7y
ENGINEERING
TECHNICAL
INFORMATION
SYSTEM
NOTESTECHNICAL REPORTS
DATA RETRIEVALMANAGEMENT
PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT
FIELD
VOLUME
-PP
llrtjraiiisfor
in
Abandoned
Washinqton
Civil
Hand Calculators
Strip Aline Reclamation
Mee
News
JANUARY
sw4
U.S.
1
Enqineerinq
FOREST SERVICE
F.s
NUMBER
Notes
Field
Selected
11
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
1979
US
ENGINEERING
Volume
Information
contained
in
this
FIELD NOTES
Number
11
has
publication
1
been developed
for
of
guidance
employees
respon-sibility
of
the
United
Federal
cooperating
the
for
The
and State
or service
text in
may be
the
be construed
or policy
except
engineers
not
by
its
contractors
Department of Agriculture
of this information
names
use does not
in this
by other than
publication
constitute
is
an official
for
and
its
assumes no
its
own
employees.
the information
and
endorsement or approval
by the United States Department of Agriculture
to the exclusion
suitable.
as
FSM
and engineering
intended
The
corporation
publication
must not
Service
Agriculture-Forest
agencies.
Such
of the reader.
that
of
interpretation or use
product
of others
The
Department
of trade firm or
use
convenience
of any
States
exclusively
the
represents
recommended
personal
Because
references.
technicians
opinions
or approved
should
of the
read
of the respective
procedures mandatory
type
each
issue
however
FOREST SERVICE
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Washington
D.C.
20013
instructions
of material in the publication
for engineers.
U.S.
author and
this
publication
all
is
EDITORS
NOTE
This issue introduces
some format changes to Field
Notes.
First we are now using the Courier type
style this larger more open type will make this
and following
issues easier to read.
We also are
using larger paper Government agencies now have
the option
of using the commercial
x 11-inch
size
their
for
publications.
paper
8
Gordon
Editor
L.
Rome
SELECTED
PROGRAMS
IN
CIVIL
FOR
HAND
CALCULATORS
ENGINEERING
BernhoZd Rankenberg
5
Region
Com-puter
solu-tion.
are times when it is not practical to use the Regional
Center or mini-computers in Civil Engineering although the
recurring nature of some problems
those consisting of a series of
arithmetic calculations makes them amenable to a programmed
Use of hand-held
programmable calculators such as those
found in most National
Forest Engineering Offices
provides the
alternative method.
necessary
There
Pro-grams
nec-essity
mag-netic
calcu-late
here are written for calculators
The programs presented
that use
such as Texas Instruments Model SR-52.
algebraic notation
usually can be stored on magnetic cards to eliminate the
of keying-in the program each time it is used.
Without
This not
cards the keying-in process would be necessary.
only is tedious for the longer programs but the keying-in process
is -- in itself -- a prime source for introducing errors.
PROGRAM
EXAMPLES
A
Three-Axle Truck on Simple Beam.
This program will
Program
maximum moments and shear at any point in a simple beam loaded
with a 3-axle truck having axles 14 feet 4.27m apart.
The truck
loads are AASHTO HS loads.
The usual procedure is to select a maximum moment from AASHTOs
Standard Specifications
for Highway Bridges for a given span then
the moment curve is calculated
using the assumption that it is
That assumption
is erroneous however.
The moment for
parabolic.
40-ft. 12.19m span for example is approximately
6 percent
low
at the 1/4
The error
point using the parabolic assumption.
for longer
an 80-ft. 24.38m span has a 20 percent
spans
error.
This program will not work for off-highway
loads or for
spans of less than 14 ft. 4.27m.
in-creases
The moments are based on the shear diagram for the area under the
The center moment however
rear axle of the truck.
is calculated
the center of the span equidistant
by placing
from the resultant of
all axle loads and the nearest axle.
It is likely that the area
calculation
used in this program could be used as well on
procedure
a moment
beam
diagram to calculate deflection
by the conjugate
method.
