PFPFP
ENGINEERING
TECHNICAL
FIELD
NOTES
TECHNICAL REPORTS
MANAGEMENT
DATA RETRIEVAL
PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT
INFORMATION
SYSTEM
VOLUME
Hierarchy
Resistivity
Decks
4
with Bituminous
of Transportation
Method
Corrugated
NUMBER
Notes
Field
Surfacing Treated
8
Metal
1
Planning
Predicting the Service
Life of
Pipe
Washington Office News
FOREST SERVICE
ýpESi
APRIL 1976
SEgyý
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nrta
U.S.
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
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UýS
maws
FIELD NOTES
ENGINEERING
Volume
8
Number
4
April 1976
This
monthly newsletter
U.S.
Department
is
its
assumes no responsibility
for
Department of Agriculture
or use
The
of this information
use
of trade
convenience
The
or service
in
text
the
author
respective
by other than
reader.
to
Such
use
recommendation
the exclusion
publication
Because
engineering
not
intended
type
technicians
material
should
as
the
read each
for the
information
or approval
personal
The
except
opinions
by
issue however
20250
of
the
references.
engineers
this
FOREST SERVICE
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
of any
or approved
FSM
all
and
official
suitable.
recommended
publication
Washington D.C.
an
constitute
exclusively for engineers.
U.S.
only.
the interpretation
which may be
or policy
in
is
not
the
represents
employees of the
retirees
employees.
endorsement
and must not be construed
of
own
does
of others
procedures mandatory instructions
of the
its
names
firm or corporation
the
conclusion
evaluation
product
of
for distribution to
published
of Agriculture-Forest Service and
and
publication
is
SURFACING TREATED DECKS
WITH BITUMINOUS MATERIALS
Bruesch
Larry
Chief
Highway
Adrian Pelzner
Structures Engineer
Engineer
Chief Materials
Engineering Staff
Office
Washington
INTRODUCTION
A
key requirement for an adequate
seems
the latter
to
have the most promise
however
been limited for several reasons. One of the major problems
can be eliminated by using
lams or planks
problem
wearing
serviceable
surface.
used timber running plank
types
Of these types
an economical
is
has shown that requirement to be a major maintenance problem with all of the
and bituminous materials.
steel plate
aggregates
Past experience
common
timber bridge
the dowelled
performance has
satisfactory
The
deck panels.
glu-lam
between deck
deflection
differential
bituminous material properly bonded to the treated timber
a satisfactory
other major
is
the subject
of this discussion.
Two
recently completed timber bridge
both projects
of the installed
timber came
deck panels. The
out
of
the
and was
easily
free
the
was used to blot up the
free
neutralize the free
Little
has
to
such
as
consultation
specifically
number
significant
successes
presented
existing
A
a
placed
in
evidence
prior to
and
over the
directly
on the surface
is
functioning
industries
of the
application
lead
properly.
us to
free
These
fines
that
surfacing
asphalt
recommend
was
preservative
a mixture of sand and
In the other case
forces.
bonded
have
first
not
been
step toward
for
as
design
field
use
experiences
of a blotter
published
developing
or
invited.
widely
adequate
of Timber
well as the proposed remedial
and recommendations are
of a bituminous surface
and construction
of successfully applied
with the Asphalt Institute
practice
were
to
preservative.
been written
timber deck.
surfacing
lateral
from the concerned
advice
preservatives
may have been on the panel surfaces when the
or they may have bled to the surface
prior to
cylinder
preservatives
surfacing appears to be adequately
and technical
oil-borne
preservatives
asphalt
removed by
demonstrate the problem. Briefly on
projects serve to
of free
treating
In one case
installation.
softened
quantities
significant
surfaces
exist but the criteria
circulated.
The
guidelines.
Construction.
measures
is
It
following
has
been
Field experience
needed.
for
material
prepared
with
a
leading
respect
is
in
to
The readers comments
SUGGESTED GUIDELINES
Preservatives
Types
Past experience
overall
protection
of timber bridge
more
is
to
susceptible
may produce checking
shrinking
Exudates- Volatiles
Use
materials.
oil-borne
or heavy
of waterborne
preservatives
for
and
preservatives
would eliminate the bleeding
treatments
pentachlorophenol-LPG
so treated
of creosote
use
supports
moisture
changes.
that will expose
Freshly treated
problem but timber
The subsequent swelling and
wood.
untreated
oil treatments may have a considerable
may exude solids and volatiles for several
certain minimum. Depending
on the quantity
panels
amount of free material on the surface
weeks when the temperature is above a
remedial
measures
exuded
may be
or
before
required
bituminous
of
application
materials.
A
Blotter
decks
material
is
free-standing
creosote
or
absorbent
and
and 10-20
percent
pounds
to
crushed
necessary to blot free
As a
last
Except
step in the treatment
described
Bituminous
this
and
oils
treating
act
Spread
rubber
week
broom
by
AWPA
tire
off loose
of 10-15
a rate
at
roller.
an
as
of dust
After
excess
material. Repeat
if
the
specifications
empty
cell
will
process
to
eliminate
not
against
against
the
loss
penetration
be the better remedial
exudates
to
but
an expansion bath
will
of the protective
of
moisture.
greatly reduce
that
coating
Use
of the
the
blotter
measure.
Materials
Use an RS-2
Treatments
50F
should
not
and when
or
CRS-2
be applied
the
deck
emulsified
when
surface
asphalt.
ambient
the
temperature
information see the Asphalt Institute Construction
Surfacing
Thickness
deck surfaces. Under
etc.
8 sieve.
a
process panels may be subjected
provide
above appears
Surfacing
below
1
required
as
them. This benefit must be weighed
creosote
for
to
be used.
and steam cleaning
free
or dust
exudates.
Procedures
process should
the No.
passing
immediately with
absorbed about
have been
Treatment
material
Roll
measure
a remedial
as
an aggregate
Spread
oils.
roughness for a better bond. Use a mixture
increase surface
square yard.
per
exudates
recommended
of fine
blotter
with
a single
minimum
There are no guidelines
light
thickness
two courses
loading
seal
for
coat
a total
of timber sale
conditions
typical
thicknesses
of 1 to 1-1/2
roads
inches should
of
2
in
shade
the
is
below 70F. For additional
an optimum thickness
may be
3/4
coarser
be used.
temperature
is
not necessary.
is
Leaflet No. 14.
for
surfacing
thickness
prime coat
campgrounds
conditions
or
A
satisfactory
are recommended.
size
for
administrative
aggregates
bridge
traffic
however
Under
and/or
as
a
loading
additional
Other Considerations
Scheduling
the
to
In some
deck to
the
instances
it
possible to
the
Ideally
weeks
for several
temperatures
schedule
to allow
construction
treated panels
be exposed
should
prior to
to bring
surfacing
oils and volatiles to the surface.
