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111111h.-
Field
A
I
71
1-f
Bridge
How
t
Stream
Stakeout
.
Reinvention
Pollution
Pioneering
Washington
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Notes
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FIELD NOTES
BRIDGE STAKEOUT
Allan A. Johnson
By
Civil
Engineer Rogue River
National
Forest
INTRODUCTION
A
good bridge stakeout
An
bridge.
inspectors
stakeout
accurate
as
will
is
one of the
stakeout
well-laid-out
well as the bridge
do much to
can
contractor
aid
the project engineer
how
and
why
a
and
Such
the bridge.
successfully completing
in
of lines and grades needed for various
allow rapid establishment
This article will discuss the
the bridge.
and most important items needed to construct
first
a
of
elements
of a good bridge stakeout.
PROCEDURE
Office Preparation.
far
better to
First
become
waste valuable
could
make
a thorough
review
office
familiarwith the plans in the office
crew
stakeout
time.
Items
How
to check
of the plans for the bridge.
than to do so
in
the office
in
It
is
the field which
review
are
center-lines
1.
stationing
Centerline
control
What road
2.
lines
does
the bridge
stationing
points are in and referenced
stationing
needed bridge reference
of the
points.
and stationing
Reference
tie
into the road
and can be used to
lines
establish
are the longitudinal
or abutments.
piers
Distances
between
reference
lines at 90 degrees
to reference
lines
well as
as
abut-ments.
along bridge
centerline
for skewed
3.
Skew
4.
Bench marks.
angles between
What
bridges.
bridge
centerline and reference
lines
for piers and
bench marks that can be used to
are the closest
establish
grades and elevations for the bridge
Editors
at
many
Note
sites
Mr.
Johnson
as the
the staking provided
has described
a
good method
topography and road alinement
for the contractor
for a bridge stakeout.
become
will also control
1
the
more complicated.
Variations
will
Regional policy
amount and method of
staking.
be necessary
concerning
stake-out
After
5.
above items have been determined
the
all
Use the bridge
plan.
and centerline
reference
survey and
the stakeout
These should be placed
points.
maximum
of
also
prepare
a tentative
determine the most advantageous
plan to help
site
in
for
locations easily accessible
during
accessibility
bridge
location
bridge
during
Try to
construction.
and locate
stake-out.
what areas the bridge
envision
survey
Field
out
points
of these
We
Stakeout.
Make
1.
normal survey
sure
complexity and
Forest
ready
in
the field
you have
equipment
size
will
need to disturb during
construction
areas.
now
of importance
Items
the
are
contractor
all
to proceed to the bridge
site
make
to
the bridge
work are
needed equipment to perform the bridge survey.
to perform an accurate
survey
of the bridge but the following
is
Accuracy
needed.
will
All
vary with
would be needed for an average
Service bridge
20-second
transit
Engineers
level
100-foot
Tension
as
and
a minimum theodolite
level
rod needed only
bench marks need relocation
chain
scale
Thermometer
and clamps for chain
to compute
Supply of hubs and guard
temperature corrections
stakes
Hollow-head survey tacks 8d
Ribbon
preferred
if
nails
and marking pens for stakes
Mall
8-pound
Axe
or machete
Three plumb bobs
Hand
level
Engineers 6-foot
Notebook
After
2.
to
make
should
the bridge
be checked
reference
lines
established
Fig.
to record
arriving
by
at
stakeout.
stakeout
bridge
Stationing
all
chaining
points from original
survey
on road centerline points and bench
points before
points of intersection
for piers and abutments.
accurate
data
site locate
against other survey
First establish
3.
rule
On
line
1
bridge
2
elevations
in Fig.
1.
and/or road centerline and
The
reference
from the road and station points located
1.
mark
using them.
between
No.
that will be used
in
lines
2 above.
are
See
At one of the end
4.
up
points set
60 0000
the
Then
of the
in
These hubs
4.
At
1.
Fig.
angles should
two
least
also
On
6.
will
and
centerline.
and an accurate
be double turned
to the
angle
other side
for accuracy.
locations on the reference
to reference
lines
line
line
lines.
need to be
established
line
Line No.