1
a
The shears
shears for
given produce
a moving
load
4.27m from Ra.
a
shear envelope of maximum and minimum
they are given until x in Program A is
mo-ments
fac-tor
pin-con-nected
14
ft.
B
Moment Distribution.
This program will calculate
structure
shown.
The user must provide fixed-end
and distribution factors
for each joint.
The carry-over
is assumed to be
0.5 therefore the sections must be uniform.
end joints can be assumed to be completely fixed or
ends.
or nonexistent i.e. a structure with cantilever
Program
in
The
the
This
to problems
in sidesway and
program probably could be adapted
It can be applied
to haunched members by
temperature expansion.
going into the program and substituting. an appropriate
carry-over
factor other than 0.5.
the operations
involved are simple and repetitious they
Although
must be made in a specific sequence and the results must go to a
With eight moments to manipulate
the program
specific location.
is a long one that requires 218 steps.
mo-ment
C
I
Moment of Inertia.
This program will
inertia of an
section one or more of
eliminated and the program will still work.
Program
calculate the
the flanges can
iner-tia
compos-ite
of
be
the moment of
program is especially useful in calculating
To do so use the given
thickness of
composite sections.
width for the
flange and slab but calculate an equivalent
slab and flange using an appropriate
N value.
The program also
is helpful in the
beam method for calculating
conjugate
As shown
in the exhibits the program produces other data
including the distance of the center of gravity from the bottom
This
of
deflec-tions.
flange.
so-lution
D
Mannings
Program
7-36 shown
is
in
by
Equation.
This program
solves
the
Equation
The
5th. Edition pages 7-13.
Kings Handbook
trial and error but converges
rapidly generally
two
de-rive
or three trials are adequate depending
on the accuracy desired.
After the proper depth is calculated
to produce
a given
pressing
the RUN button will calculate velocity in fee per second.
Q
This
program might be improved
the equation to
by manipulating
function of
D directly
rather
thereby calculating
than using a trial-and-error method.
However since X and Y are
defined in terms of
the small increase in convenience
does not
seem to justify the effort.
D
as
Q
a
D
2
EXHIBIT
3
Truck
TITLE
Axle
-OAK
on
A
Span
Simple
PAGE
I
--T
I-x
PROCEDURE
STEP
P1
OF
3
fBK
ENTER
PRESS
P1
STO
02
P
STO
03
L
STO
06
X.
A
P2
P2
1
2
L
DISPLAY
RB
RA
Mx
vMAX
RCL
ASSUMPTIONS
RCL
05
1.
/141
RCL
04
2.
Y
4.27m
18.67
B
5.69m
3
RA
MMAX
RBVX
4
-
07187
2
6
a
3
5
0
2
1
222
0
X
RCL
035
0
X
182
RCL
070
4
RA
147
3
11
RCL
C
0
FLAGS
19
3
0
0
03042
217
18
105
B
17
2
177
065
16
HLT
0
15
4
1
0
RCL
025
RCL
1
100
RCL
172
2
X
RCL
D
05567
Pos
f
i
INV
4
03
P2
X
060
3
92
020
207
RCL
0
095
6
C
1
06
2
0
RA
04
02
P1
127
015
STO
090
8
6
2
0
6
162
-
050
RCL
0
1
122
010
2
D
X
E
97
RCL
085
_
57
6
045
RCL
0
4
117
005
RCL
1
92
1
E
080
4
D
0
1
0
3
Main
ST
152
040
RCL
B
MMAX
Pro
137
i
212
13
0
12
11
10
5
09
08
07
L
05RBVMAX
RA
01
X
00
R
REGISTERS
0
C
B
A
if
P10
RB2P2P1-R
ram
LABELS
9
A
COMMENTS11
KEY
A
LBL
X
CODE LOC
COMMENTS
KEY
CODE LOC
COMMENTS
PAGE
2
00112
CODE LOC
KEY
PROGRAMMER
DATE
OF
3
Span
Simple
on
Axle
3
Truck
TITLE
TITLE
3
Truck
Axle
on
Simple
PAGE
Span
PROGRAMMER
LOC
CODE
KEY
.
