THESI B
On
A Comparative Morphological Study of Apple Varieties
Submitted to the
OREGON AGRICULTURAL
= =====-==== COLLEGE
=======
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
For the
egree of
WSTER
SCIENCE
In
AGRICULTU1E
By
Kate Whittlessy Failing
May 15, 1915.
APPROVED:
Redacted for privacy
7
arch,
In charge of Major
Redacted for privacy
Head of Departnient of Horticulture
Redacted for privacy
_______
Dean of Sch'O/ of Agriculture
Redacted for privacy
chairman of Committee on Graduate
Students and Advanced Degrees
A COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF APPLE VARIETIES.
The study of which this thesis is a record, i an attempt
to anawer certain questions raised by the work done by Miss Harriø
B. Gardner, a graduate student in Home Economics during the year
1913-14, in her study of the comparative cooking qualities of apples.
She came to the conclusions that "Apples belonging to the same porno-
logical groups tend to have similar cooking qualities," "The saucecooking qualities of an apple vary inversely with the proportion of
pith area and vascular tissue present," and "The sauce cooking qualities of an apple vary directly as the size of the cell and inversely
as the cel). cohesion."
The questIon then arose
whether
apples in
the same poinological groups also tend to have similar morphological
characteristics.
My work has been comparing such details as cell
structure, distribution of vascular bundles, shape and size of pith
and cortical areas, in an effort to determine, by the use of large
numbers, whether her conclusions drawn from a relatively few comparisons with microscopic sections, are warranted.
Mat erial.
The material used was forty-six varieties of apples, nearly
all coming from the orchard on the College grounds at Corvallis,
Oregon, though a few were from some of the specialized apple growing
districts of the State.
As a rule several specimens were taien of
each variety in an effort to secure average types. In a few cases,
however, only one of a kind could be obtained.
Three to six of the
largest and smallest apples in a box in cold storage were selected,
then judged for size by one of the instructors or students of the
Horticultural Department.
Any
apple
size was claaified as large or small.
above or below strictly medium
The degree of maturity varied
slightly when the sectioning was done due to the season of ripening
of the variety and the length of time the fruit was in cold storage.
Opalescent, for example, was slightly spotted with rot on the skin,
and Pumpkin Russet was showing the effect of storage, while Rambo was
just from the orchard and, though
mature, very hard.
Methods.
Complete cross sections were made as far as possible
through the center of the apple and at the upper and lower ends of
the core.
Longitudinal sections were also made through the center.
The sections were made
comparatively
thin1
the condition and size of
the apple, and the quality of its flesh causing some variation in
The average thickness when fully prepared for photo-
thickness.
graphing is two- or three-sixteentha of an inch.
A very thin section
does not show the desired detail as well as one of somewhat greater
tnjeknes nor does it photograph as
sectcn that was too thick was
clearing.
nicely.
successfully
In at
least one case a
shav.ed thinner after
Aft or cutting, each slice was tagged with its variety
name, size, and position in the apple.
Tags with metal rims and
those with metal about the string holes only were used with equally
good success.
The large tags are preferable and the writing on them
should be very distinct.
drawing pencil,
that
The writing was done with a medium hard
written when the pencil was dull apparently
lasting the best.
After tagging, each section was dropped into a weak
-2-
solution
of alcohol.
the following percentages:
they
vrere used
centage.
(denatured
Originally the solutions
0, 70, 80, 90, and 9; but as
l7--, 3,
over again there was soon
over and
no exact time for a slice to
There was
alcohol) were of
no definite per
be left in each
solution but usually the changes were made daily.
feeling of
the
sections and solutions
The look and
were the only guides used.
As a rule the fruit became fairly hard by the time it was changed
from the 9% denatured to the absolute
became brittle.
they
Before putting sections into the
were partially
dried on filt
th-eby
more dilute alcohol and
percentages.
grain alcohol, in which
er paper to
obtain
it
grain alcohol
absorb the excess of the
the full value of
the higher
Much trouble was caused by lack of absolute alcohol,
due to the European war, as one of the
requisites for quick
dehydra
tion is plenty of fresh alcohol that the sections may not be crowded.
For that reason an attempt was trade to substitute denatured alcohol
for the grain product
failure.
even in
Another source of
to become brittle
and hard,
the denatured alcohol.
the
higher grades.
trouble was
apparently
This attcpt was a
the tendency of many sections
completely dehydrated while in
Then they were put directly
into the cedar oil they immediately
fit
leather, never becoming
from the denatured
began to shrivel and
for use later.
become like
in contrast to these
were the sections which never did become hard in alcohol in spite of
daily changes
into plenty of
fresh absolute.