2 and Line
in
No. 3
These
established.
be doubled.
the 90-degree
We now
7.
90-degree
and centerline intersection
the turned
be used to turn 90-degree angle
lines
to reference
have
at
least
established
line
Place hubs at
to each pier and abutment.
angle distance
from
be by double centering
should
lines
the reference
angle should
line
Establish hubs at advantageous
5.
item
the reference
project
This
centerline.
or abutment reference
minimum the
As a
in Fig. 1.
split obtained.
pier
and turn the angle between
transit
above
5
in
each of these
chain the right
points.
on each reference
three points established
These
line.
are
dis-crepancy
the intersection
in
We now
6 above.
they dont
If
up.
point between
running
one
on
points
recheck each
within
All reference
line.
set
right
line
and bridge
up on each reference
set
up
noted but
is
the same
can
line
reference
acceptable
should
lines
line until
line
centerline and the points established
and check the points to see
the error
is
located.
accuracy adjust the hub tacks so
be checked
in this
of points on the bridge centerline and reference
angles to the reference
good check on the accuracy
lines
of your turned
is
By
when
the
check
all
advantage
line
of
and other
you have
so
doing
is
they
points are on
intersection
line
readily apparent.
angles
The
manner.
if
only a slight
If
made on
a
the three
construc-tion
points.
re-corded
When
8.
reference
all
have been established
should
in
in
hub can
and tack
Draw
1.
if
the guard
between
stakes are lost.
rough sketch of the stakeout
distances
angles
description
each point on reference
can be to the nearest
The
distances
points should
temperature corrections
etc.
of survey stakes and points should
should
be drawn
should
also
be
also
lines
This
foot.
in
is
done
be
the field
be recorded
made
i.e.
hub
etc.
Bridge
Figure
A
A
the distances
The measurement
be located
the field book.
All measured
the field book.
as in
still
and centerline points necessary to control the
and checked
be measured and recorded.
so that the
book.
lines
Stakeout.
The
checking
stakeout
the
A
drawing
stakeout
be given a thorough
drawing of the bridge stakeout
is
should
useful both for the construction
against the bridge
plan.
The
stakeout
check to see that they are compatible.
3
now
be made
survey
as
shown
to follow
as
in
well
and bridge plans should
Our bridge
construction
involved
stakeout
is
now
to proceed.
complete
Enough
referenced
copies of the bridge
with the project can have one.
Contractor Survey
and documented.
stakeout
This would include
Crew etc.
4
We
should
are
now
ready for
be made so anyone
Project Engineer
Inspector
BM
ELEV.
8
POT 76
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o
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ROAD
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6 SPIKE ON TREE ROOT
STATION TACK IN HUB
MARK
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Figure
1.
- Rogue
River
5
21.93
Bridge
Stakeout
DOUGLAS
OF STA 70
FIR
80
100
HOW TO STOP REINVENTION OF
THE WHEEL
By
A. L. Colley
Coordinator Washington
Information
Office
rrmrn
P
I\
b
e
9
If
our friend Charlie
over the hill and had access
just
Unfortunately
it.
maker were
the wheel
If
he
is
did call he could
call
his
immediate problem and
for assistance and could
reinventing
avoid
save himself a lot of
to it he could
aware only of
he knew who to
only aware of the experience
the
wheel
is
time
ý
and technology
effort and money.
doing the best he can with
get down-to-earth
practical
when he
help
and get on to bigger and better things.
admin-istrative
Have
you reinvented
the
wheel lately
highly complex and decentralized
problems of a
on your District
in
somewhere
common
your Zone
If
not you
engineering
nature
are probably a rare
organization
continually
on your Forest or
pop up.
in
If
not
In our
technical and
the problem has not occurred
your Region
and
exception.
numerous
it
is
a good bet that
somewhere
it
has
the world.
some-thing
publica-tions.
surfaced
We
cannot do a
information
contact
with
lot
else
within
sources through
local
the Forest
Service
if
at
least
about the worlds solutions to problems except
our Washington
Office Technical
sources technical publications
about sharing Forest
and
Service solutions through
6
self
in
to access reliable
Information Center
study.
