ENGINEERING
TECHNICAL
SYSTEM
pp
NOTES-TECHNICAL REPORTS
DATA RETRIEVAL MANAGEMENT
PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT
FIELD
VOLUME
12
NUMBER
5
Field Lij Notes
SIGNIFICANT TIME
AND COST SAVINGS
RESULT FROM THE USE OF
MODULAR STEEL BRIDGE SYSTEMS
BOUNDARIES
WASHINGTON OFFICE NEWS
FOREST SERVICE
FpREST
MAY
SEMn.
S
nnar.c
U.S.
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
1980
upS
ENGINEERING
Volume
Information
12
FIELD NOTES
Number
5
in this publication
has been developed
for guidance
of employees
and its
Service
its
Department of Agriculture-Forest
contractors
and State agencies.
The Department of Agriculture assumes no
contained
respon-sibility
of
the
United
Federal
cooperating
for
The
the interpretation or use
use of trade firm or
convenience
of any
that
or service
may be
text in the
or policy
except
engineers
and engineering
not
intended
in this
publication
is
own
employees.
for the information
and
an official endorsement or approval
by the United States Department of Agriculture
publication
be
by
names
use does not constitute
its
to the exclusion
suitable.
must not
construed
by other than
of this information
corporation
Such
of the reader.
product
of others
The
States
as
FSM
exclusively
the
represents
recommended
references.
personal
Because
technicians
opinions
or approved
should
of the
of the respective
procedures
type
read each
of material in the publication
issue
however
for engineers.
FOREST SERVICE
U.S.
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Washington
D.C.
20013
mandatory
author and
instructions
this
publication
all
is
SIGNIFICANT
TIME AND
COST
MODULAR
Frank
Regional
SAVINGS
STEEL
W.
BRIDGE
Muchmore
Structural
Region 10
RESULT
FROM
THE
USE
OF
SYSTEMSP.E.
Engineer
dimen-sions
suc-cessfully
produc-tion
con-struction
INTRODUCTION
has been defined as on-site assembly of
bridge construction
that are mass produced
to standard
bridge components
have been used
at an off-site plant.
Systems techniques
in other industries to reduce costs by improving
of modular
Application
systems
efficiency
Reference 1.
in Alaskas remote areas
construction
to bridge
techniques
resulted in significant
time and cost savings.
Systems
modular
has
ex-clusively
avail-able
native log stringer bridge has
For many years the blast rock-decked
been the mainstay bridging system for logging roads in southeast
Alaska
Until recently this system was used almost
figure 1.
due primarily to the speed of construction
1 to 2 days
and to the abundance of large high-quality Sitka spruce logs
This is probably the simplest systems
near the bridge sites.
from these native
technique available.
Bridge construction
has been very economical.
Installation cost allowances
to
this type of bridge have ranged from $50
loggers for constructing
to $110 per linear foot per 0.3 meter which
converts to $3 to $7
per square foot per 0.09 square meter Reference 2.
mate-rials
However
rising market value of the high-quality spruce used for
bridge stringers has made it desirable to look for other solutions
for bridging streams.
the
About
1.5 million board feet 3540 cubic
meters of prime logs have
been used each year for log stringer bridges in southeast Alaska.
At an estimated present export value of $1700/MBM for select prime
of more than $2.5 million
spruce this represents the equivalent
worth of timber Reference 2.
reusable bridge systems
This paper describes modular portable
alternatives to native
stringer
log
bridges or conventionally
This
follow-up report to the
Bridges for Use on Logging Roads
December
1978.
is
a
1
article entitled
Portable
Field Notes
Vol. 10
No 12
as
fol-lowing
A previous article Port.
constructed-in-place
permanent
bridges.
able Bridges for Use on Logging Roads Field Notes Vol.
10 No.
12 December 1978 described the Region 10 road system and the
criteria used to select portable modular bridge systems.
The
paragraphs describe the two types that were selected.
jt
yy
i
Figure
1.--Typical
tog
stringer
bridge.
pat-ented
tem-porary
HAMILTON
The
CONSTRUCTION
COMPANY
E-Z
BRIDGES
Reference
3
Hamilton
re-used
a
called
Construction Company of Springfield Oregon has
single-lane prebuilt modular steel bridge superstructure
the
Bridge which is suitable for permanent or
use on single-lane
roads.
E-Z
con-struction
Installation
of
easily.
rapid without
the usual lag time for on-site
superstructure and the bridge can be moved and
The bridge consists of steel girders with a treated
is
the
2
sec-tion
con-nected
80-and
Cor-Ten
into two sections with each
timber deck split longitudinally
The two sections
are
carrying one wheel line figure 2.
to one another by hinged bolted diaphragms
they are rigged
to be handled and loaded with standard logging equipment
and hauled
on standard logging trucks without modification
The
figure 3.
bridges have been designed for standard HS20-44 or for USDA-FS
100-ton 72.5- and 90.7-metric ton truck loading with impact
and 90-ton
81.6-metric ton log loader loading without impact and
are available
in either ASTM A-36 painted
steel or ASTM A-588
weathering
steel which averages about 16 percent higher in
For durability and corrosion resistance in the wet southeast
price.