Then they were finally
put in cedar oil as a last resort they cleared immediately,
even more
quickly than
in normally
take the time to find out
reasonable to attribute
was sectioned.
acting slices.
While it was impossible to
the cause of this uncertain
it to the
behavior it seeaed
degree of ripeness when the apple
After dehydration the sections were again partially dried with
filter paper and put in cedar oil f or a few days.
The next and last
change was to xylol for both the final clearing nd permanent keeping.
No staining was
done with the gross sections as the clearing process
rendered there as clear as slightly amber-tinted glass.
This makes it
different rions and the vascular system, but
not the shape or size of individual cells. The color varies from a
easy to distinguish the
shade almost as light as Winter Banana flesh to a very dark brown, but
does not appear to depend on the color of the normal or fresh section.
The texture of the cleared section differs also, the Romanite appearing
flaky while others have surfaces more like pebbled paper.
Owing to the lack of chemicals at the time not all the
end
slices have been cleared so the only Material actually used has been
the middle sections, both transverse and longitudinal. These were
photographed
parison.
when
cleared and the photographs used for purposes of corn-
The Leitz photomicrographic camera was used, all negatives
being made the natural size.
The small arc lamp supplied with the ap-
paratus was the source of the light. Transmitted light was used entirely. Owing to the concentration of the light and the open cores
the obj ects were usually unequally lighted and frequently distinct
circles showed in the negative. This was in spite of the fact that
two condensing and distributing lenses were between the arc light and
the glass cell containing the section. Although this appeared serious
it proved easy to reduce the plates by the use of hypo and potassium
ferricyanide.
An interesting thing developed in the process of taking
the pictures.
The first lens used was a Cooke, Series III., and did
not exactly fit the lens opening of the Leitz instrument. In spite of
-4-
of the opening left excellent negatives were obtained, practically all
of which had a dark circle enclosing the picture.
lens, F:4,
5
Summar 120 mm, belonging to the camera was
equally good results, but with
one and a smaller,
plate.
and the
Later the
exposures
used with
the dark circle replaced by a light
denser round spot of black in the
The plates used
regular
were Cramer's Isochromatic
varied with the
center of the
Instantaneous,
thickness of the section
4x5,
from one
half minute up to three with the Cooke lens at stop 16, and. about twice
The photographing
as long with the other lens at stops 24 and 48.
was done with
the
sections
immersed
in a mixture
of equal parts of
cedar oil and xylol contained in a glass cell. This was to insure
the accurate portrya]. of all parts and avoid undesirable reflections.
In a few cases,
notably McMthion White, XIV., 2,
the section had to be
before it could be photographed while the clamp holding the
cell often covered parts of those not trimmed. (Melon; XIII., 2.)
trimmed
Discussion.
The sections of apples show
rmely, pith, cambial, and cortical.
the three different
regions;
The pith area is that pare im
lImited to the pri
the cortical region is the portion outside
mediately surrounding the core, the true cambium is
niary vaoular
bundles, while
the pith area.
differences
The two principal
in texture,
regions are often sharply divided by
as in McMahon Thite and King (XIV,, 2,
by the branching vascular system, as in Scott (Iv., 1, 2).
3), or
At other
i duL; to tell where the one begins and the other ends,
in Codlin (V.,
5), where the two blend gradually,
The cortical
rogin, however, is always dIagnosed by the
proence of branching anas
to:iosing vascular bundles, while the pith area lacks these
-5-
entirely,
The reltve amounts of the two vary greatly in different varoties
while e-sn in the pomological groups there does not always seem to
ho rueh imiiarity.
varieties
Lu
will be more alike in this respect than they are like others
their own
which has
In fact, it does happen that two unrelated
groups.
This is
27.9% pith area, closer to Grimes
Esous, 38.1%, also of the
30.0%,
shown by the middle
with 27.6% than it is to
Jonathan group, or than imes is to 1eo
or Winter Banana, 23.8%, though the three
Reinette group.
