The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol. XXXIV, Part 5/W12
THE ANCYRA PROJECT: THE TEMPLE OF AUGUSTUS AND ROME IN ANKARA
Paula Botteri* , Gabriele Fangi**
*Università di Trieste botteri@univ.trieste.it
** Università Politecnica delle Marche fangi@univpm.it
Commission V, WG V/4
KEY WORDS: Epigraph, Archaeology, Photogrammetry, Survey, Restoration
ABSTRACT:
Following Caesar Augustus’ conquest of Galatia (Asia Minor) in 25 BC, a marble temple was built in Ancyra, the administrative
capital of the province, to day the capital of the Turkish Republic, Ankara. This monument was consecrated to the Emperor and to
the Goddess Rome: a Memorial of Augustus and of the Roman hegemony. On Augustus’ death the temple was adorned with
coloured carved letters to glorify his res gestae. This political celebration of his achievements, the honours he received and the
undertakings he made to reach power, were copied from the original one engraved, at the behest of a clause in his will, on two bronze
pillars at the entrance to his mausoleum, in Rome. The University of Trieste in 1997 began the so-called Ancyra Project for the
survey and the safeguard of the monument worldwide known as Monument Ancyranum. This paper is a report of the interdisciplinary research (history, archaeology, photogrammetry and architecture) on the most important Roman monument still standing
in Ankara, the temple of Augustus. The team of experts, coming from many Italian universities, leaded by P.Botteri, carried out the
interdisciplinary project. Here the results are briefly described, mainly as far as surveys are concerned. The tachometric and
photogrammetric survey has been carried out in two different phases, the first one in 1997 limited only to the epigraphs, the second
one in 2000 dedicated to the entire temple.
1.
of Rome induced the provincial people to build a temple
honouring himself and the goddess Roma in several centres
(at least 50 of which date to his lifetime 3). The most notable
sanctuary of emperor worship (Augusteum or Caesareum) is
the temple of Ankara, being unique for its historical value.
After the death of Augustus the temple was adorned with an
inscription to glorify his res gestae, the deeds of the deified
Augustus. This text, dealing with the political celebration of
the main achievements of the Prince, the honours he received
to reach the power, was copied from the original one
engraved on two bronze pillars at the entrance to his
mausoleum in Rome. Up till this time, two other copies of the
res gestae Divi Augusti were also discovered in Asia Minor.
Excavations carried out at Pisidian Antioch (present-day
Yalvaç) have brought to light some fragments of the Latin
test (figure 4); whereas a Greek version was discovered at
Apollonia in Phrigia (present-day Uluborlu).
INTRODUCTION
In historical times, the region, which extended across the
interior of modern Turkey, is, in one sense, “a land without
history”, as Stephen Mitchell says 1. This is real, even if
several centres of prehistoric civilizations lie in the Anatolian
upland plain, from Çatalhöyük, Hacılar etc., to (Boğazköy)
Hattusa, the capital of the Hittite state. After the Bronze Age,
the Phrygians created a kingdom during the Iron Age. One of
the well-known centres of this civilization is Gordium.
From the second quarter of the 3rd century, the Galatians, a
Celtic people migrating from Northern Europe, occupied the
Anatolian plateau. The Galatians came into conflict with the
Hellenistic kings, who lived in the western satrapies, after the
death of Alexander the Great. From the early third century
B.C. the history of Anatolia reflects the culture and life of the
Hellenistic world until the Roman rule in Asia Minor. Ankyra
was the capital of the Galatian tribe called Tektosages, but in
25 B.C., Augustus annexed Galatia to the Roman Empire.
The creation of the province Galatia transformed Ankara into
Roman Ancyra, the administrative capital of the new
dominion. Only three Roman cities in central Asia Minor
have been fairly digged till now: Pessinus (Ballıhisar),
Pisidian Antioch (Yalvaç) and Ancyra (Ankara).
This paper is a report of the inter-disciplinary research
(history, archaeology, photogrammetry and architecture) on
the most important Roman monument still standing in
Ankara, the temple of Augustus.
From the beginning of the principate the cult of Augustus and
his family spread at once in Asia Minor 2. The first emperor
1.1 The Monumentum Ancyranum
In Ankara, all that remains today of the original majestic
Augusteum (measuring 36 x 55 m.) is the pronaos and the
lateral walls of the cella, one of which is badly holed. The
temple faces west like all Greek sanctuaries based on an
ancient Anatolian tradition (above all from the model of the
architect Hermogenes, 2nd century B.C.). Inside the pronaos
survives the Augustan text in Latin, while a Greek translation
has been carved on the exterior of the southwest wall of the
cella. Alongside the notable remains of the temple (almost 12
meters high and 32.5 meters long), there is a 15th-century
mosque, which adjoins the north wall of the cella (figure 1).