OF
3
DATE
COMMENTS
CODE
LOC
KEY
COMMENTS
LOC
CODE
KEY
000
112
B
STO
RCL
04052
0
0
HLT
5
117
2
045
57
2
08092
A
0
B
C
RCL
D
0
3
3
197
E
REGISTERS
X
3
E
LBL
085
01122
C
0
RTN
6
005
LABELS
A
-
X
COMMENTS
00
2
050
62
01
X
02
09
202
RCL
RCL
015
127
0
3
0
6
05
_
06
055
X
67
4
207
10
-
06072
11
7
12
C
100
RCL
025
137
08
09
1
HLT
LBL
095
0
MMAX
02132
07
RCL
1
03
04
212
13
0
RCL
14
4
0
15
6
16
os
177
17
2
ST0
X
0
RCL
5
030
142
070
0
182
3
10
217
18
19
FLAGS
0
RCL
0
1
110
222
5
03147
2
RCL
X
3
0
RCL
4
075
2
87
0
5
EXHIBIT
Moment
TITLE
f
B
Distribution
PAGE
K
1
4
K
PROCEDURE
STEP
A
ENTER
B
PRESS
DISPLAY
F
C
D
JE
ASSUMPTIONS
1.
Constant
2.
JTs
A
any
degree
of
All
distr.
factors
3.
OF
Section.
F
can
be
fixity.
ar
entered
with
minus
signs.
1.
F.E.M
CF
STO
02
2.
F.E.M.
CE
STO
03
3.
F.E.M.
BD
STO
04
4.
F.E.M.
FC
STO
05
5.
F.E.M.
CB
STO
08
6.
F.E.M.
BC
STO
09
7.
F.E.M.
BA
STO
10
8.
F.E.M.
AB
STO
11
9.
Distr.
factor
CE
-
STO
12
10.
.Distr
factor
CB
-
STO
13
11.
Distr.
factor
BD
-
STO
14
12.
Distr.
factor
BC
-
STO
15
13.
Distr.
factor
BA
-
STO
16
14.
Distr.
factor
AB
-
STO
17
15.
Distr.
factor
FC
-
STO
18
6
TITLE
Moment
Distribution
PAGE
ENTER
PROCEDURE
STEP
Distr.
16.
factor
PRESS
CF
-
STO
A
MOB
4
OF
fBK
K
MDB%
2
MBD
0
if
if
D
D
is
fixed.
is
pin-connected.
DISPLAY
19
M
@
JT
RCL
02
MOM.
CF
RCL
03
MOM.
CE
RCL
04
MOM.
BD
RCL
05
MOM.
FC
RCL
08
MOM.
CB
RCL
09
MOM.
BC
RCL
10
MOM.
BA
RCL
11
MOM.
AB
B
TITLE
Moment
Distribution
PAGE
PROGRAMMER
LOC
00112
CODE
3
OF
4
DATE
KEY
COMMENTS
LOC
LBL
CODE
KEY
COMMENTS
LOC
0
KEY
A
SUM
A
CODE
FEM
COMMENTS
D.F.CB
BD
B
152
D
4
ST0
c
RCL
0
o
0
00517
192
6
oa157
SUM
1
SUM
1
FEM
AB
BA
0
13
X
B RCL
18
C
RCL
14
RCL
12
RCL
17
1
OF.