Jonathan
section of
The size and
belong to the
distinctness of the blending line
be-
tween pith and cortical regions differs as well as the distribution
and fineness of the btrndles as they
scatter through
the cortical regioi
Good exnles of this, ehowin the contrast, are 7inesap and. Jonathan
(I., 3, 6) compared with Romanite (V.,
Areas In square inches were
1) or
Twenty Ounce (II., 4).
found by the p1anineter from
all the photographs and comparative percentages figured.
The pith
are.a.ias subtracted from the total to find the cortical but
was made to
measure the carnbium or the core.
no attempt
It will be rioted that
these percentages differ n the middle arid iongitudinal seetioris
many cases.
Thj5 discrepancy i3
due to
in
the irregular shape of the
fruit, especially to the differing irregularity of the shape of the
pith. Jonathan (I., 4) and Pumpkin Russet (III., 2) shov how different the lines of the apple and the pith area are.
sections show more nearly correct proportions
as
The longitudinal
they
have
the
middle
diameter practically the same as the transverse sections, end in addi-.
tirn, have the long diameter which is lacking in the others. This can
be he±er understood after comparing the following figures:
Keeper
(XV., 1),
Haas
(xiii.,
1), Western Beauty
Ounce (II., 1), PumpkIn Russet (iii.,
-6-
(Ix.,
Hyde
6), Twenty
2), and Melon (XIII., 2).
These all have a dienieter of 7.
cm. across the widest part, but the
proportions Of their pith areas, in order, are
This would not be indicated by the one di-
31.0%, 34.2%, and 48.8%.
amator.
15.3%, i6.6%, 18.8%,
Neither are such great differences shown by the correspondizig
transverse sections which have pith areas of
35.8, 26.2%,. and
36.0%
25.3%, 27.3%, 23.8%,
respectively, a difference of
verse sections against 33%
in the longitudinal.
13%
in the trans
It must be remembered,
also, that the longitudinal sections all had the one diameter, while
the corresponding sections, of different sized apples, had diameters
ranging from
7
to
8 cm,
A fairly typical pair showing the differences that may exist
in a group are the Romanite and York Imperial (V., 1-4).
Perhaps the
most marked peculiarity of Rornanite is the very evenly curved line
connecting the primary vascular bundles and forming, in a way, the
boundary between pith and cortex.
It also has a texture in the clear-
ed section quite unlike any of the others being flaky rather than rough.
Other differences between the two are the shape and size of the carpels
arid of the pith area.
The vascular system of York Imperial is larger
as w11 as finer, while its pith cells seem to be looser and softer
than the others.
In the longitudinal sections the difference in the
calycos will be noted as well as the way in which the pith area comes
down to the calyx opening.
The Reinette group (VIII.
IX., 1-4) shows more s±milarity,
practically all the transverse sections appearing extremely alike at
first glance. Closer inspection shows that all have rather more than
tiie average amount of vascular system with the r&nifications radial,
rather than netted, and unusually even, The regularity of Grimes, in
fact, caused one of the Station staff to compare it to a diagrammatic representation,
e contrast between the two regions of the
fruit is unusually decided, Maiden Blush forming the only exception.
The line of contrast is similar except Grimes.
All, again excepting
Maiden Blush, have small carpels, which may be classed with the squaretopped type.
Vhile the sweet apples are not
apparently
grouped together
pomoloically, they do show much similarity in certain respects,
In
the relative percentages of pith and cortical areas in the transverse
sections they differ little more than do the Reinetta apples, while in
the longitudinal sections the sweet ones differ less.
There seem to
be two types of carpels, very small or medium, but both rather irregular in outline.
The line of demarcation between pith and
cortical
areas is invariably well marked and seems to follow the same path.
The calyx opening extends into the core in nearly every case so far
that I-b is surrounded by
the lower part of the pith area as well as the
cortical,
It is extremely interesting to go through the plates paying
especial attention to one point or anotier, and noting the wide limits
of variation.
To take one of the more prominent details, the size and
shape of the carpels, arid compare separate figures with reference to
that only,
results in the finding of
in the one figure.
To begin with,
unsuspected
contrast
differences, even with-
the carpels of the three
varieties in Plate XIII,, Hans, Melon, and Rome Beauty.
Hans, Figure
3, has practically no carpels, but what it has would be
classed as
belonging to the heart-shaped type.
Rome's carpela are medium, with
serrated edges, and of the square-topped class.
Melon, on the other
hand, has decidedly large sized and serrated carpels, some of which are
of the one type arid some of the other.
