Kutztown University of Pennsylvania
Department of Music
MUS 179
Approved by Department: November 4, 2003
Course Description
This course is a continuation of vocal technique developed in Voice Class I. It includes interpretation, stage deportment, programming and song literature.
PREREQUISITE: Voice Class I, or permission of the instructor.
Two clock hours, one semester hour
Course Objectives
The objectives of this course are:
1. to improve singing techniques and refine listening skills
2. to develop individual creative ability and encourage self-expression
3. to experience and appreciate cultural diversity through study of song
literature, singing styles and stylistic periods
4. to aid in the preparation of vocational or avocational pursuits
Procedures
III.
II.
1. Lectures
2. Textbook
3. Class performance, both solo and group
4. Cassette recording
5. Video taping
6. Written critiques and tests
7. Selected concert attendance and recordings
Course Outline
I. Review
A. Diaphragmatic-intercostal breathing
B. Resonance and free tone
Primary and secondary vowels and consonants
A. The role of the tongue, lips and jaw in forming vowels
B. Equalizing and modifying vowels in singing
C. Primary and secondary vowels
D. Double vowels and diphthongs
E. Consonants and articulation
Extending Range
A. Analyzing quality changes in individual ranges
B. Working toward an even scale and uniform tone color
C. Producing high and low tones
IV. Voice Classification

IX.
X.
V. Dynamics
A. Relative dynamics of individual voices
VI.
B. Developing fortissimo and pianissimo
C. Controlling crescendo and decrescendo
Singing in Foreign Languages
A. Italian
B. German
C. French
D. Others, as needed (Spanish, Scandinavian, Latin, Russian, etc.)
VII. Performing a Song
A. Style in vocal performing
B. Developing interpretative ability
C. Mood, diction, technique, stage presence
D. Unity/balance; variety/contrast; proportion/symmetry in songs
E. Restraint/facial expression/body expression/dramatization
VIII. Stage Deportment
A. Appropriate dress
B. Staging and movement
C. Etiquette and deportment
Learning a Song
A. Principles and suggestions
B. Text, melody, and accompaniment
Program Building
A. General principles
B. First and last song; encores
C. Musical standards
Assessment
Assessment of each student’s level of accomplishment with reference to the course objectives will be based upon the following:
1.
Ability to improve upon singing skills learned in Voice Class I.
2.
Demonstrate basic knowledge of vocal registers.
3.
Demonstrate basic knowledge of placement and resonance.
4.
Ability to extend the range of the individual’s voice and work for uniform tone color.
5.
Ability to sing a song in a foreign language.
6.
Ability to refine and fine-tune the evaluation of their own performances as well as those of others.
7.
Understanding the concept of efficient, coordinated vocal function – the appoggio concept.
8.
Ability to portray a song’s poetic and dramatic content consistent for the level of the individual.
Instructional Resources
Alper, S.M. Next! Auditioning for the Musical Theater. Portsmouth NH: Heinemann, 1995
Baer, T., Sasaki, C. and Harris, K. Laryngeal Function in Phonation and Respiration. Boston, MA: College-Hill
Press; Little, Brown, 1987.

