Engineering 11
Human Factors
& Ergonomics
Bruce Mayer, PE
Licensed Electrical & Mechanical Engineer
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu
Engineering-11: Engineering Design
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Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt
OutLine  Human Factors
 Human limitations, abilities
 Human-Machine System
 Sensory input limitations
 Decision making limitations
 Summary
Engineering-11: Engineering Design
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Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt
Definition  Human Factors
 What is Human Factors Engineering
(a.k.a. Human Factors)?
 The Design for the abilities,
limitations, and other physiological or
behavioral characteristics of humans
which affect the use & operation of
tools, machines, systems, tasks,
jobs, and environments.
Engineering-11: Engineering Design
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Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt
Consider HF Early in the Design
Formulation
Preliminary
Design
Configuration
Parametric
Embodiment
Design
Human Factors
Concept
Detail
Engineering-11: Engineering Design
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Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt
Common Customer Requirements
 Typical Human
Functional
Requirements
• User-Friendliness
• Convenience
• Effectiveness
• Efficiency
• Increased
productivity
Engineering-11: Engineering Design
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 Typical Human Values
Requirements
• Improved safety
• Reduced worker
fatigue or stress
• Increased comfort
• Greater user
acceptance
• Increased job
satisfaction
• Improved quality of life
Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt
Starting Pt  Activity Analysis
 Human Factors Design often begins
with an Activity, or InterAction, Analysis
for the Types of People Who will
Interact with the Designed Product in
some form.
 Interaction Type examples
• People who BUILD the Product
• People who USE the Product
• People who DISPOSE of the Product
Engineering-11: Engineering Design
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Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt
Example  Bike USER (Rider)
 Activity Analysis for a BiCycle Rider
•
•
•
•
•
•
removes the bicycle from storage,
climbs onto the bike and pedals down the street,
pushes the handle bar to steer around a dog in the street,
slows down by grasping handbrake lever and squeezing,
steers to the side of the road to let car pass by,
pushes the shift lever to a lower gear decreasing pedal
force to climb hill,
• squeezes brake lever to stop at the top of the hill,
dismounts,
• walks the bike to roadside and enjoys the view.
Engineering-11: Engineering Design
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Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt
Rider↔Bike InterActions

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Use eyes to see
Hands/Arms to pick up
Foot and Leg to climb up onto seat
Hand(s) for braking
Feet and Legs to provide propulsion
Ears to Hear traffic or dogs
Fingers to shift gears
Inner Ear/Balance to stay upright
Engineering-11: Engineering Design
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Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt
Considerations in HF Design
 Types of People who  Basic Machine
Interact with a
Operation
Machine
• Takes INPUTS
• Builder/Maker
– person who produces
the product
• Shipper/Installer
• User
• Maintainer (repair
persons)
• Disposer
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• Performs a
Productive
FUNCTION
• Produces OUTPUTS
– Value-Added OutPut
(Desired)
– ByProducts
(Not Desired)
 May be
nonBenign
Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt
Typical S8-0701
Ergonomic
Measurement
 S8 Spec Focuses on
• Installer/Disposer
• User
• Maintainer
SEMI S8 GuideLines
apply to the design,
operation, maintenance, and
service of semiconductor
manufacturing equipment, as
well as, to a limited extent,
equipment installation
Engineering-11: Engineering Design
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Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt
SEMI S8 Activity
Analysis &
Conformance Review
Engineering-11: Engineering Design
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Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt
Human-Machine  Sensory Limits
Makes Decisions
Input
Sensory signals
Output
Muscle force,
torque, motion
Human - Machine interface
Output
Performance
displays
Input
Control signals
Perform Function(s)
Engineering-11: Engineering Design
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Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt
Sensory input limitations

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Sight
Hearing
Smell
Taste
Touch
• Kinesthetic (People can get a “Feel” for a
good Tennis Stroke)
• Vestibular (Response to whole-body
Accelerations)
Engineering-11: Engineering Design
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Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt
Sight Limitations