To
Panel Surface
Unfinished
surface
one of the above remedial
fabrication
procedure should
surfaces needs
to
Aggregate Surfacing
used
a base
clayey matrix
when wet
-
and the surface
will
Deck Drainage
providing
is
Where an
adequate
to
openings
panels
may be
S2S1E.
still
discretion.
for
existing
fines.
be necessary
The
this
effectiveness
nonstandard
of unfinished
and
facilitate
through
aggregate
If
the
wearing surface
aggregate
surface
is
to
contains
sealed with asphalt the clayey matrix
subsequently
act as a lubricant
Design
bond
addition from lams surfaced
by more field experience.
be checked
should
in
may
measures
be substantiated
it
and
be used with
Existing
resistance and
shear
facilitate
with an unplaned top
fabricated
as
may be
prior to surfacing.
maximum summer
exudates
Since
cure
result
in
drainage.
the curbs.
3
an unstable
On
be
a
-
base.
most structures
this
is
limited to
HIERARCHY OF TRANSPORTATION PLANNING
William F. Schnelle
Engineer
Transportation
Region
The
doing
approach.
systems
and/or
job of transportation
on
impacts
of
When we
people from place to place.
its
system
what
of
light
and
the
using
It
looks
system
a service
provides
In
order
to
thing
and
that
comprehensively
look
to
creates
it
analyze
the
beyond
well
their
functions
turn
in
the
as
physical
with
interact
users
to
may be
things
they
a
to
we must
approach
systems
how
is
referred
fondly
things
at
do and
they
populations.
a process
in
For example a transportation
surrounding areas
transportation
confines
in
processes
surrounding environment.
move goods and
embodied
is
the systems approach
Basically
and/or
ideas
planning
1
a
physical
right-of-way.
out to analyze something like a transportation
system care must be taken to define
and
its
environment.
Transportation
system
in this aspect
systems are particularly difficult
because of their dynamic nature and their large interconnected
extent.
In systems
geographic
set
the
we
analysis
within
Often
it is
set
difficult
we do
frequently
recent
to
try
to
not
years the
limits
Yet
our objectives.
look
the
enough
far
is
of the
or extent.
features of real significance.
possible to
it
lies
shown that
has
Experience
made
has
that
system
in size
analyze
In
large
that staggers the imagination.
mentioned
proportions
portion
objectives.
include
to
techniques
systems at a level of detail
manageable
our
within
geographically
development of computer
only the
system must be manageable
analysis the defined
determine what system
complex transportation
To maintain
on the system by including
for
above
and
meet
Forest
overall
Service
we propose to divide transportation systems into a five-level hierarchy. The levels are
Region Area Forest Unit and Project. This breakdown roughly coincides with administrative
objectives
divisions
resource
in
planning.
be maintained between
Forest
Service objectives.
simultaneous
activities.
In discussing
First there
is
In planning
of resource
Further
Neither
it
is
can be
the five proposed levels
no clear-cut dividing
can be
realistically
study.
Again
system
levels
it
is
it
effectively
the combination
other at their interface
is
a subset
the direction
example planning
a forest
highway
Conversely
development system.
of
if
however
highway
little
of grey exist.
the unique objectives
analysis.
or impact
development road has
planning be
in isolation.
and resource
larger system.
of focus
meet
are to effectively
systems two aspects are readily apparent.
analyzing
systems
some
we
and transportation
between the levels only shades
of transportation
and homogeneity
compatibility
planning
resource
performed
resolved only after thoroughly
systems
systems.
that
of transportation
line
that
imperative
imperative
and environment of transportation
transportation
is
and transportation
Second
every system
system
to
with
specific.
on the planning of
planning
may
affect
the
particularly
interact
usually from general
influence
division
planning that determines
While the systems
is
The
of a particular
each
For
interstate
the
Forest
and differences between
Similarities
The
are self-explanatory.
of the
elements
some aspects of Forest Service transportation
discussion
that
transportation
follows
with
hierarchy
are shown in figure 1. Most
planning
expands
upon
that
aspects
respect
to
of the aspects
are particularly
important to the Forest Service.
PLANNING TIME HORIZON
Time
as
horizons
far
resources
relate
to
the future
into
to overall
toward and
FSM
7711 Forest Service Manual-System
design year will be
used
economy
in
2000
studies
interesting points first
no
second
mention
is
..
programs are
between three and ten years.
To
not
tied
of
in
in
Time
Horizons.
plans
economic
life
directions bring up two
study
Virtually
and
objectives
Forest
all
Service
and here the financial time horizons
to available dollars
of economic
and financial considerations
alternative
future
use of resources
from whomsoever
range
we have
defined
transportation
At the
-
broad Regional
of the Nation
interest
provides
however
them
emphasis
transportation
or
we
transportation
All future
time
-
money
on transportation
emphasis
hierarchy
-
materials
that
is
As we work
expenditure.
is
Who
on serving
must be considered
of resources
use
benefits from their
are at a middle ground.
be obtained
is
-
down
the
but financial
Economics
restrictions
in
the
are important in that
the
de-emphasized because of economically
hierarchy we are locked
planning processes.
to some extent
in
Finally
to
at
other
toward financial analysis to help analyze
the
best
regardless of
hierarchy
from economical toward financial considerations. At the Forest
and from other
therefore leaning
of the
a whole.
who
shifts
economics
levels
as
planning
net benefits should
also
level
people
they accrue.
Money contributed spent or saved
how
much
when and from what account.
pays
higher
1
the
FINANCIAL
- The
Financial
Here
FSM
horizons
follows
as
Economic
who
or a goal to
system
Assumed
that
states
depending on the
length
time
for
transportation
long-range
Life
criteria
20 years. These
exceed
vary
Financial
understand the implications
help
them
VS.
should
made
look
try to
commitment of
establish direction
to
two
gives
Economic
7711.31
time horizons
transportation
ECONOMIC
2
Planning
For the
that
states
and
involving
important
We
impact.
irreversible
open for future decisions.
keep options
Plan Preparation
7711.11
is
economic
their
decisions
It
objectives.
work
yet
and
activities
todays
as possible so that
contribute
will
of future
prediction
level
of
maximum
form of budgets are imposed.
derived
criteria
project level
or prior economic
dictated
from
of transportation
analyses
and are
alternatives.
