ENGINEERING
TECHNICAL
INFORMATION
SYSTEM
NOTESTECHNICAL REPORTS
DATA RETRIEVAL MANAGEMENT
PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT
FIELD
NUMBER
Notes
Fiie
MICROFILMING OF LARGE
DOCUMENTS -- A NEW DIMENSION
TO INFORMATION
REGION ONE ACTIVITIES
WASHINGTON
OFFICE
FOREST SERVICE
NEWS
SEPTEMBER
US
U.S.
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
1979
US
FIELD NOTES
ENGINEERING
Volume
contained
Information
in
this
has
publication
of
Number
11
9
been developed
for
of employees
guidance
and
respon-sibility
of the
United
cooperating
for
The
agencies.
or service
product
that
text in
may
the
be
or
except
policy
engineers
Such
of the reader.
must not
not
The
names
contractors
in this
by other than
publication
for
its
own
employees.
the information
and
an official endorsement or approval
constitute
States
is
its
assumes no
Department of Agriculture
to the exclusion
be suitable.
by
as
FSM
exclusively
the
represents
publication
construed
and engineering
intended
use does not
by the United
its
Department of Agriculture
of this.information
of trade firm or corporation
use
of others
The
Department
and State
interpretation or use
the
convenience
of any
States
Federal
Service
Agriculture-Forest
recommended
references.
personal
Because
technicians
opinions
or approved
should
of the
procedures
of the type
read each
issue
however
FOREST SERVICE
DEPARTMENT
Washington
OF AGRICULTURE
D.C.
author and
of material in the publication
for engineers.
U.S.
respective
mandatory instructions
20013
this
publication
all
is
COLOR
MICROFILMING
A NEW
LARGE
OF
DIMENSION
DOCUMENTS
INFORMATION
TO
Ernest P. Taubes
Consultant
Reprinted
5
No.
12
Vol.
permission from the Journal of Micrographics
National Micrographics
1979.
Copyright 1979.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
with
May/June
Association.
of large documents
such as engineering
drawings
has been considered
solved with the acceptance
of the aperture card and the development
of standard reductions
the
of DefenseDOD
to
rules
promulgated
by
Department
according
roughly 18 years ago and spelled out in Mil Spec 9868D.
The
reproduction
maps etc.
charts
Color microfilming of such documents
particularly if the color is
information
has
been
for at least as
of
the
content
attempted
part
long as I have been in the microfilmbusiness--38
years.
until about seven or eight years ago was
films available
had
a
i.e.
high enough resolving capability to record
good enough
the
reductions
documents
at
required to microfilm one document
large
35-mm
film
and
make
all the legends clearly
film
frame
on
per
None
of
the
read-able.
re-tained
speci-fic
Protection Agency EPA
seven years ago the Environmental
as a consultant.
They offered an engineering
my services
service
to local governments
City County or State to solve
For this
irrigation water supply or other ecological problems.
purpose they used standard geodetic maps which the engineers marked
up with colored inks and pencils.
About
engineer-ing
To
emulate
the
DOD
which
requires
aperture
cards
for all
information they microfilmed the marked-up maps and furnished
the microfilm on aperture cards to their customers.
The colored maps and mark-ups photographed
series of grays thus the customer could
green
in black-and-white
not tell a red
as
a
from a
line.
II
Therefore my task was to investigate
film to record the marked-up maps.
1
the
I
feasibility of using
the assignment
accepted
color
and
from Eastman Kodak the only supplier in this country of
requested
professional color films sample quantities of all available color
films that could conceivably
be used to record standard geodetic
with
reference
information
as small as 5-point type at a DOD
maps
Standard 24X reduction.
I
planned to run a series of tests with
these films.
Kodak
furnished
Kodachrome Ektachrome Kodacolor and Ektacolor
but
materials
none was good enough for my purposes.
re-cord
du-plicates.
re-connaissance
While discussing
my results with some of the Kodak research people
one of them mentioned a new special film developed
for aerial
which had a high enough resolution capability to
such maps at 24X satisfactorily
and produce
fully legible
This film an Ektachrome was only available on special
order on 35-mm double perforate with an identifying
number of S0356.
that
It was so new
they would not furnish me samples but agreed to
record the EPA sample maps and produce
duplicates at Kodak Research
Laboratories
in Rochester
New York.