The carpels of Twenty Dunce
(II., 4) are all Joined, decidedly an unusual occurrence. Jevtett
(Iv., 4) has peculiarly and irregularly shaped carpels, very large,
while Spitzenberg and Winesap (I., 2,
6)
have unusually small ones.
Here again, we note a difference in the gross morphology of two rela-
ted varieties, Arkansas Black (I., 1) having quite large carpels while
Winesap (I., 6) has almost none at all. In shape, most of the carpels
seem to fall into two types, those like King
(xiv,, 3)
with the shape
of a heart, and those like Arkansas Black and Jonathan (I., 1, 3)
with square tops. Some, of course, are too irregular to be classi-
fied,
Nhile there is great
and fineness of the
vascular system as well as in the distinctness and size of the ten primary vascular bundles,
the t'o.
variation in size
there would seem to be no correlation between
This conclusion is drawn from a comparison of such secUons
as Jewett (Iv., 4) and Twenty Ounce (II,, 4) which have rather small
vascular systems and rather large, prominent bundles, with Wealthy
(III.,
5)
and Munson Sweet (Ix.,
3)
which have equally large and prom-
inent bundles and very much larger vascular systems.
In Codlin
(V.,5)
the bundles hardly show, yet the vascular system is very close to the
average, while White.Winter Pearinajn
(xvi.,
1) has unusually prominent
bundles but their branching is not especially noticeable..
Certain individual plates show one especial peculiarity or
another. Such a one is Thitney (II., 3) which has only four loculea
but the normal number of vascular bundles.
Another section worth look.
ing at is Scott (Iv., 1) looking not unlike graffito work in its fine
regularity.
The material for the microscopic work was taken from the
center cross sections and dehydrated in the same manner as the gross
soctions
When dehydrated it was put into a mixture of equal parts
of grain alcohol and xylol for a few days, then into pure xylol.
When cleared by this process it looked like rich watermelon preserves
with a slightly different texture from the gross sections cleared
through cedar oil.
Parts of these sections from all three regions
were then infiltrated with paraffin and sections for slides made.
It
was found necessary to cut the sections 20 micrometers in thickness
and even then the pith reas seed to be too badly crushed for study.
The completed slides were stained with haemotoxylin.
Sections under the microscope showed great differences in
cell size, shape, and arrangement.
The Tolman Sweet had fewer but
larger ramifications of the vascular system than the Winter Banana
which had the finest system of those examined.
In the one case where
the section of pith was not too badly crushed to be usable I could
find practically no difference between the pith and the inner parts
of the cortex where the cells are larger.
In every case the cells
of the skin and just under it were smaller, more regular, and more
crowded than farther in toward the center.
The subepidermal cells
of the Pumpkin Russet were oblong, thick-walled, and in two or three
very regular lines.
They were quite closely crowded, and contained
starch granules in abundance.
The cells farther away from the skin
contained fewer starch granules, were roughly oval, large and loosely
scattered, with intercellular spaces nearly as large as the subepi
derma]. cells.
The subepiderma]. cells of the Maiden Blush were more
like cobblestones, being flattened right next to the skin, the others
-10-
being rounded, close, and small.
The walls were not as thick as
those of Pumpkin Russet but were hardly to be called thin.
The
irit orcellular spaces were quite large but may have been torn in
cutting.
These slides showed that the branches of the vascular
bundles did not retain their distinctive qualities very far from
the point of separation but soon became indistinguishable from the
ordinary cells.
In the Winter Banana the branch bundle was thicker
and shorter, losing its identity very quickly.
The bundles in this
variety were small and well scattered, though occasionally they seemed
to be in groups of two or three.
The skin cells were only about one-
third of the size of those in other varieties, while those cells just
under were also small, somewhat flattened and long, the long axis
being -arallel with the skin.
The rest were oval or round as affect-
ed by the cells surrounding them, the size varying, none being either
large or small but few really medium in size.
fewer in number and scattered unong the others.
The larger ones were
The walls were thin
and the intercellular spaces were of fair size when compared with the
size of the
cells1
Sections of King showed only a few places with unbroken .celis,
these being near the skin.
This would indicate that the cell structure
in King tended toward oval, rather than large shapes, thin walls, and
small intercellular spaces.
The Jonathan sections were also unsatis-.
factory but showed that the cells of the skin and outer layers
were
very like those of Maiden Blush, though somewhat more square.
Starch granules were found in great abundance in the cells
of Pumpkin Russet, in lesser numbers in those of Tolman Sweet, and only
occasionally in Maiden Blush.