We can however
the full use of our Engineering
technical
direct
do
A
conservative
estimate
we
indicates that
are spending
excess
in
of $625000
per year in
plea-sure
manpower
alone
project failures
by
others
each
duplicating
The
efforts.
or shortcomings conceivably
this
costs in materials
amount
equipment and
where solutions
hav-ing
are developed through
trial
and perhaps
annually
and
a lot more.
triple
If this
error.
is
During a recent
of meeting approximately 150 engineers
of
their
respective
technology
organizations.
The group
transfer.
to reinvent
wheel
field
was that they
consensus
technicians
part to explore
in
felt
$1.8
losing
two Regions
trip to
and engineering
The purpose was
especially
estimate we are
a valid
million
had the
I
from
all levels
of
the general issue
they were to some extent
simply because they had no way of knowing
who
neigh-bors
the
had come up against
organization
and discovered
adjoining Forest
two
where
of someone from the
presence
problem had been resolved by
that the identical
the
his
years ago.
Applying engineering
from within
our
information.
own
Unfortunately
it
We have
else
is
On
job.
all
when
ETR
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Editor
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EFN 2 Engineering
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These are
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publications
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it
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These are
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Therefore
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Reports
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There was one incident
particular problems.
their
cited a problem he was working
an individual
else
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to a couple
commenting
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7
of pages.
on published
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A
4.
Here you can
or two
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Readers Exchange.
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In
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and phone number
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May
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or are seeking information
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others
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June
in
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Items
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in
appear
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organiza-tional
By
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set
benefit in return in the form of personal
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This publication
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Engineering
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Somehow
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meaningful
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Next time you
series
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we have
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You
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Coordinator.
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a format for
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of some
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8
The
will
all
see for the first time around
engineering
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edition
materials which
will
materials produced
be
in
do
four parts
by Region
5
for
person-nel
This
medium
an excellent opportunity
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unit or have experienced
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In the latter
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illustrative
may be necessary however
It
for
place
and that does not meet
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If
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the place to share
is
a good
also
is
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you have
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re-typed
During the past year we have had a steady growth
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With limited
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reserva-tions
If
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prepare
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for
all
minimize our duplicative
greater opportunities
efforts.
for individual
Lets stop the reinvention
coordinators
of our Engineering
By
growth
will actively
seek
publications
doing so on a collective
increased
of the wheel.
9
out
identify
and
we can without
basis
we
can
production and substantial
create
savings.
STREAM POLLUTION CONTROL
DURING ROADWAY CLEARING PIONEERING AND CULVERT
INSTALLATION OPERATIONS
By
Pearson
Larry
Wallowa-Whitman
Forest
National
environ-mental
One of
protection
1972
In
that of controlling stream
is
the Wallowa-Whitman
on approximately
Anthony
fish in
the engineer with todays
the problems facing
The
Lakes.
the John
construction
National
Day
drainage
disclosed
in
contains
also
construction.
Oregon began construction
northeastern
timberaccess
from roadway
roads in the Trail Creek drainage
of native
an abundance
that previously acceptable
near
grounds for anadromous
one of the more important spawning
is
basin and
River
pollution resulting
Forest
miles of single-lane
11
ever-increasing emphasis on
construction
trout.
Initial
resulted
techniques
dur-ing
in
activity
measured sediment
in a
level
To
of sediment placed in the streams
by
eliminate the need for heavy equipment
clearing and pioneering
the clearing
and culvert
work.
installation
and vehicles to ford the streams repeatedly
temporary
operations
water sampler and Turbidimeter
Something had to be done to control the
high to be tolerated.
the streams that was too
amount
measured
by use of automatic
stream
crossing pads were used.