The Turkish mosque, the Haci Bayram Veli Camii, with its
minaret, is still today one of the most important place of the
Islamic worship in Turkey.
1
Anatolia. Land, Men and Gods in Asia Minor,
Oxford, 1993, vol. 1, p. 1.
2
S.R.F. Price, Rituals and Power: the Roman Imperial
Cult in Asia Minor, Cambridge, 1984.
3
84
S. Mitchell, n. 7, p.100.
The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol. XXXIV, Part 5/W12
At present, the Augustan monument is dangerously enclosed
in a cage of metal scaffolding, evidence of attempts at
restoration going back about fifteen years, while few ruins of
the original peristasis are placed lower than the present
walkway. The site has been radically changed by the modern
urban development. Heavy, concrete paving surrounds the
mosque and part of the temple. A modern, busy road flanks
the lateral wall of the temple. The building, which bears the
exceptional Augustan document, must be saved, whatever the
cost. The dramatic deterioration of the engraved marble is
threatening this unique historical heritage, which is evidence
of the transition from the Republican Age to Principate.
These extraordinary inscriptions, cultural heritage of
mankind, are undergoing irreversible deterioration caused by
pollution, seismic disaster and climatic factors as well as
man-made damage.
a)
3.
THE SURVEY OF THE MONUMENT
3.1 The photogrammetric survey of the epigraphs
The preliminary planimetric survey, carried out by a team on
May 1997, confirmed the need for a more careful in-depth
examination since the last measurements known to us are to
be found in Der Tempel in Ankara by M. Schede and D.
Krencker, published in Berlin in 1936.
In the course of several missions in Ankara, we have been
able to carry out a photogrammetric survey of all the
engraved walls, covering an area of approximately 46 square
meters. The survey was performed by G. Fangi. The total
amount of the photogrammetric models has been 211, say 76
for the two Latin inscriptions and 136 for the Greek one. For
the assessment of the control network, we designed and
realized special equipment allowing the theodolite
measurements to be taken from the shaking scaffoldings
(figure 3). A thorough photographic documentation of the
monument complex was also produced with special regard
for its architectural features with a view to publishing a
much-needed new interpretation of the complex
(archaeologist B. Pinna Caboni); architect Paolo Marconi
gathered the preliminary data necessary for drafting a project
for protecting the epigraphs and the existing structure.
The photogrammetric line plotting made in a stereoplotter by
an expert operator, heve been superimposed to a photomosaic
(see figure 2). The radiometric differences between adjacent
images have been equalized by the application of the Wallis
filter (Bacigalupo et al, 1999).
The photogrammetric survey provides a complete systematic
frame of reference not only of the original elements making
up the Latin and Greek texts, but of the subsequent traces of
alteration of the inscriptions and the walls bearing them
owing to a range of natural and anthropic phenomena. This
intervention has provided a virtual cast of the complex,
obtained by non-aggressive and non-intrusive techniques.
This work was already presented in many occasions (Botteri
et al., 1997, 1999, 2000).
Figure 1. The temple with the Haci Bayram Veli Camii
mosque on the background
2.
to draw up a plan for an intervention to ensure the
stability of the monument, which is the support of the
epigraphs.
THE ANCYRA PROJECT
After the appeal made in the press by Professor Ekrem
Akurgal, the most famous Turkish archaeologist, for saving
the memory of Augustus, the University of Trieste approved
a programme of research on the temple of Augustus at
Ankara, in 1997. The programme, named Ancyra Project
(from the Roman name of Ankara) started in the Department
of Classics in the Faculty of Humanities at the University of
Trieste. The University has granted three years’ financing for
the mission, which has been supplemented by a contribution
from the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
The Department of Classics, the GeoMaticLab, Architecture
and Engineering Faculty of the University of Trieste, are
participating in the project along with individual researchers
and other professionals from a range of various centres and
universities in Italy and abroad.
The main scientific objective of our project was originally an
examination of the epigraphic content of the monument with
a view to the publication of a new critical edition of the
Greek text of the Res gestae Divi Augusti, and a metrical and
topographic survey of the remains of the temple. Following
the initial inspection in Ankara, together with the Director of
the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations and the General
Directorate of Turkish Ministry of Cultural Heritage, the
complete degradation of the whole site has produced
agreement on the following needs:
a) to protect the inscriptions;
b) to make a meticulous petrographic survey to establish the
measures necessary to stop degeneration and to restore the
epigraphic surface;
Figure 2. A sample of the plotting of the epigraph.