The other varieties sectioned did not
show any under the ordinary microscope.
-11-
Under the oil immersion lens
the starch grains showed roughness in the center, with some pits and
possibly some striations. Under the ordinary lens they looked like
round gelatinous masses each with a single dark center.
They were
usually in groups o± three to half a dozen in the cell.
In all cases
where found they were in abundance nearer the skin, and probably would
not be found at all in the pith.
bundles.
I was unable to find any in the
Vhen tested with iodine they showed the characteristic
blue color.
It seems to be the rule in these sections that the cells
nearest the skin are smaller, more regular and more compact than anywhere else.
They increase in size as they approach the center of the
apple, as well as in distance apart. This makes a difference in the
shape end apparently in the thickness of the cell wall.
From the little work I have been able to do I should hardly
consider it possible to tell the group or variety of an apple by its
microscopical structure.
indi1iduality.
As has been shown, each variety has its own
For this reason I do not consider that the group to
which an apple belongs can be told by the sections.
It is possible
that more knowledge will show my present opinion to be incorrect.
In conclusion,
I desire to express my grateful thanks
to the man'oers of the Horticultural Department, and especially to
Professor C. I. Lewis for opportunity to carry on the problem, to
Professor V. R. Gardner for specimens,
and
to Professor L J. Kraus
and the men of the Research Laboratory for the many thoughtful
kindnese which they have shown and which have made my work a
pleasure.
-12-
Group.
1in es
Variety.
Winesap
Arkansas Black
Ben Davis
Black Ben Davis
Gano
Faiieus e
Famous e
Shiawas see
Jonathan
Jo nat han
Esopus Spit zenb erg
Plate and igura.
I., 5, 6.
I., 1.
XII., 1, 4.
XII., 2, 3.
VI., 1, 2.
VI., 3, 4.
I., 3, 4.
I., 2.
Blue Pearmain
Jewett
Northarn Spy
Melon
VII., 1, 2.
VII., 3, 4.
IV., 3, 4.
XIII., 2, 4.
Holland Pippin
viii.,
Ranibo
Rambo
Domino
Roinette
Maiden Blush
Wint or Banana
Griies
,
6.
IX., 1, 2.
IX., 4.
VIII., 1, 2.
Mann
Ix., 3.
VIII., 3, 4.
Tompkins King
Tompkins King
XIV., 3, 4.
Roman Ito
York Imperial
V., 3, 4.
Yellow Newt own
Romanit e
VI.,2.
Aport
McMahon Whit a
XIV., 1, 2.
Old enburg
Gravonst em
VI., 5, 6.
Rome
Rome
XIII., 5, 6.
Summer Rambo
Western Beauty
ix., 5, 6.
Sweet Bough
Sweet Bough
XV., 3.
Twenty Ounce
Twenty Ounce
II., 1, 4.
Wealthy
Wealthy
iii.,
Yellov Beliflower
Yellow Beilfiower
IV.,
Crab
Whitney
II., 2,
5, 6.
5, 6.
3.
Tlngrouped.
Variety.
Plate and Figure.
Waibridge
III., 1, 2.
III., 3, 4.
Scott
IV., 1, 2.
Codlin
V., 5, 6.
White Winter Pearniain
XVI., 1.
Fallawater
VII., .5, 6.
Trumb3l1 Sweet
XI
Pumpkin Russet
Tolman Sweet
., 2.
X., 3, 4.
Bailey Sweet
X.,
Paradise Sweet
Munson Sweet
XI., 1, 2.
XI., 3, 4.
Delaware
XI., 5, 6.
Hyde Keeper
XV., 1, 2.
Haas
XXII., 1, 3.
Opalescent
XVI., 2
Delicious
XVI.,
5, 6.
3
Areas by Planimet ore
Square inches
Total-pith-cortex.
% pith. cortex.
Thitn ey.
srall, middle
small, middlo(abnormal)
large, longitudinal
2.9
2.7
2.9
1.1
0.9
0.9
i.8
i.8
2.0
37.5% & 62.5%
66.7
33.3
66.7
33.3
5.7
1,9
3.8
33.3
66.7
6.8
7.2
7.0
2.7
2.5
2.1
4.1
4.7
4.9
39.7
34.7
30.0
60.3
65.3
70.0
7.7
2.9
4.8
37.6
62.4
3.9
3.4
20.4
19.0
79,6
81.0
27.5
21.5
72.5
78.5
Sweet Bough.
smell, middle
King.
small, middle
medium, broad, lonçitudin.
medium, ohlong,longitudin.