STR UCTURE OF THE PLANNING PROCESS
Virtually without
is
we
study
regard to the level in the hierarchy the planning process remains constant.
transportation
systems
by
the
same
5
orderly
procedure whether
the
That
system
is
ELEMENTS
OF
TRANSPORTATION
HIERARCHY
REGION
PLANNING
DATA
TIME
HORIZON
SPECIFICITY
BROAD
LONG
YRS.
20-50
AREA
DATA
COLLECTION
T
TECHNICAL
ORGANIZATION
vs.
FINANCIAL
INVOLVED
PLANNING
PROCESS
INVOLVEMENT
MANY
INTERAGENCY
O
O
O
Z
0
n
Oy
2
0
m
y
m_
MM
rr
FOREST
ECONOMIC
DISCIPLINES
a
O
v
n ý
zM
o
DO
Cm
S
M
y
01
UNIT
yr
O
SHORT
2-5
T
r
D
2
m
m
I
z
YRS.
FEW
D
y
PROJECT
NARROW
LONG
10.20
FS
YRS.
Figure
1.
-
Similaritiesand differences
between elements
of transportation
planning
hierarchy.
m
a
Regional
followed
is
of data
analysis
The important
that
transportation
turn
in
is
make up each phase
not what
requirements
transportation
final
the
stating
clearly
and preliminary
collection
result
is
the selection
of
goes on in each step of the process but rather that the same
of the process
depend
the hierarchy.
in
almost
and
different
so
forth.
however
process
planning
The
stays
same
the
Further
level.
Data
to a particular level.
tailored
systematic
the activities
Naturally
on the hierarchy
entirely
the computer
programs that assist the analyst are frequently
are
by
begins
required
and evaluation. The
analysis
required for any level of planning
is
process
of a course of action.
idea here
procedure
planning
by specifying data
defining alternatives
a plan or determination
general
The
or a project.
This
objectives.
we
procedure
analysis
the
regardless of
the
call
the
in
position
hierarchy.
FOREST SER
In looking
VICE IN VOL
Forest
at
Service involvement
First the Forest
ways.
second
is
Service
of the
involvement
Regional
have
a
Office
and
of the
level
Regional
responsibility
rests
responsibility
and
the
mind
in
levels
of the Forest
with interstate state
Highway
to other
agencies
who
Forest
of the
and
Regional
and
primary
state
Administration
Highway
Forest
Service
Service role
doing
are performing the
but much
are involved
Service.
Departments.
The
two
are involved
and individuals
groups
with the Federal
State
we
that
agencies
emphasis
is
to
phase. Both
rests
with
the
hierarchy
for
and below
Supplements thereto
to
coordinate
emphasis
planning and executing
with
and the public.
is
in
agencies
The Regional
this
regard.
such
Office role
including
Forest
The 7700
plans.
are quite explicit
Out-Service
to the
shifted
the
is
staff.
section
Here the
as
counties
in
consultation
Each
of the
Forests
individual
policy
implementation and training in
techniques.
discussion
planning
primarily concerned
and implementation of techniques
standardization
This
is
personnel
the leadership
landowners cooperators
analysis
Out-Service
Office.
provides
Manual
with
minimal except when Forest highways are concerned.
is
Forest
Forest
important to keep
it is
between administrative
of Transportation
and Regional
At the
planning
advice and consultation
provide
involved
Here primary
highways.
Department
Forest
is
the internal involvement
and area transportation
secondary
VEMENT
should
effort
responsibility
for
is
at
that
leave the clear understanding
the
Forest-Unit-Project
transportation
planning
level
activities
7
in
is
at
the
1 most
Forest
hierarchy
the Forest level.
and
Service transportation
2
that
the
primary
METHOD FOR PREDICTING THE
OF CORRUGATED METAL PIPE CULVERTS
RESISTIVITY
SERVICE LIFE
Robert M. Gallup
Equipment
San
Culverts are structures that convey
a highway
CMP
railway
was
first
carry different
use of
CMP
is
the effluents
Many
types
for
CMP culverts
Federal
after
recent methods
Two
The
Soil
and
been
2.
Correlation
used
Corrugated
CMP
certain instances
however
effluents
the service
method
of
life
CMP
metal
for
pipe
used
is
to
the principal
the corrosivity
the
predicting
for
The Rating System a
installations.
culverts
was developed
of
in
1920s
the
service
method
standard
by various
of
life
and
State
The most significant studies to modern criteria are
Method and the Lost Metal Method are the most
of existing culverts.
Method and
the Resistivity
have
In
industrial
a better
of estimating the remaining life
other approaches
acceptance
and
In predicting
and of proposed new
1950.
1896.
in
or levee.
a prime consideration.
and by pipe producers
agencies
made
bank dam
spoil
culverts
to determine
and rating existing
of inspecting
is
California
through an embankment that has been constructed
culverts.
along with other factors
made
Dimas
commercial
of domestic
storm drainage
for
Center
Development
roadway
and used
developed
studies have been
existing
those
street
water
industrial
Engineer
Civil
Regional
extensively
in
Metal Loss Method
the Average
estimating
the
service
of
have gained
proposed
culvert
installations.
The
The
RM
Method
Resistivity
correlation
articles
of Messrs.
CALTRANS
RM predetermines
and
the
the
most widely
L.
J.
Beaton and R.
are the most published
on the investigation of 12000
The
is
electrical
on
effect
resistance of the
has
the
largest
base
statistical
of electrical
factor
as
Stratfull California Department
life
of culverts.
Their
for
to
of Transportation
articles
RM
on
every type of environment in California
measured
in
corrosion were
these two
with the
factors
of minute electrical
According
correlated with
affect
pH
and
to
electrical
of salt
and soil
water
and
corrosion
resistance of
because
of the
flows.
resistance of the soil and water of these minute electrical
the type
in
Beaton
the observed
corrosion rates
are based
3.
pH
of hydrogen ions
ohms/cm.3
factors were found to interrelate
of the salt on the conductivity
common
in
soil
environment around culverts
The measure
the
and
corrosion rate based on the concentration
All the significant
the water
F.
service
CMP culverts
Stratfull the possible factors influencing
rates.
used
of the variables affecting the life of culverts.
the
moisture
in
the
soil
and
flows provide
air
and the
The environment the
temperature.
of
level
pH
a
pH
of 5.8 or more
natural
and water
soil
classified
is
in
normal while
as
region may be
the
pH
a
by
classified
of less than 5.8
its
classified
is
as
acidic.