Alaska climate
the
16-percent additional cost will add.many years
to the useful life of the
structure.
4.27-or
These
structures
can be
4.88-meter widths.
for Alaskan use
adopted
must use the bridges.
furnished in either 14- or 16-foot
The 16-foot 4.88-meter width has been
to accommodate
the logging equipment that
The AASHTO
to 1/800 of the span
requirement limiting deflection
restrictive.
This
was
deemed
too
requirement
length
was reduced
1/300 of the span length resulting in nearly 50 percent savings
the weight
of required structural
steel as shown in table 1.
to
in
After the abutments are installed the complete superstructure can
be installed and made ready for traffic in a matter of hours.
it
is not
unusual for traffic to be using the bridge within 2 hours
after the sections
arrive at the site.
TABLE
1.--ROLLED BEAM SIZE FOR U-80 LOADING--16-FOOT
DECK ALASKA FOREST SERVICE A-588 STEEL.
Span
Length
L/300
ft
30
40
50
60
NOTE
m
9.14
12.19
15.24
18.29
L
W
m
m
m
W
24
0.61
W
24
0.61
W
27
0.69
W
30
0.76
Length
Wide-flanged
in.
m x
x
in.
x
m
x
in.
m
x
L/800
61
27.67
76
34.47
x
94
42.64
in.
x
m
52.62
x
4.88-METER
116
beam
3
lb
kg
lb
kg
lb
kg
lb
kg
W
24
0.61
W
30
0.76
W
36
0.91
W
36
0.91
x
84
x
108
in.
x
150
m
68.04
in.
m
in.
m
x
x
in.
m
lb
x 38.10 kg
x
48.99
x
230
104.33
lb
kg
lb
kg
lb
kg
Wf
E-Z
Bridge being installed on temporary log
Figure 2.--Hamilton
crib abutments with normal logging equipment
one half already in
and
the
second
into place.
lowered
place
half being
i
Figure
3.
Hamilton
E-Z
Bridge
bridge
ready
site.
4
to
be
transported
to
the
ACROW
PANEL
BRIDGES
BAILEY
TYPE
Reference
4
The
War
Acrow Panel Bridge is the modern version of the famous World
II Bailey Bridge.
have
Nearly 40 years of constant development
gone into this system concept.
bridge systems greatest asset is its extreme versatility.
of erection and economy particularly where the bridge will
reused are also important factors.
This
Speed
be
The
interest if it is
cantilever
launching method is of particular
method
important to avoid stream disturbance.
Using the cantilever
any length bridge can be constructed on one bank and launched over
rollers without the need for heavy lifting equipment
using a false
nose that is later removed.
See pages 10 and 11 Field Notes Vol.
10 No. 12 December 1978 for pictures.
nec-essary
dif-ferent
main girders are composed of identical 5- by 10-foot 1.52- by
Panels pinned together end-to-end and where
side-to-side
for greater load-carrying capacity connected
and in multiple stories to form continuous
girders from abutment to
abutment on either side of the bridge decking
figures 4 and 5.
Various widths as listed in table 2 are available simply by using
floor beams transoms of different lengths and deck units of
widths.
Timber or steel plate decks can be used.
The
3.05-meter Acrow
pro-vide
is required to
For Alaska Region use the Ultra-wide structure
width for yarding equipment however
the extra-wide
adequate
when the additional width is not
can be considered
configuration
double-wide
needed.
transoms bracing and additional
By purchasing
decking units double-lane bridges can be constructed with the same
components.
TABLE
2.--ACROW
Roadway
Description
ft
3
in.
3.43
Extra Wide
13
ft
6
3/4
in.
Ultra
15
ft
10
23
ft
8
Wide
1/2
1/2
in.
in.
WIDTHS
Clearance
11
Double
BRIDGE
Width
Standard
Wide
PANEL
m
4.13
4.84
7.23
m
m
m
Between
Trusses
12
ft
4
in.
3.76
m
15
ft
8
in.
4.78
m
17
ft
11
3/4
in.
5.4
24
ft
11
in.
7.60
m
m
applica-tions
Panels can be used vertically to form piers and towers.
addition the components can be used for falsework or other
where temporary heavy support is required.
Acrow
5
In
Figure
4
-AcroW
Panel
Bridge being assembled
launching.
Figure 5.--Completed 80-foot 24.38-meter Acrow
temporary log silt abutments.
6
on
rollers for
Panel
Bridge
on
in-crease
launch-ed
E-Z
corrosion-resistance
Hamilton
Bridges durability and
The Acrow components
are important.
are not available
be
in weathering
steel however they can
hot-dip galvanized to
the normal
corrosion resistance to approximately quadruple
in
cost.
All
increase
useful life at about an 18-percent
Acrow
10 have been galvanized.
