Chabot College
Fall 2005
Course Outline for Physiology 1
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
Catalog Description:
1 - Human Physiology
5 units
Cellular and systemic body functions. Emphasis placed on physico- and electro-chemical and clinical
methods, collection and analysis of data, extrapolations and conclusions. Working models, including human
responses, computer simulations are studied. Prerequisite: Chemistry 30A, and Anatomy 1 (both completed
with a grade of “C” or higher). Strongly recommended: Chemistry 30B, eligibility for English 1A or 52A. May
be offered in DE format. 3 hours lecture, 6 hours laboratory.
Prerequisite Skills:
Before entering the course the student should be able to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
make unit conversion within the metric system;
describe atomic and sub-atomic structure;
demonstrate mole concept and make calculations of molarity;
demonstrate matter states;
demonstrate standard chemical nomenclatures;
identify redox equations;
describe gas laws;
calculate concentrations of solutions;
describe properties of solutions;
discuss acid-base mechanisms;
discuss the pH scale;
work with ionic equations;
use Le Chatlier's principles to predict qualitative changes in equilibrium by pH, temperature and
concentration;
identify factors affecting rates of reaction;
describe medical uses of nuclear isotopes;
demonstrate collection and analysis of scientific data;
perform titration;
demonstrate safe and efficient laboratory technique and etiquette;
identify organization levels of human body;
explain homeostatic mechanisms;
describe anatomy of regions, planes and cavities;
describe structures of cells;
describe four tissue types;
describe body membranes;
describe structure of the skin;
identify specific aspects of bone tissue;
describe origin/insertion/function of specific muscles;
describe functional divisions of nervous system;
describe peripheral nerves including spinal and cranial nerves and ANS;
describe anatomy of CNS;
describe basic nerve pathways to and from brain;
name and give location of endocrine glands;
describe different blood cell types;
describe heart, blood vessels and intracardiac blood flow;
trace arterial and venous pathways of circulation;
describe basic anatomy of lympathic system;
describe anatomy of airways and lungs;
describe alimentary canal and adnexa of the digestive tract;
describe urinary structures and histology of the nephron;
describe basic embryonic and fetal development anatomy.
Chabot College
Course Outline for Physiology 1, Page 2
Fall 2005
Expected Outcome for Students:
Upon completion of the course, the student should be able to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
explain fundamental laws of physics, chemistry and physiology as they relate to body organization
and function;
explain types of diffusion and active transport;
recognize the presence of electrophysiology in living cells;
identify and describe the molecular activity during an action potential;
recognize synaptic junctions and their different mechanisms;
define excitation-contraction coupling;
explain bone dynamics as they pertain to the piezoelectric effect;
explain the dynamics of joints and their actions as levers;
describe cardiac action as a pump and an electrical conduction system;
use the oscilloscope or similar tool to obtain an ECG tracing and measure key indices;
explain the vascular hemodynamics and the potential for thrombus, ischemia and infarction;
interpret a hemoglobin-oxygen saturation curve and how it relates to oximetry;
derive dry spirometric indices using a dry spirometer;
explain the CNS layout including the interaction of deep nuclei of the brain;
outline name and functions of the 12 cranial nerves and come up with a way of testing these nerves;
explain differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems and also their
common goal of establishing homeostasis;
explain enzyme kinetics and its integration with physical and chemical digestion within the
gastro-intestinal tract;
describe the role of proper nutrition, basic food values, and the role of vitamins;
describe the relationship of the functions of the hypophysis and hypothalamus to the rest of the
endocrines;
describe how the endocrine system is an extension/adjunct of the nervous system;
easily describe some key differences between mitosis and meiosis;
trace sperm from male to female gonaducts with fertilization as the end result;
describe the relationship of uterine, hormonal and ovarian cycles;
describe the basic methods of implemented birth control techniques;
describe the basic pitfalls involved in the acquisition and sequelae of STDs;
utilize a spectrophotometer and compose a standard curve based on data;
balance a potentiometer and use it to measure minute voltages;
operate the basic bio-oscilloscope to visualize electrical signals including ECG;
manage a standard IBM compatible computer with various software designed to be interactive as
per lab. Protocol;
obtain clinical lab. data such as pulse, blood pressure, urinalysis, blood indices and spirometric
indices;
explain histo-anatomic differences in organs as they relate to system physiology.