Combining
fig.
number
the
RM
The
the
all
appendix
2
and data from
information
so that measured
of years
takes for
it
CALTRANS
used by
CMP to
electrical
resistivity
see
a chart
designed
may be used
to
estimate
be perforated by corrosion.
estimate
to
CALTRANS
surveys
its
and
pH
values of
service
life
was divided
of culverts
the following
into
parts
1
2
3
4
preliminary
determination
field
determination
pH
of
estimation of service
detailed test procedure
For determining
culverts
are generally
3.
theory
In
1965
against
1.
The Kansas Highway
was
study
RM
pH
correlate
to
The Washington
field
test
a base
as
perforation
is
action
for
until
academic
to
The
of the
cost
common
later
if
in
little
within
the
State
810
CMP
Kansas.
success
measurement
was
for
since
in this
study
were
it
of
it
show
repair or
even
material
is
for
predicted
for
the intended
this
time but
that
is
Thus
needed.
method
to the
to
use
it
not
according
because
for
is
a
after
only be a decision
California
compared
resistivity
a 1965 study
in
that
will fail at
may
is
RM
20 to 50 years on a road designed
when
insignificant
the
in
and
was found that the Years
rationale
it
replacement
intentionally included
will last
though
pH
frequently
insignificant
The
objective of the
adjust the California
to
narrow range
Kansas
on corrosion
but conservative
The
1968.
and soil and
for
based
was satisfactory
in
and
that
corrosion was. checked
observed
culverts
A very
all culverts.
begin
costs
20
to
to
it
is
years.
of
removal and
and
Washington
cost
fails.
Idaho concluded that the California method
found that the method
the
RM
CMP
of
climate
specific
from calculations
factor that the results
safety
inspections
culvert
a culvert
than
rather
life
and indeterminate
Commission attempted to use the California
maintenance
factor
on the average
depends on the
culverts
was unsuitable
worry about whether a culvert
replacement
given in the appendix.
is
Perforation does not mean that the culvert
to
detected
a safety
Stratfull
RM
There was
Perforation had such a large
used
CMP
resistance of water
electrical
State Highway
The term Years
of culverts
Idaho were inspected
5.
data.
of statistics based
use
of
Commission studied
and
involving about 500 culverts.
life
test
was found that the California
It
life
from
rate variables are so numerous
Corrosion
the California
CMP service
too short a
take
the
life
and
resistibility
service
chart for estimating years to perforation
was found therefore
4.
service
throughout
RM.
the California
minimum
installations
determined by
100 pipes
over
of
estimating
because
the surrounding topography.
they
and water samples
of metal culverts
life
for
individual
questionable
is
pH
of
of soils
laboratory determination
5
The
survey and sampling for corrosion tests
field resistivity
was too conservative.
and to differences
in
was
This
satisfactory
is
related to
regarding
policies
9
while
the
relative
Kansas
range of
economies
pH
and
resistivities
between
material
and replacement
costs
modes
i.e.
State
In
costs.
addition changes
to
highways
in
growth
population
and transportation
are considered
and limit the design
highways
are of a
a design life of 50 years while State requirements
Interstate
requirement for Interstate highways
to
shorter duration.
Most
National
Forests
the purpose of access
the build
to
road systems were not designed
a specific
for
a short-term timber sale or as a bypass
service
the forest.
through
and recreation sites and recurrent timber
up of campgrounds
life
but
mainly
However
these roads
sales
for
with
are
more permanent. Some forests have a large number of CMP culverts
many of which
are over 40 years old that need replacing because of bottom corrosion. The replacement of these
becoming
culverts
will
require a large outlay of funds.
of bituminous coatings
consideration
Although
appendix
years to perforation
40
years.
3.
chart
contains
service
For
this
for
a bedload
6.
2
reason the average
However
life
fig.
metal
additional
the
Reducing
means of preventing
flow
Design Manual provides
and aluminum pipe 6.
used
beyond
is
to
from thousands of
of abrasion
within
The
following
the
culvert
velocity
be added
is
table extracted
additional
a guide for estimating
culverts
on the corrosion rate
paving should
or invert
the scope
of this article
produce the chart for estimating
which usually occurs when flow
velocity
severe abrasion.
data
were obtained
effect
severe abrasion
and abrasion
The
they are important enough to be mentioned.
service
to
frequently
in
is
up
service
included
the
desired
from the California Highway
life
for bituminous coated
steel
Asbestos
Bituminous
Flow
Bituminous
Channel2
Velocity
Coating
yr
Bonded
and
Bituminous
Paved
Coated
Invert
Paved
yr
and
Invert
yr
fps
Materials
Less
Abrasive
6
15
20
5
Nonabrasive
8
15
20
5
Abrasive
6
12
20
Nonabrasive
8
15
20
Abrasive
0
Nonabrasive
2
Than
to
7
Incl
Greater
5
8
Than
7
Any
bituminous
21f there
sand
is
and/or
flow.
coating
may add up
it
may
no existing culvert
rocks
are present.
For continuous
flow
to
be
Presence
the years of
10
20
yr of service on the backfill side of the culvert.
assumed that channel
is
potentially abrasive to culvert
25
of
silt
clay
or
invert protection
shown.
10
heavy vegetation
can
be
the
most successful
the
GUIDE FOR ANTICIPATED
SERVICE LIFE ADDED
PIPE BY BITUMINOUS COATING1
TO STEEL AND ALUMINUM
Coating
to
15fps and
exceeds
obtain
in
expected
may
to
indicate
be
if
a nonabrasive
one-half
of
that
With
an eye
or conduits
1
2
3
economics
to
to
last
a conservative
the
considering
does
not build
structures
drainage
life
service
will
of
life
sufficient
provide
CMP
and
a structure.
expectancy
factors surrounding existing
environmental
the
the project or structure
of replacing or perpetuating
25 years may be a
RM
Handbook
usualy
inadequacy or obsolescence
change causing
installations the
estimating
for
expectancy
or inconvenience
For some structures
new
life
possible future
cost
Service engineer
the Forest
forever but considers the following factors
Forest
culverts
of Steel Drainage and Highway
Service
along
with
for
CMP
others 50
road designers
the
design
years.
with
an
procedures
Construction-Products
Therefore
and that of proposed
culverts
effective
tool
contained
in
for
the
1.