CF
STO
0
7
7
BC
SUM
015
127
SBR 1
00
2
0
FEM
DF
CE
9
SUM
0
05167
FEM
CB
SUM
C
FEM
X
A
8
DF
CB
09207
020
132
X
D
CE
3
RCL
B
2
DF
BA
06072
6
137
0
0
9
0
6
C
8
06177
8
FEM
10212
STO
BC
FEM
CF
FEM
CE
04
FEM
BD
05
FEM
FC
06
Storage
07
SUM
FEM
CB
Storage
08
FEM
CB
09
FEM
BC
10
FEM
BA
11
FEM
AB
13
DF
CE
DF
CB
14
15
RCL
x
dsz
03
t2
SUM
025
C F
B
16
DF
BA
17
DF
AB
CC
X
E
DF
1
BC
DF
CF
10217
7
030
_
18
DF
FC
19
O F
C F
142
STO
0
070 82
B
0
x
5
035
147
0
SUM
7
C
FLAGS
SUM
2
2
FEM
FC
110
222
FEM
CF
0
1
2
RCL
0
3
4
DF
C
BD
075
87
X
8
19
02
X
D
BC
RCL
01
C
09202
D
E
08197
0
DF
JTC
C
RCL
E
@
15
B
050
162
EM
A RCL
1
X
JTB
16
010
122
@
RCL
E
6
SBR
FEM
Prog.
EM
RCL
080
D.F.BA
LABELS
Main
B
040
X
A
TITLE
Moment
Distribution
PAGE
PROGRAMMER
LOC
CODE
4
OF
4
DATE
KEY
COMMENTS
LOC
CODE
KEY
COMMENTS
LOC
CODE
KEY
COMMENTS
LABELS
000
5
112
3
X
B
D.F.
BC
04052
RTN
B
0
LBL
C
4
2
080
192
005
117
SUM
0
FEM
CF
04157
B
D
RCL
E
RTN
1
LBL
8
C
2
122
B
C
LBL
D
RCL
1
0
RCL
2
1
08197
A
RTN
RCL
1
A
RCL
C
E
REGISTERS
00
050
X
E
4
162
D.F.AB
RCL
090
0
01127
2
_
SUM
02132
02
LBL
03
RCL
05167
RCL
1
0
0
8
1
2
09207
B
STO
RTN
D
3
06072
01
04
05
06
07
RTN
08
LBL
09
RTN
E
LBL
RCL
11
1
12
0
D
0
RCL
10212
7
10
13
025
137
dsZ
RTN
A
HLT
LBL
6
06177
LBL
RTN
1
LBL
RCL
14
15
16
17
105
B
E
217
1
18
030
19
RCL
142
RCL
0
182
5
0
RTN
9
FLAGS
RTN
1
070
1
LBL
11222
2
036
147
RCL
1
0
A
3
RCL
4
075
187
1
9
EXHIBIT
Moment
TITLE
of
Inertia
of
I
Section
PAGE
-AN
PROCEDURE
Enter
1
3
OF
fBK
STEP
1
C
height
bottom
ENTER
Enter
width
3
Enter
height
4
Enter
width
5
Enter
height
6
Enter
width
DISPLAY
of
flange
2
PRESS
of
of
of
of
of
bottom
flange
web
web
top
top
flange
flange
STO
01
STO
02
STO
04
S.TO
05
STO
07
STO
08
A
7
10
Ad2
10
RCL
03
Area
Bot.
RCL
06
Area
Web
RCL
09
Area
Top
RCL
11
4
RCL
12
Ad2
from
Flg.
Flg.
Bot.
TITLE
Moment
of
Inertia
I
of
Section
PAGE
PROGRAMMER
LOC
CODE
2
3
OF
DATE
KEY
COMMENTS
LOC
CODE
KEY
COMMENTS
LOC
CODE
KEY
COMMENTS
LABELS
000
112
LBL
A
X
A
RCL
RCL
B
0
C
04052
RCL
3
0
D
0
080
1
005
921
X
E
4
2
A
117
RCL
045
0
1
57
SUM
2
1
A.Y.
X
B
RCL
C
0
D
9
E
085
0
197
010
1
22
REGISTERS
SUM
0
Al
RCL
3
RCL
015
0
05062
1
4
0
-
4
2
00
SUM
EAY
02
0
09202
01
RCL
03
Bot.of
WWidthFof
at.
la.