12-inch minimum diameter were bolted
Heavy
to form
perma-nent
timbers and/or
the
logs
12- x 16-foot pads.
fastened
culverts
Twelve
pads
were
met
in
to provide
together
equipment was allowed
Construction
in order to place the pads
position.
the length
and/or
The
together
to ford the streams one time
At longer stream crossings
needed.
cabled
pads were
two or more pads were
left in
the
place until
installed.
the needs
for the entire
11
miles of construction
by moving them
along
appli-cable
with
the clearing
and pioneering
by
one crossing to another
$750 each cost included
dragging
initial
as
it
from
The pads were transported
The
of
the
tractors.
cost
pads was
progressed.
them with
fabricating
on the job site and
transportation
pads
activity
crawler
maintenance or periodic replacement
final
removal from the project
site.
as
Use of the
resulted in no measurable increase in the sediment level of the streams during
construction
activity.
In order to control
of the streams was
See Figure
sedimentation
pumped
1
for photographs showing the
during
past the
work
the installation
site.
of permanent culverts
Immediately
10
pads
after
initial
in use.
the temporary
the
flow
crossing
pads were removed
the
culvert inlet and a rock
outlet.
A pump
and hoses
bedding work began
sediment
level
splash basin
until
occurred
Costs for the bypass
basin was
kept
briefly
pumping
in
constant
work was
backfilling
just
varied
constructed
was constructed
were then used to transport
The pump was
to the splash basin.
in
and rock catch
a sandbag
after
in
flow
The
initial
only measurable
turned
somewhat depending on
from the catch
from the time
operation
completed.
bed above
the stream
the stream bed below the culvert
the stream
stream flow was
in
into the
new
basin
culvert
increase
culvert.
the site size of stream
con-siderably
but averaged
pumping
plus compensation
less
See
approximately $700 per
Figure
cost included
installation
for reserve
pump required.
had the work been part of the
2 for photographs of bypass
original
bid
pumping in
use.
The
all
work
etc.
relevant to bypass
cost would no doubt be
rather than
a change order item.
main-tenance
The
preceding
methods
of stream pollution control have proven quite
of these methods or modifications
of
delicate
natural stream
of them
conditions
is
highly
is
recommended
essential.
11
in
successful.
areas where
The
use
F
-
Condition
of
natural
above the stream
stream
crossing
immediately
pad.
wxýaat
-ýiýýs
4
of
Y
t
.k
Condition
crossing
of stream
pad.
immediately
No damage
below
done to stream.
Overall
view of crossing pad
on right is for
Figure
1.
- Pads
12
in
Use
later
use at
in
use.
Pad
another crossing.
b
A
%
iwý
a
of catch
basin
culvert
Pump
just out
i
on
Close-up
bed
of rock
below
culvert
splash basin
in
above
Construction
inlet.
right.
Culvert
hand corner
is
bed
is
in
of
upper
site
right
of photo.
stream
outlet.
Overall
K
Note
to
view of rock
lack of stream
pumping.
of stream
Figure
2.
- Bypass Pumping
13
is
splash basin
sedimentation
Sedimentation
from natural
in use.
due
on far side
causes.
WASHINGTON OFFICE DIVISION OF ENGINEERING NEWS
TECHNOLOGICAL IMPROVEMENTS
Heyward
T. Taylor
of Engineering
Assistant Director
re-ceived
Equipment
and Development
The
Equipment
annual
FY 73-74
Publications
has been published.
and
filled
for some
700
Since
have
of
publication
this
also
for
report requests have been
Approximately 150 copies
Reports and Equip Tips.
been requested.
of the annual Plans and Progress are
issued since the publication
publications
Equip
the
EDT
of specifications and standards
EDT
and Test Program Progress and Plans publication
Development
Tips
A
Helicopter
Microphor
Model
New Look
2300 SDEDC
H-12 Flush Toilet Treatment Unit
in
2-
Protection
Hearing
-
January 1974
-
2300 SDEDC
1974
February
The
Serviced Toilet System
and 4-Quart
for Off-road
Canteens
Vehicle
-
5100
Operators
MEDC
-
February 1974
7100 SDEDC March
1974
EDT Reports
Sound Propagation
March
and Annoyance Under
Forest
Conditions
-
7120-6
SDEDC
1974
2300-004
Specifications
Cleaning
Unit
Rest
Room
Slip-on
FS
Cleaning
Unit
Rest
Room
Slip-on
for 1/2-Ton
Spec.