LITERATURE CITED
1.
American Iron and
1971.
3.
Drainage
and Highway
Metal Products Inc.
Armco Drainage
1958. Handbook of Drainage and Construction
Beaton
1962.
J.
L. and R.
F.
Berg Vernon
1965.
Construction
Products.
2nd
ed.
The
V41
Products.
p. 255-258.
Lakeside
Press Chicago.
Service Life of Corrugated Metal Pipe Culverts.
Sacramento
Calif.
Evaluation.
Wash.
E.
Culvert
The
Stratfull.
Field Test for Estimating
Board Proc.
4.
Institute.
of Steel
Press Chicago.
Lakeside
2.
Steel
Handbook
Performance
State
Hwy Comm.
State
Hwy Comm. Topeka
Dep.
Hwy
of
Res.
Hwys
Olympia Wash.
5.
Corrosion
1971.
6.
Highway
1967.
of Corrugated Metal Pipe.
Res.
Div.
Dep.
of Ping
and Dev.
Kans.
Design Manual.
Calif.
Dep. of Transp.
Sacramento
Calif.
11
Kansas.
APPENDIX
with permission
Reprinted
State
of California Department
MATERIALS
of California
Department
Division
of
RESEARCH
DEPARTMENT
Sacramento
Method No.
Test
643-C
Calif.
Works
Public
of
AND
of Transportation
2 1972
5 pages
October
Highways
METHOD
analyz-pH
Two
environmental
mating the
ronmental
service
the
combined
are
metal
of
are
electrical
The
indicates
ity while
the
pH
concentration
hydrogen-ion
waters
the
site
and
Record
the
soils
of
ing
resistivity
CULVERTS
Data
data
test
a
in
samples and
selecting
notebook
field
also
for use
use
for
needed
as
in
in
test data.
laboratory
D. Test Procedure
degree of acidity or alkalinmeasurements indicate
the
the
OF METAL
Recording
G.
esti-
envi-
concentration
of
resistivity
materials.
for
These
culverts.
hydrogen-ion
the
THE SERVICE LIFE
GENERAL
SCOPE
ESTIMATING
factors
life
factors
and
backfill
and
FOR
In
1.
the
6
channel
the
a proposed
of
probe into the soil
12 and measure
field
for
culvert
insert
site
depth
a
between
of
re-sion
quantity
relative
Using these
metal culvert
means
of
the
of
soluble
culverts
2
mating
and
the
combined
of
the
additional
and
into
observations
for
metal
reduce
and
be
instructions
Withdraw
3.
of
the
water
clean
the
soil
manufacturers
culverts
would
that
life
1
2 ounces
probe
while twisting
to mix the
then measure the resistivity. Follow
Re-insert
water
of
esti-
Remove
resistivity.
about
pour
hole.
the
2.
basis
and
probe
field
II.
galvanized
life
a
of
life
estimated by
is
with
any provides a
if
service
estimating
obtained
service
probable
in a
location
given
Chart shown
on Figure
This information
existing
salts.
the
values
2 ounces
the
of clean
for
correct
and
probe
field
use
add
of
an
meter.
additional
water.
var-Water
by
the
coating
culverts
to
the
corro-
Re-insert
and
probe
the
measure
again
the
dif-V.
4.
rate.
This
method
test
Method
1.
for
pling
divided
is
Field
of
into
the
parts
following
and
Survey
Resistivity
Field Method
pH
Determining
of
Method
of
pH
Determining
IV. Laboratory
Method
of
Selection
the
Service
Life
of
Metal
If
Culverts from
the
ferent
from
the
the
show
field
of
average
surveyed
culvert
site
uniform
reasonably
to
within
samples from
soil
If
sufficient.
that
however
differ
determinations
the
at
area
area.
three
resistivities
the
or
entire
is
project
will be
the
determinations
channel
resistivity
locations
locations
as
Laboratory Tests
for
resistivity
in the
of
readings
the
Samples
Soil
adequately
limits
of
lowest
soil.
sufficient
locations
2.
Resistivity.
Estimating
Test Data.
Make
represent
Minimum
Determining
of
E.
1.
Soils.
the
the
ions
of
soil.
resistivity of
of
Samples.
III.
Record
5.
Sam-
Corrosion Tests.
Preliminary
II.
of the
sistivity
some
significantly
for
area
the
through-Scope
PART
METHOD OF FIELD
SURVEY AND SAMPLING
being
taken
RESISTIVITY
additional
should
samples
soil
be
800.ohm-a
rep-tested
I.
CORROSION
FOR
with
TESTS
ble
the
value
guide
for
channel
or
selecting
laboratory
in the
service
soil
of the soluan indication
water and is used primarily as
samples that will be further
test
resistivity
field
salts in the
the
resistivities
of
life
culvert
is
to
obtain
data
for
culverts.
The
natural
location
and
the
estimating
in each
any
markedly
cm then
of
resented
by
the
the.
are
three
this
or near an average
samples will be enough.
tested
have
resistivities
at
for example
average
should definitely
hot spots
these
additional
Scattered
samples.
3000
example
for
resistivity
those
resistivities
soil
all
locations
below
higher
of
if
surveyed area
2000 ohm-cm
If
soil
structural
of
locations-particularly
below the average.
significantly
these
For example
a.
out
The
represent
to
be
locations
ohm-cm
or
care-rapid
manu-2.
or
material
fill
and
meter
are
by
tested
samples
are
a
earth
portable
selected
on
the
more do not
back-
resistivity
basis
of
necessarily
additional
require
must be exercised
Judgment
both
and sampling and in evaluating the
b.
these
testing
samples.
in the
field
laboratory
rep-B.
tests.
tests.
Procedure
1.
earth
resistivity
determinations
in-place
of
meter
soil
suitable
In
for
Field probe.
3.
Steel
4.
starting
rod
hammer
for
making
hole
in hard
If
lbs.
to
Materials
Distilled
measure
greater
than
or
20000
other
clean
waters
and
method
less
sampling
than
follow
and
instructions
instructions
the
be
minimum
than
less
also
for use
of
meters.
that
the
ohm-cm.
No.
analysi3.