Area
f
F1
Bot.
04
Ht.
05
Width
RCL
06
ofeWeb
0
0
07
Top
5
1
1
127
X
0
RCL
05167
095
207
020
09
0
132
SUM
F1
Top
0
Fla.
rea
10
X
of
t
1
08
RCL
Web
of
0
EAY
060
0
A2
172
6
RCL
02137
11
RCL
0
RCL
12
6
0
13
10212
0
14
6
15
SUM
7
6177
X
A2A1Y
RCL
16
0
17
9
18
RCL
-
19
0
STO
1
0
RCL
5
10217
0
03042
8
FLAGS
070
182
SUM
0
A
0
7
1
-
1
110
222
2
9
03147
RCL
187
1
3
4
075
1
y
2
RCL
RCL
0
EAd2
0
L1
Web
TITLE
of
Moment
Inertia
of
PROGRAMMER
LOC
CODE
I
PAGE_-OF
Section
3
DATE
KEY
COMMENTS
LOC
CODE
KEY
COMMENTS
LOC
CODE
KEY
COMMENTS
LABELS
000
112
0
A
x
SUM
1
oaa
1
152
2
A
A
d
2
RCL
B
0
C
D
2
080
E
192
00517
RCL
RCL
1
A
RCL
0
0
B
7
4
C
yx
D
oa
1
157
X
01122
085
2
E.
3
97
11
x
REGISTERS
x
RCL
RCL
00
RCL
050
0
162
3
01
0
1
02
5
090
03
202
015
1271
SUM
1
2
A1d2
05167
RCL
RCL
04
0
0
05
4
7
06
x
07
y
020
RCL
RCL
3
08
0
1
X
09
1
RCL
10
8
12
132
4
09207
1
060
11
nz
-
X2
2
100
13
212
025
137
RCL
1
14
RCL
0
065
77
0
1
15
9
2
16
17
_
03142
RCL
SUM
1
1
1
2
10217
EAd2
RCL
1
19
EAd2
FLAGS
2
EAd
182
X2
18
RCL
HLT
ID
0
1
110
X
0
R C L
1
2
222
035
147
3
4
yx
0
075
6
187
3
12
EXHIBIT
TITLE
s
Manning
for
Equation
Trapezoidal
D
Channel
PAGE
fAK
1
OF
4
-OBW
PROCEDURE
STEP
ENTER
PRESS
DISPLAY
e
LD
This
is
trial
a
486
1
1/x2
n
here
1.
Z
z
and
Z21
e
D
X
D
b
S
Slope
N
Mannings
D
Depth
Q
CFS
Enter
average
ratio
of
5/3
1/x
Z
of
8/3
D
of
the
f
llowin
1/2
2/3
l
T/FT
stream
N
Known
side
21
2.
Enter
width
3.
Enter
Slope
4.
Enter
Mannings
5.
Enter
Assumed
of
slope
to
as
vertical
Z
2
bottom
N
01
b
Ft
STO
02
S
Ft
STO
03
STO
04
STO
06
N
Depth
STO
D
Ft
A
6.
7.
uaton
a
S
/2
horizontal
Example
solution
error
If
Q
is
incorrect
enter
another
D
13
STO
06
Q
CFS
TITLE
Mannings
Equation
for Trapezoidal
Channel
-OAK
ENTER
8.
9.
2
OF
4
or
PROCEDURE
STEP
PAGE
DISPLAY
PRESS
A
If
is
correct
RUN
14
Q
V
FPS
TITLE
Moment
Distribution
PAGE
PROGRAMMER
LOC
CODE
3
OF
4
DATE
KEY
COMMENTS
LOC
CODE
KEY
COMMENTS
LOC
CODE
KEY
COMMENTS
LABELS
11
00112
LBL
A
SUM
A
FEM
0
D.
F.
CB
BD
A
Main
B
Prog.