-Arkansas Black.
middle
-Win esap,
medium, middle
medium, longitudinal
4.9
1.0
4.2
o.8
4.0
6.5
1.1
1.4
2.9
10.0
3.3
0.4
6.7
1.9
33.0
17.3
67.0
82.7
1.4
1.1
1.0
4.9
5.1
4.0
4.0
3.0
22.2
21.5
25.0
77.8
78.5
75.0
6.3
1.5
4.8
23.8
76.2
5.3 1.3
7.15 1.6
4.0
5.55
24.5
23.3
75.5
77.7
4.7
4.6
3.4
3.8
27.6
17.3
82.7
Fallowat er.
sr1l, middle
large, longitudinal
5.1
Acon White.
large, middle
small, longitudinal
2.3
ZtMann.
large, middle
medium, middle
large, longitucinal
6.3
WJjnt or Banana.
small, middle
Ho11and Pippin.
small, Icngitudinal
medium, middle
Grimee
small, middle
medium, longitudinal
1.3
o.8
72.4
Total-pith-cortex.
%pith. cortez
lZMaiden BluEh.
medium, middle
large, middle
medium, longitudinal
4.7
6.1
4.0
1.6
1.7
medium, middle
34.0
2.3
3,1
4.4
2.7
32.5
66.0
72.2
67.5
5.0
1.5
3.5
30.0
70.0
7.3
6.2
4.9
1.5
1.4
1.0
5.8
4.8
3.9
20.5
22.5
20.4
79.5
77.5
79.6
small, longitudirLal
4.8
small, middle
5,7
1.0
1.5
3.8
4.2
20.8
26.3
79.2
73.7
8.4
1.4
7.0
i6.6
83.4
27.8
Gray enst em.
large, middle
medium, middle
medium, longitudinal
Cod1ir,
Op ales c erit.
large, middle
'Shiawassee.
medium, middle
6.25 2,0
4.25
32.0
68.0
large,
4.3
3.1
27.9
72.1
longitudinal
'Striped Fameuse.
medium, longitudinal
1.2
4.1 1.2
2.9
29.2
5.5
1.8
3.7
32.7
70.8
67.3
7,5
1,3
6.2
17.3
82.7
8.2
2.6
5.6
31,7
68.3
5.5
2,1
3,4
38,].
61.9
ruediurn, middle
4.3
3.1
3.7
72.1
4.6
1.2
0.9
27.9
medium, longitudinal
19.5
80.5
6,5
7.5
1.0
1.9
5.5
5.6
15.3
25.3
84.7
74.7
3.8
4.8
3.8
0.7
1.4
1.3
3.1
3.4
2.5
18.4
29.1
32.4
81.6
meaium, middle
Delicious.
middle
White Wjt er P earmair.
middle
#Esopus Spitzcnberg.
middle
#Jorath.
Hyde Keeper.
medium, longitudinal
large, middle
Scott
medium, longitudinal
medium, middle
small, middle
70.9
67.6
Total-pith-cortex.
%pith. cortex.
"Ronianit e.
srll,
middle
3.5
o.8
medium, longitudinal
3.7
0.85
medium, middle
2.6
2.85
22.8
4.4 1.2
3.2
27.4
4.6
5.4
5.0
3.7
4.2
3.5
19.5
22.2
30,0
80.5
22.9
77.2
77.1
72.6
"Yorlc Imperial.
large, longitudinal
large, middle
email, middle
0.9
1.2
1.5
77.8
70.0
Twenty Ounce.
small, middle
smaJJ, longitudinal
8.].
2.9
5,8
1.8
5.2
4,0
35.8
31.0
64.2
69.0
6.4
5.2
1,7
i.6
4.7
3.6
27.1
30.7
72.9
69.3
7.3
1.9
3.3 0.8
5.4
2.5
26.0
24.2
74.0
75.8
large, middle
5.0 1.5
3.5
30.0
large, longitudinal
3.5
0.9
2.6
25.7
70.0
74.3
4.5 1.4
3.1
31.1
68.9
3.0
0.8
2.2
26.6
73.4
6.8
2.1
2.7
1.8
4.7
30.8
5.2
34.1
3.2
4.2
36.0
48.8
69,2
65.9
64.0
51.2
27.3
72.7
16.6
83.4
21,7
32.3
28.5
76.3
65.8
71.5
Rome Beauty.
medium, middle
large, longitudinal
.Domine,
medium, middle
small, longitudinal
Raib o.