12
1000
resistivity
of
a
ohm-cm
8
weighing 2
will be needed
sieve
This should
be
soil
in the
sample
resentative
de-ionized
take
3 samples.
very
the
Notes
probe.
4
cases do not
testing
test
facturers
for inserting
Sledge
field
the
fully
resistivity.
all
Precautions
F.
Portable
ground
In
c.
A. Apparatus
taken
to
5
for
into
is
determined
laboratory
lbs.
which
a
sulfate
account
a
passes
SO4
in
field
Method No.
Test
2
October
643-C
Calif.
1972
sampling and is to be used for evaluating
of the environment
on the stability of normal
the
effect
Data
Recording
data in a
B.
Record
concrete.
Preparation
C.
PART
PRELIMINARY FIELD METHOD OF
DETERMINING
PH OF WATER SAMPLES
11.
Place
1.
tested
Scope
oratory
suitable
is
determining
for
for
use
pH
the
in
the
field or
water
of
lab-
samples.
Form
on
or
T-619.
of
teaspoonsful
paper cup.
2 teaspoonsful
of
the
to
be
water
to
soil
distilled
in the
cup.
soil
in
Disperse
3.
is
about
sample
the
Procedure
a 2-oz.
Add
2.
This method
rounded
2
into
notebook
field
Test Specimens
of
now ready
water by
The
stirring.
specimen
for testing.
im-be
se-E.
val-Follow
A. Apparatus
2
1.
or
oz.
jar beaker
pH
2.
and
wax paper
dry
meter
suitable
container
glass
e.g.
cup.
for either
or
field
Use
E.
laboratory
pH
standard
Record
solution
pH
of
Meter
with
provided
the
pH
Meter
the
to
pH
Determine
of
the
pH
Soil
with
provided
instructions
meter.
7.
Precautions
F.
Data
data
test
pH
instructions
pH
of
Follow
Recording
B.
the
meter.
testing.
3.
Standardization of
Follow
wide-mouth
larger
or
D.
Materials
man-ufacturers
Carefully follow
in a field notebook.
above
the
procedure
and
the
the
electrode
instructions.
Method
0.
Dip
1.
into
Dip
3.
Pour
sample
off
water
any
film
Follow
the
of
out
obtaining a
for
is
contents
on
the
mersed
to
pH
of
pH
PART
type
the
of
the
instructions
meter being
to
pH
Determine
of
Water
with
provided
Follow
type
the
meter
and
ing
chemical
observe
the
instructions
for
usual precautions
use
for
bottles.
B.
METHOD OF DETERMINING
Ill.
pH
OF
C.
suitable
is
for
use
in
determining
the
D.
samples.
2.
3.
4.
5.
and Materials
Paper cups
Teaspoon
or
Wash
pH
pH
bottle
meter
in
procedure
of
PART
or
soil
for
These
I.
culvert
determining
water
samples
resistivity
as
life
in
described
Resistivity
2.
Soil
2
oz.
wax coated
small
metal
containing
suitable
Standard
box
for
laboratory testing.
with resistivity meter.
suitable
for use
for details.
Sieve.
5.
Round tin pans. 12 diameter and
200 F. oven.
6.
One
balance
5
Kg.
2
deep.
capacity accurate
to
10
g.
Materials
or de-ionized
water.
Data
Recording
Form T-619
data on
Preparation of
rocks.
type.
sieve
scoop.
of
pH
laboratory
Only
is
to
Soil
or in notebook.
Samples
the natural material
be used
E. Measuring
distilled water.
for field or
solution
I
meter
calibrated
After thorough mixing of sample screen it through
If
the
moist to be
a No. 8 sieve.
sample is too
sieved it may be dried and crushed.
Do not crush
Procedure
A. Apparatus
the
in estimating
1.
Record
soil
RESISTIVITY
V.
Distilled
SOILS
Scope
1.
used
are
4.
flow.
of
covers
resistivity
indicated
See Figure
3.
No. 8
readings may be taken at any period other than
All waters which have a pH of less than 6
should be sampled for further analysis in one quart
pH
the
A. Apparatus
of
mak-
tests.
This method
of
Procedure
pH
PART
as
PART
Notes
flood
stabilization
METHOD OF DETERMINING
MINIMUM
minimum
ues
of
used.
manufacturers
the
the
period for the
5 minutes.
take
LABORATORY
IV.
lected
Precautions
F.
may
This method
the
Meter
waiting
reading
when
slurry leave the electrode
reading has stabilized. In some
the
used.
pH
pH
the
unstable
is
soil
Scope
with
provided
reading
in the
until
this
cases
sample.
surface
pH
the
immersed
is
to
Meter
instructions
meter being
Use
again
which
water
the
testing.
Standardizing
pH
into
rinse
the
before
container
and
pour
from container
to
contamination
2.
D.
wide-mouth
Swirl
tested.
avoid
If
Sampling
of
the
Quarter
passing No. 8
testing.
1.
7.
13
for the
the
or
Resistivity
split
material.
that
passes
Soil
Sample
the
No.
8
test.
of
out about
1300
grams
of
the
Method No.
Test
643-C
Calif.
2
1972
did
not
October
If
2.
dried add about 150 grams
1300
of
and
soil
grams
was
sample
water
the
distilled
of
thoroughly mix.
3.
After the soil sample is thoroughly mixed place
with
and
it
the
compact
moderate
compaction
fingers
4.
Measure
with
5.
100
in the
sufficient
is
the
the
Remove
the
from
grams
additional
of
the
the
of
box with
distilled
box
soil
to
water
until
the
by an
indicated
is
rinse
the
box
infinite
the
box and
soil
water
distilled
Record
add
and
compact
the
in
soil
Data
Recording
G.
meter.
data
notebook
in
Form
on
or
T-619.
about
H. Precautions
again
the
above
the
very
instructions
carefully.
soil
resistivity.
its
7.
Repeat
this
8.
If
resistivity
the
the
continue
de-ionized
or
thoroughly clean which
measurement.
Follow
and
Again
place
box and measure
in
resistivity
resistivity
thoroughly mix.