Panel Bridges in Region
As with
the
Single-story Acrow Panel Bridges can normally be
week.
and completed in less than
assembled
1
Con-struction
trans-shipment
USE
IN
THE
ALASKA
REGION
Com-pany
trans-port
March and April 1977
contracts were awarded to Hamilton
furnish
ten Hamilton E-Z Bridges and to Acrow
Company
America
to
furnish
seven Acrow Panel Bridges and two
of
Corporation
These
were
delivered to Seattle for
noses.
bridges
launching
Modifications were made to existing long-term
to Alaska.
50-year timber sale contracts held by Alaska Lumber and Pulp
Division
to
ALP and by Louisiana Pacific-Ketchikan
from
Seattle
to
each
the
bridge
site
bridges by barge
transport
remove and
install the bridges on log crib abutments
reinstall the
to a storage area or to a new site and
These
17
were
bridges
subsequently
barged to Alaska and
bridges.
installed.
In
to
1
2
LPK
3
4
Sep-tember
57.91-meter span Acrow Panel Bridge with
May 1978 a 190-foot
added
to the ALP long-term sale and
in
abutments
was
permanent
Panel
added
100-foot
Acrow
was
1978 a
30.48-meter
Bridge
to
a
native
sale
to the LPK long-term
replace
deteriorating
log
In September
1978 a cooperative agreement was
stringer bridge.
signed with ALP which provided for them to purchase and install 14
Table 3 summarizes the use of modular
more Hamilton
Bridges.
in
Alaska
steel bridges
the
Region to date.
In
E-Z
note-worthy
HAMILTON
CREEK BRIDGE
6
Construction
of the Hamilton Creek Bridge
was
figure
in several respects.
At 190-foot
57.91-meter clear span
it is the
longest and heaviest Acrow Panel Bridge ever launched in
North America.
It is designed
to carry the USDA Forest Service
80-ton and 100-ton truck loading as well as a 90-ton tracked log
loader.
Both types of modular steel bridges were used for this project.
Three Hamilton E-Z Bridges two at 60 feet 18.29 meters and one
at 40 feet 12.19 meters were installed end-to-end as a temporary
construction
access bridge figure 7.
They were installed in
1/2 days.
1
The 190-foot
Panel Bridge
57.91-meter span double-quadruple
was
constructed
launched
7
reinforced Acrow
and lowered onto unique
TABLE
Bridge
co
Type
3.--MODULAR
STEEL
USAGE
Total
Length
Linear feet
ea.
m
Number
Hamilton
E-Z
30
9.14
Hamilton
E-Z
40
12.19
m
7
Hamilton
E-Z
50
15.24
m
4
Hamilton
E-Z
60
18.29
m
4
Hamilton
E-Z
70
21.34
m
1
Hamilton
E-Z
80
24.38
m
3
1180
BRIDGE
5
m
359.66
24
Materials
Cost
FOB Seattle
Dollars
65300
84300
120700
156100
84000
109200
115000
145300
49500
58400
180300
210900
614800
764200
ft
32.56/sq
Panel
647.63/1
ft
40.48/sq
350.47/m2
435.72/m2
50
15.24
m
1
29000
35400
Story
ft
2124.77/m
1709.38/m
Single
Installed
Estimate
Dollars
521.02/1
Acrow
Total
Cost
Acrow
Panel
70
21.34
m
2
95000
112900
Acrow
Panel
80
24.38
m
1
54000
64200
Acrow
Panel
90
27.43
m
1
74000
85500
ft
Acrow
Panel
100
30.48
760
231.65
m
m
4
356400
403500
9
608400
701500
800.53/1
ft
ft
Panel
Double
Story
190
57.91
m
1
523000
452000
2378.95/1
ft
ft
All
2130
649.22
m
34
ft
529.05/m2
833.66/1
ft
2735.10/m
2580.31/m
49.15/sq
ft
172.04/sq
1988700
1675200
786.48/1
ft
1851.82/m2
1600.38/m2
Average
Types
2752.63/1
9030.72/m
7804.94/m
148.68/sq
ft
57.69/sq
620.97/m2
538.52/m2
Acrow
ft
3028.31/m
2626.41/m
50.03/sq
923.03/1
ft
58.35/sq
628.07/m2
ft
E
s
Yý
C
y
ý
rte
ryl
iT
Figure 6.--Hamilton Creek Bridge--190-foot 57.91-meter span Acrow
Panel Bridge quadruple-double reinforced construction.
j
ffijI
f
ý
Figure 7.--Three Hamilton E-Z Bridges installed end-to-end as
of the Hamilton Creek
temporary crossing during construction
Panel
5791-meter
Acrow
Bridge.
190-foot
10
a
pile-supported fabricated steel abutments which were designed by
Ketchikan
10 11 and
Charles Pool and Associates
figures
of
the
the
entire
construction
abutments
permanent
Including
12.
month.
took
less
than
a
job
8 9
Com-ponents
illustrated the versatility of the Acrow System.