EM
@
JTB
EM
@
JTC
040
B
X
D
4
STO
c
RCL
0
0
R
1
6
E
RCL
15
C
A
RCL
13
RCL
18
RCL
14
RCL
12
RCL
17
152
D.F.BA
oeo92
0
005
6
-
117
B
x
045
157
SUM
SUM
1
FEM
1
FEM
AB
C
SBR
BA
0
1
DF.
CF
D
E
08597
010
RCL
STO
B
0
0
7
7
01
C
02
122
1
SBR 1
00
r
19
RCL
dsz
050
X
E
162
DF
BC
09202
SUM
-
X
-
FEM
CF
03
FEM
CE
04
FEM
BD
05
FEM
FC
06
Storage
015
127
2
FEM
0
BC
D
DF
CE
9
SUM
0
05167
FEM
CB
SUM
C
X
FEM
CE
07
_
A
8
02132
DF
CB
09207
B
08
FEM
CB
RCL
09
FEM
BC
FEM
BA
FEM
AB
10
X
D
DF
BA
06072
SUM
02537
6
11
-
12
SUM
13
STO
0
0
9
0
6
C
8
081
B
77
E
DF
BC
BC
10212
FEM
CB
R
1
DF
CE
DF
CB
14
15
RCL
X
B
X
FEM
Storage
3
CF
BC
16
DF
BA
17
DF
AB
18
DF
FC
19
D
C F
0
DF
CF
10217
7
030
142
STO
2
FLAGS
SUM
070
0
182
0
SUM
7
B
0
x
5
2
FEM
FC
11222
RCL
FEM
C F
0
1
2
035
147
C
DF
BD
0
C
07187
X
15
F
3
TITLE
Mannings
Equation
for
Trapezoidal
Channel
PROGRAMMER
LOC
CODE
PAGE
4
OF
4
DATE
KEY
COMMENTS
LOC
CODE
KEY
COMMENTS
LOC
CODE
KEY
COMMENTS
LABELS
000
112
A
5
B
040
RC L
c
152
D
1
080
1
192
005
A
117
B
STO
045
1
C
157
D
2
085
197
122
E
E
REGISTERS
HLT
00
050
01
162
02
090
202
015
03
04
127
05
055
06
167
07
095
207
020
08
09
132
10
060
11
172
12
100
13
212
025
14
137
15
065
16
177
17
105
18
217
030
19
142
FLAGS
070
0
182
110
2
222
035
3
147
4
075
187
16
ABANDONED
STRIP
MINE
RECLAMATION
AZ
VanderpoeZ
Engineer
National
Wayne-Hosier
Forest
For-res
Almost 10000 acres
4047 hectares of the Wayne National Forest in
southern Ohio are scarred by abandoned strip mines.
In 1978
as a
result of a grant from the Appalachian
Regional
Commission the
Service undertook
its first large-scale
reclamation
of such
lands on 40 acres 16.19 hectares
that had been mined soon after
World War II.
Known
the Yost Tract this area was characterized
by 50-ft.
15.24m vertical walls strip pits filled with acid water and
mounds of overburden material Fig. 1.
Because of the exposed coal
residues there was almost no vegetation and surface water runoff
was very acidic
the
pH level in the soils ranged from less than 3.5
to
as
5.5.
ti
1
.
yp
R
Figure
5
i
a
v
1.--Conditions
work
before reclamation
and
strip pit
spoil bank
17
.
showing
i
highwaZZ
A Forest Service team of specialists developed
guidelines that were
to
reclaim
the site and in
used in preparing
a contract
package
consisted of
Use
Plan
for
the
area.
The
a
Land
plan
developing
the
acid
water
ponds
1.
Draining
2.
Burying as much acid material as
covering the site with a minimum
60.96cm of nontoxic material
and
inches
possible
24
of
3.
Restoring the land to its original
top of the vertical walls
contour
4.
Covering
5.
Cleaning and opening
6.
fertilizing and revegetating
grasses immediately and
7.