This
film resolved
a
5.6
at
24X
which
than enough to record
order Kodak furnished the
both for the camera and for
is
5-point type.
Subsequently on special
EPA with 35-mm unperforated
film S0456
on a roll contact printer.
duplicating
more
feasi-bility
Na-tional
In 1971 the National
Archives decided to re-investigate the
of recording
The
large maps and charts on microfilm.
Archives is the depository of all information on the history
of the United States.
Maps and charts relating to the development
of the United States are stored in the Cartographic Department and
to the public
are available
for study and reference.
maps and charts are document
maps or charts
hand-lettered and painted.
An example is the
collection prepared on the Lewis and Clark expedition both unique
and priceless.
A number of these
i.e. hand-drawn
ma-and
inves-tigated
ac-cept
material used to make these maps and charts runs the gamut from
heavy linen to cheapest wood pulp there were no standards for
terial
size and in a total collection of well over 1500000
items more than 20% are literally disintegrating.
The
The
problem of trying to save these maps and charts was recognized
years ago and the idea of reducing them to microfilmwas
At that time only
over 30 years ago and quickly abandoned.
35-mm film was available and neither the film nor the cameras and
lenses were good enough to accomplish
this in black-and-white.
50
idea behind the microfilming of these maps and charts was to
all the
the film as a second original provided it contained
information of the original and furnish film copies with a suitable
The
2
re-cord
de-cided
reader
kept
the public for study or reference.
strict archival storage.
to
in
The
original
would be
the microfilmimage on 35-mm film in 1947 was not able to
some of
all the information clearly in these maps and charts
it
is
as
small
as
mm
was
the
document
1/2
the
maps
legend on
cost.
Beyond the
to laminate some of them at an exorbitant
and
also
found
that
due
to
the
heat
it
was
pressure
high price
for laminating some of the color value which in a good
is part of the information content
of these maps and charts
altered
in
the
process.
was
Since
re-quired
per-centage
Therefore only a very
ever laminated.
small percentage
of these
maps
and charts
was
Na-tional
extra-large.
re-corded
in the
the quality of the microimage has improved tremendously
microfilm
whole
reduction
ultra-high
industry has
years
past
document
the
which
reduces
as
much
as
250X
pages
developed
Archives decided in 1971 to reinvestigate
the feasibility of
using a microfilm image instead of the original.
Since
15
a
Therefore they first selected a cross-section of all the maps and
charts in the file from good to terrible and from small to
Fourteen such representative maps and charts were to be
could record clear images
on all film sizes that conceivably
and
105
mm.
i.e. 35 mm 70 mm
de-cided
To eliminate all problems due to faulty camera
to use two sources
for each film size.
equipment
it was
re-gardless
to determine which film
The microimages were carefully evaluated
could
of
all maps and charts
size
produce
fully legible copies
condition
and
size
of
the
of
original.
One-hundred-five-millimeter
images at a maximum of lOX reduction
in
40x
60-inches
one frame were found to be the only ones
covering
with a 100% image quality.
de-cided
this was determined
on the 14 test maps and
test of about 1400 maps
to run a production
collection in the files.
a representative
Once
is
charts it was
and charts
that
This second test was to be run on a specially designed camera.
It
title of about 100 characters
in a
was to have an alphanumeric
It was to
single line in each frame legible with the unaided eye.
have three standard reductions push button controlled
5.5X 8X
two exposures
and
with automatic focus and it was to produce
in sequence
automatically from each map or map section.
lOX
specifi-cations
While
built
the camera was being designed-and
the question of using color film was
3
to meet
raised
these
since
and
I
was
retained by the National
Archives as a consultant
on this
suggested that the same color film S0456 Ektachrome be
it was for the EPA.
being
project
used
as
I
deterio-rating
Thus this production
test was recorded both in black-and-white
color to determine the feasibility of recording
all the
maps and charts in color or only that portion that has
color as part of the information content.
and
the
The test proved conclusively
that some specific color films cameras
and lenses are good enough today to record large documents without
loss of information content.
re-solving
Today
Eastman
color
Specifically
Kodak produces
films.
