809
508
9028
909
6702
8516
8210
2903
3606
5702
2805
9306
5603
8302
2844
6402
404
8609
4104
2002
4013
7206
4503
7403
9014
5806
9602
4813
7419
3403
1519
4807
8453
7117
9102
3902
8408
8706
5810
6909
8526
8512
4102
9615
6214
8539
5006
7225
7302
8503
6911
8458
8506
6102
7402
202
1504
8480
9029
4010
7004
4017
2922
7226
9202
7019
1108
3802
203
4002
8715
4006
7218
2926
6812
9106
7607
5210
2915
2918
2847
6813
8530
2931
5311
6301
4602
9610
9032
8446
5304 9604
3906
7415
9107
1401
8451
3204
9617
2902
601
2929
3908
4411
8428
9503
7016
407
9706
2816
2912
3601
8541
2827
2909
8485
1214
1521
5903
7303
7903
8548
6201
8448
9006
5801
2301
5514
3202
8803
509
1210
2601
1512
5701
6002
7003
2933
2513
2519
5901
7505
8445
8522
1202
3505
7411
104
9009
7223
8416
9016
3704
4110
2941
2829
7008
8405
9209
8466
8529
2906
5802
8482
2901
4206
5109
7416
802
7410
7014
2914
1207
6903
1516
2826
7211
6308
2003
2850
4001
5904
5909
7601
7605
8002
9012
8547
9002
5212
9613
8308
2916
6811
5908
6704
2937
503
1403
3812
4814
7220
8104
9614
4403
5407
6703
8519
4205
2810
9304
1508
201
903
9504
8411
1208
4008
5506
505
2504
2706
2841
4111
4502
4906
5205
5303
5408
6502
8440
8542
3203
2936
2907
5209
1501
7608
502
2610
2817
2913
2919
3705
5112
7012
7224
9605
8463
8534
6406
2849
3901
2825
8514
3703
9616
3913
7107
208
408
1008
1514
1603
2821
2834
2846
2938
3813
4007
4108
4304
5111
5207
5302
6001
7205
7414
8102
8607
9113
5509
8447
7219
3810
4106
7409
3702
7018
5902
2934
3504
7803
1502708
205
209
507
506
504
501
410
510
1003
1002
1205
1402
1506
1505
1511
1522
1802
2305
2308
2307
2502
2506
2510
2514
2518
2529
2528
2527
2605
2604
2603
2602
2612
2611
2609
2608
2614
2619
2618
2617
2616
2701
2705
2704
2716
2824
2823
2822
2820
2819
2831
2830
2838
2840
2908
2911
2921
2928
2927
2925
3801
3803
3806
3817
4005
4004
4105
4107
4204
4301
4303
4406
4501
4704
4703
4702
4701
4706
4812
4815
5201
5113
5110
5108
5107
5106
5105
5104
5103
5102
5101
5007
5005
5004
5003
5002
5001
5203
5308
5307
5306
5305
5406
5405
5404
5403
5502
5501
5504
5507
5511
5606
5605
5805
6603
6803
7102
7101
7106
7105
7112
7110
7109
7108
7115
7201
7221
7401
7406
7417
7503
7507
7506
7603
7614
7804
7901
7904
8001
8005
8112
8111
8110
8109
8108
8107
8106
8105
8103
8101
8007
8401
8420
8444
8449
8475
8608
8606
8605
8604
8603
8602
8601
8710
8801
8805
9013
9114
9112
9111
9110
9109
9108
103
3818
4401
8540
204
1404
2613
5309
5503
8714
206
2917
4302
7209
5211
1007
2524
5206
2920
2303
2803
8209
8469
7508
7502
4410
5402
7015
8457
4405
1213
2924
3205
8456
9307
3502
1203
2832
4003
8454
9305
7504
2939
8003
2702
3804
2306 2813
4705
2935
2848
-1
1
-.5
Normalized RCA Index 1995
0
1
1
7203
2607
2301
1504
2608
2613
2509 2528
2616
2609
2308
102
803
603
2617 6501
8801
8210
6401
3503
4404
7605
7614
711 3205
2704 6905
2205 4905
17043203
4803
3603
9602
4904
2810
2803
5511
1208
4902
7202
7313
2716
6912
1604
7801
1204
2603
814
2806
4103
2606
8201
4901
5506
4820
7003
5502
6910
6107
2928
2104
6114
6811
7611
68133808
9703
7901
1805 2101
7602
5805
3817
901
4409
9702
1702
4911 4818
7321
2007
7601
7402
7007
2522
5606 44102815
6503
3904
6807
6212
7404
7403
2904
511
7010
7209
8903
510
6106
1806
3306
1002
2304
701
5501 1803
904 2503 8106
2835
2309
6108
1905
1701
3004
4108
5811
7408
3005
7213
7228
9402
2817
2918
3923
7310
7001
3304 2701
7106 7004
8212
402 2526
2847
3305
2811
3820
3044504
4406
2824
7615
3303
9015
6112
2008
2711
6812
3211
407
2840
2005
6908
8309
5105
8802
30062807 2818 6502
2511
8110
201
2106
4407
307
7325
2611
1605806
2501
3405 3402
2849
7803
3920
2715
3401
8703
704
7317
76042814
36022302
7608
3102
1207
1507
8704
6305
56084909
1517
8418
2202
27096115
4802
7507
6805
3916305
7117
4011
38196105
3921 4411
2713
105
3917
21033902
4706
3922
4808
9604
1512 9508 6206
28011904
2306
6109
3924
1102
1103
4811
7103
1108 7320 713
7306
5906
3407
3912
408
1804
3002
7210
4805
8107 4804
7207
2813 3925 5212
2601
8546
5705
48192833 3802
7214
4822
1902
8203 2839 53052203
7314
8484
5103
401
6209
9608
8475
2507
1801
7013
1404
2401
6111
3213
3302
3905 59094102
2530
3001
8430
2933
406
2901
2816
7308
7005
6302
8905
8001
9403
8436
8509
7208
2102
7311
2207
4408
4910
3209
5803
7217
4012
602
7414
2710
6102
2842
5211
1107
4412
31051703
3601 4417
96037607
1206
6203
709
44188705
6907
5108
7406
1516
4107
2209
2804
4201
405
604
807
4813
5503
303
2908
6204
8438
4205
5602
4111
5607
3208
7413
3506
5401
8716
6205
2505
9020
1522
5603
4823
6404
7610
1302
5902
2821
3816
1513
83117612
3101
6104
7302
3202
8305
5802
2523
4501
8423
2909 9406
8524
4005
302 1901
3015101
1212 7802
3206
4817
5804
64034903
4415
9610
3307
6301
2520
4206
2703
3215
2002
6902
2206
7008
5112 6504
5704
3906
9615
5604
8437
7401
2512
3604
8602
8474
7606
404
306
9023
4013
9028
8434
8422
4008
8202
8480
7326
8301
6303
2619
8711
6506
804
8007
4707
2620
8446
1007
4403
8537
6307 7009
8702
3919
3812
2825
1511
9404
5209
38047902
3501
3903
3605
7508
7501
9018
2513
2924
4037114
1068544
7212
5204
1211
1104
6002
1802
9609
4109
4101
7903
7324
4006 2819
9606
3823
29308421
9401
6804
7312
5205
6806
2208
5515
2514
1006
5505
9618
2009
5806
8424
4104
8207
2529
1202
2402
2712
5703
8413
8417
2518
2939
1106
9616
8601
3909
1401
3606
7309
4016
1209
8506
3403
1203
4420
7323
3404
9701
2506
2936
5513
7225
8213
9021
7416
811
6207
1201
7409
9505
6406
7303
4421
7315
3214
4010
2105
6802
705
2841
7215
8707
5402
101
1515
5109 7019
3918
1506
4014
4402
5404
2827
4105
4816
6101
3705
8507
8478
8481
7227
3809
2922
8303
6505
5509
4810
3926
3901
7616
9612
7204
6215
7301
8708
805
1101
2508
8431
8005
9405
3907
3806
2828
3301
5808
2917
80034908
9611
9607
8307
6304
6110
702
1509
42036208
3502
9203
6213
9017
908
7418
4202
4106
708
7216
7318
6402
9306
5807
5601 8539
8504
2621
8211
6913
4015
7407
5702
2843
5508
6211
9016
4821
8432
7412
8412
9617
24032708
2714
4806
4009
6306
6202
8428
8425
7205 3908
6911
4413
8526
2003
8476
8512
8420
8535
801
2001
7112
9103
4807
3505
4004681010051008
8706
1602
6103
6809
9026
8485
2923
6904
8502
6815
703
1520
3207
5207
204
9506
9302
3212
5911
6001
8902
8205
810
8426
6903
2525
8302
6217
8215
9503
8208
5201
601
9601
7411
8214
8443
4701
505
8308
8477
8479
3204
5206
8538
3003
8441
8701
3915
9205
4017
8409
9019
8402
9202
2519
8467
202 3821
210
5903
910
3815
3406
5810
8461
909
5210
2905
7307
3210
8901
8514
5203
9027
6914
8410
8463
6117
8429
1004 5514 3811
7415
1518
4907
9501
5407
8464
9504
8516
8442
7804
707
3801
64052903 4416
4419
6201
8419
6703
7006
8483
103
5208
2912
3805
9024
3810
8310
8445
8416
2004
710
2837
8439
7316
9106
9206
8536
5405
2832
8904
3704
8501
8401
2836
9614
2006
8112
2516
7904 7907
1603
6214
3507
9014
2707
4414
2915
2834
3706
4110
2808
5102
8306
5111
8713
2929
8204
3910
9032
8450
712
8415
8530
714
2902
3701
7419
5202
5907
8465
8531
9025
7410
502
2524
7806
7304
7017
5308
9502
8906
8414
8406
8548
8545
5801
3814
6906
504
9011
8527
8304
6116
2201
7609
8511 5609 2831 4003
1214
8803
3911
8206
8523
802
207
9208
9029
4809
8513
508
8609
7218
2615
4814
9031
3822
1213
7319
8715
1505
1601
8714
8462
1109
8101
8103
7116
8607
9004
9605
706
8508
8433
6113
209
5406
9022
3707
7108
76036909
8407
3703
8472
8515
5408
6801
2517
2919
9001
2830
2510
4602
4601
2844
6602
5910
6210
8440
5107
2805
8104
2931
8468
2941
5605
7102
8427
9107
8453
5512
7906
8608
9030
8517
8466
809 4204
9704
3103
1301
2934
8408
6216
9033
7322
8444
2932
8525
6507
2916
5006
2925
1903
509
3914
5306
902
8435
9105
1519
3913
7222
7405
8411
8503
2914
7020
2812
8460
1521
9303
8447
8458
3504
4815
8907
7015
7229
8547
5304
2515 71114906
7104
2938
8709
4002
3104
4703
5908
6603
9102
6601
6310
203
2851
9112
4401
2911
9207
5516
2907
7018
2935 7206
4001
8451
7115
2204
7113
7016
5110
3803
9705
5311
8518
8482
4302
2823
2610
6308
2602
6808
9007
8532
8456
9010
7305
7613
206
7417
6814
4303
8543
8452
2826
8505
2
7211
7223
2906
4007
5307
1003
1402
4812
8109
7201
8209
812
9003
7921
012
2809
1501
2820
2848
2920
8457
8111
7011
2829
8403
2913
8804
9101
8521
906
903
8448
8459
7220
6901
104
9109
5007
808
2926
7226
4503
1503
9706
813
9209
8455
8471
8469
8528
3702
8712
2504
7219
9305
8102
8470
5309
5106
8520
8519
8404
5701
5510
7002
8449
7107
5403 507
2303
2910
9104
9114
8473
9613
907
8529
6704
5809
6702
6309
9006
5310
7505
2927
4304
9009
7502
7506
2604
2846
2940
3818
7805
8108
8533
8541
9507
410
9005
8510
9304
5004
409
8454
3201
1105
8405
205
501
503
905
1205
1210
1502
1508
1510
1514
2305
2307
2527
2605
2612
2614
2618
2702
2705
2802
2838
2845
2850
3807
4405
4502
4702
4705
4704
5005
5104
5302
5504
5507
5905
7014
7101
7105
7110
7221
7224
7504
7503
8002
8004
8006
8105
8113
8542
8605
8604
8603
8805
8908
9013
9012
9108
9111
9110
9301
9307
4301
8540
9002
6701
8534
9113
8522
1403
1001
2706
9204
9008
7118
2521
2942
208
9
5901
2937
2822
8710
201
5303
5904
4801
5002
5301
8606
3813
5003
6803
5001
5113506
7109
-1
-.5
0
.5
1
Normalized RCA Index 1995
Issues in New Geography of International Trade
.5
0
-.5
Normalized RCA Index 2005
1201
1507
903
4206
1107
209
7224
1205
207
1004
1001
2801
3803
1502
2810
201
8707
1512
8706
2304
1206
8433
2204
2813
2004
25241701
2528
4416 2207
1521
5304
1601
4703
1007
202
7402
809
7403
504
2603
206
3503
8701
2601
9302
1005
2205
3201
1518
2834
203
9303
210
1104
24015103
9306
8432
6803 1505
8410
1804
5802 8802 2931 404
406
402
806
7201
8704
8702
4804
2007
2613
808
5101
6813
3504
4504
5105
1214 4108
2602
813
1209
4407
3006
2301
1504
811
1602
86061509
7304
8434
503510
1501
901
506 2830
2840
1806
87032818
4503
8439
7207
2616
3805 1901
4802
8429
4417
2606
1803
3307 2829
3603
1204
7002
8408
1105
6501
405
304
2005
2009
2101
4012
2102
2516
4801
1517 2522
25079604
7605
7311
511
4104
3801
4415
3002 8436
2820
2308
4813
1805
6401
2106
2309 8309 812
8407
4411
2611
6903
4806
3820 7609
3808
8511
3703
4811
7505
1704
2518
8607
2847
22062002
2512
7321
2841
1302
4702
3306
72272008
4410
3105
3701
5201
2918
3001
4406
5502 96094905
6908
3815
8455
6809
4005
2715
101
7401
3912
7213
9402
8708
9028
8422
7417
303
8716
8409
2904
70033501
4810 2506
1702
3305401
3602
2807
4011
4704
1109
16037302
8413
8202
2803
8211
4805
4008
8474
8546
4205
7225
2815
8483
3301
3816
2827
3004
8512
2703
7229
3819
3211
3706
8417
8424
2849
8418
7007
4010
3202
302
8438
8467
2833
71038508
8437
4409
4911
8143104
8441
3402
4818
204
6805
2819
7214
5404
6905
2922
2519
703 7009
3209
3213 7502
7202
4009
8201
5603
5601
8478
7313
7408
3923
7320
5004
7305
4819
6807
4002
3917
7217
2501
7312
1904
408
3901
6912
8103 2514
6403
8428
1102 2403
3405
7228
7404 8420
9032
4102
8212
3806
2105
5602 4418
7208 3507
9406
1515
2923
2921
4902 2307
2509 3102
2305
7615
2905
3916
8421
3702
7005
9022
1103
3506
1604
5902
4822
6811
5511
2716
2508
5112
3401
7306
6804
3802
2303
3920
6902
102
4904
2804
7501 3101
8530
1905
5102
2844
407
6404
3605
8462
73034803
4408
8207 4016
2714
3207
78068406
8902
3103
3208
7209
5003904
8907
5104
5911
4412
9021
3817
23067614
3505
72068525
3403
7607
3909
4006
5906
8711
3804
9403
6302
8419
2926
8414
8412
1006
8484
4901
8402
7606
3904
1210
7309
3214
7226
7216
6402
9618
710
2302
105
7210
7326
2835
9603
7010
3809
2504
2104
4908
8440
1506
805
8475
8481
6812
4820
6305
3902
6806
9029
8601
2006
9301
8203
3304
3811
4402
3919
3908
2909
2811
713
3913
3921
7601
9401
2910
8472
6801
2103 1902 1605
2203
7608
8204
8476
4111
5001
2711305
5504
2836
5111
8454
8405
4808
2817
7308
208
1212
8450
7013
409
3925
8311
3407
403
2915
2908
8903
7215
2929
307
8502
7318
8545
2209
8416 83075209
7219
9025
2824 7324
2930
6910
8028213
9208
2710
8430
2903
7222
7612
7603
3823
711 1522
8604
6802
1008
5803
1202
9104
2806
90193212 8535
3206
7411
810
5910
2901
7901
7019
907
7602
9018
73103822
4807
9508
803
3302
3821
8470
6112
9404
9026
78019023
1108
505
5211
6102
8457
8302
7212
5704
5401
3215
1301
7205
8435
9107
602
4201
4013 29338411
9617
8465
8215
7008
8208
3922
4003
8544
8501
2939
5505
2925
3601
8482
2610 8608
4421
4814
5909
2814
9020
8425
7112
7211
7116
7413
5705
2832
8301
3906
8509
8537
2608
8905
2526
7315
6909
2842
6814
4404
8423 4906
4816
3203
8547
2821
3907
5811 5509
71156815
2615
2914
8453
7405
509
5204
2517
2712 2713
4110
7616
7803
3303
85033204
2920
7307
4401
2001
5501
8443
801
2924
4101
73178442
6202
3005
8477
84039206
712
9014
3924
8524
9611
5402
2916
2702
2709
1404
3404
2607
7407
3813
8705
6106
8539
1519
8479
8444
8205
8514
9505
1211
8480
7604
6406
5702 3812
7325
8108
8214
4403 3003
6904
3406
2202 4823
8713
701
2907
8445
7017
24026907
6405
3807
6107
9613
2003
3814
7314
8463
1106
8526
5703
9106
7106
2839 2902
2523
6114
8431
4302
8528
7415
2520
5203
6105
2928
3910
1207
8527
7117
8466
2828
6115 1503
2707
7805
9608
5908
6212
1002
8460
7412
3707
6306
9017
7220
104
2934
3926
84158803
5806
4106
3905 2932
3915
6504
8540
7610
8507
2906
306
8485
5607
6111
8107
2208
7418
501
9031
7611
8305
9501
5308
4707
4909
6101
7204
6215
9024
6506
5202
6304
4817
2936
8504
9405
8458
6108
2530
9011
8516
3810
8468
5606
7001
5503
8464
6307
4405
1520
8536
2937
4303
2826
9205
4109
5205
2846
9612
3903
8451
9016
5515
8210
8404
9033
4821
3210
2808
5403 2848
4910
6208
7323
7508
5507
6109
8506
2912
7802
5210
8538
2708
2529
4203
9506
9027
8459
8303
6209
8427
7906
1802
9001
5406
5801
6203
804
9610
902
9606
6201
5408
8515
7223
3911
6507
5604
7504
8310
2935
8461
2917
8804
8308
7409
9602
106
5609
5208
5109
2919
2911
8452
70147419 8209
2809
6205
2851
1516
3604604
8003
8206
9703
4706
2505
4420
4419
5903
8105
6301
1101 74062850 4812
8304
6211
4004
6303
5106
7011
6808
5207
2525
2619
4501
8448
8446
8101
709
9502
8517
3918
6206
2941
5605
4107
8471
7108
7907
5608
6104
3914
7018
6210
4014
507
5807603
8426
3606
4414
4103
1510
705
5309
6001
1401
5514
4809
7016 7012 7804
5907
5007
5508
7006
6002
6204
4903
6207
4413
4105
8543
5808
9607
8001
9615
8714
8112
807
5904
6810
8532
9209
6116
5407
3704
9004
2704
1508
6217
5805
9010
9202
6602
8510
4015
6213
9503
7414
2621
2825
5212 8712
2617
6216
5510
9305
6113
3205
4204
6110
8113
9616
6103
8901
301
7113
6310
6214
8106
1403
1903
4701
8529
9015
2913
5002
9204
4202
2843
7613
5513
7020
9507
410
8306
6505
9030
6911
8709
8104
8531
909
8505
1513
103
9009
7903
7322
9702
6503
6603
5809
9201
5901
9701
8518
8533
2513
9007
9504
6914
5804
9307
706
4017
6906
8456
8715
8109
9704
9601
5516
8007
9102
5107
5701
71074907
4301
8447
2805
2511
9003
7203
5311
7902
2938
8906
2940
5506
8521
4601
6913
6308
9304
5810
1703
8449
7319
2837
8523
6117
9614
2515
2927
7111
8102
8111
2503
5512
6601
7218
52068469
2816
7507
7015890488012845
9101
4304
6502
7114
1801
9008
2802
7301
9605
9105
2521
5905
8513
5405 702
91129113
5306
2618
5302
9207
1213
4602
910
9103
6701
8534
714
708
7110
2822
2510
6702
2201
2831
508
7104
7904
9005
7
7410
905
7105
7416
4007
9013
8541
2823
7004
9114
6704
9012
8542
8609
8520
5108
5310
2609
2706
8473
2812
2838
9006
7506
8005
9705
2701
4001
6309
8519
2942
6703
905
1208
5301
7102
8004
9110
908
8548
2614
9002
9706
704
906
5305
3705
1203
2527
2604
2612
4502
4815
5005
5110
5303
7101
7109
7503
8006
8522
8710
9108
9203
9109
9111
5307
8002
8110
3818
1402
707
1511
5006
2605
6901
7221
5113
502
2705
7316
86027118
8805
4705
8401
205
8603
8605
8908
1514
2620
2502
-1
.5
0
-.5
Normalized RCA Index 2005
-1
1
South America 2
South America 1
2502 7905
28
.5
Normalized RCA Index 1995
-1
3502 601
1003
-.5
0
Normalized RCA Index 1995
.5
1
2.3.