100-foot
of a
30.48-meter Acrow Panel Bridge that was
several hundred
miles away on the LPK
be
installed
scheduled to
first
to
the
Hamilton
Creek site on the
shipped
long-term sale were
into
used to launch
assembled
a
launching
nose
ALP long-term sale
and
Panel
Acrow
Bridge
disassembled
the 190-foot
57.91-meter
Prince
of
Wales
Island.
its
ultimate
destination
on
shipped on to
A significant
saving in shipping costs resulted because it was
and return them to
furnish
to
launching nose components
The
launching
un-necessary
Acrow.
.
AFB
.
m.
1
Figure
8.--H-pile
supported steel abutments
Acrow Panel Bridge.
11
for the
Hamilton
Creek
41
141
PT
ni
fi
r
Figure
9--Assembly
of
5791-meter
190-foot
Acrow
Panel
Bridge.
r
sa
com-pensate
Figure
launched
10--190-foot
5791-meter
over rollers.
Note the
for the nearly 6 feet
Acrow
turned up
1.83
deflection.
12
Panel
Bridge being
launching nose to
meters of cantilever
r
u
Figure
11.--Launching
nose
cantilevering
over
stream.
Just as the Acrow Panel Bridge was being completed heavy rains
Floodwaters
caused Hamilton Creek to rise rapidly.
nearly overtop
ped the temporary Hamilton E-Z Bridge which was quickly removed
This
causing some relatively minor damage to the bridge sections.
minor damage--sustained
as a result of the
rough handling--is
graphic testimony to the toughness of these bridges figures 13
and
14.
ECONOMIC
COMPARISON
Figure 15 compares first costs and reuse costs between the three
main types of bridges in use in the Alaska Region--native
log
stringer bridges modular portable steel bridges and conventional
The reuse cost includes
bridges.
constructed-in-place
permanent
costs associated with removing the superstructure from its previous
installation transporting it to a new site constructing
and installing the superstructure.
abut-ments
13
e
\
k
Ya5
fit
za
W
aý5
b
.
4
rý
ý
Y.
CFýYTLý.trf
N
týA
z
ýgý.-
u
a
..
_
1
ý ýýý-ý
fret
.9.
mot
ý
Po
-
ý
h
y-
ý
FPM
-
-v
L
fie..
beam and rocking rolýe7- Zaunching assembly.
Figure 12.--Balance
Entire weight of the bridge is balanced on these rollers just as
the
Zaunching
nose touches down on the far side.
14
MMWWW
ilk_
re-moval
skin-ning
E-Z
Figure 13.--60-foot 18029 meter Hamilton
Bridge after
A few smashed tie ends
during flood.
and some surface
were the only damage
despite the bridge being turned upside
down
i
n
s.
sec-tion
Figure
14.--Slight
damage sustained while skidding the bridge
the
road during emergency removal.
The front end of the
bridge dug into the roadway surface on curves.
The damage was
easily repaired and the bridge was returned to service.
up
15
Cost
160
Range
Permanent
Construction
Temporary
Construction
50
140
a
w
120
40
100
i/
40
40
//
80
i
o
15
40
15
60
Ln
j
40
a
0
F-
10
Ll
20
Est.
O
Life
yrs
Use
Initial
Re-use
Installation
MODULAR STEEL
HAMILTON E-Z
FT-80 FT SPANS
30
Figure
15.--Cost
comparison
Ll
Initial
Re-use
Initial
MODULAR
STEEL
ACROW
PANEL
50 FT-100
FT
SPANS
of
bridge
types
Initial
Construction
Construction
Installation
50
CONVENTIONAL
CONSTRUCTION
FT-100 FT SPANS
in Alaska
region.
30
NATIVE LOG
STRINGER
FT-80 FT SPANS
be-tween
Repeated uses of the modular portable bridges amortizes the initial
investment over several sites making them more competitive
with the
native log stringer bridges.
The more times a modular bridge is
moved and reused the cheaper it becomes.
One economic
analysis
showed that for a given set of conditions
a break-even
point
the costs of modular bridges and log stringer bridges was
reached
after five reuses of a modular bridge Reference 2.
Develop-ment
CONCLUSION
The
modular portable
reusable bridges on Forest
southeast Alaska has filled a gap between native log
stringer bridges and conventional
permanent
bridge construction.
This gives the Forest land managers another tool in their
and
of alternatives for development
operation of the Forest
The modular design allows rapid
Road System.
Development
either short-term or long-term use--compared
to normal
costs.
bridge construction
procedures at competitive
use of
Roads
considera-tion
installa-tion--for
in
REFERENCES
1.
Sprinkel
Concrete
2.
4.
M.
for Short-span
Systems Techniques
Research Record 665 1978.
Transportation
Frank W. Portable Bridges
Forest Service
Region 10 Staff
Muchmore
USDA
3.
Michael
Bridges.
Hamilton Construction
Box 659 Springfield
Company
E-Z
for Use
Report
Bridges
on Logging
Roads.
1977.
by Hamilton.
P.O.
Construc-tion
Oregon
97477
1977.
Corporation of America Acrow Panel Bridge-Unit
396 Washington
Avenue
Bridging and Support System.