S0456
is
now
a
a
series of other
standard
relatively
high
item it is
Kodak Photomicrographic
Color Film 2483 for recording
in
color.
It has a resolving power of 200
microscopic slides
It has a daylight speed of 16 and a tungsten speed of
lines/mm.
It uses an E4 processing cycle which
requires 13 solutions and
about one hour.
With 200 lines/mm it is good enough even at 30X
to record the average
engineering
drawing.
1.
5.
Micro-graphics
2.
The Kodak Pamphlet D5 Kodak
lists three color films
a.
Photo
Materials
for
KA Color Film 5288/7288.
This film is a Kodachrome.
The resolving power is 100 lines/mm.
It has a daylight
of
the
to
be determined
on
has
speed
40
tungsten speed
test with the proper filters.
It uses a K14 process
but cannot be processed inhouse.
Kodak will process
the film in Rochester.
With 100 lines/mm it is only
good enough for a maximum of 16X reduction
i.e. at a
full DOD
35-mm
film
maximum
of 20 x
a
aperture on
28 inches
Mil Spec 9868D limits 16X to a maximum of
17- x 22-inches.
D
b.
iden-tical
Recordak
Color Master 5284.
This film is listed as a
Kodacolor Camera Master.
In fact the emulsion is
with Eastman Color Intermediate
Film
Negative
This film was developed
5271/7271.
to copy Kodachrome
or Ektachrome
films at 11 by contact or projection.
It is very slow emulsion
in a camera
it can be exposed
is no larger than 8
provided the area to be recorded
11-inches and is illuminated with about 1500
It has a resolution of 250
It is
lines/mm.
available only in spec
35-mm
double
i.e.
The processing cycle is an Eastman Color Print
1/2-x
per-forate.
foot-candles.
707
process
modified.
4
Recordak
Color Print Film 6289.
This film emulsion
is identical with Eastman Color Print Film 5381/7381
and is a Kodacolor
Positive.
It has.a
resolution of
It is only available
500
lines/mm.
on 8 mil base in
spec 914 which is 105 mm.
c.
FILMS
COLOR
FILM
FILM
BASE
DESCRIPTION
NO.
Recordak
5288/
Color Reversal
KA
7288
Camera
Recordak
5284
Color Negative
Color
5271/
Master
Master
7271
Recordak
6289
Color Duplicate
Color
5381/
for
Print
7381
Ektachrome
Ekta-
Professional
chrome
Color
Film
FOR
MICROGRAPHICS
NOMINAL
THICKNESS
IN MILS
SPEED
5.7
daylight
40
Acetate
for
Duplication
5.9
PROCESSING
K14
Process
very
Contact
Process
MAXIMUM
REDUCTION
100
16X
24X
250
500
Contact
ECP
Distribution
Color Reversal
lines/mm
ECP
slow
8.0
RESOLUTION
for
5.0
daylight
Camera
Duplicate
E6
125
20X
E6
125
20X
200
200
Ekta-
Color
chrome
Reversal
for
Tungsten
5.0
Camera
160
160
Ekta-
Color
chrome
Reversal
for
5.0
daylight
64
E6
125
20X
for
5.0
Tungsten
E6
125
20X
E4
200
30X
E6
125
11
E6
125
Camera
64
Ekta-
Color
chrome
Reversal
Camera
50
50
Ekachrome
2483
Color
Reversal
Estar
for
4.0
daylight
Camera
Photomicro-
16
graphic
Tungs.
Ektachrome
5071
Color
Professional
Reversal
Duplicating
Acetate
5.0
5
Tungsten
Film
4
Film
6121
Color
Reversal
Duplicating
Tungsten
5.0
Film
11
4
reduc-tion
Kodachrome
Very
slow
type
not suitable
speed requires high
for
level
in house
processing.
of illumination therefore
limited
to
small
documents
and
relatively
low
ratio.
