The
cardiovascular
system
LEARNING TARGETS:
I CAN IDENTIFY THE DIFFERENT COMPONENTS OF THE BLOOD.
I CAN LABEL THE PARTS OF THE HEART AND EXPLAIN THE FUNCTION OF EACH
PART.
I CAN SUMMARIZE THE FLOW OF BLOOD THROUGH THE HEART.
I CAN DESCRIBE HOW THE CARDIAC CONDUCTIVE SYSTEM WORKS TO CAUSE
THE HEART TO CONTRACT.
I CAN INTERPRET AN ECG INCLUDING ABNORMALITIES.
I CAN IDENTIFY THE DIFFERENT DISORDERS OF THE HEART.
Blood

Liquid connective tissue

8% of body weight

3 Main Functions:

Transports gases,
nutrients, hormones,
and wastes

Regulates pH by
removing acids
generated in tissues

Protection:

WBC’s, antibodies to
fight pathogens

Stabilizes body temp
Composition


Plasma

Clear, straw colored
liquid portion of blood
where platelets and
proteins are suspended

92% water, albumins,
globulins, and fibrinogens

Transports nutrients and
gases

Electrolyte balance

Maintain favorable pH
Serum

Fluid portion of
coagulated blood
Blood Cells: Erythrocytes

Red Blood Cells

Approximately 4.5 million
per cubic mm of blood

Contains hemoglobin


Binds to and transports
O2 to different tissues in
the body
Also transports CO2 to
lungs to be exhaled
Red Blood Cell Disorders


Anemia

Iron-Deficiency: dietary lack
of iron, hemoglobin deficient

Sickle Cell: sickle shaped RBC

Pernicious: too few RBC,
inability to absorb B12
Polycythemia

Disorder of the bone marrow

Excessive number of RBC
Blood Cells: Leukocytes

White Blood Cells

Approximately 5,000 to
9,000 per cubic mm of
blood

Defends body from
pathogens

Granular Leukocytes

Nongranular
Leukocytes
Granular Leukocytes

Neutrophils

Phagocyte; 1st to arrive
at injury site

Releases chemicals to
degrade pathogen
and attract other
phagocytes

50-70% of WBC’s

Nucleus is segmented
into 4-5 lobes
Granular Leukocytes

Eosinophils

Phagocytes of
antibody marked
pathogens

Reduces inflammation

Defend against large
parasites

2-4% of WBC’s

Nucleus is segmented
into 2 lobes

Red Granules
Granular Leukocytes

Basophils

Functions in allergic
response by releasing
histamine

Secretes heparin

Rare, less than 1%

Deep blue granules

Difficult to see nucleus
Nongranular Leukocytes

Lymphocytes

Contains 3 classes:

T-Cells: destroys foreign
cells

B-Cells: differentiate
into plasma cells which
secrete specific
antibodies

NK Cells: prevent
cancer

20-30% of WBC’s

Large round nucleus
Nongranular Leukocytes

Monocytes

Phagocytes

Fixed vs. Free

Releases chemicals to
attract other WBCs and
fibroblasts (scar tissue)

2-8% of WBC

Large, kidney bean
shaped nucleus
White Blood Cell Disorders

Leukopenia

Low WBC (> 5,000 mm3)

May accompany:



Typhoid fever, Flu, Chicken Pox, AIDS
Leukocytosis

High WBC

Indicates acute infection
Leukemia

Extremely high WBC

Malignant
Platelets

Thrombocytes

Approximately 300,000 per cubic mm of blood

Responsible for blood clotting by releasing
chemicals to control the clotting process, forming
a “platelet plug”, and by contracting to shrink the
clot
Heart Anatomy

Anatomical Location


Mediastinal, posterior to
sternum
Right Side of the Heart

Receives
deoxygenated blood
that will be pumped to
lungs
Heart Anatomy

Left Side of the Heart


Receives oxygenated
blood from lungs that
will be pumped to the
body
Pericardial Sac

Two layered loose fitting
sac that surrounds the
heart

Protects and lubricates
Heart Anatomy

Heart wall is composed of three
distinct layers

Epicardium (visceral
pericardium)- outer layer, forms a
protective outer covering,
secretes serous fluid

Myocardium- makes up majority
of the heart’s mass, contracts to
pump blood from the heart
chambers

Endocardium- lines vessels,
valves, and chambers
Chambers of the Heart

Right Atrium


Collection chamber;
receives deoxygenated
blood from the body
Left Atrium

Collection chamber;
receives oxygenated
blood from the lungs
Chambers of the Heart

Right Ventricle


Discharging chamber;
sends deoxygenated
blood through
pulmonary artery to
lungs
Left Ventricle

Discharging chamber;
sends oxygenated
blood through the
aorta to the body
Heart Valves


Tricuspid Valve (right
atrioventricular)

Location: between the right atrium
and right ventricle

Permits flow of blood from the right
atrium to the right ventricle and
prevents back flow
Bicuspid Valve (left atrioventricular
valve, mitral valve)

Location- between the left atrium
and left ventricle

Permits flow of blood from the left
atrium to the left ventricle and
prevents back flow
Heart Valves


Pulmonary Valve (semilunar
valve)

Location: between the left
ventricle and the pulmonary
trunk

Prevents back flow of blood into
the right ventricle
Aortic Valve (semilunar valve)