Carlstadt New Jersey 07072 1978.
Acrow
17
BOUNDARIES
L.S.
Stanley J. Skousen
Cadastral Surveyor
Regional
Region 1
Wayne
H.
Valentine P.E.
Leader Geometronics
Region
The Forest Service surveys delineates describes
and manages a multitude of boundary lines.
Almost
boundaries
have some legal significance some much
others.
L.S.
1
publishes
all of
posts
these
greater than
adminis-trative
Boundaries
are established
purposes such as
for
a
variety
of functional
or
Functional
Timber Sales
Off-Road Vehicle.Areas
Use Areas
Range Allotments
Planning Units
Administrative
Ranger Districts
National
Recreation
Areas
Rights-of-Way
Administrative
Sites
Mineral Withdrawals
Experimental Forests
Wilderness
National
Forests
Roadless Areas
Wild and Scenic Rivers
Special Use Areas
Research Natural Areas
above examples has significance
in terms of permanence
boundaries
Some
effect
importance.
might never be surveyed or
some
are
posted
posted but not platted
e.g. Ranger Districts
some
are
e.g. Range allotments
platted but not described e.g.
Those more-or-less permanent
some easements.
boundaries
that must
be posted platted
and
need
mapped described
published
special
fall into this category
attention many administrative boundaries
Each
of
the
and
e.g.
Wilderness.
and quasi-property boundaries
Property boundaries
e.g. ROW are
and
who
are particularly
surveyed
platted by professional surveyors
skilled and knowledgeable
about the technical and legal aspects of
boundary location.
re-viewed
The
locations
by
of
survey
administrative
boundaries
permanent
The
professionals.
descriptions of
19
should be
boundaries
that
mini-miz
suf-ficiency
re-viewed
have particular
legal significance
should also be reviewed to
or eliminate ambiguous
terms that will weaken the legal
of the description.
LOCATING
When
proposing
boundaries
PROPOSED
the
BOUNDARIES
following
guidelines
should
be
fea-tures.
inter-mediate
to
1.
Boundaries
that follow natural features generally
describe and locate and they are economical
to post.
2.
Often
lines are described as
features are chosen so both
point on line the posting
job
being straight between
are visible at some
will be easier.
If
If
3.
distance
calls
are
short.
are easy
used they should
be
reasonably
kept
4.
The use of section subdivision lines or corners not set
because
it is
previously in an original survey should be avoided
often costly to establish them.
5.
Similarly plane coordinate or astronomic positions are
for lines
expensive to establish.
They can be used effectively
otherwise difficult
to describe but should be avoided if there are
reasonable
and less costly alternatives.
de-fined.
Contour
6.
lines can be
used
if
are well
the end points
so-phisticated
estab-lished
Lines that can be located with simple instruments
in a
accurate
manner
be
located
with
can
relatively
more precisely
Locations by compass altimeter or eye
equipment.
serve for some interim purposes precise locations can be
later if the need arises.
7.
can
line has no width being specified only by two end
These end points must be definite and locatable in order
A
8.
points.
perma-nently
for
the
line
to
be.
should be described
Proposed boundaries
fixed or locatable points.
Maps
and
should
5.08 cm
map markings
Be
to
up-to-date
the mile
used to
show
in
proposed
topographic. maps
of
relationship
boundaries
at
least
2
to
as
a
inches
1.609 kilometers scale base Series
20
minimum
124000 scale 7 1/2-minute Quads15 minutes in Alaska
line intent usually cannot be shown
preferred.
Boundary
less detailed maps.
maps are
clearly
on
Explain the intent of boundary locations with notations
necessary
e.g. parallel with Road 208 and 200 feet 60.96
meters west of said road.
2.
where
3.
that are
Show the proposed boundary line with black
inked
as narrow as possible yet retain legibility.
lines
desir-ability
should be placed on the map by using one or
methods listed in descending order of
The proposed boundary
more ofthe following
Natural features
Examples are-.
1.
ground.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Semipermanent
and on the ground.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
to
Roads
Trails
Dams
Powerlines
Bridges
features
manmade
Examples are
Previously
Examples
are
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
5.
points
6.
plane
straight
the
map
and on
the
lakes
that
are
locatable-on
line from one
locatable
lines or legally determined
surveyed
the
point
lines.
Section and township
lines
Section subdivision lines
Metes and bounds property lines
County or State boundaries
National
Park or Indian Reservation
A series of
metes
Along
and
a
bearings
and
distance
bounds.
boundaries
between
locatable
end
contour.
Using parallels of
coordinate
systems.
7.
on
pipelines
and
3.
Point-to-Point--A
another.
4.
locatable
are
Live streams
ridges
Sharp well-defined
Mountain peaks
shorelines of
Well-defined
2.
map
that
latitude
21
and meridians
of longitude
or
set-back
Comments
on
Specific
Applications.
or
1.
Parallel
Lines may be drawn parallel
Lines.
setback
linear features such as roads trails or streams.
When
lines
are
their
and
parallel
used
ending points
starting
should be locatable on the map and on the gound.