Can only
High
used
color master.
negative
this
film
suitable
for
really
large
documents Drawings
Maps and Charts and
relatively
ratios.
fading
Relatively
with
makes
resolution
reduction
Low
be
characteristics
low
make
this
film
suitable
for
archival
uses.
contrast.
You might ask why the Micrographics
Material Pamphlet offers as
standard a 35-mm double perforate
Camera Negative Master and a
5
high
105-mm 8 mil duplicate print film to record only small documents
colored
The answer is
This is what Eastman Kodak uses to produce
microfiche.
microfiche cameras for
They do not use step-and-repeat
black-and-white
or color.
They use a strip-up system with
cameras.
These have an accurate
or a Geneva
pulldown
adapted
motion and produce
frame after every 12
automatically one blank
COSATI or 14 NMA exposures.
After exposure the film is
stripped down to the proper width locating holes punched
These strips
the blank frames and cut into individual strips.
are positioned by means of the locating holes on special mounting
boards.
These are the microfiche masters which stay with Kodak and
are used for distribution copies in special contact printers.
in-to
speci-ally
devel-oped
color microfiche double perforate 35-mm film is used and
The stripped up
stripped down to either COSATI or NMA spec width.
master is contact printed to the 105-mm print film.
Thus
for
rel-atively
and Finishing Markets Division has a series of
high resolving films which however are not known in the
Business Systems Markets Division which
includes micrographics.
Color Film is one that
S0456 the present 2483 Photomicrographic
Professional
and
from
the
can.
Finishing Markets
you
only get
In addition
list
four
Ektachrome
Professional Films two
they
for daylight and two for Tungsten.
The
Professional
Divi-sion.
3.
They all have a uniform resolution of 125 lines/mm this
will permit good results even at 20X or at a full
aperture on
35-mm 25- x 35-inches.
All these films use an E6 processing cycle
which has less than half the processing solutions and takes half
the time.
D
There are two Ektachrome
films available 5071
duplicating
Both resolve 125 lines/mm.
Both can be processed in E6.
5071 is advertised
as a highly stable film and thus
Specifically
suitable for archival storage with practically
no fading in 50
4.
and 6121.
years.
docu-ments.
research to
As it is obvious from the above it takes considerable
find suitable color films for microfilming of large and small
The Kodacolor Negative
Master and duplicating
print films
have the highest
resolution capabilities by far but the slowness
of the emulsion restricts them to small documents only with
The 2483 film is still the best for really
adapted
equipment.
large and difficult originals even though the E4 processing cycle
is tedious and requires considerable
care in time and temperature.
speci-ally
The other Ektachrome
films are quite versatile and the E6 cycle is
much simpler and less demanding
than the E2.
Thus for originals
these films are
that do not require extreme resolution capabilities
6
They can be had in 105-mm width on special
suited for step and repeat microfiche cameras.
preferable.
are well
ABOUT
THE
AUTHOR
Ernest P. Taubes is an engineering
consultant
specializing in
He was formerly president
of Photo Devices
Rochester
New York vice president
repro-graphy.
Inc
Photo-stat
ITEK
Company presently
president of Microtronics
New York City and chief
engineer Graphic Microfilm
Waltham Massachusetts.
In his 38-year career in
he has been responsible
for the design development
and/or
engineering and manufacture
of
more than 380 different simple
and/or highly complex photographic
and machines.
He is one
apparatus
of the original 14 founders of the
NMA has served as an NMA director
is an NMA FeZZow
and received the
NMA Pioneer Award.
Corpora-tion
Corpo-ration
micro-graphics
7
order and
REGION
ONE ACTIVITIES
MeZ
R-1
Management
Dittmer
Systems
Engineer
from the Engineering
Regional Engineer Bob Larse has disappeared
Offices.
He was appointed
to fill the job of Acting Deputy Regional
until a replacement
Forester for Resources
for Tom Coston is on
board Coston was selected to move up to the Regional Foresters
position.