7albridge.
email, middle
small, longitudinal
Melon.
middle (watercore)
medium, middle (4 carpels)
small, middle
large, longitudinal
7.9
5.0
5.9
1.7
Haae.
amall, middle
small, longitudinal
6.2
5.4
1.7
4.5
0.9
4.5
6.9
1.5
2.1
1.4
5.4
4,4
Delaware.
longitudinal
large,
large, middle
small, middle
6.5
4.9
3.5
Total-pith-cortex.
%
pith. cortex.
Pumpkin Rue set.
medium, middle
(4 carpels)
medium, middle
small, middle
lsrge, longitudinal
7.6
7.5
6.1
3.8
2.0
2.1
1.6
1.3
5.6
5.4
4.5
2.5
26.3
28.0
26.2
34.2
73.7
72.0
73.8
65.8
Tolman Sveet.
large, middle
small, middle
large, longitudinal
5.6 1.2
3.6 1.1
3.85 0.9
4,4
2.5
2.95
21.3
23.6
78.7
69.5
76.4
4.55 1.25 3.3
3.4
5.3 1.9
27.4
35.8
72.6
64.2
4.6 1.6
5.15 1.4
3.0
3.75
34.7
27.1
65.3
72.9
4.5
3.3
26.6
73.4
79.5
30.5
Paradise Sweet.
large, longitudinal
large, middle
Bailey Sweet.
small, middle
large, longitudinal
Trumbull Sweet.
ma1i, middle
small,
longitudinal
Munson Sweet.
medium, middle
medium, longitud±nal
1.2
3.4 0.7 2.7
20.5
4.6 0.9
3.7
19.5
3.9
0.6
3.3
15.3
80.5
84.7
3.4
4.4
o.8
0,8
2.6
3.6
23.5
18.1
76.5
81.9
"Gano.
small, longitudinal
small, middle
"Black Ben Davis
large, longitudinal
large, middle
8.0 2.0 6.0
750
7.7
1.2
6.5
25.0
15.5
84.5
5.3
6.3
1.0
1,5
4.3
4.8
18.8
23.8
81.2
76.2
3.2
3.4
3.9
60.4
60.8
60.0
65.6
66.7
79,4
71.0
Western Beauty
large, longitudinal
small, middle
Jewett
smell, middle
medium middle
large, middle
medium,
longitud±nal
2.1
2.2
2.6
4.65 1.6
3.05
39.6
39.2
40.0
34.4
6.o
5.8
6.2
4.0
4.6
4.4
33.3
20.6
29.0
5.3
5,6
6,5
B ellf lower
large, middle
small, iiiddle
lvrge, longitudinal
2.0
1,2
1,8
Tot al-pith-cort ex.
% pit1i. cortex,
1e1thy
lcrge, longitudinal
1rge, n'idd1e
3,9
.0
0.7
1.3
3.2
3.7
17.9
26.0
82.].
74.0
Plate I.
Figure 1. Arkansas Black.
Figure 2. isopue Spitzenberg, medium.
Figure 3. Jonathan, medium.
Figure 4. Jonathan, medium.
Figure 5. Winesap, medium.
Figure 6. Winesap, medium.
!'iate I.
Pigure
Figure 3.
"p
Pigure 5.
1igure 6.
.
Plate II.
Figure 1.
Tweiity Ounce, small.
Figure 2.
Thitney, large.
Figure 3.
Whitney, sria1l.
Figure 4.
Twenty Ounce, small.
-te
Figure 1.
I
Figure 3.
Figure 2.
7.
-
Figura 4.
Plate III.
Figure 1.
Puripkin Ru8s et
Figure 2.
Pumpkin Ru8set, large.
Figure 3.
Waibridge, 8rnall,
Figure 4.
Walbridgo, snall.
Figure
e
Wealthy, large.
Figure 6.
Wealthy, large.
small.
1ate lIT.
Figure 2.
Figure 1.
4
Figure 3.
Figure 5.
Plate IV.
Figure i.
Scott,
Figure 2.
Scott, medium.
Figure 3.
Jewett, medium.
Figure 4.
Jewett, small
Figure
5.
Belif lower, large.
Figure
6.
Beilfiower, large.
ediurn.