Asia
Eastern Asia
-1
-.5
0
.5
.5
0
-1
4301
8102
9013
5108
5309
5306
4303
5002
8104
9113
5311
4302
8715
2843
502
4304
8609
8109
5107
5903
6701
6110
8308
5005
8713
6507
5308
6502
9504
6601
8108
6002
2920
6602
6702
5801
5106
6704
9112
2938
7221
2003
6117
9103
5807
2846
8522
7020
8901
8447
9606
8444
9615
3604
6913
7107
8111
2940
9208
9002
9107
9305
8103
8601 7106
2926
8470
9209
9105
8458
6603
8457
7410
9004
71154903
9110
8529
8213
8451
9503
6215
5508
6406
8453
103
8712
6505
4602
9505
712
7218
5110
7211
9003
507
8306
6202
5113
9501
9607
2925
9102
4202
6104
8531
2850
6907
9001
4502
8513
5111
9005
2831
7001
8521
6103
5901
2816
2837
6210
9617
9111
7014
4111
505
2822
8460
6116
8507
5905
6115
6217
5804
7412
5403
6001
9613
3913
8214
7116
8113
5507
9009
2825
4814
8477
8539
2929
3406
5209
5112
2927
6201
5609
8449
8310
2808
2924
7105
6108
8112
9106
8301
4110
5206
8404
8454
8101
7015
9506
5806
4107
6815
2821
2519
3903
5007
6112
706
3705
7419
4109
8215
6212
9405
8510
9025
6503
6402
5810
6204
7409
8305
9019
9605
8519
4414
2805
5208
4908
2908
8518
5909
9202
8465
2913
8463
9006
2704
8504
7104
8480
8516
7018
8106
6216
9012
9017
8517
9502
2838
5606
5907
9616
8534
4421
8402
7219
8110
4906
5516
3915
5603
5407
8508
8440
6911
5514
4821
8441
8445
3911
8
5808
211
5401
4002
7012
5604
6506
9206
5004
7019
9109
2708
2848
2917
6111
6203
8462
8472
5408
5803
9610
2812
8210
2907
2804
9507
4910
1508
9611
8456
8538
3812
5405
6303
8443
8475
8459
2839
5512
8503
503
7227
5513
6109
3908
8464
8452
8604
4017
4419
5109
7225
1605
9027
8520
6213
9304
7317
7315
9205
7205
9404
7415
8461
2817
3806
8906
7416
5211
4909
2935
3926
2930
6207
6107
8107
3914
6902
8426
3207
6301
6504
6205
2921
7212
8302
2841
1503
7016
5102
8423
8416
2937
3506
3919
8427
2836
9011
1211
9108
3210
3407
8711
8204
7008
2201
5902
3823
8602
8419
8514
8509
9114
8446
6814
7801
2941
8205
7220
2919
9608
8540
8536
5501
7209
4405
2820
8473
8202
7226
2504
3504
8471
8607
3702
7009
9207
3921
6102
8448
8804
7901
9401
7006
9008
7229
8479
7223
7228
2835
5404
2928
7405
4101
4104
3204
4420
3918
5006
6211
2842
7309
8543
8203
5605
2932
8424
3005
7411
2918
8481
8506
7325
2526
5503
5911
3403
7607
3922 8406
8005
8411
85328533
8468
8525
8006
7101
2833
7407
8527
2914
8307
9603
8608
8208
8003
2716
3213
7210
8417
4013
8439
301
7610
7508
8544
2006
1501
9010
5402
9508
7606
6106
3910
7318
8303
4823
8428
6206
7005
6804
6805
8414
9618
27063501
3912
8501
3807
4810
2703
8505
6307
3906
7504
4105
6302
4806
2827
7314
6806
7326
8547
8545
9031
4205
5811
6909
3810
3822
8528
2923
5607
7217
7307
8425
6403
3212
6903
3920
2934
8007
8714
3907
9029
6810
9016
5510
6208
5205
2933
2811
7505
8450
2712
8542
8206
3809
9614
7907
7208
4003
8415
9609
1212
5003
7112
5906
2830
7007
8526
2911
3924
4203
8311
8902
3909
6404
7302
8420
6310
8422
5210
2851
3904
4601
2916
8466
8605
7213
8512
9022
5608
8201
7906
8515
2819
6209
7117
2824
5105
6802
7608
8483
3001
7323
7011
8455
7002
4805
5515
7312
2903
9403
7017
3801
6306
2829
3701
6914
6304
8523
1506
5509
510
2303
8467
2823
3817
3203
2702
703710
9032
7303
3902
6105
7616
2815
7306
3815
7502
7615
8476
7324
7222
7216
3818
3821
7322
711
8207
5908
2840 8484
9028
4201
9024
305
8429
2832
7414
2828
5602
7207
2847
3208
2939
9402
9023
3206
3925
2922
3215
8412
3703
3805
6808
6101
5406
7114
8413
5104
2518
3202
3820
5904
8502
1603
9021
2912
5705
8209
8541
9018
9204
7601
203
2507
9101
3211
4008
8442
7613
2931
602
89057603
8482
7320
7201
4010
8410
2849
7903
511
7408
8304
811
7418
2505
4011
7319
1213
7110
506
8421
8603
1602
9201
808
84308708
5506
208
6908
3405
9612
7904
9033
2826
9026
3916
3923
9601
7321
8474
307
1210
9015
7308
8408
8438
8716
9704
704
8703
1902
2508
9020
8403
8548
2807 2002
7806
9030
4817
3905
2713
2701
3404
4822
8436
7004
7506
9007
6910
4809
4808
3816
4901
9014
7003
2902
1505
2619
5802
4016
6803
3205
6305
8537
1514
8418
3214
504
3802
7316
206
2103
2402
4811
3813
5504
4501
4707
2512
2803
2936
4801
4014
3808
2901
6214
6114
4820
7311
1005
4819
9203
910
303
5805
7609
7215
4911
29092514
6309
1401
5502 3606
2008
8606
4417
3101
8212
8702
7804
8705
8437
1202
2308
5505
3707
8511
4106
4504
6113
5910
7604
9104
7202
7013
8546
2005
1702
3901
8435
2209
6405
2530
4401
4103
3006
3304
3917
7310
2206
7214
6501
7301
4408
3105
7113
1214
7417
4418
7614
8434
805
7413
1209
4012
2525
3209
2208
3103
2511
7803
6906
508
5101
4009
8524
4905
904
2834
5601
5703
7304
9703
8535
3507
204
3814
4416
8530
4902
8907
2915
8407
705
3402
8409
8904
709
4804
409
1109
7406
9702 4412
9062906
4816
5202
4904
7010
9705
2529
8431
4006
2904
1002
2517
6809
7103
4503 4813
7503
1302
4818
1518
7404
8709
5204
8432
1105
7204
8704
1515
8801
9406
3002
3307
4005
4411
9306
9302
701 4701
2905
1108
7102
302
2910
4807
8803
81054706
2613
407
1903
6904
306
1521
67034004
2523
8433
6812
7305
1008
3804
3301
2506
3102
2710
7611
8903
304
1058469
3602
3819
3502
3601
4108
210 7108
5809
2309
7313
2001
2503
8121604
3505
4812
713
2707
806
3503
9022102
2502
1204
5212
2203
8309
3004
8908
7602
6912
5701
2621
8478
9602
8485
4415
1704
3306
9604 5001
604
2501
2106
2307
2105
810
1904
25103603
1905
1206
4015
4409
48022202
7605
2615
2521
1007
7507
1601
7902
9303
207
6401
802
4803
9701
5511
2522
6801
7224
2104
2715
1106
4406
3704
4007
7109
6813
2513
8405
8706
603
2007
6308
4404 5103
4815
8701
7118
1402
6807
7403
813
2818
7612
3003
4013305
814
5702
4407
2101
2401
7206
7905
408
3303
6905
6811
1207
708
1101
1208
2302
1004
2809
7111
2516
4204
807
410
1806
2306
6901
3104
601
3706
209
8710
501
2004
2403
3811
25201301
2802
809
2009
5302
2806
101
2611
1805
2810
2844
8805
4413
7805 1062620
5207
4402
102 4704
2845
5704
8004
4022515
9307
3302
1517
2614
2207
9301
1104
804
8002
2204
3201
1103
8001
7402
26031107
4055301
2942 8802 5092617
1701
1504
1901
909
4206
9706
707
714
2618
4403
1102
22053401
4410
3605
702
5203
7401
5310
7501
201
2608
8707
1205
2305
403
4705
1519
2607
1006
1804
202
1001
2528
1404
2301
2801
7802
2813
2616
1509
2711
4102
2524
1520
803
406
1703
2509 3803
404
901
14034907
2714
1507
2709
4703
4001
1522
7203
2814
5307
5201
1003
2601
104
2304
1803
1512
2609
1502
5303
1510
4702
1516
908
53042606
903
2605
907
801
1511 1201
2602
1513
2604
205
1802
1801
2612
2610
1203
905
8401
2705 2527 5305
-.5
Normalized RCA Index 2005
.5
0
-.5
-1
Normalized RCA Index 2005
1
1
Pacific
1
905
7101
508
7202
1801
8906
303
4403
4408
1203
8908
2603
1802
2616
1703 7116 1501
8903
9601
305307
2714
7111
302
1904
8902
2510
8802
1207
1602
1212
2517
8404
1101 7313
8905
2715
1513
4819
6904
7307 1905
1105
901
7317
72047306 7314
9702
8459
4405
6102
22026114
4407
2823
33071211
9302
63105608
210
6906
2102
902
5212
8463
2308
7802
8452
106
8907
3209
1902 2710
2523
2309
7309
2105 4103
7602
4401
1701
1510
3003
2201
6308
6105 304
3306
408
2828
8445
3213
1604
7415
5203
306
511
4902
5201
3002
4420
2009
3605
1004
3006
1601
1511
6309
4905
3401
9705 8803
3210
5304
2806
9014 1605
4901 4820
6912
7326
1104
7113 301
9606
9403 62107311
1903
9703
3917
3604
6109 208 3208
7310 9015
4501
2301
9404
9023
6106
1006
4006
2509
4706
6401
8705
9208
4418
402
910
105 6207
7904
4107
714
2804
4707
3402
2001
6107
2306
3004
1704
6211
8417
9507
9701
3922
2101
8406
6306
908
3925
3916
9031
7224
5607
2106
8484
7210
7112
8418
9402
9101
1901
9610
8429
6905
3819
8430
6812
8609
6101
9604
2007
2204
4412
2103
76158426
6208
2203
7610 9202
7508
9206
9615
4802
4818
9010
4409
8419
8431
9603
7217
6209
8544
4008
7323
6113
8210
3822
4413
7324
5601
4910
6305
6303
9017
9608
204
2843
1514
2208
405
7118
8709
8424
9105
6203
403
7319
2008
407
1208
2801
3406
8447
813
401
4821
9005
8472
6205
9205
8435
206
93034817
6117
9018
6201
2930
4601
3918
3005
3101
8420
3304
3813
8303
9613
6403
4417
2526
7613
3305
3701
3706
7322
8801
2851
2936
6908
8466
8438
8304
9201
7308
3214
4911
5911
3923
6104
7212
2005
7616
1516
8205
5609
4202
5705
7905
6808
7302
207
3303
8465
6110
4803
6302
7318
3915
8211
3820
6910
4101
2706
9026
7612
4812
6213
7226
103
62047315
710
3823
7321
4011
5803
9609
801
3403
8421
1103
5702
104
812
702
4503
6913
8425
8483
9033
9304
8508
8507
6501
5908
1102
4811
2519
9706
9406
4810
8409
1806
4404
8543
8716
8310
7117
9405
8212
8506
4205
8413
8547
2926
6602
5704
9021
4012
2513
4909
6215
5208
9204
9106
6810
7906
8701
1805
7019
8201
6405
4816
8515
6307
4013
8513
1517
8208
4809
3909
203
7305
820290278524
3816
5514
5907
8203
7003
6911
8537
2004
8103
8213
7404
2811
201 406
8703
6217
7214
7213
8215
5804
6601
8443
2501
6002
2703
2707
8535
2402
3814
9102
9508
6505
9009
6404
8412
8539
2807
5204
9505
3301
8712
507
8527
3212
7015
3926
2940
6506
7218
8704
8468
7301
8481 8440 8502
6406
5508
6212
9401
8432
7303
8302
8403
2805
9103
8467
2104
8713
1209
7316
8511
8480
6116
2209
6103
8206
903
2507
4002
6806
8427
8414
3506
4703
4806
6702
7010
6206
1214
6304
4411
44218207
3707
4823
7007
4009
9008
4808
6907
3808
7312
7229
4903
7801
7804
3202
5807
1507
8702
8301
3407
9207
8415
6214
8407
3919
9506
8311
7412
8545
7803
9306
6108
8536
2302
6804
8433
9611
8533
5806
6202
7222
4016
5604
8436
8442
8477
9501
8451
8305
5810
6503
8411
9503
8204
4203
708
705
6111
712
3806
3920
2002
5602
6909
809
5404
8517
3505
1106
9007
9032
3924
7304
4001
701
3206
4602
5513
7009
504
3001
5211
8470
9612
3215
4419
5403
9022
3802
8530
5401
5408
8708
8482
7013
4908
6001
8423
2505
9025
7228
4005
6809
6914
7005
8214
8514
6402
6802
404
5901
6507
8526
1702
9607
804
4111
4303
9004
2003
9011
6814
6115
7806
3204
709
5515
8523
8711
7004
2028402
2903
2942
5407
6815
7216
8473
5202
6301
7016
7411
6901
9602
8450
9030
3921
8474
4410 2516
1008
1509
9002
8408
4104
102
808
1302
4415
4414
8308
9012
8471
505
1518
2206
2401
3203
4201
4814
5303
6811
8503
8509
2815
2907
3602
3702
5510
6502
6807
7103
7220
8441
7108 3404
1404
7614
9028
5512
8504
8422
8516
6805
805
811
7417
9013
5516
8528
1202
5903
7206
7211
9109
8479
3805
3906
810
909
3606
5504
6902
7020
8603
7604
8501
3811
3817
8476
8538
703
8505
7606
4014
7215
8428
602
9112
7607
5209
9209
8520
1512
2941
3405
5808
7208
8707
9114
8512
8529
2530
603
1803
3102
3503
3809
4010
8715
9605
8714
3902
904
3302
3815
5703
7006
8461
9020
9307
9502
9617
4015
706
2520
2713
4007
4102
4804
7325
9029
9618
7011
8485
6216
3901
713
704
803
2207
2803
3105
3913
5603
5801
5906
7419
1515
8519
9504
3908
8518
8525
802
1401
1519
2604
3812
4017
5007
6112
7225
8306
8437
8521
8542
9006
1804
2619
2814
2827
3911
5111
5107
6504
7002
7609
8209
8462
8541
8460
2006
8540
5210
7608
4907
3810
4801
1108
4805
36037907
707
907
2712
2923
5101
5207
5406
5509
7018
7219
7320
7605
8112
8522
8901
9003
1005
2901
3907
2711
3703
8532
8531
8448
6813
8307
8534
101
205
209
503
502
501
410
506
510
509
604
711
807
806
814
906
1003
1002
1107
1201
1109
1206
1205
1204
1210
1213
1403
1402
1301
1503
1505
1508
1522
1521
1520
2205
2305
2304
2303
2307
2506
2504
2503
2502
2508
2512
2511
2515
2514
2518
2522
2521
2525
2524
2528
2527
2602
2601
2615
2614
2613
2612
2611
2610
2609
2608
2607
2606
2605
2702
2701
2621
2620
2618
2617
2705
2708
2716
2802
2810
2809
2808
2822
2821
2820
2819
2818
2817
2816
2813
2812
2826
2825
2824
2834
2833
2832
2831
2830
2829
2842
2841
2840
2839
2838
2837
2848
2847
2846
2845
2844
2850
2904
2902
2911
2910
2909
2908
2906
2913
2920
2919
2918
2917
2916
2922
2925
2929
2928
2927
2935
2934
2933
2932
2939
2938
2937
3104
3103
3207
3211
3504
3502
3501
3601
3507
3705
3704
3803
3807
3818
3821
3903
3905
3914
3912
4004
4003
4106
4110
4109
4108
4204
4304
4302
4301
4206
4402
4406
4416
4502
4504
4702
4701
4705
4704
4815
4822
4904
5113
5112
5110
5109
5108
5106
5105
5104
5103
5102
5006
5005
5004
5003
5002
5001
5206
5205
5302
5301
5308
5307
5306
5305
5310
5402
5405
5507
5506
5505
5503
5502
5501
5606
5605
5802
5805
5809
5905
5904
5902
5910
5909
6701
6603
6801
6704
6703
6803
6903
7001
7008
7012
7014
7017
7107
7106
7105
7104
7102
7110
7109
7115
7114
7201
7203
7209
7207
7205
7223
7227
7403
7402
7401
74067407
7405
7410
7414
7413
7501
7418
7416
7507
7506
7505
7504
7503
7601
7603
7611
7902
7901
7805
8102
8101