Example
Along
the
thread centerline of Rock Creek to a point which
is 200 feet
60.96 meters westerly of Road 308 thence along a line parallel
with and 200 feet 60.96 meters west of Road 308.
Large setbacks
should be avoided as they are difficult
to locate
with
2.
Water Boundaries.
A notation should be placed on the map
show the intent when rivers or streams are used as boundaries.
Only two lines are legally acceptable
to
prop-erty
a.
b.
The thread
Either bank
or centerline
along
the mean high-water
line
3.
It is often necessary
to follow
Property Boundaries.
boundaries
when defining other boundaries.
If the property
boundary is along a previously surveyed line such as a section
line
township line patented mineral survey or homestead entry survey
location of the line on the map and on the ground is possible but
might be costly because the lines must by law be located in the
field to high precision.
If the property line follows subdivision
of section
that
lines
have not been surveyed
the cost of locating
them is quite high.
4.
Metes and Bounds.
Metes and bounds segments of a boundary
should be limited to those portions that are impossible or difficult
to locate by other means similar limitations apply to points or
lines located by reference to plane coordinate
systems or parallels
of latitude and meridians of longitude.
When a line must be drawn
with no topographic control the length of such lines
cross-country
should be limited as much as possible both ends of such lines
should be at a locatable point.
Advanced
makes
survey technology
these types of boundaries
easier and cheaper
to locate
than was true
in the past however specialized equipment might be necessary.
bound-aries
Contour Lines.
Contour lines are permissible as
when the end points of such boundaries
an
are locatable
example is the point at which a certain contour crosses a live
stream.
Advanced
technology
permits contours to be located with
to the
any desired precision but costs are directly proportional
precision sought.
5.
town-ships
Protracted
Lines.
Protracted
lines of unsurveyed
should never be used under any circumstances because
imaginary lines that have no legal standing.
6.
are
22
they
THE
WRITTEN
DESCRIPTION
to writing
Particular care needs to be given
legal descriptions.
the
within
This work is functionally
purview of professional
surveyors who should prepare the description or at least review
Due to legal
and
edit legal descriptions written by others.
be
carefully worded.
boundary descriptions must
rami-fications
plot-ted
line must be plottable to be locatable.
always true i.e. even though a line can be
The description
converse is not
it may not
of
a
be
locatable
Characteristics
of
good
and poor
descriptions
are
Good
Poor
Specific
Definite
Determinate
Vague
Indefinite
Indeterminate
Explicit
elements
Subordinated
Concise
Consistent
Easily locatable
Ambiguous
Conflicting
Redundant
The
calls
Inconsistent
Difficult or impossible
to locate
A good description will say what is meant with nothing left
The three Cs concise
ference or multiple interpretation.
and
complete of good writing apply
to
in
clear
de-scription
care should be given to making solid calls in the
Such
that definitely fix various points on the line.
natural objects
calls can be distinctive
e.g. mountain peaks
corners of the Public Land Survey geographical or plane coordinate
positions or intersections of other well-defined lines.
Particular
nat-ural
be-tween
Where
boundaries
proceed
cross-country
features as streams or ridges it
recite calls to definite points in the
these points can be specified by
the
only practical way to describe and
and do not follow such
is even more important to
The line
description.
This is
metes and bounds.
boundaries.
fix cross-country
some cases lines might be established
by legislation with no
These lines drawn on maps in
location.
to practical
consideration
Describing and locating
pencil can serve as the intended boundary.
The only practical way to describe
such lines can be a problem.
to a series of
such lines is by metes and bounds
by reduction
short connected straight lines. This can be done easily by
the
original line in a mapping grid system such as State Plane
Grid.
The digitized
Mercator
Transverse
Coordinates or Universal
line
to
obtain
series of grid
inversed
the
are
a
coordinates
along
and
distances.
bearings
grid
In
digit-izing
23
Grid positions of selected points at frequent
intervals on the line
should be called in the description and these can be used later as
field control to fix definite points of the line by monumentation.
BOUNDARIES
LOCATING
Boundaries located by natural features
Metes and bounds are another matter.
are generally
no problem.
The problem of field location of metes and bounds lines can be dealt
with in three ways--field survey methods aerial photogrammetric
advanced positioning
methods and methods employing technologically
The selection of the technique
systems.
to be used for any single
monument depends on such factors as cost availability of nearby
geodetic control stations remoteness terrain cover precision
and skills and instrumentation available.
re-quired
con-trol
ESTABLISHING
CONTROL
POINTS
Field Survey Methods
Control points
control survey
is within
called for in the description
can be set by field
methods to any practical precision.
If geodetic
a reasonable
distance modern EDM and
equipment can be used to triangulate or trilaterate random
from which the true point can be set by traverse.
direction-measuring
stations
Photogrammetric
Methods
re-quirements.
position-to-photo-to-ground
re-quirements
to establish control
Photogrammetry offers a variety of techniques
The method used will be determined
points.
largely by accuracy
The process used is essentially grid
transfer using aerial photography and photogrammetry.
con-trol
and map control can be used if accuracy
Existing photography
permit.