1te
/.\7
'
.
Figure 2.
4
Figure 3.
Figure 5.
Figure 4.
Figure 6.
PlateV.
Figure 1. Romaxite, medium.
Figure 2.
Romanite, small.
Figure
38
York Imperial, large.
Figure 4.
York Imperial, large.
Figure
5,
Codlin,
Figi.re
6.
Codlin, small.
small8
8
?late V.
figure 2.
(
\
..
Figure 3.
Figure 5.
Figure 4.
Plgure 6.
Plate VI.
Figure 1.
Faineuse, medium.
Figure 2.
Fameuso, medium.
Figure
Shiawassee, large.
3
Figure 4.
Shiawassee, large.
Figure
.
Gravensteii, medium.
6.
Graverstein, medium.
Figure
Plate VI.
5)
7
Figure
1..
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
4
Pigure 5.
Figure 6.
T
Plate VII.
Figure 1.
Rainbo, large.
Figure 2.
Rambo, large.
Figure
Domine, mediuni.
3.
Figure 4.
Domine, small.
Figure
5.
Pallawater, small,
Figure
6.
Fallawater, large.
6.
Figure
5.
J?igure
Y':9
3. '1gure.
4. Figure
NI
'
'-7.
4Th
/7
'.
"
2.
-
Figure
1. Figure
VII. Plate
Plate VIII.
FigtLre 1.
Grimes, medium.
Figure 2.
GrimeB, small.
Figure
3.
Mann, large.
Figure 4.
Mann, large.
Figure
5,
Holland Pippin, medium.
Figure
6.
Holland Pippin, medium.
Plate VIII.
Figure 1.
'
-.
:
p
0
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Figure 5.
I
figure 6.
Plato IX.
Figure 1.
Maiden Blush, medium.
Figure
Maiden Blush, medium.
2.
Figure 3.
Yellow Newtown.
Figure
Winter Banana, small.
4.
Figure 5.
Western Beauty, small.
Figure 6.
Western Beauty, small.
Plate IX.
Figure 2.
Figure L.
/
Figure 3.
Yigtre 4.
Figure 5.
Figure 6.
P1at
X.
Figure 1.
Trurnb11 Sweet, small.
Figure 2.
Trumbull Sweet, smalle
Figure 3.
Tolmar. Sweet, large.
Figure 4.
Tolman Sweet, large.
Figure 5,
Bailey Sweet, large.
Figure 6,
Bailey Sweot, small.
?1ate I.
(
Figure 2.
Figure 1.
FIgure 3.
Pigu
Figure 5.
4.
Piizre 6.
Plate XI.
Figure 1.
Paradise Sweet, large..
Figure 2.
Paradise Sweet, large.
Figure 3.
Munson Sweet, medium.
Figure 4.
Munson Sweet, medium.
Figure 5.
Delaware, large.
Figure 6.
Delaware, large.
±late ZI.
/
Figure 1.
Figure 2.
\d7tTw'
///
Figure
Ji'igure 5.
Plate XII.
Figure
1.
Black Ben Davis) large.
Figure
2.
Gano, small.
Figure 3.
Gano, small.
Figure
Black Ben Davis, large.
4.
I
-
_,
4.
-,
.Li
¼
I
7
I -
p
Pigü
&
1.
-
Figure 3,
Pigire 2.
Pigure 4.
P1ite XIII.
Figure 1.
Haas, small.
Figure
Melon, large.
2.
Figure 3.
Haas,
Figure 4.
Melon,
Figure
5.
Rome Beauty, medium.
Figure
6.
Rome Beauty, large.
small.
large, (Watercore.)
'i
.-
?"r
4\
4d
I
Plgure 3.
igure 4.
/
.irrure 5.
Pigure 6.
Plate XIV.
Figure 1.
McMahon White, small.
Figure 2.
MeMahon White, large.
Figure 3.
King, small.
Figure 4.
King, medium.
(road shape)
1ate zrv.
Figure 1.
Figure 4.
Plate XV.
Figure 1.
Hyde Keeper, medin..
Iigure 2.
Hyde Keeper, large.
Figure 3.
Sweet Bough, small,
late IV.
Figure 3.
P1te XVI.
Figure 1.
White Winter Pearmairi
Figure 2.
Opalescent, large.
Figure
Delicious.
3.
Plate :vr.
V
4r'
Figure 1.
Pigure 2.
Figure 3.