8007
8006
8005
8004
8003
8002
8001
8106
8105
8104
8113
8111
8110
8109
8108
8401
8405
8410
8439
8444
8446
8449
8453
8457
8456
8455
8464
8475
8478
8510
8546
8608
8607
8606
8605
8604
8602
8601
8706
8710
8805
8804
8904
9001
9016
9024
9104
9113
9111
9110
9108
9107
9203
9301
9614
9616
1001
3904
2835
2914
2836
7409
8548
2704
2905
5311
4807
2912
8469
5811
4105
2921
2529
4813
7408
7502
2849
8416
5309
2931
5701
5511
409
3201
8454
9305
1007
4906
7221
2915
3205
3910
8458
3801
2924 1504
2403 150283099019
1603
8107
2709
3804
1506
8434
7903 601
9704
-1
-.5
Normalized RCA Index 1995
Southeast Asia
1
-.5
0
.5
.5
1
-1
0
Normalized RCA Index 2005
1511
4001
9706
714
1513
8001
8805 71114007
1519
410
9307
1520
4413
9301
3811
1522
8002
8469
4907 4705
1802
8485
1402
4015
2910
40044812
3704
1903
2611
8803
3505
1108
84014005
8405
7406
4701 2915
9104
1516
1805
3707
4409
1703
8431
4410
7503
1401
9030
105
4401
2617
1106
4403
1901
2520
8709
9704
8541
5504
28148548
7316
9201
4807
4809
7805
4706
1804
3606
2521
8535
7319
9033
9007
803
3818
2936
5601
1006
4418
3507
907
8537
9612
8482
2208
4412
1801
9101
4014
9014
5305
8523
2701
7806
1203
8409
4802
4411
7803
7011
40163404
4407
3303
1604
3064402
6812
8515
18031403
807
48138407 7611
8530
8478
9026
9203
8542
9024
4009
1517
3401
8907
8209
7902
5511
3215
3214
8466
2916
7504
4816
603
5204
8435
2902
7903
2303 813
4703
8505
7616
2101
2309
3304
8524
3810
54066914
9031
6811
4801
304
9018
2707
8526
9032
7609
2302
8412
9023
4415
8207
6809
9021
5910
810
3905
8532
8005
6905
9705 5001
9029
2403
8533
8511
2513
8206
2203
4811
1510
8714
901
8546
8476
2711
1506
3910
2922
9015
3819 2614
2105
8304
8467
9008
8543
8415
2402
2713
7006
8501
7507
301
3907
8003
5509
6909
8473
5608
9020
2306
4822
9207
302
8471
1102
3821
7320
4408
3809
307
8418
2106
908
4006
9114
9010
904
1301
8527
3301
3802
4010
8710
7310
3305
8408
8421
2710
6114
9108
6912
4902
2934
7301
8430
404
8540
7804
2505
7608
8442
7305
8536
2844
2901
5510
9701
2911
3906
4707
7907
3909
2103
5906
8311
5202
3208
8506
7113
2008
7407
8708
8414
2209
5402
6404
8411
7418
508
3209
3703
8512
8484
8608
5704
8547
2905
5503
8502
7802
8520
3402
6808
3902
3307
7307
4008
8479
7112
8450
1603
402
1905
2603
7414
7204
4805
2909
2832
8309
7318
8448
7016
8413
8905
7603
8208
8705
8801
3901
704
8483
7215
8420
6813
4204
407
7404
9403
9109
4420
9604
9011
3206
2503
9205
8428
9618
4901
5605
9507
7311
7411
4808
2006
8468
8528
8461
6403
1514
2606
8452
2811
8425
8534
2842 4405
5602
3302
9602
3701
8525
2715
8503
3815
7226
7304
4905
90278303
801
4003
7312
2615
5006
2202
4904
3925
3904
7326
3403
708
7103
29373914 3805
3306
8436
3908
4419
6801
8456
2619
8105
5911
4012
2923
9028
2803
4810
3816
2705
6804
7905
90168519
3101
3211
4017
8459
4820
80078004
3920
8903
1702
9006
7612
709
2903
3923
305
9012
6309
7003
604
6405
7104
8538
812 8704
7408
6910
6810
9306
9401
6211
7602
9402
3926
8423
25229703
3201
5902
7013
2508
7005
3918
8518
3205
7315
3003
2933
8517
2932
2523
8426
4803
4818
2912
4819
8429
3212
814
4011
2005
7302
3602
6308
7114 8406
4823
5514
8438
713
6805
403
3813
9614
2511
8212
4417
5505
3706
9206
1904
8514
7007
2840
2914
7502
3919
811
1212
7613
4205
8481
7614
9601
5404
8302
3916
3911
8544
1104
9022
9702
5513
8443
3705
6105
5502
7009
7205
106
8403
1209
4601
1518
6102
8112
9605
8449
3823
1806
5206
2205
1902
9009
3702
2702
4906
6213
2917
5703
4013
7607
8480
3002
8504
7415
8802
6113
2847
6101
9111
7413
4702
7605
5512
5103
8110
4103
401
1704
2806
8474
906
7308
8106 7002
9609
3204
3921
8427
3822
3814
9017
2822
7102
3812
909
8416
2930
2813
9019
2907
3210
2845
6310
6209
4414
5811
8475
9608
7610
7322
6806
1701
8521
2838
8464
7217
4911
2931
1505
4804
8509
7506
2104
3501
3903
5401
7014
2927
8463
8424
101
7403
303
8202
4817
8510
8531
2009
8516
3915
4806
8703
5806
6305
8462
7212
9611
9616
2609
7229
8472
9202
8305
1008
8422
8437
7306
7017
2824
5805
8432
602
3806
509
9502
4821
6109
3917 3213
5516
5607
8419
3912
5004
8508
8205
7216
6904
7208
7118
2602
8904
2517
8465
3006
804
7309
1521
3506
7409
6111
511705
9106
3808
1605
9302
1504
3102
6208
2805
8006
9603
5210
2007
6908
2823
3202
7101
2507
7223
9508
9001
1302
3005
2204
510
7015
7324
2851
8434
9110
2621
4002
1211
3801
1207
8711
8539
103
4201
4421
8529
6001
2929
7410
4404
8310
1602
6506
7010
3407
409
6815
5408
405
507
8507
9613
6906
8101
7416
6201
6307
4910
8439
7108
3405
6401
4406
7801
3105
6106
1501 5908
2849
8604
2817
9025
3004
2529
6205
8716
4501
505
5604
8460
2850
5507
1202
910
5203
3605
8908
7417
8477
7222
9002
7314
2716
7225
4602
9506
9209
5810
2525
6304
5603
2518
7601
3924
9607
69076402 8522
2918
6212
6807
2526
7220
2928
2921
3207
6902
711
7019
802
7228
8804
3203
3913
6504
2924
2837
9404
7317
2709
8440
8307
6216
2206
9405
2308
1214
7018
7604
9610
6207
5515
5705
2815
2714
2833
501
2821
8402
7325
7505
4814
7606
9406
2831
8417
7115
9005
710
8446
8441
2906
8455
703
7901
2620 7412
6217
8902
6210
5407
5609
9102
2516
3922
2804
8301
7210
8513
8707
4202
6203
2939
8306
8457
1515
8458
5905
3603
2836
8404 6103
8203
2828
702
1205 2802
2839
7020
5804
7213
6116
9003
2501
6206
8545
5003
5501
4104
707
2904
2846
6215
2083804
2001
203
1508
2102
2940
701
9112
8447
210
9505
9004
1101
9107
5508
7209
5909
2848
7323
5809
7116
8201
2807
2827
2825
6505
4111
7419
2919
2401
6204
6303 4416
7219
4909
5208
2530
2819
6903
7106
3502
9606
8470 7203
5506
5808
8906
5205
1404
2908
7303
9503
3820
2515
1512
6107
6302
5212
902
5702
9504
6911
6108
6913
6117
5211
2004
2608
8410
2801
7117
4503
7105
4105
2610
1109
6603
9303
8433
5209
506
4203
61046112
6814
8451
2003
6202 7906
903
7321
7207
9617
7615
2808
5803
7063807
2941
2841
7227
4107
7405
6503
9208
2834
6602
5807
5007
2712
5907
2826
8701
6306
601
5005
8706
5105
5403
8454
5111
9305
5303
5107
8445
2835
2207
6507
6406
805
4102
6214
6704
3001
8214
5405
4903
8901
2301
7508
9615
7211
3803
8609
8712
2512
1213
5207 5901
1503
4815
3817
7313
7218
2604
2201
8308
5802
6802
2935
4504
8607
6002
7008
2504
209
408
8108
2843
502
2528
2812
6301
8444
6115
8204
3104
102
9103
2913
1208
9501
712
4101
8702
806
3406
8113
1105
9105
9113
71074908
5903
2816
1103
1007
2938
7214
7001 79046803
8215
5109
2829
8453
6702
6501
1005
4106
1507
4304
2925
2514 8211
905
6110
3503
8713
8103
1004
8210
5701
7004
8109
7202
2509
5311
29209013
3601
5310
1210
1601
808
809
6703
7221
5112
3504
1509
8213
2607
2830
2601
3604
4502
4110
406
5301
5606
6901
7110
6701
5904
2820 2506
5801
8111
7206
4302
7224
5308
8104
2810
206
2706
6601
207 7501
8107
1502
8715
2809
1206
5106
2942
9304
202
204
1204
2002
2818
5002
8102
5104
4109
4108
2502
2519
5309
29268601
2703
1107
54303
04
7401
104
2618
7402
4206
2305
5306
503
3103
5113
1201
7012
1003
2708
2605
5302
1001
8606
7201
5108
2524
2304
2704
5307 2616
5201
8603
2613
8605
6502
201
5304
2510
8602
2307
4301
5102
5110
5101
1002
205
2527
7109
-1
-.5
1
.5
0
.5
South Asia
9204
4704
-.5
Normalized RCA Index 2005
2612
-1
0
Normalized RCA Index 1995
1
Normalized RCA Index 1995
5307
5303
2942
5310
5207
501
2305
7118
2705
6703
5212
2525
4106
2514
1002
2621
408
3605
906
9701
5305
2516
6214
8710
1203
7102
9602
2610
2306
2606
2818 7507
2601
7417
2608
2506
5104
1301
812
9601
202
1006
902
7413
2904
1403
1008
1204
2939
1302
7117 4203
4201
5205
1202
9703
804
604
7305
3706
5210
2906
909
5003
5202
7114 2620
4204
3301
2511
3003
6304
713 7222
2513
2806
7405 2802
5204
6306
7113
7103
8004
2919
2304
7323
6101
5201
2935
8545
904
2614
1516
2302
2529
5701
2941
2851
3002
3004
1207 910
6405
8524
5405
63073817
1106
4501
8403
703
7418
2501
62086302 407 4108
7012
908
7613
2001
3001
907
6305
1502
5001
1515
2912
2828
5705
204
5805 7416
8546
7804
3205
9022
8455
8204
709
5515
59106206
2706
306
5607
4003
5211
409
2913
7603
7017
84017408
405
2803
3037105
8435 1007
3204
7614
801
25087325
4012
6903
1101
8706
5203
5510
7505
8203
7905
1402
8212
3821
5007
2526
2813
2618
5702
5208
6105
7414
2823
9016
6813
68125802
2523
2928
8107
2911
2521
7210
7615
2517
4105
5006
4014
2849
3808
7605
8442 6501
2921
8209
5403
6803
2848
8438
2707
1518
3306
6814
3203
8702
8902
6207
2933
7201
1508 8474
8711
6802
7419
7303
8905
4008
4013
6205
3704
5509
1703
6303 761182147223
80075103
5901
6114
2710
7403
8907
3503
2615
7010
5408
2902 8484
302
1209
8404
8904
7803
701
7018
2403
8309
3918
3202
506
8307
6116
6910
3603
25091211
4011
806
5803
8417
1205
6113
2827
2824
4816
7004
2925 4026216
3802
1001
8709 8547
601
8405
2507
2505
508
7311
1702
9608
5505
2908
7112812
305
2619
8432
3813
1208
8454
8437
8535
5113
7206
2515
1903
8440
8419
7306
2836
1404
4107 8514
6204
2903
63107415
4010
5809
5512
4104
5407
5605
9506
401
2713
7202
8420
7320
813
4015
5909
9018
510
6107
7609
805
7221
8201
8205
7208
1109
4802
6209
8607
3307
7308
7903
3914
2923
3006
4909
1605
8714
307
7302 8422
5511
8448
3303
2401
4823
8402
9024
2907
208
6211
710
2832
2007
8101
9203
6106
6503
4905
2518
9305
2838
2831
6111 7307
6109
4904
7904
4206
45045109
15054901
5504
4205
7312
5811
2938
2816 9604
3815
6902 7218 5209 5102
5608
7402
2839
2901
6506
6401
7301
5506
6203
802
4004
9023
2937
3924
32133208
4820 3912
84817607
7219
2712
7601
87018445
8712
8478
5513
712
3210
7318
8413
2101
2814
2829
5406
7606
1519
8908
8466
9033
72277805
2909
5906
3917
8408
807
810
7406
404 9508
1704
3507
8430
7215
4410
3305
7324
4103
7220
5402
6213
8003
2936
1213
1905
210
3005
5404
7409
3920
63017217
2207
8215
8409
7209
603 8406
7907
7412
2715
8468
8416
3801
9105
4707
8708
4404
3602
2922
3212
7802
2931
8443
8602
7229
2833
2915
5908
2602
3502
1514
8703
5503 4822
2940
3916
5704
3215
40168213
7213
8303
3822
8483
3101
3926
3925
7508
3806
6815
8311
3902
3812
3811
511
8410
4415
7319
2817
2844
6210
1517
8477
6804
8109
5111
5810
7225
7228
4910
5609
7212
4902
304 901
8421
6112
9402
2918
5308
602
7304
8434
2830
9609
3805
2504
8446
9026
5602
8530
3401
8412
4411
7224
9028
4408
7326
1904
2924
8459
2009
3923
8485
6403
5808
6912
34037226
9614
8704
3907
5601
2309
8705
708
1102
5907
10055105
3819
8441
6908
8479 17018302
6603
2905
9603
1901
1520 8608 8006
7112
8208
6103
3505
8105
9011
3816
8207
8414
3901
1401
4417
7207
7310
8463
2837
2208
4017
7204
5042917
9015
704
2106
3304
2845
4601
8472
3302
6806
2826
6115
4402
7806
2934
8537
8423
7211
28014009
5302
2607
6217
4001
5703
2821
2008
2914
5806
3809
5507
1206
6104
2815
3911
2920
6905
2808
2811
2201
2206
8482
201
3919
3209
4202
2703
4817
7203
4810
3405
8906
55014911
2805
8502
8436
7901
6102
6801
19025306
8444 7322
4821
7608
6201
2702
3402
6502
4416
7315
4421
3909
4804
9017
8504
5112
6406
4819
4813
3501
3823
8411
6108
8211
6808
9617
2616
3211
2840
7205
5911
8461
5514 6811
3206
9404
3904
8426
8458
8901
7616
8544
8462
6505
9025
1603
3201
8418
7407
2202
4808
811
8475
4807
8511
105
8512
9021
2927
2850
803
2520
9403
1108
8538
7316
4102
8439
8449
6001
507 2205
27149610
1004
6914
3506
2203
2102
8202
3803
8803
8476
8424
2530
2502
4806
7314
3903
8431
8433
9012
8305
5508
760490075401
814
5106
7009
2303
7404
702
7001
1513
2522
8469
4811
6602
9001
6909
2704
2834
6215
4706
8605 7104
8112
5002
6911
3810
7216
7610
808
8002
6906
8716
3906
4005
4418
7612
1103
9027
7011
5516
7019
7309
8206
8505
5807
7801
6117 8606
3807
9032
5606
2842
6504
3915
2402
5301
403
3404
2820
106
8451
903
8509
9020
7401
1604
5005
8802
2926
4809
7016
8428
7002
8306
7317
8465
8310
3407
4812
7411
2708
7313
8501
7015
7906
8506
3910
3905
4801
301
9205
2307
4503
8480
3922
8460
910331021105
1802
84275804
2807
2519
2930
2701
7020
4006
4002
8102
8539
6202
5502
5004
5107
3504
5101
8464
2825
4815
4419
2847
2105
1212
3921
9102
5604
9606
2528
2003
1214
7005
8536
9101
509
8301
3606
3913
7110
8429
8518
502
4414
9307
4412
9705
4405
9209
8415
8106
6002 8467
4704
3104
7321
3214
2916
2932
8425
9618
809
104
1104
6810
6404
8113
7003
8528
5206
4814
1510
2005
2617
3701
706
5903
4110
2512
9505
3707
9014
9109
9702
9507
6901
4101
7116
705
2804
6110
1806
2004
2503
7902
9302
1504
9005
8452
3105
4007
8503
7109
4401
7506
206
32079206
5904
8507
905
9104
3601
2810
4420
5902
5801
8308
1512