Course Content (Lecture):
1.
Review of fundamentally related chemical and physical principles
a.
Periodic table
b.
Reactivity
c.
Bonding
d.
Ions
e.
Diffusion and its variables
f.
Ohm's law and its applications to: physical, chemical and electrical systems
g.
Laws of thermodynamics
h.
Le Chatlier's principle
i.
Electromagnetic spectrum properties: wavelength vs. frequency and energy
j.
Diffraction and its function as a lab. tool
Chabot College
Course Outline for Physiology 1, Page 3
Fall 2005
Course Content (lecture) – continued:
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Physiology of active transport
a.
Sodium-potassium pump
b.
Establishment of a membrane potential
Physiology of the excitable cell
a.
Depolarization
b.
Accommodation
c.
Threshold
d.
Spike
e.
Refractory
f.
Hyperpolarization
Anatomic-physiologic considerations of nerves
a.
Action potential of nerve
b.
Types of conduction
c.
Summation of signals
Synaptic physiology
a.
Pre-and post-synaptic membranes
b.
Connexon
c.
Synaptic cleft
d.
Neurotransmitter release
e.
Post-synaptic receptor
f.
EPSP vs. IPSP
Anatomic-physiologic considerations of muscles
a.
Syncytia
b.
Excitation-contraction coupling
c.
Contraction studies: twitch, isometric, isotonic, compensatory acceleration, peak force
d.
ATP synthesis and phosphorylcreatine
Bone and joint physiology
a.
Dynamics of the Haversian canal system
b.
Hilton and Wolff's laws
c.
Piezoelectric effect
d.
Fracture healing
e.
Dynamics of articulation
f.
Lever classification of joints
g.
Common joint afflictions
Cardio-vascular dynamics
a.
Pump action of the heart
b.
Electrical conduction of the heart
c.
Electrocardiogram: normal/abnormal
d.
Intracardiac and intravascular hemodynamics
e.
Blood pressure and its measurement
f.
Cardiac output
g.
Peripheral resistance
h.
Neural and endocrine considerations
i.
Vascular feeding and transmural exchange
j.
Thrombus formation
k.
Ischemia and infarction
Pulmonary studies
a.
Surface to volume ratios in alveoli
b.
Indices of spirometry
c.
Surfactant
d.
Labor of respiration
e.
Neural input to diaphragm and intercostals
g.
CNS control of blood gas
Chabot College
Course Outline for Physiology 1, Page 4
Fall 2005
Course Content (lecture) – continued:
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Gas transport
a.
Hemoglobin
b.
Myoglobin
c.
Oxygen dissociation curves
d.
Bohr shift
e.
Interaction of 2,3 DPG
f.
Fetal hemoglobin
g.
Fetal circulation
h.
RBC and WBC indices
i.
ABO/Rh blood typing
j.
Oxygen toxicity
k.
hemoglobin poisons: cyanide, carbon monoxide, nitrites, hydrogen sulphide
l.
breathing under special conditions: acclamation vs. acclimatization, high altitude,
underwater, decompression, nitrogen narcosis.
Physiology of the Central Nervous System
a.
Ganglia vs. nuclei
b.
Nerves vs. tracts
c.
Dorsal columns
d.
Antero-lateral columns
e.
Spinothalamic tract
f.
Thalamus and radiations
g.
Sensory homunculus
h.
Cortical associations
i.
Hemisphere associations (corpus callosum)
j.
Basal ganglia
k.
CNS conditions: Parkinson's, chorea, aphasias, seizures, demyelination disorders,
Special senses and cranial nerves
a.
names, function of 12 cranial nerves
b.
layout of retina
c.
workings of the cochlea and semi-circular canals
Autonomic nervous system
a.
Sympathetic
b.
Parasympathetic
Digestive system
a.
Enzyme kinesis
b.
Mastication
c.
Deglutition
d.
Gastric action
e.
Enteric action
f.
Absorption of: protein, carbohydrate, fat
g.
Pancreatic juice
h.
Colonic function
i.
Vitamin function
Endocrine system
a.
Hormone/endocrine gland definitions
b.
Hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system
c.
Hypophyseal hormones and their target organs
d.
Negative and positive feedback loops
e.
Thyroid gland
f.
Adrenal cortex gland
g.