Planting
to
the
top-soil
the
area with
12
inches
30.48cm
of
drainage-ways
Liming
the
site with
appro-priate
to
a
variety
the
of
tree species
that
seemed
site.
in April 1978
A public works contract
was awarded for this project
the
earthwork
subcontracted
to
coal
firm
mining
was
a
experienced
with this type of reclamation work.
Using D-9 dozers for clearing
grubbing and earthwork the area was leveled initially and the
acid ponds drained after which the site was shaped to final grade
Fig. 2.
Scrapers were used to haul borrow material for covering
10 4.047 hectares
of the 40 acres
16.19 hectares with 12 inches
of
the
10
cover soil
acres chosen were the worst soils
30.48cm
the
site..
on
to replace
the existing drainages on
were constructed
waterways
stone
site using
Also diversion ditches were
riprap Fig. 3.
down
the
finished
The
halfway
slope to intercept runoff.
work was completed when the entire area was lined heavily
with hay as mulch an
and then fertilized seeded
and covered
the
disk was used to crimp the hay into the soil.
Figure
is
in
1.
the
same location as shown
completed project
Figure
New
the
cut
con-tractors
anti-erosion
4
Three D-9 dozers two scrapers and a front-end loader were used in
the project
which was completed in 122 days at a cost of $4950 per
The time and cost compare favorably with the
acre .404 hectare.
Downtime
State and Soil Conservation
Service projects
in the area.
was essentially zero but the work was delayed 4 weeks because of
wet weather.
18-
_r
r
n
x
3i
h7r
s _
a
a
Alt
tis
a
kN-Spy
i
ate
swsyi
t
t
t
5.
t.
iti
.
O
N
Q l
.
eK
c.a
r
L
4
r
fR
O
N.
Figure
4.--Completed
project
at
same
Based on this work some recommendations
similar projects in the future are
1.
3.
4.
that
could
as
be
Figure
1
applied
to
Reduce construction
and overhead
costs by using a
service
contract.
Calculate
earthwork
quantities from
rather
than
field
by
work or by use
photogrammetry
of
2.
location
design
Cut the
land to
quantities.
amount of earthwork
required by restoring the
other than its original contour.
mater-ial
in sorting excavation
Accomodate the difficulty
in
the
to obtain
topsoil
planning stage thus
borrow material is needed.
Note
in
planning
particular
type
of
in this
that the material excavated
about
30
site may expand
percent.
20
WASHINGTON
OFFICE
CONSULTATION
COST-EFFECTIVENESS
NEWS
STANDARDS
Walter
Assistant
E.
ANALYSIS
IN ENGINEERING
Furen
Director
MANAGEMENT
in 1936 benefit-cost
by civilian economists
Originally developed
analysis evolved naturally into cost-effectiveness analysis -- a
national defense
familiar tool for economic
evaluation
of complex
That tool can be applied efficiently
and space exploration systems.
to routine
problems particularly for
engineering management
in which
personnel equipment or dollar resources are
situa-tions
re-stricted.
analysis of a functional
Simple cost-effectiveness
as geotechnical
engineering can be used
1.
to
obtain
program
benefits
to
3.
to
available
from
a
limited
effort
determine investigation
for the program
2.
4.
maximum
such
specialty
intensity levels
required
commensur-ate
to
as
provide assurance that work levels are
with project opportunities risks and values
costs as
develop an awareness of operating
unit costs for meaningful work segments.
SITUATION
and
well
EXAMPLES
Alternative
Methods to Accomplish
Work Element.
a Specific
Evaluating
Suppose that laboratory work is being accomplished
by force account
and
that
commercial
facilities
to
are available
methods
laboratory
do that work under contract.
The cost elements
in this situation
then can be compared directly on a unit cost basis.
of
To provide a comparison base determine the relative importance
other pertinent
elements such as responsiveness
turnaround time
and other factors.