9612
2822
8450
8540
6805
3703
7013
6212
9607
9502
6308
9002
6507
8525
6907
410
9114
9010
9113
9029
707
8304
8470
9031
1601
406
2103
5110
4906
8103
3702
2209
6309
4805
9202
8903
2006
9030
2910
1804
2835
3103
4908
8515
8108
5311
9406
2711
4406
7503
2841
7007
9405
8517
7101
3604
4413
8609
8456
3818
101
8453
8513
8533
8516
7214
4907
9306
9204
2929
1507
714
6904
9303
7008
1521
9006
5309
8707
8407
2819
5304
503
6704
7602
4403
3406
6807
4803
3814
6702
8532
8210
9207
4407
8520
2809
9003
3820
6402
8005
8110
2308
9615
8543
4705
4903
8447
3908
1602
8713
8715
8527
9110
8508
8541
7504
2524
6701
2301
8523
1803
2104
8526
8473 6913
1511
9019
8457
9108
8804
9107
1805
1210
9503
4602
7115
102
8510
8471
3705
1522
6809
2605
5603
9208
9008
9004
9616
3804
9401
103
1003
4502
1107
9009
7502
1501
8111
4818
8104
6601
4409
8519
7014
7006
505
8534
8548
8805
9106
2204
2843
9301
2613
8531
5108
9706
7106
9611
9111
203
92017111 4111
7501
9501
1201
207
2846
8529
7410
2611
2510
2002
1509
2709
209
9605
8521
49613
302
5905911288012716
8001 9504
8522
8542
2604
4304
4703
7107
4303
1506
2609
2612
4301
4702
4701
8601
8604
8603
1801
9013
7108
9304
4109
2603
1503
2527
9704
205
-1
-.5
0
.5
1
Normalized RCA Index 1995
.5
0
-.5
-1
Normalized RCA Index 2005
1
Western Asia
6901
707
702
2845
3104
6308
7206
2709
5702
802
5809
15092515
6807104
1510
6801
5701
5704
403
6906
1208
1101
1003
2802
705
89049406
5703
7604
3102
909
7802
7108
5904
7214
7004
106
101
7082905 2503
27112102
1213 45037906 6113
6309
810
3814 2001
405
7013 6904
4204
807
701
2517
2002
401
7612
409
2510
1806
7322
4803
80043003 4006 2906 4817
7301
3901
804
406
9102202 2009
3807
2522
2909
809
4102
6912
709
1214
3917
2707
1905
1515
7602
1105 2610
9304 509
22098437 8716
9303
680268117303
51016405
8705
2710 8067204
5001
25096209
805
7324
27022201
4108
5908 6310
2513
7321
2523
704
6905
89032520
1902
4707
3303
2088304
7216
2105
4705
2521
2007
8602 2712
2620
9614
710
8502
5705
7008 5515
7308
4818
3820 4504
6301
602
407
3402
713 2901
2806
7507402
7113 3916 3924
2004
302
7010
7601
28296911
34015109
3905
4807
404
75032402
2912
2529
84468434
4415
6810
7110
6908
7902
2903
4819
2814
5511
7605
59074009 6806 8801 2403
8530
4105
8702
2844
7102
2005
7310
6814
2703
1704
808
7003
2714
1517
9302
7614
1904
8002
3305
8006
7220 7805
7207
8907
6114
8405
32111512 4404
7314
5805
813
4502
2715
2826
7215
2902
7323
8445
2505
7404
5110
8430
7306
4822
3209
2713
7613
2932
7610
8703
7615
8307
5606
2106
4808
9015
7223
3103
9203
23023922 3307
6401
3816
6910
3101
210
3206
3202 4103
7611
4706
2507
408
1516
3212
2815
8906
2827 8509
2823
1602 7305
6809
3501
711
8544
3925
7414
4813
8427
3214
7413
2819
706 6214
9020
3902
4011
2847
8215
3817
3405
6305
8309
8425
2516
9403
8474
87097002
6102
7804
4909
3207
3819
6306
8704
9021
8401
7309
8464
8418
8431
5602
8205
7019
1508
1212
5808
7313
8442
4501
5407
5905
5516
2832
9502
2103
9307
9404
5811
5104
1002
5601
2809
2801
7311
2824
3605
3606
2506
2042807
2834
2104
8707
8511
9610
7606
7418
7401
9604
8902
7907
2828
4902
1001 1103
8403
3004
7603
4812
8708
3822
6203
6803
6304
8450
5202
8415
58042008
6208
3923
6812
8432
7312
5604
5803
6206
1109
8421
8548
8453
4820
7213
9611
8438
4410
6303
5802
3813
9508
8535
1301
9402
3304
8455
2530
2804
6207
601
9618
3703
2508
8211
2006
7325
4418
8426
9501
3921
6504
9401
4013
2501 2836 7228
5102
5113 2511
7017
8710
8478
7508
8516
9101
8436
8409 5506
2716
9202
5505
8422
307
8513
2851 1104
4816
2203
7015
8417
8701
8429
9405
5810
4823
3909
9617
4814
7307
3005
2808
4601
8803
6217
8413
8510
5204
4411
5112
3001
8484
1522
68134901
105
4417
9503
7222
9005
3208
6202
6702
7406
1202
8537
4413
1701
7114
9010
8416
1206
8481
6204
6404
8468
2842
9105
6107
4420
907
7116
5801
2839
4101
9102
7616
9702
6216
2922
9612
4012
803
8410
8302
4106
1106
8303
305
6205
8451
7326
306
3918
908
604
5201
3920
9616
2810
8435
7212
4017
902
8420
7201
7901
39047609 1502
8905
1404
3213
5609
8301
3210
28302619
814
5406
12074804
4010
9103
7316
3306
812
3706
7018
9016
8512
7903
3301
3823207
4402
3505
7304
8485
1211
6111
8456
6106
3407
6403
603
4419
4911
9603
7417
6108
3811
2205
8412
8204
5509
7229
4809
6101
4408
4110
9615
1702
2805
7407
6501
3506
6201
8528
2821
209
4015
3002
8201
8311
906
4805
3911
5513
8465
3919
8472
8476
7009
3006
6808
9023
1703
1601
9613
7209
8424
2939
1209
8908
6914
6001
4811
6505
6115
7208
703 7007
3815
508
7106
4421
6804
6302
7317
4905
2401
7117
8712
4414
8524
3203
5605
3602
7302
8419
2518
3201
303
7005
7904
1520
7012
8306
5512
9026
1804
1506
7211
6902
3603
2607
8527
2811
1302
6913
6402
6105
8467
2848
4704
3105
1004
4203
8462
4016
5906
2913
6211
4412
4908
8547
2601
7801
2930
3912
8525
8483
9608
7607
8212
8407
3906
9605
6909
3707
9028
9018
9609
9025
2512
7320
8428
8406
9201
5004
8514
3704
6104
8433
2309
2926
5909
8901
904
8479
5408
5209
1903
4014
9706
9004
8461
3812
6805
3926 2904
504
6903
2917
8441
4906
4806
9007
3507
7112
2833
901
3915
3808
4304
1805
4910
3702
4202
6103
8203
3604
5211
8715
7409
9106
5203
511
6109
6307
9112
9206
6601
8539
7412
8423
2303
6506
6213
9704
5402
7107
5401
801
410
5607
4409
2812
8520
2941
2924
7318
7217
6406
8454
7203
4008
3215
3804
7408
2612
8206
9014
5608
206
9011
8546
8202
6210
262159024004
5106
4602
4407
3403
8414
7210
5911
2608
5503
4406
3701
8440
5111
7218
2817
8711
8444
5007
2835
2849
4701
7226
8310
8411
1102
9027
7402
8538
7415
7608
8113
1402
4003
6215
3805
1604
8463
8470
5901
8504
8507
8408
7315
8213
7224
1901
2617
2928
9022
5405
8101
3205
2942
8443
1505
6815
8460
6112
4111
8007
5103
2306
9024
5910
8452
3907
72259701 8402
7103
8517
9207
4205
4821
7419
1519
7806
9205
8545
8104
8447
2502
5205
5807
7016
5003
2519
9031
4802
5603
9017
8714
2606
304
712
2206
8501
1006
8506
9104
3903
7405
7001
7506
8404
9003
9032
811
6117
5105
2825
8482
2528
8477
7803
8503
2936
9108
8480
7403
6002
4810
8305
8208
1008
9505
8448
9506
8536
4303
5502
2504
8515
7205
5507
1514
9114
3406
8802
8214
8207
6602
202
9602
2101
5311
2618
7505
4815
6212
7014
3803
2911
5002
3809
6503
8475
5208
1210
301
8459
3204
5212
9019
1803
3705
4002
48013801
501
6701
1518
9006
8607
3910
7202
3404
8713
2708
6907
3914
2837
5309
9305
503
5508
8458
8469
8526
2803
1005
4403
9606
8523
5514
8210
7227
6116
5210
3502
9009
9507
2525
5310
1108
6110
5006
2003
8543
9008
2919
2846
9208
9030
7319
2918
2208
4416
7905
1204
2526
8608
4401
2706
2831
2818
3503
8706
5903
5307
4302
8521
7020
3913
1521
4903
2933
4201
5005
9607
9504
8439
201
5301
506
8603
3302
8518
7416
9012
9703
8107
7104
7006
3802
2308
8466
5404
8209
9029
2813
1511
2915
905
2923
102
2938
5806
8609
4904
714
502
4005
8108
8308
8473
2838
7111
9301
9113
203
2204
2304
9033
5501
3908
51403
207
4405
2841
4001
2514
4206
1501
7411
6603
4104
2916
3806
9109
8471
2816
8102
3504
9107
7105
1507
8529
3821
5510
7219
1504
8519
3810
5206
2925
8606
9110
2929
2907
8457
2921
6507
2305
5304
9204
6502
9002
9001
2705
2840
2940
5403
8508
2931
2908
5308
8111
4107
8531
1401
8103
7115
510
6704
8449
9601
5107
2207
1605
1007
7410
8533
9111
2935
2914
4007
2910
507
2920
9209
7011
2934
5302
1603
8505
5305
2603
1205
5303
4109
8540
7101
903
2820
103
2701
8109
4907 9306
1203
7501
1513
8601
3818
8532
7221
7502
8805
8005
8804
2301
1107
6703
8112
2602
2850
2937
2524
2822
2604
4301
8003
2927
2704
2614
8105
505
1201
2605
9705
8522
8541
2843
5306
8001
8542
5108
7118
205
1802
1801
2307
2611
2615
8604
5504
2616
4703
9013
1503
8534
8605
3601
2527
2609
4702
8106
7504
8110
7109
2613
-1
-.5
0
.5
1
Normalized RCA Index 1995
South-South Trade: The Reality Check
29
3.
Trade Complementarity Index in 1995 and 2005
Caribbean
South America 2
Southeast
Asia
Central
America
Pacific
South Asia
Eastern Asia
Caribbean
Southern Africa
EasternWestern
Africa
Asia
North Africa
South America 1
Western
Africa
Central
Africa
0
20
60
80
South America 1
Eastern
Africa
Western
Africa
Central
Africa
Pacific
Rest of World
40
Complentarity Index 2005
40
Central America
Southeast
Asia2
South
America
Caribbean
South
Asia
Western
Asia Asia
Eastern
NorthSouthern
Africa Africa
20
60
Rest of World
0
Complentarity Index 2005
80
Central Africa
0
20
40
60
80
0
Complementarity Index 1995
20
Central America
60
40
20
Complentarity Index 2005
Southeast Asia
Central
America
South
America
2
South AsiaEastern
Asia
Southern
Africa
Western
Asia
Caribbean
Eastern
Africa
North Africa
PacificSouth America 1
Central Africa
Western Africa
0
20
Rest of World
20
40
60
80
0
20
40
60
80
Complementarity Index 1995
North Africa
South
Asia Africa
Southern
60
0
0
20
Western Asia
Caribbean
South America 1
NorthAfrica
Africa
Pacific
Eastern
Central
Africa
Western
Africa
South
Southeast
AsiaAmerica 2
Central America
Eastern Asia
South Asia
Africa
Pacific
Western Southern
Asia
Caribbean
South
America
1
North Africa
CentralAfrica
Africa
Eastern
Western
Africa
40
40
Central
Eastern
Asia America
SouthAsia
America 2
Southeast
Rest of World
20
60
Rest of World
Complentarity Index 2005
80
80
South America 1
Complentarity Index 2005
80
80
80
60
40
South America 2
South Asia
Southern Africa
Western
Asia
Caribbean
North
Africa
South
America 1
Eastern
Africa
Pacific Africa
Western
Central
Africa
0
Complentarity Index 2005
Eastern Asia
Southeast
Asia
Central
America
Complementarity Index 1995
0
20
40
60
80
0
20
40
60
80
Complementarity Index 1995
Complementarity Index 1995
Western Africa
60
South Asia
America 2
Southeast
Central America
South Asia
Asia
Western
EasternAfrica
Asia
Southern
Caribbean
North Africa
South America 1
Eastern
Western
Africa
Pacific
Central Africa
0
0
20
Southern Africa
South Asia
Western
Asia
Caribbean
South America
1
North Africa
Central Africa
Western
Pacific Africa
Eastern Africa
Rest of World
40
40
Central
Southeast
Asia America
Eastern Asia
South America 2
Complentarity Index 2005
60
Rest of World
20
80
80
South America 2
Complentarity Index 2005
60
Eastern Africa
Rest of World
0
0
20
40
60
80
Complementarity Index 1995
30
40
Complementarity Index 1995
Issues in New Geography of International Trade
0
20
40
Complementarity Index 1995
60
80
3.
Trade Complementarity Index in 1995 and 2005 (continued)
Southeast Asia
Southern Africa
South
Western
AsiaAsia
20
Caribbean
NorthSouth
AfricaAmerica 1
Pacific Africa
Western
Central Africa
Eastern Africa
60
Rest of World
Eastern Asia
Central America
40
40
Southeast Asia
Eastern Asia
South America 2
Complentarity Index 2005
Central America
Southeast Asia
South America 2
South Asia
Southern Africa
Western Asia
Caribbean
North Africa
South America 1
Central
Western
Africa
PacificAfrica
Eastern Africa
0
20
60
Rest of World
0
Complentarity Index 2005
80
80
Southern Africa
0
20
40
60
0
80
Complementarity Index 1995
20
40
60
80
Complementarity Index 1995
Western Asia
80
80
South Asia
60
40
Complentarity Index 2005
40
South Asia
Southern Africa
Western Asia
South America 1
Caribbean
Pacific
Eastern
Africa
North
Africa
Western
Africa
Central Africa
0
20
Central America
Southeast Asia
South America 2
Eastern Asia
20
60
Southern Africa
Rest of World
South America 1
WesternSoutheast
Asia
Asia
Central AfricaCentral America
North
Africa
Western
Africa
Eastern Asia
South Asia
South America 2
Pacific
Caribbean
Eastern Africa
0
Complentarity Index 2005
Rest of World
0
20
40
60
80
0
20
Eastern Asia
60
80
40
Central America
60
Caribbean Eastern
CentralAsia
America
Asia
South Asia SouthSoutheast
America 2
Western
Asia Africa
Southern
North Africa
Eastern Africa
Pacific South America 1
Western Africa
Central Africa
0
20
America 2
SouthernSouth
Africa
South Asia
Western
Caribbean
South Asia
America 1
North Africa
Central
PacificAfrica
Western Africa
Eastern Africa
Rest of World
40
60
Southeast Asia
Eastern Asia
Rest of World
20
Complentarity Index 2005
80
80
Pacific
0
Complentarity Index 2005
40
Complementarity Index 1995
Complementarity Index 1995
0
20
40
Complementarity Index 1995
60
80
0
20
40
60
80
Complementarity Index 1995
South-South Trade: The Reality Check
31
4.