6.
water
distilled
infinite
is
accordance
in
soil
furnished with
soil
the
measure
box.
soil
resistivity
instructions
If
4.
the
to
PART
once more.
procedure
has not followed a
low resistivity and then an
of
the
ESTIMATING SERVICE
CULVERTS FROM TEST
V.
soil
OF
LIFE
METAL
DATA
cul-10.
re-of
trend
high
of
increase
in
resistivity
for
resistivity
gram
pacting
until
and measuring
minimum
the
preceding
the
continue
water
increments
the
to
distilled
add
to
soil
for
resistivity
is
about
in
of
Procedure
50
A.
complacing
each increment
mixing
resistivity
additions
water
of
If
the
and
compacting
resistivity
measuring
measured.
is
Record
soil
F.
cles
with
2.
value
test
at
resistivity
Measuring
1.
its
the
the
Thoroughly
and rinse the
any
soil
that
soil
is
of
Resistivity
clean
minimum value
a
the
box a
box with
a
District
If
infinite
the
distilled
resistivity
water
empty
of
all
of
soil
three
reports
from
verts
well
as
noted
parti-
values
in
Parts
method determine
test
to
perforation
in
which
include
and
observations
tests
as
test
the
data
District
A
times
water.
1.
water and
distilled
in
this
life
pH
the
described
as
from
the
the
shall
evaluation
be
of
of
data
existing
made and
the
Materials Report.
Water Sample
minimum
the
of
and
resistivity
obtained
years
on Figure II
obtained
sults
measure
resistivity.
3.
waters
Reporting
of
content.
box
soil
minimum
the
soils or
Chart shown
minimum value
the
moisture
distilled or de-ionized
Fill the
until
the
II III and IV
estimated service
obtained.
sample was not dried begin the test procedure by adding
50 grams of water in lieu of 150
above in 1. Continue to add 50 gram
grams specified
increments
of
water
followed by
mixing
placing
9.
Calculations
Using
the
soil
soil
box
box
water fill with the test water
measure
then record the measured
value.
its
of
2.
measures
distilled
Field Method
of
It.
F. Stratfull.
P.
held
Life
It.
F.
256
Detecting
Corrosive Soil
Proc. 15th Calif.
Street
at
U.C.L.A.
Jan. 24-26
158.
End
14
Method
Field Test
for
Service
Estimating
Metal Culverts
by J. L. Beaton
and
Highway Research
Board
Vol.
41 P.
Conference
resistivity
REFERENCE
California
of Text
on
Calif.
643C
of
Corrugated
Proc.
Stratfull.
1962.
By
Highway
Conditions.
and
1963
I.T.T.E.
Test
October
Method No.
2
643-C
Calif.
1972
Note
Stainless
20
3
Steel
Electrodes
Go.
ýy
4
TOP VIEW
2M
6
FRONT
ý--4-f
2
END
VIEW
4
Material
Bottom-I
Ends -
PC.
62
4f
2 Pcs.
2
Pcs.
6
Electrodes
-2
Pcs.
2
8-32
Sides
Ea.
-
No.
Machine
Steel
Screw
Washer
x
x
20
4
With
a
4
11x
13x
x
Plastic
42x
x
4
Ga.
Stainless
Round
Head
Rubber
Steel
Stainless
Washer
a
BOX FOR LABORATORY
I
RESISTIVITY
15
6x 14
Steel
Stainless
Nut.
FIGURE
SOIL
VIEW
DETERMINATION
CHART
ENVIRONMENT
GREATER THAN 7.3
pH OF
YEARS
40
LESS
c0
130
Z
O
1138
NORMALLY
14
12
10
8
FACTOR
1.3
1.8
2.3
2.8
20
GAGE.
LL
W
pH
001
/1
rOý
MULTIPLY YEARS TO
PERFORATION
BY FACTOR
IN
Loglo
0.168
GAGE
FOR INCREASE
.
RESISTIVITY
ENVIRONMENT
THAN 7.3
0.0790.109
NORMALLY
R0.41
YEARS 17.24Log10R-Logl02160-2490
THICK.-IN.
O
1.84
R MINIMUM
50
pH OF
w
YEARS
OF METAL CULVERTS
ESTIMATING
TO PERFORATION
a
J
U
FOR
METAL
o0oo
00000
00
000
00.
t-oooo
loo
o
ooolý
Ole
oo/
41
1-11-10
ooooý
.0
o
ooo
oxvv
/
0000
.
00
00.0
-lo
10000
0000
00
11-100
0000
10
F-
oo
5
W
oooe
0
10
00
1000
100
MINIMUM
10000
R-ohm cm
RESISTVITY
FIGURE
II
100000
OFFICE NEWS
WASHINGTON
TECHNOLOGICAL IMPROVEMENTS
H. T. Taylor
Assistant Director
EDT PROGRAM EVAL UATION
During
week
the
Development
determine
met
Centers
level
its
of response
personnel
for
field
to
staffs
Office
budgeting
problems
NFS
were Russ McRorey
of
EDT
the
Mike
Management
Administrative
the
Equipment
Program and
with
to
development
and Sterling Wilcox
Howlett
provided
guidance and advice on
discussed
Services
purchasing
agreements
and Budget advised on budgeting procedures.
and
procurement
Neal Smith from Program
and cooperative
contracts
Directors
to evaluate
discussed the Centers problems associated
Bowen
Blaine
Assistant
needs.
Engineering Georgia Sherman of Personnel
personnel
and
Directors
planning and communications.
Office participants
Washington
the
Washington
the
in
The San Dimas and Missoula
projects
12
January
of
Development
PROGRAM PLANNING
The Equipment
planned
considerable
organized
will
is
Centers
transport
engineering
job to
FY
and
1976-Transition
Burbank and Mike Lambert
be completed and approved
have been received by the
The
by Farnum
of
FY
1977
will
WO-EDG
be
with
assistance from the staffs at both Centers.
The new program
information
and Test Program for
Development
and formally
Centers
from Regions
30
by June
and
staff
sponsoring
will
reflect
units
and
the
field
that
inputs
units.
That
the basis for a program that meets the Chiefs goals.
currently
systems
staffs
at
are applying
and
are
their capabilities
working
with
the
to
new
San Dimas and Missoula have technical
apply their skills and experience
to develop
areas such as solar
problems
of
Technology
skills in
the equipment
many
and cable
energy
Transfer.
disciplines
and techniques
it is
that will
fill
The
their
your
needs.