Then
availability of equipment
accuracy
21
alter-native
for each
independently evaluate each element including cost
factors.
The
and compute a weighted rating for those
alternatives.
weighted ratings are a means for comparing the
Determine
1.
2.
3.
Priorities for Projects and Programs..
For each unit of work
compute the fixed cost to
for the estimated time to be dedicated
be expended
to the work
including the cost of personnel
and supplies.
equip-ment
objectives and make a
Identify the project/program
Evaluate the predicted
comparative
rating for each.
in terms of each objective.
accomplishments
project/pro-gram
weighted ratings computed for each
can be used to determine the greatest potential
of
in return for expenditures
benefit
to be derived
limited resources personnel equipment
supplies
and dollar equivalents.
The
devel-oped
--coupled
meaning-ful
day-to-day
for cost-effectiveness
analysis were
the techniques
Although
the methods
in
to solve highly-complex
economics
problems
with rational decision analysis -- become extremely
on a
tools for an engineering manager in making decisions
basis.
REFERENCES
1.
Fabrycky W.J.
Prentice-Hall
2.
Grant Eugene
Decision
Jersey.
Analysis
Engineer-ing
Economy
3.
Economic
and Thuesen
G.J.
Inc. Englewood Cliffs New
L.
and Ireson W. Grant.
Ronald Press Company
New
Kepner Charles
Book
McGraw-Hill
H.
and
Tregoe Benjamin
Company
New
York.
22
Principles of
York.
York New
B.
The
Rational
Manager
IMPROVEMENTS
TECHNOLOGICAL
Heyward
Assistant
SOLAR
POWERED
VAULT
T.
Taylor
Director
TOILET
VENTING
SYSTEM
disagree-able
conse-quently
There are some 27000 vault toilets located in the National
Forests.
The natural odors associated with those installations are
to the people using and maintaining
those structures
there is a tendency to avoid using them as well as to
the units.
postpone or avoid servicing
van-dalism
Other problems are related to the disagreeable conditions
the
is greater and people use the area around
incidence of vandalism
the
Increased
building instead of the facilities provided.
results in increased maintenance
costs and the human wastes
on the ground can become health hazards that are transmitted by
insects rodents and water.
Center SDEDC has been testing
Dimas-Equipment Development
and to reduce the objectionable
odors
systems to provide ventilation
in the buildings.
Several general patterns and constraints were
identified during the preliminary work
The
San
1.
day-time
The
buildings
than at
are
used
more frequently
are used more frequently during
during inclement conditions
2.
They
than
3.
Because
sources
4.
Servicing
and
the units are isolated
is severely
limited
of
during
night
ventilating
clear
access
equipment
to
must be
weather
power
simple
20-watt
5.
Costs
for installation
must be
The
low.
for the ventilation
SDEDC prototype
system consisted of a
solar array supplying electrical energy to a small fan motor in
a 6-inch
15.2cm diameter stack for the roof of the building See
The installation requires only small modification
to
Figure.
structures.
existing
23
j
JIV
VVVV
Solar-powered
ventilating
unit designed by SDEDC for
The
use in vault toilets.
shows
a
completely
photo
in-staZZed
unit.
AW
r
S
c
24
satis-factory.
4 and
were tested in Regions
5 and they proved
The solar array provides sufficient energy on clear
sunny days to aspirate the structures at a maximum of750 cf/minute
.229cm/minut this results in an exchange of all the air in the
vault every few minutes.
Since the most frequent use occurs
the daytime no backup electrical system was required and the
usual regulator batteries and diodes were unneccessary.
dur-ing
The
units
The Department of Energy has funds available for other Federal
of
agencies to purchase solar arrays for use in the development
solar energy systems.
The Forest Service plans to install about
500
SDEDC ventilation
systems at selected sites throughout the
United
States about 2 percent of the existing vault toilet
The cost will run about $235 per unit.
instal-lations.
results of this project
State and local agencies.
The
will
be
25
shared
with
other Federal
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