Trade Complementarity Index vs. Export Intensity Index, 2005
4.1. Americas
Central America (2005)
South America 1
1
-.5
0
.5
60
50
South America 2
Southern Africa
Western Asia
North Africa
Eastern Africa
Pacific
Western
Central
AfricaAfrica
Caribbean
South America 1
-.5
0
.5
Trade Intensity Index
South America 1 (2005)
South America 2 (2005)
20
Western Asia
North Africa
Pacific
Eastern Africa
Central Africa
Western Africa
-.5
Caribbean
South America 1
0
.5
1
Trade Intensity Index
Issues in New Geography of International Trade
70
60
50
40
Eastern Asia
South America 2
Southern Africa
SouthAsia
Asia
Western
Caribbean South America 1
North Africa
Central Africa Western Africa
30
30
South Asia
Southern Africa
Central America
Southeast Asia
20
40
South America 2
Trade Complementarity Index
80
1
Rest of World
Pacific
Eastern Africa
10
70
60
50
Central America
Eastern Asia
Southeast Asia
10
Trade Complementarity Index
Central America
South Asia
-1
1
Rest of World
-1
32
Eastern Asia
Southeast Asia
Trade Intensity Index
80
-1
2
10
20
Eastern Africa
Western Africa
Central Africa
Pacific
70
80
Caribbean
Rest of World
40
South America 2
30
40
Southeast Asia
South Asia
Western
Asia
Eastern
Asia
Southern
Africa
North Africa
30
Central America
20
4
Trade Complementarity Index
70
Rest of World
50
60
3
10
Trade Complementarity Index
80
Caribbean (2005)
-1
-.5
0
Trade Intensity Index
.5
1
4.2. Africa
South Asia
Western Asia
Caribbean
South America 1
North Africa
-.5
70
60
Eastern Asia
50
Caribbean
Southern Africa
Eastern Africa
Western Asia
North Africa
South America 1
Western Africa
Central Africa
0
.5
1
-1
-.5
0
.5
Trade Intensity Index
Trade Intensity Index
Western Africa (2005)
Eastern Africa (2005)
1
10
Central Africa
-1
-.5
0
.5
1
70
60
50
30
40
Southeast Asia
South America
Central
America2
Eastern Asia
Caribbean
South Asia
Southern Africa
Western Asia
South America 1
Pacific
20
20
Western Africa
Trade Complementarity Index
South America 2
South Asia
Southern Africa
Southeast Asia
Central America
Eastern Asia
Caribbean
North Africa
South America 1
Eastern Africa
Pacific
Western Asia
Rest of World
North Africa
Eastern Africa
Central Africa
Western Africa
10
80
70
60
50
Rest of World
30
40
South Asia
80
-1
Trade Complementarity Index
South America 2
Southeast Asia
Central America
Pacific
10
20
Central Africa
Eastern Africa
Western Africa
40
40
30
PacificSouthern Africa
Rest of World
30
South America 2
Southeast Asia
Central America
Eastern Asia
20
Trade Complementarity Index
70
50
60
Rest of World
10
Trade Complementarity Index
80
Central Africa (2005)
80
North Africa (2005)
-1
-.5
0
.5
1
Trade Intensity Index
Trade Intensity Index
60
70
Rest of World
50
Central America
40
Southeast Asia
Eastern Asia
South America 2
Western Asia
South Asia
Southern Africa
30
Caribbean
20
South America 1
North Africa
Western Africa
Pacific
Central Africa
Eastern Africa
10
Trade Complementarity Index
80
Southern Africa (2005)
-1
-.5
0
.5
1
Trade Intensity Index
South-South Trade: The Reality Check
33
4.3. Asia
20
South Asia
Pacific
-.5
0
.5
70
60
0
.5
1
30
Eastern Africa
North Africa
Western Africa
Central Africa
60
50
Central America
Pacific
Caribbean
Southern Africa
Rest of World
South America
1
Southeast
Asia Western Asia
Central Africa
North Africa Western Africa
Eastern
South Asia
South Asia
America 2
Eastern Africa
10
20
South America 1
Caribbean
Pacific
40
South Asia
Western Asia
30
40
Eastern Asia
20
Trade Complementarity Index
70
60
50
Central America
South America 2 Southeast Asia
70
80
South Asia (2005)
10
Trade Complementarity Index
-.5
Western Asia (2005)
Southern Africa
-.5
0
.5
1
80
70
60
50
Rest of World
30
Central America
Caribbean
South America 2
Eastern
Asia Southeast Asia
South Asia
20
Western Asia
North Africa
Eastern Africa
Southern Africa
Pacific
South America 1
Western Africa
10
Central Africa
-1
-.5
0
-1
-.5
0
Trade Intensity Index
Pacific (2005)
40
50
-1
Trade Intensity Index
Trade Intensity Index
Trade Complementarity Index
40
1
Rest of World
-1
.5
1
Trade Intensity Index
34
South America 2
Southern Africa
South Asia
Western 1Asia
South
Caribbean
America
North
Africa
Central Africa
Pacific
Western Africa
Eastern Africa
Trade Intensity Index
80
-1
Southeast Asia
Eastern Asia
Central America
30
30
South America 2
Southern
WesternAfrica
Asia
Caribbean
North
South America
1 Africa
Central Africa
Western Africa
Eastern Africa
Rest of World
20
40
Central America
Trade Complementarity Index
50
Eastern Asia
10
70
60
Southeast Asia
Rest of World
10
Trade Complementarity Index
80
Eastern Asia (2005)
80
Southeast Asia (2005)
Issues in New Geography of International Trade
.5
1
ANNEX IV – TABLES
Annex Table 1.1. Matrix of export flows from the South
2005 Exports to
to the world
Total ($billions)
RoW
South
Africa
South
Americas
Total
Asia
RoW
5 876.07
2 004.57
245.77
376.91
1 381.88
7 880.64
South
2 033.87
1 699.84
92.60
165.02
1 442.22
3 733.71
286.10
Africa
199.41
86.69
27.13
9.33
50.23
Americas
402.96
152.62
9.40
94.27
48.95
555.58
1 431.50
1 460.53
56.07
61.42
1 343.03
2 892.03
7 909.94
3 704.41
338.38
541.93
2 824.10
11 614.35
RoW
South
Asia
Total
Total (per cent)
South
Africa
Americas
Total
Asia
RoW
50.59
17.26
2.12
3.25
11.90
67.85
South
17.51
14.64
0.80
1.42
12.42
32.15
Africa
1.72
0.75
0.23
0.08
0.43
2.46
Americas
3.47
1.31
0.08
0.81
0.42
4.78
12.33
12.58
0.48
0.53
11.56
24.90
68.10
31.90
2.91
4.67
24.32
100.00
Africa
South
Americas
Asia
Total
2000 Exports to
to the world
Total ($billions)
RoW
South
Total
Asia
RoW
3 355.39
962.47
81.99
253.94
626.54
4 317.86
South
1 256.61
765.00
39.67
95.86
629.48
2 021.62
Africa
111.14
40.74
14.16
4.59
21.98
151.88
Americas
272.43
76.13
2.85
57.47
15.81
348.56
Asia
873.04
648.13
22.65
33.79
591.68
1 521.17
4 612.00
1 727.47
121.66
349.80
1 256.01
6 339.48
RoW
South
From World
Total (per cent)
South
Africa
Americas
Total
Asia
RoW
52.93
15.18
1.29
4.01
9.88
68.11
South
19.82
12.07
0.63
1.51
9.93
31.89
Africa
1.75
0.64
0.22
0.07
0.35
2.40
Americas
4.30
1.20
0.04
0.91
0.25
5.50
13.77
10.22
0.36
0.53
9.33
24.00
72.75
27.25
1.92
5.52
19.81
100.00
Africa
South
Americas
Asia
From World
1995 Exports to
to the world
Total ($billions)
RoW
South
Asia
Total
RoW
2 819.12
838.65
81.15
168.66
588.84
3 657.77
South
835.78
576.30
35.73
69.50
471.07
1 412.08
102.52
Africa
79.56
22.97
10.72
1.84
10.41
Americas
158.85
62.56
3.00
43.91
15.65
221.40
Asia
597.38
490.78
22.01
23.76
445.01
1 088.15
3 654.89
1 414.95
116.88
238.16
1 059.92
5 069.85
RoW
South
RoW
55.61
16.54
South
16.49
11.37
Africa
1.57
0.45
Americas
3.13
1.23
11.78
72.09
From World
Total (per cent)
Asia
From World
South
Africa
Total
Americas
Asia
1.60
3.33
11.61
72.15
0.70
1.37
9.29
27.85
0.21
0.04
0.21
2.02
0.06
0.87
0.31
4.37
9.68
0.43
0.47
8.78
21.46
27.91
2.31
4.70
20.91
100.00
Source: UNCTAD South-South Trade Information System.
South-South Trade: The Reality Check
35
Annex Table 1.2. Exports to the South as percentage of each
region’s total exports to the world
2005
Exports to
to the world
Total (per cent)
RoW
South
RoW
74.56
South
Africa
South
Americas
Asia
25.44
3.12
4.78
17.54
100.00
54.47
45.53
2.48
4.42
38.63
100.00
69.70
30.30
9.48
3.26
17.56
100.00
Americas
72.53
27.47
1.69
16.97
8.81
100.00
Asia
49.50
50.50
1.94
2.12
46.44
100.00
68.10
31.90
2.91
4.67
24.32
100.00
Total
2000
Exports to
to the world
Total (per cent)
RoW
South
South
Africa
Americas
Asia
Total
RoW
77.71
22.29
1.90
5.88
14.51
100.00
South
62.16
37.84
1.96
4.74
31.14
100.00
Africa
73.18
26.82
9.33
3.02
14.47
100.00
Americas
78.16
21.84
0.82
16.49
4.54
100.00
Asia
57.39
42.61
1.49
2.22
38.90
100.00
72.75
27.25
1.92
5.52
19.81
100.00
From World
1995
Exports to
to the world
Total (per cent)
RoW
South
South
Africa
Americas
Asia
Total
RoW
77.07
22.93
2.22
4.61
16.10
100.00
South
59.19
40.81
2.53
4.92
33.36
100.00
77.60
22.40
10.45
1.79
10.16
100.00
Africa
From World
Americas
71.75
28.25
1.36
19.83
7.07
100.00
Asia
54.90
45.10
2.02
2.18
40.90
100.00
72.09
27.91
2.31
4.70
20.91
100.00
Source: UNCTAD South-South Trade Information System.
36
Total
Africa
Issues in New Geography of International Trade
Annex Table 2.1. Breakdown of the origins of the South-South export (in per cent)
2005
2000
1995
Asia
86
85
85
Africa
5
5
4
Americas
9
10
11
Source: UNCTAD South-South Trade Information System.
Annex Table 2.2. Breakdown of the destinations of the South-South export (in per cent)
Exports to:
2005
Asia
Africa
Americas
South
85
5
10
Asia
92
4
4
Africa
58
31
11
Americas
32
6
62
South
82
5
13
Asia
91
3
5
Africa
54
35
11
Americas
21
4
75
South
82
6
12
Asia
91
4
5
Africa
45
47
8
Americas
25
5
70
2000
1995
Source: UNCTAD South-South Trade Information System.
South-South Trade: The Reality Check
37
38
Issues in New Geography of International Trade
Base metals and products
Textile and textile articles
Chemicals and allied industries
Plastics and rubber
Optical and precision instruments
Vehicles other than railway or tramway rolling stock
Articles of stone, glass, precious stones and metals
Prepared foodstuffs, beverages, etc.
Vegetable products
Wood and wood products
Ores and minerals, excl. fuels
Aircraft and spacecraft, ships, boats and floating structures
Miscellaneous manufact. articles
Live animals and products
Fats and oils
Raw hides and skins, leather, furs, etc.
Special Uses
Footwear, headgear, umbrellas, etc.
Railway or tramway locomotives and equipment
Arms and ammunition
Works of art, etc
15
14
11
7
8
20
18
13
4
2
10
5
19
22
1
3
9
24
12
17
21
23
13.51
5.93
Agricultural (1+2+3+4)
6.95
41.37
Resource-based, excl. fuels (5+8+14)
Textile and articles (11+12)
Manufacturing (15+16+17+18+19+20+22)
Source: UNCTAD South-South Trade Information System
100.00
1 699.8
total
0.01
0.01
0.17
0.55
0.79
0.89
0.92
1.02
1.12
1.13
1.57
1.72
1.96
2.03
2.66
2.98
3.01
4.73
5.50
6.41
Total
US$ billion
11.44
Computers, nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and
mechanical appliances
7.22
20.65
Fuels
6
21.53
Total
16
Description
Electrical machinery & equipm., telecomm equipm.,
electronics excl. computers and parts thereof
2005
total
Total
23
21
17
24
12
19
3
5
9
1
22
20
13
4
18
2
10
8
7
14
11
15
6
16
2000
US$ billion
Works of art, etc
Arms and ammunition
Railway or tramway locomotives and equipment
Special Uses
Footwear, headgear, umbrellas,etc.
Aircraft and spacecraft, ships, boats and floating structures
Fats and oils
Ores and minerals, excl. fuels
Raw hides and skins, leather, furs, etc.
Live animals and products
Miscellaneous manufacturing articles
Optical and precision instruments
Articles of stone, glass, precious stones and metals
Prepared foodstuffs,beverages,etc.
Vehicles other than railway or tramway rolling stock
Vegetable products
Wood and wood products
Plastics and rubber
Chemicals and allied industries
Base metals and products
Textile and textile articles
Computers, nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and
mechanical appliances
Fuels
Electrical machinery and equipm., telecomm equipm.,
electronics excl. computers and parts thereof
Description
7.17
11.99
11.44
40.50
765.0
100.00
0.01
0.01
0.23
0.47
0.73
0.89
0.97
0.99
1.27
1.27
1.44
2.04
2.11
2.38
2.54
2.55
2.76
4.92
5.63
6.08
10.71
11.33
16.64
22.03
Total
total
Total
23
21
17
24
12
5
19
9
1
22
3
20
13
18
2
10
4
8
7
15
14
6
11
16
1995
US$ billion
Works of art, etc
Arms and ammunition
Railway or tramway locomotives and equipment
Special Uses
Footwear, headgear, umbrellas,etc.
Ores and minerals, excl. fuels
Aircraft and spacecraft, ships, boats and floating structures
Raw hides & skins, leather, furs, etc.
Live animals and products
Miscellaneous manufact. articles
Fats and oils
Optical and precision instruments
Articles of stone, glass, precious stones and metals
Vehicles other than railway or tramway rolling stock
Vegetable products
Wood and wood products
Prepared foodstuffs, beverages, etc.
Plastics and rubber
10.14
16.52
14.04
35.23
576.3
100.00
0.01
0.01
0.22
0.65
1.04
1.18
1.48
1.58
1.58
1.63
1.84
2.07
2.59
2.75
3.12
3.52
3.59
5.84
6.19
9.45
Computers, nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and
mechanical appliances
Chemicals and allied industries
9.50
9.52
13.00
17.62
Total
Base metals and products
Fuels
Textile and textile articles
Electrical machinery and equipm., telecomm equipm.,
electronics excl. computers and parts thereof
Description
Annex Table 3.1. Ranking of sectors in South-South trade (in per cent)
Annex Table 3.2. Ranking of sectors exported from each region
Export values (US$ billion), 2005
Export destinations
Description
Asia
16
6
SOUTH
Africa
Americas
Asia
Share in
total S-S
exports
(%)
RoW
TOTAL
Electrical machinery & equipm.,
telecomm equipm., electronics excl.
computers and parts thereof
357.77
5.75
13.91
338.11
24.5
21.0
264.46
622.23
Fuels
277.03
3.07
3.42
270.54
19.0
16.3
273.37
550.40
15
Computers, nuclear reactors, boilers,
machinery & mechanical appliances
185.18
5.32
7.21
172.64
12.7
10.9
195.90
381.07
11
Textile and textile articles
102.00
8.66
7.92
85.42
7.0
6.0
168.12
270.12
14
Base metals and products
96.21
4.55
2.65
89.00
6.6
5.7
69.64
165.85
7
Chemicals & allied industries
77.49
3.28
3.40
70.81
5.3
4.6
45.82
123.31
8
Plastics and rubber
72.48
3.57
3.90
65.01
5.0
4.3
45.55
118.03
20
Optical and precision instruments
50.33
0.60
1.43
48.29
3.4
3.0
37.15
87.48
13
Articles of stone, glass, precious
stones & metals
41.53
1.05
0.80
39.68
2.8
2.4
41.12
82.65
18
Vehicles other than railway or tramway rolling stock
36.08
4.96
4.25
26.86
2.5
2.1
56.66
92.74
10
Wood and wood products
21.15
1.03
0.37
19.75
1.4
1.2
20.82
41.96
2
Vegetable products
19.52
3.00
0.43
16.09
1.3
1.1
14.77
34.28
4
Prepared foodstuffs, beverages, etc.