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Near/Far focusing
Speed (persistence of vision)
Night vision/illumination
“perceive” (optical illusions,
psychological?)
 Color blindness
Engineering-11: Engineering Design
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Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt
Hearing Limitations
 Frequencies
 Amplitude
 “perceive” (hear, but not
know what caused…)
 Understand (language)
 Masking by ambient/environmental
noise
Engineering-11: Engineering Design
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Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt
Touch • Kinesthetic • Vestibular
 Tactile stimulation of skin
• Sharp, hot, smooth, electrically charged
 Radiation (heat)
 Kinesthetically feel joint/muscle
movement
• “Good” golf/tennis swing, skiing, PoleVault
 Vestibular (inner ear)
• Sense of balance
Engineering-11: Engineering Design
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Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt
Sensory OverLoad
 Too much input, too fast
 Confusing
 Sensory
Fatigue
Engineering-11: Engineering Design
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Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt
Human-Machine  Decision Limits
Makes Decisions
Input
Sensory signals
Output
Muscle force,
torque, motion
Human - Machine interface
Output
Performance
displays
Input
Control signals
Perform Function(s)
Engineering-11: Engineering Design
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Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt
Decision making limitations
 DECISION RAMIFICATIONS
InputInfo → MakeDecision → TakeAction
• Action Taken is often called the “OutPut”
 Example
• Input: See politician in the road
• Decision: Decide to hit or avoid?
• Output (TakeAction): Steer Around OR
Brake OR Accelerate
Engineering-11: Engineering Design
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Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt
ReAction Times Fast & Slow
 SIMPLE reaction time
• one stimulus, same response
– i.e. “knee jerk”, trained response
 e.g.; See Dog Run into Road  Hit Brakes!!!
 CHOICE reaction time
• several stimuli, different responses
– i.e., process multiple, and
possibly conflicting,
signals; then Take
“some” (wrong?) action
 e.g. power plant malfunction
Engineering-11: Engineering Design
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Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt
Human-Machine  Output Limits
Makes Decisions
Input
Sensory signals
Output
Muscle force,
torque, motion
Human - Machine interface
Output
Performance
displays
Input
Control signals
Perform Function(s)
Engineering-11: Engineering Design
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Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt
Human Mechanics
 Forces (e.g. arms, legs, hands,
fingers)
 Range of motion (Kinematics)
 Energy Expenditure
 Control - Ability
 Size
(abilities/limitations)
Engineering-11: Engineering Design
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Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt
Force Mechanics
Engineering-11: Engineering Design
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Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt
Range of Motion
Engineering-11: Engineering Design
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Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt
Energy/Power Expenditure
Table 11.2 Mean value energy expenditure per day for various
occupations (adapted from Sanders and McCormick, 1993)
Energy Expended
Occupation
(kcal/day)
Construction worker (male)
3000
Steel worker (male)
3280
Coal miner (male)
3660
Housewives
2090
University males/females
2930/2290
Engineering-11: Engineering Design
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Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt
Human Sizes
 The study of Anthropometrics (human
measurement) is concerned with the
physical sizes and shapes of humans.
 Of particular interest are the differences
between and among different
populations (men vs. women, Northern
Europeans vs. Japanese, etc.)
• Most typical “Boundary Conditions”
– 5th %-tile Asian Female
– 95th %-tile American Male
Engineering-11: Engineering Design
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Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt
95th %-tile American Male
5th %-tile Asian Female
Engineering-11: Engineering Design
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Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt
Anthropometrics
American Woman
Engineering-11: Engineering Design
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Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt
Control-Ability
Engineering-11: Engineering Design
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Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt
Human-Machine System Summary
Makes Decisions
Input
Sensory signals
Output
Muscle force,
torque, motion
Human - Machine interface
Output
Performance
displays
Input
Control signals
Perform Function(s)
Engineering-11: Engineering Design
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Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt
Visual & Auditory Displays
 Visual Display
Types
• indicator lights
• continuous readout
gages
• bells
• buzzers
• horns
• digital counters
• graphical panels
• Sirens
• tones, and
• electronic devices
that speak
Engineering-11: Engineering Design
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 Audible Display
Types
Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt
Display GuideLines
 Conspicuity – The display should be
conspicuous in that it should be
prominently located, novel and relevant.
 Emphasis – Important words should be
visually emphasized.
 Legibility – Character fonts, size and
contrast should be exploited.
Engineering-11: Engineering Design
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Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt
Display GuideLines
 Intelligibility – Succinctly tell the
operator what the hazard is and how to
fix it.
 Visibility – The display should be
visible in all lighting conditions including
day or night.
 Maintainability – The display should
resist aging, wear and vandalism.
 Standardization – Standard words
and symbols
Engineering-11: Engineering Design
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Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt
Design For Fit
 Gold Standard  Design to
Accommodate Human Interaction for
5th Percentile Asian Female
to
95th Percentile American Male
 Use anthropometric data
Engineering-11: Engineering Design
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Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt
Example  Ergonomic Design
95th Percentile
American Male
5th Percentile
Asian Female
Engineering-11: Engineering Design
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Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt
WorkSpace Design
 Climate
• air temperature,
humidity
• airborne particulates
• odors and harmful
vapors
 Illumination
• light intensity, color
content
• glare/ reflection
Engineering-11: Engineering Design
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 Noise
• sound level,
frequency, duration,
• fluctuations in level
or frequency
 Motion
• whole body vib., freq.
and intensity
• head motions
(motion sickness)
Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt
Summary  ErgoNomics


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Customer requirements include HF
Sensory input limitations
Decision making limitations
Human muscle output limitations
• Forces, range of motion, energy,
 Anthropometrics
 Design for fit
 Workspace guidelines
Engineering-11: Engineering Design
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Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt
All Done for Today
Formula SAE
Anthropometric
Data
Engineering-11: Engineering Design
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Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt
Engineering 11
Appendix
Bruce Mayer, PE
Registered Electrical & Mechanical Engineer
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu
Engineering-11: Engineering Design
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Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt
SEMI S8 Goals
 These guidelines provide ergonomics design principles and
considerations for semiconductor manufacturing equipment.
 The purpose of these guidelines is to promote compatibility
between the user and the equipment in the IC
manufacturing environment. The following general principles
are integral to the ergonomics design and evaluation of
equipment:
• The equipment should be designed to optimize safety by distributing
tasks. Tasks should be distributed among hardware, software, and
users to make the best use of their respective capabilities and to
minimize limitations and hazards. Appropriate distribution of tasks
will also optimize performance.
• Equipment should be designed to minimize potential for errors and
mishaps, by conforming to users' expectations.
• The equipment design should reduce fatigue and injury by fitting the
equipment to the expected body size, strength, and range of motion
characteristics of the user population. Such design will also
facilitate task performance.
Engineering-11: Engineering Design
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Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt
Human Machine InterAction
Engineering-11: Engineering Design
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Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-11_Lec-05_Chp8_ParaMetric_Design.ppt