Services Group
Architectural/Technical
of slightly different
the construction
is
developing
contracts
for
facilities
Wise River Ranger Station Office on the Beaverhead
costs
The extra construction
NF will
passive solar heating.
in
12
but
to be paid off by energy savings
were projected
years
with recent spiraling oil prices the cost efficiency of this unit
will probably be greater than first estimated.
1.
The new
include
hydro-electric
diver-sion
On the Spotted Bear Ranger District Flathead NF a
the Forest is constructing
the
is underway
project
line.
A
contract
for
the
generator
dam and water transmission
50
to 100
and associated equipment is planned that will produce
kilowatts
of power for this remote Ranger Station.
Feasibility
studies for hydro-electric projects at other locations are in the
2.
planning
stage.
contrac-ting
//
A log barracks to aQomodate/48
people is in the
NF.
It is
stage for the Avery Ranger District Idaho Panhandle
12
it
consists
of
somewhat unique for Forest Service facilities as
to
four
or
a
small
serve
single persons
that are designed
apartments
and has two bedrooms
Each apartment is self-contained
family.
room.
kitchen bath and living/dining
3.
Appli-cations
Engineering Computer
filled the recently established
This job consists of managing Regional
Specialist position.
that are
Engineering computer applications methods and processes
This is an important task as engineering
used by the R-1 Forests.
have flourished over the years each Forest
computer applications
Our incumbent Engineer Gerry Shimada
has gone its separate way.
seems to be making progress.
We
have
9
syn-onymous
Engi-neering
Since early last winter we have been exploring the concepts of
Value Engineering as a tool for reducing costs while maintaining
or
The term Value Engineering
is nearly
enhancing
quality.
with the terms Value Analysis
and Value Management.
Some training has been completed
While
and more is planned.
has taken the initiative
in the assessment and use of this
technique the application of VA/VE can be used in all work
The extent to which
Region 1 will use Value Analysis/Value
Engineering is being studied by our management team.
VA
VE
activi-ties.
10
WASHINGTON
OFFICE
CONSULTATION
AND
Walter
Assistant
STANDARD
NEWS
STANDARDS
Furen
Director
E.
SPECIFICATIONS
FOR
OFROADS AND BRIDGES
CONSTRUCTION
M.
E.
Unruh
Construction
and
Maintenance
Engineer
is proceeding
to
according
Revision of the Standard Specifications
and
Copies of the new version should be shipped to Regional
plan.
Forest Offices by September
15 1979 staggered shipments will be
The
used for offices that are to receive a large number of copies.
1980.
actual implementation date is expected to be about January 1
pack-age
Contract-Form
In
in
addition
to changes in Standard
will be modified as
particular
1.
Forest
Service
General
six documents
Specifications
part of the
Provisions
implementation
Public
Works
6300-42
Sale Contract
2.
Timber
3.
FSM
4.
Schedule
5.
Formats
and design
6.
Federal
Procurement
C--Provisions
7721.7
of
Items
of Engineers
Estimate
Regulations-Part
Form
4G-18.
pro-vide
purpose of the revision effort was to...refine the wording and
requirements of the General Provisions and Standard Specifications
meet Forest Service needs to
to realistically and effectively
book
for road and bridge construction.
a single specification
The
11
Within
that
overall
plan
specific
1.
Correct
2.
Standardize
3.
Update
4.
Eliminate
5.
Simplify procedures
6.
Reduce
contract
7.
Reduce
need
8.
Standardize and include
Construction
Staking
such
as
objectives
errors
wording
technical
materials
duplication
and references
and ambiguities
preparation
for Regional
and administrative
were
a.
some
significant
problems
Specifications
Specifications
9.
Reduce differences between procedures
timber sale and public works contracts.
There
identified
were
changes
in
for
and
the make-up
certain
items
requirements
of
for
the book.
The General Provisions for Construction
of Public Works
and for specified Roads-Timber Sale Contracts have been
removed from the text.