18.19
0.96
0.43
16.80
1.2
1.1
21.69
39.88
22
Miscellaneous manufact. articles
17.90
1.00
1.78
15.12
1.2
1.1
60.43
78.33
19
Aircraft & spacecraft, ships, boats &
floating structures
17.47
4.13
4.37
8.97
1.2
1.0
17.40
34.87
99
24.59
Special Uses (HS2 98 and 99)
13.20
1.46
2.44
9.30
0.9
0.8
11.39
9
Raw hides & skins, leather, furs, etc.
13.17
0.40
0.60
12.17
0.9
0.8
20.78
33.94
5
Ores and minerals, excl. fuels
11.99
0.53
0.09
11.36
0.8
0.7
8.18
20.17
3
Fats and oils
10.55
1.21
0.15
9.20
0.7
0.6
5.66
16.22
1
Animals and animal products
9.84
0.35
0.11
9.37
0.7
0.6
14.28
24.12
12
Footwear, headgear, umbrellas, etc.
8.56
1.15
1.51
5.90
0.6
0.5
33.19
41.75
17
Railway or tramway locomotives and
equipment
2.65
0.03
0.23
2.39
0.2
0.2
4.10
6.74
23
Works of art, etc
0.16
0.01
0.01
0.14
0.0
0.0
0.88
1.04
21
Arms and ammunition
0.11
0.01
0.01
0.10
0.0
0.0
0.14
0.26
1 460.53
56.07
61.42
1 343.03
100.0
85.9
1 431.50
2 892.03
45.7
39.3
7.6
6.5
120.38
Asia Total
Manufacturing (15+16+17+18+19+20+22)
Textile and articles (11+12)
Chemical & allied (7)
Americas
Share in
region's
S-S
exports
(%)
5.3
4.6
Resource-based, excl. fuels
(5+8+10+13+14)
16.7
14.3
Fuels (6)
19.0
16.3
Other (9,21,99)
1.8
1.6
Agricultural (1+2+3+4)
4.0
3.4
Fuels
23.57
0.56
18.18
4.82
15.4
1.4
96.81
14
6
Base metals and products
19.45
0.78
9.68
8.99
12.7
1.1
29.37
48.82
18
Vehicles other than railway or tramway rolling stock
13.52
0.93
11.79
0.80
8.9
0.8
34.47
47.99
4
Prepared foodstuffs,beverages,etc.
13.29
2.04
5.74
5.51
8.7
0.8
20.53
33.82
5
Ores and minerals, excl. fuels
11.86
0.50
2.86
8.50
7.8
0.7
13.16
25.02
7
Chemicals & allied industries
11.39
0.28
9.62
1.49
7.5
0.7
11.85
23.25
.../...
South-South Trade: The Reality Check
39
Annex Table 3.2. (continued)
Export values (US$ billion), 2005
Export destinations
Description
2
Vegetable products
SOUTH
Africa
Americas
Asia
Share in
total S-S
exports
(%)
RoW
TOTAL
10.74
1.08
3.76
5.90
7.0
0.6
23.72
34.46
15
Computers, nuclear reactors, boilers,
machinery & mechanical appliances
7.68
0.43
5.63
1.62
5.0
0.5
32.98
40.66
16
Electrical machinery & equipm.,
telecomm equipm., electronics excl.
computers and parts thereof
7.15
0.12
5.76
1.26
4.7
0.4
54.22
61.37
8
Plastics and rubber
6.68
0.20
6.02
0.47
4.4
0.4
6.91
13.60
1
Animals and animal products
6.17
1.15
2.57
2.45
4.0
0.4
13.65
19.82
Wood and wood products
5.87
0.21
3.98
1.68
3.8
0.3
9.20
15.07
10
3
Fats and oils
4.71
0.74
1.34
2.63
3.1
0.3
1.12
5.84
Textile and textile articles
3.89
0.03
3.04
0.81
2.5
0.2
15.26
19.15
Raw hides & skins, leather, furs, etc.
1.65
0.04
0.43
1.18
1.1
0.1
2.14
3.80
13
Articles of stone, glass, precious
stones & metals
1.55
0.16
1.23
0.16
1.0
0.1
11.79
13.34
22
Miscellaneous manufact. articles
0.90
0.06
0.80
0.03
0.6
0.1
8.24
9.14
19
Aircraft & spacecraft, ships, boats &
floating structures
0.86
0.03
0.38
0.45
0.6
0.1
3.73
4.59
12
Footwear, headgear, umbrellas,etc.
0.62
0.02
0.54
0.06
0.4
0.0
1.98
2.60
20
Optical and precision instruments
0.60
0.02
0.49
0.09
0.4
0.0
8.85
9.45
17
Railway or tramway locomotives and
equipment
0.22
0.01
0.21
0.00
0.1
0.0
0.65
0.87
99
Special Uses (HS2 98 and 99)
0.18
0.00
0.17
0.01
0.1
0.0
2.20
2.38
21
Arms and ammunition
0.05
0.00
0.02
0.02
0.0
0.0
0.09
0.14
23
Works of art, etc
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.0
0.0
0.03
0.04
152.62
9.40
94.27
48.95
100.0
9.0
402.96
555.58
20.3
1.8
3.0
0.3
11
9
Americas Total
Manufacturing (15+16+17+18+19+20+22)
Textile and articles (11+12)
Chemical & allied(7)
7.5
0.7
Resource-based, excl. fuels
(5+8+10+13+14)
29.8
2.7
Fuels (6)
15.4
1.4
1.2
0.1
22.9
2.1
Other (9, 21,99)
Agricultural (1+2+3+4)
Africa
Share in
region's
S-S
exports
(%)
6
14
7
2
Fuels
50.49
9.80
7.65
33.04
58.2
3.0
122.97
173.46
Base metals and products
6.99
2.72
0.29
3.98
8.1
0.4
8.73
15.72
Chemicals & allied industries
4.64
2.00
0.47
2.17
5.4
0.3
3.77
8.41
Vegetable products
3.14
1.64
0.03
1.47
3.6
0.2
5.39
8.53
Textile and textile articles
2.99
0.92
0.04
2.04
3.5
0.2
9.63
12.62
4
Prepared foodstuffs,beverages,etc.
2.98
1.88
0.10
1.00
3.4
0.2
7.17
10.15
5
Ores and minerals, excl. fuels
2.84
0.90
0.14
1.80
3.3
0.2
3.91
6.75
11
10
Wood and wood products
2.26
1.18
0.03
1.05
2.6
0.1
2.63
4.90
13
Articles of stone, glass, precious
stones & metals
2.05
1.02
0.01
1.03
2.4
0.1
14.30
16.35
15
Computers, nuclear reactors, boilers,
machinery & mechanical appliances
1.55
1.02
0.12
0.40
1.8
0.1
3.16
4.70
1
Animals and animal products
1.29
0.68
0.01
0.60
1.5
0.1
2.39
3.68
8
Plastics and rubber
1.21
0.92
0.02
0.27
1.4
0.1
1.03
2.24
.../...
40
Issues in New Geography of International Trade
Annex Table 3.2. (continued)
Export values (US$ billion), 2005
Export destinations
Description
SOUTH
Africa
Americas
Asia
Share in
region's
S-S
exports
(%)
Share in
total S-S
exports
(%)
RoW
TOTAL
18
Vehicles other than railway or tramway rolling stock
1.01
0.69
0.03
0.29
1.2
0.1
4.38
5.39
16
Electrical machinery & equipm.,
telecomm equipm., electronics excl.
computers and parts thereof
0.99
0.60
0.02
0.36
1.1
0.1
3.45
4.43
19
Aircraft & spacecraft, ships, boats &
floating structures
0.88
0.21
0.34
0.33
1.0
0.1
1.70
2.59
3
Fats and oils
0.34
0.32
0.00
0.02
0.4
0.0
0.66
1.01
9
0.72
Raw hides & skins, leather, furs, etc.
0.28
0.07
0.01
0.19
0.3
0.0
0.44
22
Miscellaneous manufact. articles
0.25
0.20
0.00
0.05
0.3
0.0
0.73
0.98
20
Optical and precision instruments
0.20
0.16
0.00
0.04
0.2
0.0
0.39
0.60
99
Special Uses (HS2 98 and 99)
0.11
0.05
0.00
0.05
0.1
0.0
1.62
1.73
12
Footwear, headgear, umbrellas,etc.
0.11
0.10
0.00
0.01
0.1
0.0
0.73
0.84
17
Railway or tramway locomotives and
equipment
0.07
0.02
0.00
0.04
0.1
0.0
0.14
0.21
21
Arms and ammunition
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.0
0.0
0.03
0.04
23
Works of art, etc
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.0
0.0
0.05
0.06
0.0
0.0
100.0
5.1
199.41
286.10
5.7
0.3
2 033.9
3 733.7
Africa Total
86.69
27.13
9.33
50.23
Manufacturing (15+16+17+18+19+20+22)
Textile and articles (11+12)
3.6
0.2
Chemical & allied (7)
5.4
0.3
Resource-based, excl. fuels
(5+8+10+13+14)
17.7
0.8
Fuels (6)
58.2
3.0
Other (9, 21,99)
0.5
0.0
Agricultural (1+2+3+4)
8.9
0.5
Grand Total
1 699.8
92.6
165.0
1 442.2
Asia
Americas
Africa
45.7
20.3
5.7
Textile and articles
7.6
3.0
3.6
Chemical & allied
5.3
7.5
5.4
Resource-based, excl. Fuels
16.7
29.8
17.7
Fuels
58.2
Source: UNCTAD South-South Trade Information System.
The values include re-import and re-export.
Manufacturing
19.0
15.4
Agricultural
1.8
1.2
0.5
Other
4.0
22.9
8.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
South-South Trade: The Reality Check
41
Annex Table 4.1. Network of exports: Top 10 Exported Sectors
Asia to Africa
1
(per cent)
Africa to Asia
(per cent)
11
Textile and textile articles
15.44
1
6
Fuels
2
16
Electrical machinery & equipm., telecomm
equipm., electronics excl. computers and parts
thereof
10.26
2
14
Base metals and products
7.91
3
15
Computers, nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery
& mechanical appliances
9.48
3
7
Chemicals & allied industries
4.32
4
18
Vehicles other than railway or tramway rolling
stock
8.85
4
11
Textile and textile articles
4.06
5
14
Base metals and products
8.12
5
5
Ores and minerals, excl. fuels
3.58
6
19
Aircraft & spacecraft, ships, boats & floating
structures
7.36
6
2
Vegetable products
2.93
7
8
Plastics and rubber
6.36
7
10
Wood and wood products
2.09
8
7
Chemicals & allied industries
5.86
8
13
Articles of stone, glass, precious stones & metals
2.04
9
6
Fuels
5.47
9
4
Prepared foodstuffs,beverages,etc.
2.00
2
Vegetable products
5.35
10
1
Animals and animal products
10
Total of the above
Coefficient of Variation
82.55
Total of the above
0.37
Asia to Americas
Coefficient of Variation
65.78
1.19
95.90
2.07
Americas to Asia
1
16
Electrical machinery & equipm., telecomm
equipm., electronics excl. computers and parts
thereof
22.64
1
14
Base metals and products
18.37
2
11
Textile and textile articles
12.89
2
5
Ores and minerals, excl. fuels
17.36
3
15
Computers, nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery
& mechanical appliances
11.75
3
2
Vegetable products
12.06
4
19
Aircraft & spacecraft, ships, boats & floating
structures
7.12
4
4
Prepared foodstuffs, beverages, etc.
11.26
5
18
Vehicles other than railway or tramway rolling
stock
6.93
5
6
Fuels
9.85
6
8
Plastics and rubber
6.35
6
3
Fats and oils
5.37
7
6
Fuels
5.56
7
1
Animals and animal products
5.00
8
7
Chemicals & allied industries
5.53
8
10
Wood and wood products
3.43
15
Computers, nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery
& mechanical appliances
3.32
7
Chemicals & allied industries
9
10
14
Base metals and products
99
Special Uses (HS2 98 and 99)
Total of the above
Coefficient of Variation
4.32
9
3.97
10
87.06
Total of the above
0.66
Americas to Africa
Coefficient of Variation
3.05
89.06
0.65
Africa to Americas
1
4
Prepared foodstuffs,beverages,etc.
21.71
1
6
Fuels
81.97
2
1
Animals and animal products
12.26
2
7
Chemicals & allied industries
5.06
3.63
11.47
3
19
Aircraft & spacecraft, ships, boats & floating
structures
Vehicles other than railway or tramway rolling
stock
9.90
4
14
Base metals and products
3.16
14
Base metals and products
8.26
5
5
Ores and minerals, excl. fuels
1.49
6
3
Fats and oils
7.92
6
15
Computers, nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery
& mechanical appliances
1.28
7
6
Fuels
6.00
7
4
Prepared foodstuffs,beverages,etc.
1.08
8
5
Ores and minerals, excl. fuels
5.28
8
11
Textile and textile articles
0.39
9
15
Computers, nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery
& mechanical appliances
4.54
9
10
Wood and wood products
0.34
10
7
Chemicals & allied industries
2.96
10
18
Vehicles other than railway or tramway rolling
stock
0.32
3
2
Vegetable products
4
18
5
Total of the above
Coefficient of Variation
90.30
0.60
Total of the above
Coefficient of Variation
98.71
2.57
.../...
42
Issues in New Geography of International Trade
Annex Table 4.1. (continued)
Asia to Asia
(per cent)
Asia to RoW
(per cent)
1
16
Electrical machinery & equipm., telecomm
equipm., electronics excl. computers and parts
thereof
25.18
1
6
Fuels
19.10
2
6
Fuels
20.14
2
16
Electrical machinery & equipm., telecomm
equipm., electronics excl. computers and parts
thereof
18.47
3
15
Computers, nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery
& mechanical appliances
12.85
3
15
Computers, nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery
& mechanical appliances
13.68
4
14
Base metals and products
6.63
4
11
Textile and textile articles
11.74
5
11
Textile and textile articles
6.36
5
14
Base metals and products
4.87
6
7
Chemicals & allied industries
5.27
6
22
Miscellaneous manufact. articles
4.22
7
8
Plastics and rubber
4.84
7
18
Vehicles other than railway or tramway rolling
stock
3.96
8
20
Optical and precision instruments
3.60
8
7
Chemicals & allied industries
3.20
9
13
Articles of stone, glass, precious stones & metals
2.95
9
8
Plastics and rubber
3.18
10
18
Vehicles other than railway or tramway rolling
stock
2.00
10
13
Articles of stone, glass, precious stones & metals
2.87
Total of the above
Coefficient of Variation
89.82
Americas to Americas
1
6
Fuels
Total of the above
0.88
Coefficient of Variation
85.30
0.77
Americas to RoW
19.29
1
6
Fuels
24.03
13.45
2
18
Vehicles other than railway or tramway rolling
stock
12.51
2
16
Electrical machinery & equipm., telecomm
equipm., electronics excl. computers and parts
thereof
3
14
Base metals and products
10.27
3
18
Vehicles other than railway or tramway rolling
stock
8.55
4
7
Chemicals & allied industries
10.21
4
15
Computers, nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery
& mechanical appliances
8.18
5
8
Plastics and rubber
6.39
5
14
Base metals and products
7.29
6
16
Electrical machinery & equipm., telecomm
equipm., electronics excl. computers and parts
thereof
6.12
6
2
Vegetable products
5.89
7
4
Prepared foodstuffs,beverages,etc.
6.08
7
4
Prepared foodstuffs,beverages,etc.
5.09
8
15
Computers, nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery
& mechanical appliances
5.97
8
11
Textile and textile articles
3.79
9
10
Wood and wood products
4.22
9
1
Animals and animal products
3.39
10
2
Vegetable products
3.98
10
5
Ores and minerals, excl. fuels
3.27
Total of the above
Coefficient of Variation
85.04
Total of the above
0.55
Africa to Africa
Coefficient of Variation
82.93
0.76
Africa to RoW
1
6
Fuels
36.13
1
6
Fuels
2
14
Base metals and products
10.03
2
13
Articles of stone, glass, precious stones & metals
3
7
Chemicals & allied industries
7.38
3
11
Textile and textile articles
4.83
4
4
Prepared foodstuffs,beverages,etc.
6.93
4
14
Base metals and products
4.38
5
2
Vegetable products
6.05
5
4
Prepared foodstuffs,beverages,etc.