Coordinates of imagery appearing
near the
and ties from the imagery to the true
point are measured
The actual point is established
field by
are computed.
in the
survey from the selected image points.
Greater
desired
can
achieved
point
random targets near the
placing
targeted geodetic control and
The coordinates of the random points
flying special photography.
are determined
photogrammetrically and the true point is
as before.
estab-lished
co-ordinates
accuracy
control
Positioning
be
by
point establishing
Systems
Advanced
of
offers convenient
and comparatively
technology
rapid
the
of
called
control points if the
establishing
position
of the points are known.
24
means
sys-tems
sat-ellite
cal-culate
At present these systems are expensive but it is expected that
costs will decrease in the future to a level that will justify more
There are at least three
extensive use by the Forest Service.
that could be used
airborne DME inertial systems and
All three employ mobile computers that
doppler systems.
from signals received from remote ground stations
positions
Some systems offer
on-board
acceleration
sensors or satellites.
of homing on a predetermined
the advantage
point.
By writing
location
with this in mind the future job of accurate
in the field will be easier.
de-scriptions
MONUMENTATION
After control points called for in the description have been located
with brass or
in the field they should be monumented
permanently
Accessories
to each corner should
be established
aluminum tablets.
record should be prepared and filed in the
and a corner perpetuation
official record system.
local government
bound-ary
adminis-tration
accom-plished
MARKING
AND
POSTING
The ultimate objective of any boundary survey program is to enable
Because
the boundary line to be marked and posted on the ground.
and regulative
authorities change at the
permitted activities
field location is critical and necessary for effective
The marking and posting job can be
of special areas.
using the same methods as those for setting control.
com-pass
mis-closure.
Field Survey
Methods
for the precision required e.g.
instruments
appropriate
and tape transit and tape or theodolite and
a traverse
if
is run from control to control and
adjusted
necessary for
Using
EDM
Photogrammetric
Methods
or orthophotographs
can be transferred to stereophotographs
The line is
by plotter or resection from digital terrain models.
transferred to the ground using photos and imagery.
Lines
Positioning. Systems
is technically
feasible although not presently economically
line using inertial guidance
track
a predetermined
practical to
in
With
advances
technology these systems can become
systems.
Future
if
available.
jobs can be handled this way
economically
It
provided
for today.
25
BOUNDARY
LINE MANAGEMENT
in-vested
task
posting
boundary line management
locating describing
has often been ignored by the Forest
Service.
recent years great emphasis has been placed on property
boundaries and much money and effort have been and are being
in marking
these lines.
The
of
and
In
proper
maintaining
Perhaps not as intensive an effort is needed for other boundaries
but none the less problems and conflicts
can be avoided by paying
to careful description posting
in critical areas
proper attention
and maintenance
of these lines.
Prob-lems
line conflicts can occur in two ways--location questions
Boundary
on large and small scale.
The first type can be characterized
by
the question
or what ridge does the line follow.
of this nature can be avoided by careful description.
where
atten-tion
Conflicts of the second type--small-scale uncertainties often
the order of
meter or less--can be avoided by proper marking
the ground.
1
of boundaries
is a neglected
area that needs more
Management
if future problems of conflict
will be avoided.
Engineers
surveyors need to be more involved with these matters.
26
of
on
and
WASHINGTON
CONSULTATION
Walter
Assistant
OFFICE
AND
NEWS
STANDARDS
Furen
Director
E.
JOB
CORPS FACILITY SURVEYS
John Lupis
Engineer Human Resource Programs
Title 29 Section
As provided by the Code of Federal Regulations
97A.27 a facility survey is required every 2 years on all Job
Pursuant to this requirement the Department of
Corps Centers.
Labor has retained two Washington D.C.-based
consulting firms
Environmental Management Consultants Inc. and Leo A. Daly Co. to
conduct
the
Final survey reports for all Forest Service
surveys.
Centers are scheduled for completion before January 1 1981.
The
facility
survey
consists
of
four basic
1.
An on-site inspection of Center
architects
and
engineers normally over
a
phases
facilities by a team of
2- or 3-day period.
re-view
recom-mended
2.
Forest
of a preliminary report based
other supporting data provided
personnel.
Preparation
teams findings
Service
and
on
by
the review
involved
3.
A meeting of representatives from Regional
and local Forest
Service offices Department of Labor Regional
offices and the
team to discuss the report recommendations review the report
for errors or omissions and jointly develop priorities for
facility projects into a 5-year plan.
4.
Preparation
of
the
final
report which
will
include
a.
An outline of existing Center utilization a real
estate description and a description of the facility
its condition as found at the time of the survey.
and
b.
A
opportu-nities
on potential for handicapped
access solar
and
conservation
energy applications
energy
along with a description of Center maintenance
and
utility operations.
section
27
c.
d.