In lieu of the former there
are General Specifications
containing
portions of the
1977 General Provisions for Timber Sale and Public Work
Contracts that are included in Sections 100-149 of the
Standard Specifications
thereby reducing duplication.
The parts of the 1977 General Provisions pertaining
only to Public Works
are carried in Form 6300-42 those
to
Timber
Sales are included
in
pertaining only
C
Pro-visions.
b.
bitu-minous
c.
A new
d.
Under
e.
Section 305 has been added to
from stockpiles and placement
Section 106 a price adjustment provision for
materials that dont meet specifications
allows
for price reductions
and acceptance
in lieu of complete
rejection.
In
Construction
Section 170
Staking Specification
covers a wide range of accuracy options to fit most if
not all Forest Service conditions.
Construc-tion
Excavation
and Embankment
Section
tolerance
table has been added.
12
203
cover aggregate
on roads.
removal
f.
703
Under Aggregates
Section
gradations
for all aggregate specifications.
are included
C
facili-tate
proce-dures
Provisions related to cost adjustments
Sale Contract
Altered
i.e.
Quantities-C5.251 Design Change-C5.252 and Cost
for Physical Change-C5.253 will be modified to
Adjustment
use of the measurement and payment options provided by the
Standard Specifications.
Generally this method will bring
for cost adjustments closer together
in contracts
for Timber
Sales and Public Works.
Timber
GIARDIASIS
Bill Opfer
Engineer
nviron_mtegitaZ
Health
is a summary of a presentation
at the
The following
given
recent Regional
Sanitary Engineers Meeting
Florida.
The talk was given by Mr. EdwardLippy wth the
Health Effects Research
Laboratory U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency Cincinatti Ohio.
Mr. Lippy was
of the giardiasis
closely involved with the investigation
in Berlin New Hampshire in the
outbreak
that occurred
spring of 1977.
inOrndo
per-cent
Giardiasis ranks third on the list of reported waterborne disease
It accounted
for 10
outbreaks
during the period of 1971-1977.
and 18 percent of the illnesses.
The first
of the outbreaks
of giardiasis was in 1965 at Aspen Colorado with
reported outbreak
in Camas
123 cases.
In 1976 639
cases occurred
during an outbreak
there
outbreak
in
In
was
an
New
Washington.
1977
Berlin
Hampshire
with an estimated 750 cases.
tier
Outbreaks of giardiasis have occurred mostly in the northern
of the United States Colorado leads with the greatest number of
cases.
This is attributable
to three possible reasons
labora-tory
The giardia cyst that causes
it has been
well
in cold water
very
3
for
to
months.
tests
up
1.
2.
with
a
infections
reported
communities
in these areas use
minimum of treatment usually simple
Many
There is a relatively large
wildlife in these northern areas.
3.
13
amount
to
humans survives
survive
in
in
surface water supplies
chlorination.
of
forested
area
and
Although beaver have been implicated in the outbreak of giardiasis
researchers suspect that the beaver infection was initially caused
of water.
The estimated infection rate for
by human contamination
humans in this country is about 4 to 6 percent and for dogs 20
percent.
single-cell
re-production
The following is a summary of information concerning
the organism
itself.
Giardia is a member of the animal kingdom.
It is a
flagellated protozoan
organism with two distinct stages in
its life cycle.
The reproductive
stage is a trophozoite with
by binary fission.
Trophozoites contain a nucleus and a
medium body.
The nucleus is the brain power that tells the cell
when to divide.
The giardia trophozoite is 6 to 12 microns wide
9
to 12 microns long and 2 to 4 microns thick.
The trophozoite
is not the stage
that is likely to be found in water supplies.
The
giardia cyst has the same internal structure
as the trophozoite
The cyst
except that the cysts might have from 2 to 4 nuclei each.
is 6.to 9 microns wide and 9 to 12 microns long.