3.60
6
10
Wood and wood products
4.35
6
2
Vegetable products
2.70
7
15
Computers, nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery
& mechanical appliances
3.77
7
18
Vehicles other than railway or tramway rolling
stock
2.20
8
13
Articles of stone, glass, precious stones & metals
3.74
8
5
Ores and minerals, excl. fuels
1.96
9
8
Plastics and rubber
3.40
9
7
Chemicals & allied industries
1.89
10
11
Textile and textile articles
3.38
10
16
Electrical machinery & equipm., telecomm
equipm., electronics excl. computers and parts
thereof
1.73
Total of the above
Coefficient of Variation
85.16
1.17
Total of the above
Coefficient of Variation
South-South Trade: The Reality Check
61.67
7.17
92.12
2.01
43
Annex Table 5.1. Breakdown of exports into sub-regions
Values of export ($ billions)
Distribution of exports (percentage)
2005
Reporter
Region
Asia
2000
Reporter
Subregion
Eastern Asia
Pacific
South Asia
Americas
Africa
Total
South
Rest of
World
TOTAL
767.83
764.35
1 532.18
1.12
4.09
5.21
Rest of
World
TOTAL
Eastern Asia
45.58
54.42
100.00
Pacific
15.15
84.85
100.00
65.29
70.88
136.17
South Asia
34.78
65.22
100.00
288.77
650.09
Southeast Asia
47.68
52.32
100.00
Western Asia
264.97
303.41
568.38
Western Asia
33.30
66.70
100.00
Caribbean
100.00
4.00
11.58
15.58
26.37
73.63
Central America
Caribbean
21.79
210.55
232.34
Central America
6.28
93.72
100.00
South America 1
25.88
81.85
107.73
South America 1
27.27
72.73
100.00
South America 2
100.94
98.98
199.92
South America 2
45.34
54.66
100.00
7.52
14.12
21.63
Central Africa
37.41
62.59
100.00
Central Africa
5.05
4.39
9.44
North Africa
21.96
90.31
112.27
Southern Africa
31.64
52.95
Western Africa
20.52
37.64
1 699.84
2 033.87
3 733.71
Americas
Africa
Eastern Africa
46.95
53.05
100.00
North Africa
17.02
82.98
100.00
84.59
Southern Africa
29.49
70.51
100.00
58.17
Western Africa
33.15
66.85
100.00
2000 Total
38.61
61.39
100.00
Total/South
100.00
Distribution of exports (percentage)
Distribution of exports (percentage)
1995
2005
Reporter
Region
Reporter
Subregion
Asia
Eastern Asia
Total
South-South
50.11
Rest of
World
49.89
TOTAL
100.00
Reporter
Region
Reporter
Subregion
Asia
Eastern Asia
Total
South-South
47.82
Rest of
World
52.18
TOTAL
100.00
Pacific
21.50
78.50
100.00
Pacific
15.75
84.25
100.00
South Asia
47.95
52.05
100.00
South Asia
34.46
65.54
100.00
Southeast Asia
55.58
44.42
100.00
Southeast Asia
47.69
52.31
100.00
Western Asia
46.62
53.38
100.00
Western Asia
33.75
66.25
100.00
Caribbean
Caribbean
100.00
25.70
74.30
100.00
26.43
73.57
Central America
9.38
90.62
100.00
Central America
9.25
90.75
100.00
South America 1
24.02
75.98
100.00
South America 1
30.36
69.64
100.00
South America 2
50.49
49.51
100.00
South America 2
46.57
53.43
100.00
Central Africa
14.13
85.87
100.00
Central Africa
34.75
65.25
100.00
Americas
Africa
Eastern Africa
53.51
46.49
100.00
Eastern Africa
38.92
61.08
100.00
North Africa
19.56
80.44
100.00
North Africa
15.72
84.28
100.00
Southern Africa
37.40
62.60
100.00
Southern Africa
26.50
73.50
100.00
Western Africa
35.28
64.72
100.00
Western Africa
23.97
76.03
100.00
100.00
1995 Total
40.81
59.19
100.00
Total/South
100.00
2005 Total
45.53
Total/South
100.00
54.47
Source: UNCTAD South-South Trade Information System.
44
Total
South-South
361.32
2005 Total
Africa
Asia
Reporter
Subregion
Southeast Asia
Eastern Africa
Americas
Reporter
Region
Issues in New Geography of International Trade
Annex Table 5.2. The breakdown of destinations of the South-South exports
2005
1
2
3
4
5
Eastern Asia
RoW
Eastern Asia
Southeast Asia
Western Asia
South Asia
Pacific
RoW
Eastern Asia
Southeast Asia
Pacific
South Asia
South Asia
RoW
Western Asia
Eastern Asia
Southeast Asia
South Asia
Southeast Asia
RoW
Southeast Asia
Eastern Asia
South Asia
Western Asia
Western Asia
RoW
Eastern Asia
Western Asia
Southeast Asia
South Asia
Caribbean
RoW
Caribbean
South America 1
Eastern Asia
Central America
Central America
RoW
Central America
South America 1
Caribbean
Eastern Asia
South America 1
RoW
South America 1
Eastern Asia
South America 2
Central America
South America 2
RoW
South America 2
Eastern Asia
South America 1
Central America
Western Africa
Central Africa
RoW
Eastern Asia
Caribbean
Southeast Asia
Eastern Africa
RoW
Eastern Africa
Southern Africa
Western Asia
South Asia
North Africa
RoW
Western Asia
Eastern Asia
North Africa
South America 2
Southern Africa
RoW
Eastern Asia
Southern Africa
Eastern Africa
Southeast Asia
Western Africa
RoW
Western Africa
South Asia
South America 2
Southern Africa
2005
6
7
8
9
10
Eastern Asia
Central America
South America 2
Southern Africa
Western Africa
North Africa
Pacific
Southern Africa
Western Africa
Central America
Caribbean
South America 2
South Asia
Southern Africa
Western Africa
North Africa
South America 2
Eastern Africa
Southeast Asia
Central America
South America 2
Southern Africa
Western Africa
North Africa
Western Asia
North Africa
Eastern Africa
Southern Africa
South America 2
Western Africa
Caribbean
South America 2
Western Africa
South Asia
Western Asia
Southeast Asia
Central America
South America 2
Southeast Asia
South Asia
Western Asia
North Africa
South America 1
Caribbean
Western Asia
Southeast Asia
South Asia
Southern Africa
South America 2
Western Asia
Southeast Asia
Caribbean
North Africa
South Asia
Central Africa
Central Africa
Southern Africa
South Asia
North Africa
South America 2
Eastern Africa
North Africa
Eastern Asia
Central Africa
Southeast Asia
Western Africa
North Africa
South Asia
Southeast Asia
Western Africa
Caribbean
Central America
Southern Africa
Western Asia
South Asia
South America 2
Western Africa
Central Africa
Western Africa
Eastern Asia
Southeast Asia
Central Africa
Central America
South America 1
2005
Eastern Asia
11
12
13
14
15
South America 1
Caribbean
Eastern Africa
Central Africa
Pacific
Pacific
Western Asia
South America 1
Eastern Africa
North Africa
Central Africa
South Asia
Central America
South America 1
Caribbean
Central Africa
Pacific
Southeast Asia
Pacific
Caribbean
South America 1
Eastern Africa
Central Africa
Western Asia
Central America
South America 1
Caribbean
Central Africa
Pacific
Caribbean
North Africa
Southern Africa
Central Africa
Eastern Africa
Pacific
Central America
Southern Africa
Western Africa
Eastern Africa
Central Africa
Pacific
South America 1
North Africa
Western Africa
Eastern Africa
Central Africa
Pacific
South America 2
Southern Africa
Western Africa
Eastern Africa
Central Africa
Pacific
Central Africa
Western Asia
Eastern Africa
Central America
South America 1
Pacific
Eastern Africa
South America 1
Central America
South America 2
Caribbean
Pacific
North Africa
Eastern Africa
Central Africa
Southern Africa
South America 1
Pacific
Southern Africa
North Africa
Central America
South America 1
Caribbean
Pacific
Western Africa
North Africa
Western Asia
Caribbean
Eastern Africa
Pacific
Asia
Africa
Americas
Source: UNCTAD South-South Trade Information System.
South-South Trade: The Reality Check
45
Annex Table 5.3. Top 20 countries according to the 2005 value of exports to the South
Exports to South
(2005, US$ million)
Rank
Share of S-S
Exports (2005, %)
Share in total
S-S exports (%)
Cumulative
1
China
317 066.6
41.6
194.80
18.70
18.70
2
Hong Kong, China
175 874.5
60.2
360.00
10.30
29.00
3
Korea, Rep. of
157 143.0
55.3
93.80
9.20
38.20
4
Singapore
151 992.9
66.2
168.10
8.90
47.10
5
Saudi Arabia
117 097.3
64.8
132.40
6.90
54.00
6
Taiwan Province of China
115 866.0
61.2
2 321.70
6.80
60.80
7
Malaysia
76 326.6
54.1
132.90
4.50
65.30
8
UAE
60 708.9
58.7
110.30
3.60
68.90
9
Thailand
56 245.9
51.1
207.30
3.30
72.20
10
Brazil
55 638.5
47.9
132.70
3.30
75.50
11
India
54 744.9
52.9
198.80
3.20
78.70
12
Indonesia
43 693.6
51.0
350.90
2.60
81.30
13
Kuwait
28 386.2
55.1
142.00
1.70
83.00
14
Argentina
26 075.5
65.0
434.30
1.50
84.50
15
Philippines
18 679.0
45.3
92.40
1.10
85.60
16
Chile
16 364.3
42.4
261.40
1.00
86.60
17
South Africa
15 474.5
32.9
174.40
0.90
87.50
18
Mexico
14 658.5
6.8
91.60
0.90
88.40
19
Turkey
14 046.9
19.1
157.90
0.80
89.20
20
Nigeria
12 968.2
31.9
237.90
0.80
90.00
21
Iran, Islamic Rep. of
12 544.8
20.9
90.69
0.74
90.74
22
Angola
12 090.7
53.0
91.40
0.71
91.45
23
Qatar
11 523.3
44.7
92.08
0.68
92.13
24
Viet Nam
9 373.6
30.2
92.63
0.55
92.68
25
Colombia
7 991.0
37.7
93.10
0.47
93.15
26
Algeria
7 459.5
15.5
93.54
0.44
93.59
27
Pakistan
7 065.0
44.0
93.95
0.42
94.00
28
Venezuela, Bolivarian Rep. of
6 311.1
11.4
94.32
0.37
94.37
29
Peru
6 289.7
36.8
94.69
0.37
94.74
30
Yemen
4 578.3
81.6
94.96
0.27
95.01
31
Iraq
4 093.3
16.5
95.20
0.24
95.25
32
Oman
3 800.7
18.7
95.43
0.22
95.48
33
Egypt
3 774.5
35.5
95.65
0.22
95.70
34
Sudan
3 767.4
86.5
95.87
0.22
95.92
35
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
3 579.3
12.8
96.08
0.21
96.13
36
Syrian Arab Republic
3 184.9
45.8
96.27
0.19
96.32
37
Congo, Rep.
3 179.6
71.3
96.46
0.19
96.51
38
Ecuador
3 159.5
32.0
96.64
0.19
96.69
39
Cote d'Ivoire
2 938.9
40.5
96.82
0.17
96.87
40
Trinidad and Tobago
2 933.7
30.5
96.99
0.17
97.04
41
Costa Rica
2 690.2
37.6
97.15
0.16
97.20
42
Brunei Darussalam
2 569.2
42.3
97.30
0.15
97.35
43
Equatorial Guinea
2 503.9
40.0
97.44
0.15
97.49
44
Jordan
2 451.1
57.3
97.59
0.14
97.64
45
Guatemala
2 174.3
40.4
97.72
0.13
97.77
46
Bolivia
1 948.7
69.7
97.83
0.11
97.88
47
Kenya
1 938.0
57.8
97.95
0.11
98.00
48
Morocco
1 890.1
17.8
98.06
0.11
98.11
49
Uruguay
1 667.9
49.0
98.15
0.10
98.20
50
Sri Lanka
1 565.3
25.4
98.25
0.09
98.30
Asia
Africa
Source: UNCTAD South-South Trade Information System
46
Growth of S-S exports
(1995-2005, %)
Issues in New Geography of International Trade
Americas
Annex Table 6.1. Normalized RCA across subregions (HS 4-digit)
Number of exported items
Reporter
1995
2005
% growth
1995-2005
Number of export items with
0<NRCA<1
1995
2005
% growth
1995-2005
Share of items with
NRCA>0 in total export
1995
2005
Eastern Asia
1 235
1 236
0.1
669
667
-0.3
54.2
54.0
Southeast Asia
1 236
1 237
0.1
351
384
9.4
28.4
31.0
Pacific
509
890
74.9
63
125
98.4
12.4
14.0
South Asia
1 172
1 226
4.6
371
475
28.0
31.7
38.7
Western Asia
1 198
1 234
3.0
222
189
-14.9
18.5
15.3
866
1 069
23.4
181
182
0.6
20.9
17.0
Caribbean
Central America
1 147
1 188
3.6
402
425
5.7
35.0
35.8
South America 1
1 113
1 177
5.8
257
320
24.5
23.1
27.2
South America 2
1 192
1 220
2.3
405
398
-1.7
34.0
32.6
Central Africa
443
599
35.2
40
28
-30.0
9.0
4.7
Eastern Africa
1 031
1 125
9.1
221
301
36.2
21.4
26.8
North Africa
937
1 043
11.3
221
170
-23.1
23.6
16.3
Western Africa
932
1 016
9.0
129
107
-17.1
13.8
10.5
1 205
1 230
2.1
442
426
-3.6
36.7
34.6
Southern Africa
Source: UNCTAD South-South Trade Information System.
South-South Trade: The Reality Check
47
Annex Table 6.2. Exports with revealed comparative advantage in 2005
(the number of product groups with the normalized RCA value > 0)
Country
Primary
commodities
(incl. Agri)
Manufactures labour-intensive
or resource-based
Manufactures low skill
Manufactures medium skill
Manufactures high skill
Energy
and
others
Unclassified
products
Total
Central Africa
20
1
2
0
3
1
1
28
Western Africa
55
11
10
5
13
5
8
107
Pacific
62
16
15
5
15
2
10
125
North Africa
90
21
16
5
27
8
3
170
Caribbean
65
28
19
9
36
6
19
182
Western Asia
85
48
14
8
23
7
4
189
Eastern Africa
149
52
24
9
41
6
20
301
South America1
117
67
32
16
67
8
13
320
Southeast Asia
116
52
29
63
88
9
27
384
South America2
152
61
41
50
79
4
11
398
Central America
143
70
38
37
112
3
22
425
Southern Africa
161
65
49
38
80
9
24
426
South Asia
155
104
61
46
82
7
20
475
78
187
89
90
170
8
45
667
1 448
783
439
381
836
83
227
4 197
Eastern Asia
TOTAL
(As % share in a subregion's total number of exported product grouops)
Primary
commodities
(incl. Agri)
Manufactures labour-intensive
or resource-based
Manufactures low skill
Manufactures high skill
Energy
and
others
Unclassified
products
Total
Central Africa
71.4
3.6
7.1
0.0
10.7
3.6
3.6
100.0
North Africa
52.9
12.4
9.4
2.9
15.9
4.7
1.8
100.0
Western Africa
51.4
10.3
9.3
4.7
12.1
4.7
7.5
100.0
Eastern Africa
49.5
17.3
8.0
3.0
13.6
2.0
6.6
100.0
Southern Africa
37.8
15.3
11.5
8.9
18.8
2.1
5.6
100.0
Africa AVERAGE
52.6
11.7
9.1
3.9
14.2
3.4
5.0
100.0
Central America
33.6
16.5
8.9
8.7
26.4
0.7
5.2
100.0
South America1
36.6
20.9
10.0
5.0
20.9
2.5
4.1
100.0
South America2
38.2
15.3
10.3
12.6
19.8
1.0
2.8
100.0
Caribbean
35.7
15.4
10.4
4.9
19.8
3.3
10.4
100.0
America AVERAGE
36.0
17.0
9.9
7.8
21.7
1.9
5.6
100.0
Eastern Asia
11.7
28.0
13.3
13.5
25.5
1.2
6.7
100.0
Southeast Asia
30.2
13.5
7.6
16.4
22.9
2.3
7.0
100.0
South Asia
32.6
21.9
12.8
9.7
17.3
1.5
4.2
100.0
Western Asia
45.0
25.4
7.4
4.2
12.2
3.7
2.1
100.0
Pacific
49.6
12.8
12.0
4.0
12.0
1.6
8.0
100.0
Asia AVERAGE
33.8
20.3
10.6
9.6
18.0
2.1
5.6
100.0
TOTAL AVERAGE
41.2
16.3
9.9
7.0
17.7
2.5
5.4
100.0
Source: UNCTAD South-South Trade Information System.
48
Manufactures medium skill
Issues in New Geography of International Trade
Annex Table 6.3.a. Top 10 subregions, ranked according to the height of
comparative advantage in 2005
(Aggregate of "positive (>0) values of normalized RCAs in each product sector, for each subregion)
Sector
Agriculture
Agriculture Average
Natural-resource based
Natural-resource based Average
Base metal & products
Base metal & products Average
Chemical and allied
Chemical and allied Average
Textiles & Articles
Textiles & Articles Average
Manufactured
Rank
Sub-region
1995
2005
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Eastern Africa
South America 2
Central America
South Asia
Southern Africa
South America 1
North Africa
Pacific
Caribbean
Western Asia
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Southern Africa
South America 1
Central America
Eastern Africa
South Asia
South America 2
Southeast Asia
Caribbean
North Africa
Eastern Asia
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Southern Africa
South Asia
Central America
South America 1
Eastern Asia
Eastern Africa
South America 2
Caribbean
Southeast Asia
North Africa
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Central America
Southern Africa
South Asia
South America 2
South America 1
Eastern Asia
Caribbean
North Africa
Eastern Africa
Southeast Asia
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
South Asia
Eastern Asia
Eastern Africa
South America 1
Southern Africa
Central America
South America 2
Western Asia
North Africa
Southeast Asia
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Eastern Asia
South America 2
Southern Africa
Southeast Asia
South Asia
Central America
Caribbean
Pacific
Eastern Africa
South America 1
42.33
58.44
42.18
41.69
37.44
25.52
35.24
15.42
23.06
27.66
34.90
43.10
30.92
36.14
23.10
31.58
32.72
21.12
20.51
19.86
17.71
27.68
33.88
20.24
17.67
15.20
15.92
13.38
12.82
9.60
8.96
13.54
16.12
38.71
34.37
24.99
26.87
19.80
15.05
22.70
15.29
9.83
7.17
21.48
29.34
29.97
9.83
11.06
10.73
15.78
7.35
5.55
9.65
3.78
13.30
35.40
24.31
24.95
22.17
13.85
19.21
6.85
8.08
8.80
4.94
16.86
68.21
61.52
53.61
47.58
42.68
32.72
30.28
24.07
21.82
20.95
40.34
44.71
41.97
38.70
38.22
37.37
33.25
23.77
23.31
18.39
18.22
31.79
28.27
25.93
22.00
21.63
18.52
16.18
13.62
10.28
9.27
8.29
17.40
44.52
32.81
30.99
27.32
22.27
17.81
15.25
12.75
12.71
10.05
22.65
39.39
29.92
17.12
14.62
13.20
11.89
7.05
6.93
4.71
3.68
14.85
40.77
25.53
24.99
24.29
19.86
15.88
11.97
9.40
6.46
6.09
18.52
Manufactured Average
Source: UNCTAD South-South Trade Information System
South-South Trade: The Reality Check
49
Annex Table 6.3.b. Top 10 subregions, ranked according to the degree of
comparative advantage in 2005
(Aggregate of "positive (>0) values of normalized RCAs in each product sector, for each subregion)
Sector
Sub-sector
Rank
Agriculture
Animal prod
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Vegetable prod.