Endocrine pancreas
Chabot College
Course Outline for Physiology 1, Page 5
Fall 2005
Course Content (lecture) – continued:
16.
Reproductive system
a.
mitosis vs. meiosis
b.
sexual determination vs. differentiation
c.
embryonic differentiation of male and female genitalia
d.
transfer of sperm in gonaducts
e.
uterine, ovarian and hormonal cycles
f.
neurophysiology of coition and conception
g.
survey of birth control techniques
h.
common STDs
Course Content (Laboratory):
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
Osmosis and diffusion
Physico-chemical methods--light, spectroscopic and spectrophotometric testing
Physico-chemical methods--chemical indicators for protein, fats, carbohydrates, starch
Physico-chemical methods--chromatography
Electrophysiology--potentiometer, voltaic cell
Electrophysiology--simulated cell membrane potential set-up
Oscilloscope--measurement of signal voltages
Oscilloscope--measurement of signal duration and frequencies
Action potential--changes with changing extracellular sodium and potassium (computer)
Action potential--effect of one action potential on a second action potential (computer)
Muscle contraction studies--isometric/isotonic contraction studies on human model
Muscle contraction studies--isometric/isotonic contraction studies (computer)
Cardio-vascular studies--clinical laboratory on measurement of pulses, perfusion & blood
pressure
Cardio-vascular system--ECG studies--clinical laboratory
Lung sounds--clinical assessment of lung function
Spirometry--indices of lung function
Blood--ABO typing, hematocrit, and blood smear techniques
Blood --hematocytometer and blood indices
Anatomic-physiologic considerations of the brain--gross brain staining technique and isolation of
deep cerebral structures
Nerve reflex and cranial nerve testing--common reflexes and 12 cranial nerve testings
Clinical examination of the eye and ear--clinical observation of retina and tympanic membrane
Urinalysis--clinical evaluation of urine
Enzyme studies--enzyme kinetics under different conditions using liver enzyme
Enzyme studies--enzyme kinetics of salivary amylase
Quantitative analysis of Vitamin C--a titration technique and solving for unknown
Endocrines I--a histo-morphologic survey
Endocrines II--the effect on humoral chemicals on a physiologic system
Phases of mitosis--evaluation of different phases of mitosis in plant and animal cells and develop
understanding of correlation between number of cells in mitosis vs. behavior of cell
Reproductive system--a morphologic comparative study in homologous tissue of male and female
gonaducts
Methods of Presentation:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Lecture and discussion
Multi-media presentations
Laboratory observations, collection and analysis of data
Derivation of conclusions and clinical implications
Computer interactive laboratory exercises
Chabot College
Course Outline for Physiology 1, Page 6
Fall 2005
Typical Assignments and Methods of Evaluating Student Progress:
1.
2.
Typical Assignments
a.
Plot the amplitude of the R wave on Einthoven’s triangle for leads I, II, III and determine
the ventricular axis of deviation.
b.
Prepare for an upcoming quiz: Study Ohm’s law and its application to electrical, chemical
and physical “circuitry”. Study Nernst equation and its application to membrane potential.
Prepare to describe examples of the first 3 laws of Thermodynamics and the Le Chatlier’s
principle.
c.
Plot the graph from data obtained in lab by using the reciprocal of the time of reaction (to
make a rate value) vs. strength of substrate used (hydrogen peroxide). Determine the saturation
point of the enzyme as per Michelis-Mentin relationship using only your graph.
Methods of Evaluating Student Progress:
a.
Examinations on lecture material (2 mid-terms)
b.
Laboratory practical testing (included in mid-terms and final, with first test being
"hands-on" practical)
c.
Grading of laboratory journal
d.
Grading of oral presentation. Specifics to be announced by instructor after 1st mid-term
e.
Final examination (1 comprehensive, inclusive of ALL lecture and laboratory material)
Textbook(s) (Typical):
1.
2.
3.
4.
Review of Medical Physiology, Ganong, Appleton & Lange, 2003
Compendium of Human Physiology: Basic and Clinical Lab Exercises with Interactive Course
Abstract, Publisher Marawala, 2005
Physiology A through Z: A Course Abstract , Publisher Marawala, 2005
Human Physiology, Rhoades/Pflanzer, Thomson, 2003
Special Student Materials:
1.
2.
3.
Lab coat or smock
Protective eye gear
Colored pencils
ZM/al
Revised 3/2005