Cysts are the
stage most likely to be found in the water supply.
inges-tion
diar-rhea
The organism is ingested as a cyst.
contact through the
person-to-person
of contaminated
food or water.
carrier states to acute
asymptomatic
The
cyst can be transmitted by
route or by
fecal/oral
Infections
can range from
disease characterized
by
Infection
bloating maladsorption fatigue and weight loss.
and disease can be long-term with cases lasting as long as 5 years.
The mean duration of illness is 2 to 3 months.
Reported cure rates
90 percent.
approach
Giardiasis is a serious problem facing the Forest Service due to the
number and location of water systems with surface supplies.
Some
research has been done and much more is currently underway.
re-commended.
Boiling water for a minimum of 1 minute will apparently
destroy the
giardia cyst however boiling the water for 3 to 5 minutes is
Tests have shown that filtration with diatomaceous
earth is very effective
in removing the cyst.
Currently we do not
have good dosage criteria for disinfecting
giardia cysts.
As the use of National Forest lands increases the probability
of
additional disease outbreaks
should
will increase.
Regions
keep in
close contact with local EPA regional offices for answers on the
latest results from current research.
14
OPERATIONS
Harold L. Strickland
Assistant Director
STUDY
OF
SERVICE-WIDE EQUIPMENT
MANAGEMENT
Robert
Engineer
Hartman
Equipment
Management
Service-wide
Service Task Force was recently directed to review
activities.
The Task Force was selected
from
fleet management
and
Forest
it
was
Office
levels
Office Regional
Washington
charged with assessing the existing strengths and weaknesses of
in the Forest Service
as well as developing
an
fleet management
action plan for implementation of recommendations from the recent
Office of Audit Report on Forest Service Fleet Management.
A Forest
owner-ship.
im-provement
through-out
identi-fied
the management of
scope of the study was defined to include
in
FSM-7130
and
to
review
all types of
identified
equipment
The Task Force Report would provide an action plan for
of Forest Service equipment management.
The
all
Task Force Report was recently completed and distributed
In the Report the Task Force identified
the Forest Service.
five basic issues where equipment management needs improvement.
22 recommendations proposed 7 action
teams
They developed
the team members and provided timeframes for completion of the
action plan.
The
for this renewed emphasis on equipment management is
managements realization that the cost of owning leasing renting
and operating
portion of the total Forest
equipment is a significant
Service budget.
The Working Capital Fund WCF-supported fleet of
and 2800 construction
equipment contains over 15000 motor vehicles
and miscellaneous equipment units and is valued at $95 million.
in support of Forest Service
Current WCF annual expenditures
to WCF equipment
In addition
the Forest
exceed $60 million.
Service uses a large amount of other equipment--vehicles
units and specialized units that are obtained and supported
This includes
commercially leased
by direct project expenditures.
and
Government-owned
equipment
equipment
equipment employee-owned
funds.
The
exact
value
of
is
this
with
equipment
project
purchased
records are not available.
accurate
not known because
The
reason
equip-ment
construc-tion
15
appear-ed
attach-ed
CHANGES
The
TO
FIELD NOTES
changes noted below are corrections to two articles that
earlier editions of Field Notes each change should be
securely on the respective
page.
in
Field
Notes
Volume
11
Number
cut
Fire Retardant
Measurement
page
24
third entry
A
L.
SD
System
cut
Field
Notes
Volume
11
bottom
7957/
1201/
8062
1-797
i
on this line
Number
cut
from
on this line
Ted
Pickett
4
7
page
12
second
full paragraph
on this line
are made to simplify the program most can bed
assumptions
if conditions warrant
eitrance and trash rack losses
fare combined
and are represented as 1.8 times the velocity head
Ifor full pipe flow the specific roughness coefficient
is the
for
the
full
of
the
outlet
conduit
and
same
length
the vent
\\f or
pipe air weighs 0.06 pound per cubic foot 0.9611 kilograms per
cubic meter and can be changed for lower altitudes temperature
land vapor pressure effects
the limit
are neglected because
the
air
loss
in the vent pipe
the
on
velocity.makes
pressure
in
and
the
conduit
most cases
flows at normal
lextremely small
depth if it flows partially full.
ertain
changed
im-lposed
cut
on this
17
line
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