An update of capital funding Quality of Life and
and projects
completed in the last 2
expenditures
fiscal years.
re-placement
Repair
survey
needs
e.
by the
or replacement
projects recommended
and
of
a
required
equipment
team
listing
and
Both facility and equipment
additions.
will be prioritized over a 5-year period.
A summary on findings of overall
facility
operations.
facil-ities
final report for each center will serve as an excellent master
plan for that Center and at the same time provide the
development
of the required capital
of
Labor a cumulative projection
Department
and efficient
safe
to
provide
improvement funding necessary
and equipment
at all Job Corps Centers.
The
28
CHANGES
TO
FIELD NOTES
January-February
The
changes
below are intended for insertion into the
Field Notes.
Each paragraph
should be cut out as
and stapled securely over its corresponding
paragraph.
1980
indicated
In
on
article titled
page 6 replace the
the
Solar Bathhouse
first paragraph
and Toilet Facilities
with the following
cut-on-this __lin_e
four-unit toilet has eight collectors two different sizes
roof area with a total area of
for best use of the available
1246 square feet 674.4 square meters.
The storage tank is 530
allons 2006.05 liters.
cut on this Zine
The
follow-ing
On
the
same
page
replace
the
cut-on
fourth
paragraph
with
this
the
ýThebathhouse has10 collectors with a total collector area of
1644 square feet 59.83 square meters and two 530-gallon
The toilet and bathhouse
will
12006.05-liter storage tanks.
Lbegin-operation
season.
in-the_1980_recreatio_n
cut on this line
29
__
re-place
In
the
article titled Solar Attic Dwelling
on page 10
the
third and fourth paragraphs with the following
cut on this line
air
Heated
enters the rock bin from the upper attic
in
the heat-storage
mode at say 110F
chamber
that is about the peak attic temperature
The first rock it reaches rises to
anticipated.
this temperature.
As the air travels horizontally
through the rock bin it gradually raises the
of the rocks
in the direction
of air
it exits via ducts
for its return trip
ment
to the attic at say
68F 20.0C.
43.3C
tem-perature
move-until
Then
To remove heat from storage the air flow is reversed.
air enters storage at about 68F
and exits at 110F
143.3C or whatever temperature the rock has attained since
it reaches the hottest
rock last.
If storage is exhausted
the
20.0C
Lheat
In
pump supplies theheat_
cut on
the
same article
the following
with
on page
2
_
this
11
_______
solar water
_____
Zine
replace
the
j
J
third paragraph
cut on this Zine
heating system includes an air-to-water heat
exchanger differential thermostat circulating pump and solar
The heat exchanger
consists of copper
electric water tank.
tubing with aluminum fins painted flat black this is attached
to the
underside of the solar glazed rafters in the upper attic.
iThe plumbing is arranged for a direct circulation
loop where
Ithe domestic water supply is circulated
through the water tank.
is provided by a
Freeze protection
for the heat exchanger
valve
that opens when the upper attic
solenoid-operated
Ltemperature
drops below 35F 1.67C.
__
cut on this line
iThe
I
drain-Idown
31
INVITATION TO READERS OF
FIELD NOTES
Every
reader
a
is
of an article for Field Notes.
author
potential
you would
you have
If
we
news item or
a
ac-curate
short
article
Material
share with
to
Service
engineers
you
invite
send
to
for
it
Field Notes.
in
publication
like
submitted
the Washington
to
Office
for
should
publication
be
reviewed
by the
Washing-ton
Office
Regional
respective
and of
informative
may
material
submitted
however
short articles
Office should
drawings
Field Notes
is
also
Field
to
R-3
Royal
FSM
to
7113. The length
typewritten
several
material submitted
ideally
illustrations
all
technically
to
of
pages
the
should
be original
and
Forest
of copies sent
to
to
all
Regional
Station
and
you are not currently on the
Technical
Data Systems
Engineering
office.
of
back
issues are
your
Copies
retirees.
or the Regional
number
submit
Office directly
Service
If
Office.
material for publication
or questions
Field Notes
concerning
Coordinators
Melvin
Dittmer
M.
Ryser
Juan Gomez
Coordinators
and
All
timely
or negatives.
Forests
should
Regional
R-2
short sentences
several
from the Washington
personnel
current
is
Service Engineers
Forest
double-spaced
ask your
to increase the
list
R-I
from
information
distributed from the Washington
available
their
to
Office Manager
Coordinator
the
that
interest
vary
be typed
Area Headquarters
mailing
see
or news items are preferred.
prints
glossy
to
should
direct
R-4
Ted Wood
R-9
Rich
Wilson
R-5
Paul Stutes
R-10
Jack
Van Lear
WO
R-6
Kjell
R-8
Michael Martin
questions
Bakke
concerning
format editing
Al Colley
publishing dates
and other
problems to
Forest Service
Engineering
Attn
P.O.
-
USDA
RP-E Bldg
Staff
Gordon
Rome
L.
Editor
Box 2417
Washington
Telephone
D.C.
20013
Area Code 703
235-8198
U.
S.
GOVERNMENT
PRINTING
OFFICE
1980
620-222/3725