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The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol. XXXIV, Part 5/W12
Figure 3. During the surveying operations. The theodolite and
the targets are visible
Figure 5. Layout of the tachometric network
Figure 6. The 3d plotting of the exterior walls of the temple
Figure 4. The plotting of a fragment of the copy in the Yalvaç
museum
The photomosaic of the walls has been added as texture to the
plotted walls. This will allow a complete knowledge of the
monument regarding the deterioration mapping in order to
prepare the restoration of the inscriptions. The animated
visualisation of the temple allows a better understanding for
researchers and for the possible restoration project (Fangi et
al 2002); the WRML interactive virtual tour displays a related
GIS for the complete knowledge of the monument
(Malinverni et al. 2002).
3.2 – The tachometric and photogrammetric survey of the
temple
A complete survey of the whole complex both tachometric
and photogrammetric has been carried out in 2000.
We used a technique capable to reduce volume and weight of
the equipment, figures 4, (Fangi et al., 1999, 2002). The
plotted photogrammetric stereomodels were 46. In figure 5
the plotting of the walls limited to the exterior side.
The updated plan was then derived, the 3D line plotting of
the walls, including the portal of the temple, has been carried
out and a wire-frame model of the monument has already
been set up, figures 5, 6, 7, 8 (Botteri et al. 2002 a, b).
Cripta
Crypt
Opistodomo
Cella
Pronao
Cell
A
Abside Bizantina
A
Figure 7. The plan of the temple
86
Minareto
Minaret
Byzantine Abside
Ingresso
Entrance
The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol. XXXIV, Part 5/W12
We studied and pointed out the static problems of the
structure, i.e. the left lateral wall being out of vertical by
more than half of the width of the wall.
A synthesis of this preliminary work and an autoptic survey
have already yielded valuable results: a design for a vertical
protective barrier to be placed close to the epigraphs and an
overarching cover to channel away rain and snow, both in
light-absorbent and temperature-insulating material. A design
has also been drafted to restore the bottom wall of the cella
and install a high girder to link its two longitudinal walls after
repairing the hole in the northwest wall. Architect Sergio
Pratali Maffei of the University of Trieste is now working out
a project to cover the entire temple.
On the basis of the marble analysis conducted by Professor C.
Gratziu of the Department of Earth Science at the University
of Pisa, restorer B. Zanardi has drafted two possible working
projects and a programme for the delicate preliminaries to the
operational phase of the restoration of the engravings. Dr.
Zanardi’s proposals are part of the project documentation and
will be published as soon as possible.
5. Preliminary plans for the minimum intervention necessary
to ensure the stability of the existing structures for the
protection of all the building.
While the photogrammetric virtual reconstruction may now
be considered a target of the Project Ancyra met, much still
needs to be done to prepare the protection and consolidation
work necessary to respond to prof. Akurgal’s dramatic appeal
“we must save the memory of Augustus in Ankara”. The
survival of this unique monument, which has been declared
one of 100 most endangered sites by the World Monuments
Watch, is the survival of the memory of the whole human
history.
References
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Figure 8. The outer side of the eastern wall with the
inscription of the Greek text. Photogrammetric line plotting
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Figure 9. The interior side of the eastern wall with the
rectified photomosaic
4. THE RESULTS
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of Augustus and Rome in Ankara - UNESCO 30TH
ANNIVERSARY VIRTUAL CONGRESS, 2002, 21-23
OCTOBER ALEXANDRIA
The overall results achieved so far may be summed up as
follows:
1. Plans of the site as a whole.
2. Petrographic and mineralogical analysis.
3. Photogrammetric survey of the Latin and Greek epigraphs.
4. Tachometric and photogrammetric survey of the temple of
Augustus.
4. Preliminary plans for external protection of the engraved
surfaces.
FANGI G. (1999) – The Blind Traverse a useful Tool for
Close-Range Photogrammetry – ISPRS ARCHIVES,
COMMISSION V , JULY 7-9 , SALONICCO, VOL. XXXII
PART 5WII PGG. 118-125
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FANGI G.,.GAGLIARDINI G., BOTTERI P., ROSSI G., PIVA P.,
PINNA CABONI B., ANCYRA PROJECT, 2001: The survey of
the Augustus’ temple in Ankara – ISPRS ARCHIVES, VOL.
XXXV, AYUTTAIA MARCH.
FANGI,G., GAGLIARDINI,G., MALINVERNI, E.S., 2002: Virtual
Reality Tour for Environmental Study PROCEEDINGS OF
THE INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON VISUALISATION AND
ANIMATION OF LANDSCAPE, 26TH , 28TH FEBRUARY
2002, KUNMING, CINA
MALINVERNI,E.S., GAGLIARDINI,G., FANGI,G. 2002 –
Virtualisation of an archaeological site – ISPRS
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Range Vision, Sept. 2-6 , 2002 Corfu, Greece
Consulte the site:
WWW.UNIV.TRIESTE.IT/~ANCYRA/
WWW.MISART.IT
UNESCO 30TH ANNIVERSARY VIRTUAL CONGRESS, 2002.
http://www.virtualworldheritage.org.
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