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Terms and words
Ontologies, semantic fields and lexical sets
Monolingual and multilingual usage
English as:
◦ Lingua franca
◦ ‘Killer’ language
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Emotion concepts > words
Emotion and cognition > distinctions
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Water – H2O
Salt - Sodium Chloride – halite – NCA1
Abrasion Resistance: The ability of a material to
withstand mechanical actions such as rubbing,
scraping, or erosion, that tend progressively to
remove material from its surface.
Birth rate: The ratio of total live births to total
population in a specified community or area over
a specified period of time, often expressed as the
number of live births per 1,000 of the population
per year.
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Dictionary.com
1. a strong feeling of displeasure and belligerence
aroused by a wrong; wrath; ire.
2. Chiefly British Dialect. pain or smart, as of a sore.
3. Obsolete. grief; trouble.
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Vocabulary .com
If you’re mad about something and you’re not
going to take it anymore, you’re feeling anger, a
strong emotion you experience when you think
someone has done you wrong. If you want to
scream and kick, you’re feeling anger.
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Wikipedia
Anger or wrath is an intense emotional response.
Often it indicates when one's basic boundaries are
violated. Some have a learned tendency to react to
anger through retaliation. Anger may be utilized
effectively when utilized to set boundaries or
escape from dangerous situations.
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Classical Lexicography
◦ Assumed a denotative definition as primary
◦ Included obsolete usage (etymological dictionaries)
◦ Colloquial / idiomatic usage – according to space
and taste
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Modern lexicography
◦ Defines words based on modern usage as found in
corpora
◦ Order of definitions for one word based on
frequency of usage
Semasiological process
Lexicography
---------------------------- word
Concept
--------------------------- term
Onomasiological process
Terminology
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Which comes first – concept or word? The
chicken or the egg?
Can we arrive at new ideas without using
language?
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Is our ‘folk’ understanding of the world
embedded in our language?
OR does our language contribute to our view
of the world?
The language debate
Universals v. Relativism
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Plato >>>>>> Chomsky, Eckman and Co.
History of attempts to find:
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Universal concepts
‘Original’ language - (see Crystal)
Innate language structures - (Chomsky)
Innate ideas - (Jung’s archetypes)
Innate behaviour in animals >>> and man (Darwin,
Lorenz and others)
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Churchland (1986: 302) "the image of a homo
habilis Newton squatting at the cave mouth
and finally sketching out the basics of
psychology with jawbone and berry juice, is
not very plausible”.
Probable – for language – some degree of
universality of semantic fields as result of
man’s experience of the world > culture >
society
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Aristotle >>> Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Monolingual: different usage, according to
Register
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The medium (mode)
The subject matter (field)
Communicative purpose (genre)
Degree of formality (Tenor)
Multilingual: different usage according to
the above + different geographical, cultural,
social usage
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Contrastive linguistics:
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The lexicon
Phrases, idioms etc
Syntax and semantics
Discourse analysis
Text analysis
Translation
◦ Human translation
◦ Machine translation
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Is there one word in your language that
translates the noun anger?
Portuguese ‘equivalents’?
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The verb anger?
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to be angry?
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to become angry?
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And your languages?
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◦ Ira, raiva, fúria, zanga – none exactly equivalent
◦ Enfurecer, irritar ….
◦ estar zangado
◦ ficar zangado / zangar-se
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Lingua franca or ‘killer language’?
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For this week – lingua franca
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For your research – try not to make it a ‘killer
language’!
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Plagiarised from
http://www.personalityresearch.org/basicem
otions.html
Latest update 1998
Who copied from Ortony – 1990!
Useful link
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrasting_and_
categorization_of_emotions#Plutchik.27s_wh
eel_of_emotions
And
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Plutchik
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See also
Emotional Competency
http://www.emotionalcompetency.com/recog
nizing.htm
HUMAINE http://emotionresearch.net/projects/humaine/earl/proposal
Even central ‘emotion’ words can vary in meaning
1. The ‘quality’ of the emotion will vary with the
context
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2.
John loves his wife / his parents / football
The meaning of the word in context
◦ I'm afraid the train is five minutes late. (expressing
polite regret)
3.
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The sense is more ‘cognitive’ than ‘emotional’
I fear millions of hard-pressed customers are having
to pay for past mistakes by the banks. (BNC)
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As we shall see….
Theories of syntax and semantics see a close
relationship between emotion and cognition
Usage of emotion language allows for
gradation of emotional > cognitive
Examples will be given later on