Bernac, P. The Interpretation of French Song. NY: W. W. Norton, 1978.
_____________. Broadway Repertoire for Bass/Baritone. Winona MN: Chappel/Intersong, 1979.
_____________. Broadway Repertoire for Soprano. Winona MN: Chappel/Intersong, 1979.
_____________. Broadway Repertoire for Mezzo Soprano. Winona MN: Chappel/Intersong, 1979.
_____________. Broadway Repertoire for Tenor. Winona MN: Chappell/Intersong, 1979.
Brodnitz, F.S. Vocal Rehabilitation. Rochester MN: American Academy of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology,
1971.
Bunch, M. Dynamics of the Singing Voice. NY: Springer-Verlag, 1982.
Caldwell, J. Timothy. Expressive Singing, Dalcroze Eurhythmics for Voice. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall,
Inc. 1995.
Christy, Van A. Foundations in Singing. Rev. John G. Paton (6th edition). Dubuque, IA: Brown and Benchmark,
1997.
Garcia, M. Hints on Singing. Canoga Park, CA: Summit Pub. Co., 1970 (London, 1894).
________. A Complete Treatise on the Art of Singing: Part One. Ed./Trans. D. V. Paschke. NY: DaCapo, 1984.
Gilliland, Dale V. The Teaching of Jean de Reszke Twentieth Century Masterworks onSinging, Volume VII. Ed. by
Edward Dorman. Minneapolis, MN: Pro Musica Press, 1993.
Gorrell, L. The Nineteenth Century German Lied. Portland, OR: Amadeus Press, 1993.
Grindea, C. (Ed.) Tensions in the Performance of Music. NY: Alexander Broude, 1978.
Grubb, T. Singing in French. NY: ‘Schirmer Books, 1979.
Harlow, B. You, the Singer. Chapel Hill, NC: Hinshaw Music, 1985.
Harpster, R. W. Technique in Singing. NY: Schirmer Books, 1984.
Helfgot, D. The Third Line: the Opera Performer as Interpreter. NY: Schirmer Books, 1993.
Hirano, M. Clinical Examination of the Voice. NY: Springer-Verlag, 1981.
Lakeway, R. C. and White, R. C. Jr. Italian Art Song. Bloomington IN: Indiana University Press, 1989.
Large, J. (Ed.) Contributions of Voice Research to Singing. Houston, TX: College Hill Press, 1980.
Lawrence, V. and Weinberg, B. Transcripts of the 6th and 7th, Symposium: Care of the Professional Voice. NY:
The Voice Foundation, 1979, 1980.
Lehmann, Lotte. How to Sing. NY: Macmillan, 1944.
__________. More Than Singing: On Interpretation of Songs. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1975.
Lightner, Helen. Class Voice and the American Art Song: a Source Book and Anthology. Metuchen, NJ:
Scarecrow Press, 1991.
Lyons, J. and Stevenson, L.. Principles of Pop Singing. NY: Schirmer Books, 1990.
Manen, L. Bel Canto: the Teaching of the Classical Italian Song-Schools, its Decline and Restoration. NY: Oxford
University Press, 1987.

Marafioti, P.M. Caruso’s Method of Voice Production. Austin, TX: Cadica Enterprises, 1958.
Marshall, M. The Singer’s Manual of English Diction. NY: G. Schirmer, 1946.
Miller, Kenneth E. Principles of Singing. (2nd ed.) Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc., 1989.
Miller, Richard. On the Art of Singing. NY: Oxford University Press, 1996.
_________. Training Tenor Voices. NY: Schirmer Books, 1993.
Morrison, Murray; Rammage, Linda R., et. al. The Management of Voice Disorders. San Diego, CA: Singular Pub.
Group, Inc., 1994.
Musical Theater Classics: Baritone/Bass. Milwaukee, WI: Hal Leonard Publishers, 1990.
Musical Theater Classics: Mezzo/Alto. Milwaukee, WI: Hal Leonard Publishers, 1990.
Musical Theater Classics: Soprano. Milwaukee, WI: Hal Leonard publishers, 1990.
Musical Theater Classics: Tenor. Milwaukee, WI: Hal Leonard Publishers, 1990.
Proctor, D. Breathing, Speech, and Song. NY: Springer-Verlag, 1980.
Punt, N.A. The Singer’s and Actor’s Throat. (3rd ed.) Great Britain: Redwood Burn, 1979.
Sable, B.K. The Vocal Sound. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1982.
Schiotz, A. The Singer and His Art. NY: Harper & Row, 1970.
Schmidt, J. Basics of Singing. (2nd ed.) NY: Schirmer Books, 1989.
Schneider, Sara K. Concert Song as Seen: Kinesthetic Aspects of Musical Interpretation. Stuyvesant, NY:
Pendragon Press, 1994.
Stevens, P. A History of Song. NY: W.W. Norton, 1960.
Sundberg, J. The Science of the Singing Voice. DeKalb, IL: Northern Illinois University Press, 1987.
Tetrazzini, L. and Caruso, E. The Art of Singing and How to Sing. NY: DaCapo Press, 1975.
Titze, Ingo R. Principles of Voice Production. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1994.
Towse, R. Singers in the Marketplace: the Economics of the Singing Profession. NY: Oxford University Press,
1993.
Vennard, W. Singing: The Mechanism and Technic. NY: Fischer, 1967.
Ware, Clifton. Adventures in Singing. (2nd ed.) NY: McGraw-Hill, 1997.
Woodside, J. Seven Centuries of Solo Song: Thirteenth to Twentieth Century. Boston, MA: Boston Music Co.,
1942.
Wyke, B. (Ed.) Ventilatory and Phonatory Control Systems. Longon: Oxford University Press, 1974.
Young, A.H. Singing Professionally: Studying Singing for Actors and Singers. Portsmouth NH: Heinemann, 1995.