Location: between the right
ventricle and the aorta

Prevents back flow of blood into
the left ventricle
Muscular Divisions

Interatrial Septum


Location: between left and right
atrium
Interventricular Septum

Location between the left and right
ventricle

Help to create double loop system

Separates oxygenated blood from
deoxygenated blood
Muscular Divisions

Atrioventricular Septum

Location: between the
right atrium and left
ventricle

Function: Separates
the right atrium from
the left ventricle
Muscle Divisions


Chordae tendinae

Location: base of the
tricuspid and bicuspid
valve

Function: when cusps are
closed, they prevent the
cusps from swinging
back into the atrium;
prevents backflow of
blood
Papillary Muscle

Location: mounds of
cardiac muscle at base
of ventricle

Function: contracts,
closes valves by pulling
on chordae tendinae
preventing backflow
Blood Vessels of the Heart

Superior Vena Cava


Function: empties
deoxygenated blood
into the right atrium
Inferior Vena Cava

Function: empties
deoxygenated blood
into the right atrium
Blood Vessels of the Heart

Pulmonary Trunk and
pulmonary arteries


Function: Carry
deoxygenated blood
from the heart to the
lungs
Pulmonary Veins

Carry oxygenated
blood from the lungs to
the heart
Blood Vessels of the Heart

Aorta

Function: pumps oxygenated blood from the heart
to the body
External Anatomy

Brachiocephalic Trunk


Left Common Carotid
Artery


Provides oxygenated
blood to the head,
neck, and arms
Provides oxygenated
blood to the head,
neck, and brain
Left Subclavian Artery

Provides oxygenated
blood to the left arm
External Anatomy

Right Coronary Artery


Provide the heart
muscle with
oxygenated blood
Left Cardiac Vein

Returns deoxygenated
blood from the anterior
surfaces of the left
ventricle
Blood Flow
Cardiac Conductive
System

SA Node

Sinoatrial Node

Impulses travel through atrial
fibers to the AV Node

Located near the opening
of the superior vena cava in
the right atrium

Pacemaker of the heart

Vagas Nerveparasympathetic

Gap Junctions
Cardiac Conductive
System

AV Node

Atrioventricular Node

Impulse travels to AV Bundle

Inferior region of interatrial
septum

Delay in signal- allows atrium
to pump blood into ventricle
Cardiac Conduction
System

AV Bundle

Atrioventricular bundle

Bundle of HIS

Impulse travels to purkinje
fibers

Interventricular Septum

Electrical connection
between atria and ventricles
Cardiac Conduction
System

Purkinje Fibers

Conduction fibers

Papillary muscle of ventricles

Conduct impulses into
ventricular muscles into
papillary muscles

Force blood out
CCS Quick Review

Trace the flow of electricity through the heart to conduct
one cardiac cycle.

Which part of the CCS is known as the hearts natural
pacemaker?

Stimulation from which nerve decreases the activity of the
SA Node and the AV node?

The AV bundle leads the depolarization into the ______ of
the heart along the purkinje fibers.

The individual cells in the heart do not act in unison.

True or False
Electrocardiogram

ECG- a recording of the electrical changes that
occur in the myocardium during a cardiac cycle.
Electrocardiogram

P Wave

SA Node triggers a cardiac
impulse

Atrial fibers depolarize

Produces an electrical charge

Atria contract
Electrocardiogram

QRS Wave

The cardiac impulse reaches the
ventricular fibers and they rapidly
depolarize

Depolarization of the ventricles

Ventricular walls are thicker

Contraction of the ventricles

Atrial fibers repolarize at the same
time; obscured during QRS Wave
Electrocardiogram

T Wave

Repolarization of
ventricles

Ventricles relax
ECG Abnormalities

Normal Heart Rate


Tachycardia


72 beats per minutes
>100 beats per minute
Bradycardia

<60 beats per minute
ECG Abnormalities

Atrial Flutter


Uncoordinated atrial
contractions
Ventricular Fibrillation

Uncoordinated muscle
activity

Life threatening
ECG Quick Review

Describe what occurs during the T Wave.

Describe what occurs during the P Wave.

Describe what occurs during the QRS Wave.

List and briefly describe two ECG abnormalities.
Cardiovascular Disorders

Hypertension

“silent killer”

Heart muscle can die due to
lack of Oxygen

Increases chances of CVA:
cerebral vascular accident
Cardiovascular Disorders

Coronary Artery Disease

Accumulation of plaque buildup on walls of arteries.

arteriosclerosis
Cardiovascular Disoders

Heart Attack

Mycardial infarction

Caused by an obstructed
vessel in heart thrombus,
embolus

deprivation of oxygen
(normally…body releases
hypoxia induced factor
which stimulates
angiogenesis)

If angiogenesis isn’t
successful…part of heart dies
Heart Attack Animations

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mAqI-P6ig9Q

http://www.medindia.net/animation/heart_attac
k.asp
Cardiovascular Disorders

Pericarditis

Inflammation of
pericardial sac due to
viral or bacterial
infection

Chest pain, interferes
with heart movements
Cardiovascular Disorders

Mitral Valve Prolapse

One or both cusps of mitral valve
stretches and bulges into left atrium
during ventricular contraction

Blood can regurgitate into the left
atrium

Palpitations, fatigue, anxiety, chest
pains

associated with arrhythmias (atrial
fibrillation) that may progress
Cardiovascular Disorders