Are they meeting the challenge
cooperation the Centers
will
of helping
continue
you to solve your problems Let them
to give you a meaningful
know
With
and responsive program.
your
OPERATIONS
Harold L. Strickland
Assistant Director
VISITOR
INFORMATION MAPS
In recent years the public has
areas most of these requests
more and more information
requested
are for visitor
on recreation
facilities
and
maps. In meeting these demands
information-type
problems have developed.
several
and
Visitor Maps available throughout
the Forest Service are highly variable in content
Because of increasing costs some Regions have started charging for maps and a majority
of other Regions have expressed the need to charge
for these maps. Considerable
interest
has
Forest
scale.
been shown
in
Service has initiated
Forest
several
To determine whether we have
the
credit
requested.
have developed
Fiscal and
the basic
manual
appropriate
The
guidelines for the
Visitor Information
Recreation
supplements.
is
be ready shortly for review by the Chief and
Visitor Information
Forest
Map
Visitor
Guide
can be conveniently
Forest
recreational
developments
The
7 U.S.C.
to
with the
series
Forest
will
to
was
1387 the FS may
from the
proceeds
of
sale
provide
to
Map
distribution.
to
will
Visitor Guide
Visitor
fit
develop
detailed information
Information
National
map
final
package
Guide.
pocket
and
Recreation
it
will
generally be
at
areas.
18
management
a scale of 1/2
Forests National
will
Wildernesses
a price which
for
The map
carry information
Areas
public awareness of resource
on National
and the
or guides
to the public at no charge.
a shirt
will
effort
and have prepared the
Map
Map and
be available to the public
This
maps
Forest
to
Maps
this
coordinating
consist of four
be provided
and the Office of Information
staff.
Forest
opportunities
and topics
Visitor
printing and
is
folded
Management
Accounting
Regional
that
maps
or purchase the
Wilderness
The
pursuant
that
OGC
maps.
Engineering Recreation
will
make
used to
the
the proceeds
from the Office of the General Counsel
our opinion
is
and deposit
Visitor Maps
to sell Forest
an opinion
was It
response
In order to get on top of these problems
actions.
authority
appropriation
OGCs
the appropriation
credit
such
of the
mini-map.
a pocket-size
providing
Recreation
will
inch
be of a
size
on National
Trails
VIS
objectives.
recover the cost of
to
the mile
Areas and
special
and
its
will
interest
The
Wilderness
Map
will
be available
2000
generally be at a scale
of
areas within
Forest
National
Forests
the
Purchase
and
Forest
for
Region
will
and
will
depict
The map
basis.
will
on Wilderness
detailed information
be available to the public
National
including
Wilderness
Units
other
any
at
no charge.
National
Forests
and Primitive Areas
and
headquarters
District
the public on a similar cost-recovery
boundaries.
The Regional Information Guide
information
to
to the inch
feet
Land
pertinent
It will give
Grasslands
Areas
Utilization
recreation
or
general
Experimental
use
Regional
restriction
information.
CHANGES TO FEBRUARY FIELD NOTES
Volume
Number
8
2
OPERATIONS GEOMETRONICS
Correct
the last paragraph
of this
Should you desire additional
Unit
itself
please
page 15
article
read as follows
on these topics
information
submit your
to
to
request
or on the Geometronics Development
Geometronics
the
Engineering
Staff
Washington
Office.
TECHNOLOGICAL IMPROVEMENTS FOREST SERVICE GETS BRASS AT FCCC
Correct
If
the last paragraph
you want
Regional
more
Office
Development
of this
information
Bridge
Engineer
in
article
on
system
this
Engineer
page 13
or
the Washington
to
read as follows
please
Engineering
contact
ADP
the
Coordinator
Office 703/FTS-235-8024.
19
appropriate
people
or
the
in
your
Systems
CONSULTATION
Charles
STANDARDS
Weller
R.
Assistant Director
NEW LASER RANGE POLE
We
have
just
received
the first model.
DKM2
on a
make
the
new
new
increased
arrows
as
systems
operation
instead
to
lighter.
The
The
to
operate
with
indications
are in the
when
field
the
and are more
transmitters
improve
DKM3.
of the
reliable
its
This
now
receiver
well as an auto gate signal for ease
problems experienced
First
units.
in
are that this system
and working
A
delineating
is
well and
a unit comes to your area.
20
suggest
light
to six
laser
center
you make
it
to
directional
filtering
system
miles at night.
light
eliminated.
superior in all respects
we
is
improved components
new
the
speed-up locating the
lights
It
different-colored
and from two
with the old unit have been virtually
centering
other
has
the same as
now mounted
are basically
performance.
and
of operation.
the range from one to three miles in daylight
incorporated
column.
Frame
units about 30
pounds
units are easier
false light
two new Laser Range Pole
has been redesigned
receiver
Theodolite
and gate lights
has
The
of the
the
a point
source.
The
The
The
directional
laser
to see
light
The
them in
old model.
TO READERS OF
INVITATION
FIELD NOTES
Every reader
short
article
Material
respective
would
you
FIELD NOTES
for
like
the
to
Regional Office
submitted may vary
should be typed
to
that the
see
to
news
items
Each
Region
and
has an Information
and material
for
sentences
FSM
Coordinator
The
Bill
McCabe
R-4
Ted Wood
Allen Groven
R-5
Jim
R-3
Bill
R-6
Kjell Bakke
R-8
Ernest Quinn
should direct questions
Office
or glossy
submit both
are
Coordinators
R-2
Coordinators
Washington
should
personnel
accurate
pages however
typewritten
field
by the
of material
length
should be original drawings
R- 1
Strohschein
The
submitted to the
whom
to
be reviewed
timely technically
7113.
several
to
all illustrations
publication.
current
is
material
All
should
publication
Service-wide
are preferred.
double-spaced
and white photos.
short
for
information
engineers
from several
black
questions
engineers
Service
Office
Washington
informative and of interest
or
with
you have a news item or
we invite you to submit it to
If
publication.
submitted
short articles
share
to
FIELD NOTES.
of an article for
author
a potential
is
McCoy
R-9
Norbert Smith
R-10
Bill
WO
concerning format
editing
Vischer
Al Colley
publishing
dates
and other
problems to
Forest
USDA
Service
Engineering Staff
Attn Gordon
L.
Washington
Rome
Washington D.C.
publication
is
distributed from the
and Area Headquarters.
Office
sent
Manager
or the
to your office.
If
are
you
Regional
Copies
of
not
Editorial Services
703-235-8198
Washington
now
issues
Office
receiving
Information
back
Wright
20250
Telephone Area Code
This
Office
or Rita E.
a copy
Coordinator
are
also
directly
to
available
to all Regional
and would
increase
the
from the
one
number
like
Washington
Station
ask
your
of copies
Office.
21
GPO 901-775