Prepared foodstuffs
Fats & oils
Hides skin leather
Natural-resource based
Fuels
Ore & mineral
Sub-region
1995
2005
Eastern Africa
South America 2
Central America
Southern Africa
South Asia
North Africa
Pacific
South America 1
Western Asia
Western Africa
Eastern Africa
South Asia
South America 2
Central America
Southern Africa
North Africa
Western Asia
South America 1
Pacific
Southeast Asia
Central America
South America 2
South America 1
Southern Africa
Caribbean
Eastern Africa
Pacific
North Africa
Western Africa
Southeast Asia
South America 2
Southeast Asia
Eastern Africa
South Asia
North Africa
Southern Africa
Pacific
South America 1
Central America
Eastern Africa
South Asia
Eastern Asia
Southern Africa
South America 2
Central America
South America 1
North Africa
Western Asia
Caribbean
North Africa
Caribbean
Southern Africa
South America 1
Eastern Africa
South Asia
Western Asia
Pacific
Central America
Western Africa
South Asia
Southern Africa
Eastern Africa
South America 1
South America 2
Central America
North Africa
Caribbean
8.91
14.27
7.63
5.79
9.24
5.28
5.95
3.15
4.93
3.95
20.38
21.19
16.48
12.62
14.99
16.08
14.27
7.63
5.14
5.74
18.02
19.73
10.43
11.14
15.23
6.70
2.98
9.18
7.60
4.07
6.52
3.53
2.78
1.03
3.20
3.77
0.60
1.27
1.38
3.57
3.73
3.79
1.75
1.44
2.53
3.04
1.49
1.79
0.77
3.00
4.07
6.36
2.40
4.62
3.59
3.32
0.25
1.78
2.37
11.73
14.80
8.14
9.46
6.01
8.33
7.52
5.91
15.89
14.01
12.85
9.72
8.71
6.29
6.23
5.25
4.55
2.59
30.94
24.80
18.47
18.24
13.62
12.69
10.06
9.37
6.75
6.40
18.55
18.45
14.88
14.58
13.57
12.03
8.79
7.71
7.45
6.90
8.06
4.21
4.04
3.09
2.50
2.01
1.99
1.87
1.75
5.31
5.14
3.67
2.74
2.53
2.22
1.34
1.09
0.97
0.90
5.10
4.97
4.55
3.49
3.07
2.70
2.06
1.97
1.80
1.21
17.06
16.71
13.97
12.98
11.08
7.72
7.32
5.06
.../...
50
Issues in New Geography of International Trade
Annex Table 6.3.b. (continued)
(Aggregate of "positive (>0) values of normalized RCAs in each product sector, for each subregion)
Sector
Sub-sector
Plastic & Rubber
Stones, glass, cement
Wood and products
Base metal & products
Base metal & products
Chemical and allied indust.
Chemical and allied
Textiles & Articles
Apparel
Footwear & Head gears
Rank
9
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Sub-region
1995
2005
Central Africa
Pacific
Central America
Southeast Asia
Eastern Asia
South Asia
South America 1
South America 2
Eastern Africa
Caribbean
South Asia
South America 1
Central America
Eastern Asia
Southern Africa
Western Asia
South America 2
Eastern Africa
Pacific
Southeast Asia
Southern Africa
Central America
Eastern Africa
South America 2
South America 1
Southeast Asia
Caribbean
Western Africa
Pacific
Eastern Asia
Southern Africa
South Asia
Central America
South America 1
Eastern Asia
Eastern Africa
South America 2
Caribbean
Southeast Asia
North Africa
Central America
Southern Africa
South Asia
South America 2
South America 1
Eastern Asia
Caribbean
North Africa
Eastern Africa
Southeast Asia
South Asia
Eastern Asia
South America 1
Eastern Africa
Southern Africa
Pacific
Western Asia
Caribbean
North Africa
Central America
Eastern Asia
South America 1
Southern Africa
South Asia
Eastern Africa
South America 2
Central America
4.35
1.99
6.93
3.89
4.22
3.36
2.36
3.43
1.03
1.49
10.49
9.92
10.46
5.98
8.15
5.78
9.71
4.36
0.99
4.44
12.27
8.63
4.95
12.54
6.78
7.88
6.53
4.93
2.67
4.58
33.88
20.24
17.67
15.20
15.92
13.38
12.82
9.60
8.96
13.54
38.71
34.37
24.99
26.87
19.80
15.05
22.70
15.29
9.83
7.17
5.50
8.05
2.14
3.63
0.85
0.00
1.43
1.42
3.24
1.07
4.03
3.33
1.33
1.46
0.41
1.39
1.95
4.27
3.81
7.19
5.14
4.29
4.23
3.94
3.39
3.05
1.77
11.06
9.71
8.02
7.92
6.71
5.86
5.51
5.17
3.95
3.73
16.04
13.97
12.95
12.44
11.85
10.60
9.93
4.72
4.61
4.20
28.27
25.93
22.00
21.63
18.52
16.18
13.62
10.28
9.27
8.29
44.52
32.81
30.99
27.32
22.27
17.81
15.25
12.75
12.71
10.05
11.33
8.25
5.42
4.85
2.53
2.24
2.09
1.72
1.55
1.10
4.58
2.79
2.66
2.44
1.69
1.25
1.01
.../...
South-South Trade: The Reality Check
51
Annex Table 6.3.b. (continued)
(Aggregate of "positive (>0) values of normalized RCAs in each product sector, for each subregion)
Sector
Sub-sector
Textile
Manufactured
Machineries, etc.
Electrical machineries,
computers, telecom, etc.
Optical & precision tools
Misc. Manufactured
Vehicles
Rank
8
9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Source: UNCTAD South-South Trade Information System
52
Issues in New Geography of International Trade
Sub-region
1995
2005
Western Africa
Caribbean
South Asia
Eastern Asia
Eastern Africa
Central America
Southern Africa
South America 1
South America 2
Western Asia
Southeast Asia
North Africa
Eastern Asia
South America 2
Southern Africa
South Asia
Southeast Asia
Central America
Pacific
Caribbean
Eastern Africa
Eastern Asia
Southeast Asia
Central America
South Asia
South America 2
Southern Africa
Caribbean
Eastern Asia
Southeast Asia
Caribbean
Southern Africa
South Asia
Eastern Africa
Central America
South America 2
South America 1
North Africa
Eastern Asia
Central America
Eastern Africa
South Asia
South America 1
Southern Africa
South America 2
Caribbean
Pacific
Western Asia
South America 2
South Asia
Southern Africa
Central America
Eastern Asia
Southeast Asia
Western Africa
Eastern Africa
2.10
0.88
22.38
17.88
5.80
12.76
8.55
5.59
5.75
4.12
2.01
5.72
10.55
11.12
10.45
2.97
5.66
8.16
1.23
0.36
0.81
5.23
6.53
2.65
2.63
1.12
0.86
0.00
9.13
6.44
3.09
2.29
0.93
0.18
0.92
1.37
0.32
0.58
5.53
3.57
2.53
2.43
2.56
2.16
0.59
2.19
1.17
1.11
4.55
3.01
3.01
2.59
1.42
0.48
0.15
1.80
0.87
0.48
25.62
17.09
10.58
9.77
8.01
6.41
5.80
4.62
3.42
3.17
12.06
10.33
9.82
7.75
7.15
5.28
2.41
2.01
1.47
8.08
5.89
3.17
2.90
1.42
1.11
0.86
10.06
7.00
4.25
3.12
1.85
0.78
0.74
0.65
0.45
0.45
6.28
4.47
3.25
2.30
2.04
1.92
1.49
1.43
0.88
0.68
5.21
2.96
2.54
1.58
1.35
0.95
0.94
0.79
Annex Table 7.1. Partners and Products
Number of
products in 1995
Number of trading
partners in 1995
Number of
products in 2005
Number of trading
partners in 2005
Ranking
Exporter
1
Argentina
248
53
253
55
2
Bahrain
201
31
217
40
3
Belize
131
25
159
35
4
Bolivia
175
31
209
35
5
Brazil
247
55
256
57
6
Burundi
49
16
75
22
7
Cameroon
143
34
190
42
8
Central African Republic
52
22
94
26
9
Chile
247
49
249
50
10
China
257
56
259
57
11
Colombia
236
48
245
50
12
Costa Rica
223
44
228
48
13
Dominica
139
31
150
34
14
Ecuador
209
41
227
47
15
Gambia, The
79
20
90
26
16
Guatemala
219
44
239
45
17
Honduras
206
41
217
43
18
Hong Kong, China
255
56
256
55
19
India
254
56
257
56
20
Indonesia
251
55
255
57
21
Jordan
202
35
223
47
22
Kiribati
17
10
57
12
23
Korea, Republic of
253
56
256
56
24
Malawi
150
35
187
36
25
Malaysia
253
52
258
57
26
Maldives
59
17
148
26
27
Mauritius
165
34
226
46
28
Mexico
242
53
251
54
29
Morocco
159
43
213
48
30
Mozambique
117
30
179
33
31
Nicaragua
178
32
200
38
32
Niger
78
21
125
30
33
Oman
169
32
219
42
34
Pakistan
211
53
240
56
35
Panama
229
44
238
48
36
Peru
221
42
248
49
37
Philippines
231
48
248
54
38
Qatar
156
27
196
47
39
Saudi Arabia
243
50
250
52
40
Seychelles
68
14
99
32
41
Singapore
257
54
258
55
42
South Africa
258
52
259
56
43
St. Kitts and Nevis
37
13
57
18
44
St. Lucia
84
14
109
21
45
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
90
11
107
18
46
Sudan
101
38
153
37
47
Taiwan Province of China
254
54
257
56
48
Tanzania (United Rep. of)
171
39
214
42
49
Thailand
248
56
256
57
50
Togo
72
21
172
32
51
Trinidad and Tobago
180
35
211
40
52
Tunisia
159
39
190
49
53
Turkey
235
53
247
55
54
Uganda
86
27
198
35
55
Uruguay
214
39
230
47
56
Venezuela (Bolivarian Rep. of)
230
43
232
47
57
Zambia
164
33
193
34
10 062
2 157
11 529
2 442
Total
Source: UN Comtrade.
South-South Trade: The Reality Check
53
Annex Table 7.2. Most traded (i.e. exported) products in
new trade relationships (NTR): By region (SQUARED MATRIX)
ASIA: Most traded goods in VALUE
Product name
Value
(US$ million)
ASIA: Most traded goods in FREQUENCY
Percentage
No. of NTR on
this product
Product name
Telecomms equipment nes
9 997.32
14.76
18
Articles nes of plastics
Valves/transistors/etc
8 820.38
13.02
13
Printed matter
Office equip parts/accs.
7 458.37
11.01
15
Optical instruments nes
5 701.52
8.42
Computer equipment
5 551.23
8.19
Electric circuit equipmt
4 623.64
6.82
22
Electrical equipment nes
3 156.26
4.66
Elect power transm equip
2 146.21
3.17
Textile yarn
Percentage
0.39
30
57.27
0.08
28
Articles of apparel nes
118.53
0.17
24
11
Furniture/stuff furnishg
53.61
0.08
24
21
Hand/machine tools
39.68
0.06
23
Electric circuit equipmt
4 623.64
6.82
22
19
Computer equipment
5 551.23
8.19
21
18
Base metal manufac nes
274.82
0.41
21
21
1 268.73
1.87
10
224.27
0.33
Rest of products
19 030.47
28.09
2 138
Rest of products
56 548.08
83.46
Total
67 754.12
100
2 285
Total
67 754.12
100
Product name
Value
(US$ million)
No. of NTR on
this product
263.00
AFRICA: Most traded goods in VALUE
Baby carr/toy/game/sport
2 285
AFRICA: Most traded goods in FREQUENCY
Percentage
No. of NTR on
this product
Product name
Value
(US$ million)
Percentage
No. of NTR on
this product
Pearls/precious stones
151.07
24.57
1
Electrical equipment nes
3.45
0.56
25
Pulp and waste paper
95.19
15.48
2
Articles of apparel nes
0.74
0.12
22
Sugar/mollasses/honey
32.17
5.23
3
Printed matter
1.15
0.19
21
Primary/prods iron/steel
20.77
3.38
1
Articles nes of plastics
1.13
0.18
21
Cotton
18.08
2.94
7
Mens/boys wear, woven
0.25
0.04
19
Aircraft/spacecraft/etc
13.76
2.24
3
Goods/service vehicles
13.13
2.14
10
Civil engineering plant
12.77
2.08
13
Flat rolled iron/st prod
12.02
1.96
2
Rest of products
245.85
39.99
1 177
Total
614.82
100
1 219
AMERICA: Most traded goods in VALUE
Product name
Value
(US$ million)
Passenger cars etc.
206.28
Motor veh parts/access
Electric circuit equipmt
0.70
0.11
18
Computer equipment
2.49
0.41
18
Women/girl clothing wven
0.23
0.04
17
Office equip parts/accs.
0.20
0.03
16
Rest of products
604.48
98.32
1 042
Total
614.82
100
1 219
AMERICA: Most traded goods in FREQUENCY
Percentage
No. of NTR on
this product
28.97
4
Product name
Articles nes of plastics
Value
(US$ million)
1.86
Percentage
0.26
No. of NTR on
this product
17
111.38
15.64
10
Electric circuit equipmt
0.22
0.03
16
Ships/boats/etc
76.61
10.76
5
Telecomms equipment nes
2.12
0.30
16
Goods/service vehicles
66.20
9.30
4
Computer equipment
0.89
0.13
14
Heavy petrol/bitum oils
39.55
5.55
7
Measure/control app nes
0.14
0.02
14
Iron/steel pipe/tube/etc
19.56
2.75
9
Rubber tyres/treads
15.69
2.20
13
Printed matter
3.13
0.44
14
Articles of apparel nes
1.08
0.15
14
Edible products n.e.s.
11.53
1.62
Aluminium ores/concs/etc
10.88
1.53
7
Footwear
0.71
0.10
13
2
Office equip parts/accs.
0.96
0.14
Rest of products
154.47
21.69
1 054
13
Rest of products
701.06
98.44
984
Total
712.16
100
1 115
Total
712.16
100
1 115
Source: UN Comtrade.
54
Value
(US$ million)
Issues in New Geography of International Trade
Annex Table 7.3. Existing products traded with existing partners
Product name
(SITC.Rev3, 3-digit)
Ranking
Value 1995
(US$ million)
Percentage
of total
Value 2005
(US$ million)
Percentage
of total
1
Valves/transistors/etc.
33 566.51
7.81
187 807.94
15.61
2
Petrol./bitum. oil, crude
22 270.09
5.18
79 594.97
6.62
3
Telecomms equipment nes
15 105.28
3.52
68 645.04
5.71
4
Office equip parts/accs.
11 625.24
2.71
52 572.01
4.37
5
Heavy petrol/bitum oils
14 192.51
3.30
49 635.07
4.13
6
Computer equipment
7 644.39
1.78
40 735.12
3.39
7
Optical instruments nes
690.67
0.16
26 524.23
2.21
8
Electric circuit equipmt
6 534.85
1.52
26 519.13
2.20
9
Electrical equipment nes
6 362.62
1.48
24 881.87
2.07
10
Copper
6 933.50
1.61
15 630.10
1.30
11
Iron ore/concentrates
1 678.72
0.39
13 527.03
1.12
12
Hydrocarbons/derivatives
2 569.78
0.60
11 637.46
0.97
13
Sound/tv recorders etc.
2 801.03
0.65
11 533.61
0.96
14
Elect power transm equip
4 277.31
1.00
11 243.57
0.93
15
Textile yarn
8 494.67
1.98
10 981.59
0.91
16
Baby carr/toy/game/sport
7 539.67
1.75
10 828.93
0.90
17
Passenger cars etc.
2 691.44
0.63
10 525.39
0.88
18
Articles of apparel nes
5 209.38
1.21
10 401.18
0.86
19
Flat rolled iron/st prod
3 759.77
0.88
10 096.74
0.84
Rest of products
265 725.14
61.84
529 578.01
44.03
total
429 672.56
100
1 202 898.98
100
Source: UN Comtrade.
South-South Trade: The Reality Check
55
QUESTIONNAIRE
SOUTH-SOUTH TRADE:
The Reality Check
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