environmental concerns
Ketil Hylland
ketilhy@bio.uio.no
room 4533
reasons for concern
reduced amount and quality
of renewable resources
increased input of
particles, nutrients
inputs of contaminants
reduced
biodiversity
?
?
changed climate
modified habitats
changed
ecosystems
?
non-sustainable
harvesting
reduced
recreational
value
introduced species
1
mortality
spawning population (mill ton)
non-sustainable harvesting
detecting anthropogenic influence
contaminants
molecule
homeostasis
cell
disease
tissue/organ
individual
overfishing
eutrophication
”noise”
population
community
reproduction
growth
survival
behaviour
species plasticity
predation
competition
ecosystem
habitat destruction
2
two main challenges
• identify and separate effects from different
impacts
• identify and separate/correct for natural
processes (natural variability)
pollution?
disturbance or introduction into
the oceans of substances or
energy that cause a change in
marine ecosystems
3
OSPAR QSR 2000
overview
• eutrophication
• oil
• contaminants
–
–
–
–
industrial chemicals
pesticides, biocides
sewage, waste
endocrine disruptors, pharmaceuticals
• water framework directive
• marine strategy framework
directive
4
eutrophication
• organic matter in water column (and
subsequently sediment)
• two sources:
– added nutrients (autochtonous)
– supplied organic material (allochtonous)
• relationship between enrichment and
water exchange
eutrophication
algal production/high levels organic material
sedimentation of organic material
(dead algae, etc)
Dennis Sarson
(University of Western Austrialia)
increased bacterial biomass
high oxygen consumption
limited exchange of bottom
waters
hypoxia (low concentrations of oxygen)
dead bottom fauna
5
concepts
•
•
•
•
•
biological oxygen demand (BOD)
chemical oxygen demand (COD)
primary dilution
anoxia, hypoxia
redoxcline, Eh
oil
• many sources
–
–
–
–
production
transport
refineries
consumption
• complex mixture: alkanes, PAH, alkylated
phenols, ..
• natural degradation
• most obvious impacts on the surface
– birds
– fish larvae/embryos
• difference acute - chronic
6
offshore oil and gas production
• different phases
– drilling: mainly benthic
– production: mainly pelagic
• decreased environmental impact of drilling fluids
following benthic monitoring (change in use of
chemicals)
• natural (metals, alkylphenols, PAHs) and
additional (biocides, complexing agents, etc)
substances in produced water
• continuous efforts to decrease use of persistent
and/or toxic substances
• technically possible to reduce
7
offshore pelagic monitoring
8
blue mussel
• histopathology
• micronucleus in hemocytes
• lysosomal stability
9
clean-up of spills
• mechanical
– pumps
– shovels, etc
– hosing, heat/pressure
www.chemgapedia.de
• chemical
– surfactants
www.soundtruth.info
10
contaminants - why worry?
• human health
• marine resources
• environmental impacts
production of new chemicals
11
unexpected impacts - birds of prey
unexpected impacts - imposex
VDSI
0-2
>2 - 4
>4 - 6
12
how contaminant?
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
persistent
toxic (one way or another)
fat-soluble (Kow)
molecular size
solubility, volatility
similarity with natural substances
presence, levels, transport
contaminants?
• metals
– organic/inorganic
• halogenated substances
•
•
•
•
– chlorinated: PCB, dioxins/dibenzofurans, many
pesticides (toksafen, DDT, HCH)
– brominated: PBDE, PBB, HCBD
– fluorinated: PFOS, PFOA
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)
organophosphates
organotins (TBT)
endocrine disrupting substances
13
concepts - contaminants
• Kow
• hydrophobic, hydrophilic,
lipophilic, lipophobic
• BCF, BAF, TSF, ..
• bioavailability, bioaccumulation,
biomagnification
bioavailability
”the fraction of a substance available for
interaction with tissues”
ionestyrke
Kow
hydrofil
TOC
Pow
Koc
14
bioaccumulation
=
uptake
(excretion + metabolism)
biomagnification
BMF = CB/CD
CB = in predator
CD = in prey
Ruus et al., 1999
1.
Cod/Sandeel
Σ PCB: 3.2
Σ DDT: 3.7
Σ CHL: 3.2
HCB: 2.1
2.
4.
Harbour seal/Cod
Σ PCB: 8.7
Σ DDT: 9.9
Σ CHL: 10.3
Σ HCH: 2.5
HCB: 0.3
5.
Harbour seal/Sandeel
Σ PCB: 28.0
Σ DDT: 36.9
Σ CHL: 33.5
Σ HCH: 2.1
Grey seal/Cod
Σ PCB: 10.0
Σ DDT: 9.5
Σ CHL: 10.8
3.
Grey seal/Sandeel
Σ PCB: 32.2
Σ DDT: 35.4
Σ CHL: 35.0
HCB: 2.7
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toxicity
•
•
•
•
•
LC50, LD50, EC50
dose-response
sublethal effect
tolerance
essential – non-essential
do PAHs cause cancer?
cancer
DNA adducts
bile metabolites
CYP1A induction and metabolism
PAH in sediment
studies by NOAA (US) by T.K.Collier, J. Stein, M.S.Myers, L.L.Johnson,
J.T.Landahl, M.M.Krahn and others
16
neoplasia
external diseases
lymphocystis
epidermal papilloma
17
sedimentation and radioactivity
• sedimentation
– mining
– regulation
– glaciers
• radioactivity
–
–
–
–
detectable at very low concentrations
global distribution
limited (known) environmental effects
released in produced water (offshore)
risk assessment
•
•
•
•
hazard assessment
effect assessment
exposure assessment
risk characterisation
18
water framework directive
• classification
• ecological assessment - based on
biodiversity
• EQS - ecological quality standards; mainly
chemical
• currently under implementation in EU (and
Norway)
• extends from freshwater into the sea
classification
• deviation from ”natural state”
acceptable state
high
good
small
natural
communitie deviations
from natural
s
communitie
s
unacceptable state
moderate
low
bad
moderate
deviations
from natural
communitie
s
19
WFD - parameters
• biological: phytoplankton, macrophytes
and benthic algae, benthic organisms, fish
• physical: hydrology, temperature, salinity,
oxygen
• chemistry: nutrients, pH, ANC,
contaminants
marine strategy framework directive
• currently under development
• will regulate coastal and oceanic waters
• expected to be less risk-oriented than
WFD
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regulating pollution impacts
• international agreements
– long-range transport
– marine (OSPAR)
– EU WFD, MSFD
• costal zone management
–
–
–
–
–
industrial inputs vs edibility
harbour development vs fisheries/recreation
oil exploration vs fisheries
swimming vs sewage/eutrophication
...
why worry? - Lomborg revisited
• does it matter if local or regional biodiversity is
decreased?
• is bioaccumulation of contaminants a problem
(below levels affecting human consumption)?
• is there really evidence of large-scale impact of
contaminants or eutrophication?
• will future changes of the climate really affect
marine ecosystems?
• is there a difference between fertilisation and
eutrophication?
21
questions
• what is pollution?
• what is eutrophication?
• what are important sources of oil pollution
and what are the main components of
crude oil
• describe the most important contaminants
and their properties
• provide two examples of how
contaminants may cause ecosystem
impacts
22