2300-003 SDEDC
Pickup Truck FS Spec.
SDEDC
Compass Magnetic
Unmounted FS
14
Spec.
5100-100a
MEDC
Screw Tip
Nozzle
inch FS Spec.
/2
1-1
Nozzle Tips Straight Stream and Spray FS Spec.
Forest
Gloves Leather
Signs Sheet
Worker
FS
Flat FS Spec.
Metal
SDEDC
5100-242a
Spec.
5100-244 SDEDC
6170-5a
7160-0010
MEDC
MEDC
5100-00190
Standards
Lugs Connections
Threads Gaskets and Rocker
Fittings
Hose
Fire
SDEDC
Belt Weather Kit Assembly
Of 5100-150b
MEDC
Modular Airborne Fire Fighting System
EDT
in
both
personnel
to slip
The
rice
This
Center are becoming
quite involved
award and production of the Modular Airborne
is
a 3000-gallon fire retardant drop system designed
A
contract
has been let at approximately $1.4
rice
seriously affected
which responded to the request for
by
MEDC
100100
acres in 8 days.
Ernest
by
and
The
Forest
Jim Larkin
in
The team
using two
Service team receiving the
Leader
MEDC
MEDC
R-4
Marsalis
in
emergency
Award.
The
MEDC
15
spraying
Pakistan
history in August
1973
could
spray systems
Air Force C-47 aircraft
MEDC
Tony Jasumback
Lynn
installed
Amundsen Team
John Cavill
Service
by infestation of rice stem borer which
food supply.
the countrys
designed
Superior
assistance
the most disastrous floods in recorded
further threatened
and
built
a Departmental
received
crop
damaged
remaining crop was
Award
Receives
Service team
Pakistan
crop was
the San Dimas
at
of these systems.
Team
Service
Forest
of the
and
Air Force C-130 aircraft.
million for seven
Forest
MAFFS.
System
in to
WO
aspects of contracting
the engineering
Fire Fighting
the
in
previously
successfully sprayed
award consisted
the
have
of
OPERATIONS
Harold
L.
Strickland
Assistant Director
pro-grams.
out-put.
follow-ing
Energy Conservation
We
are
now aware
In fact
that the energy
we
can
crisis
say that fuel
To minimize program impact
than
program
real
and
were developed
as
it
does have a direct
a program input
we have to manage
During our Fleet Equipment
ever before.
criteria
is
is
which
this
program input
in
program
affects
directly
Work Conference
guides to help us conserve
impact on our
fuel
February
energy and continue
better
the
to meet
our
objectives.
Fleet Composition
1.
Analyze vehicle replacements
2.
Increase
possible to get better
and use smaller vehicles where
carrying vehicle
passenger
fleet
and reduce
gas mileage.
3.
Replace 4x4 vehicles with 4x2
4.
Manual
5.
Eliminate
air
6.
Eliminate
mountain
7.
Use
8.
Use fan
9.
Use
vehicles.
transmission in lieu of automatic.
radial
conditioning.
terrian
differential.
tires.
clutches.
solid-state
10.
Use minimum
11.
Eliminate
ignition
size
energy
systems.
engines.
consuming
optional
16
equipment.
light
possible.
truck
fleet
where
Maintenance
1.
and
Service Standards
Engine tune-up
12000
every
miles or annually
2.
Periodic oil and oil filter changes.
3.
Periodic air and fuel
4.
Inflate
5.
General
6.
Prompt maintenance
7.
Properly adjusted
8.
Keep
engine compartment
9.
Keep
radiator
filter
whichever occurs
changes.
to proper air pressure.
tires
lubrication.
engine
if
oil excessively.
brakes.
clean.
with clean coolant.
filled
10.
Proper front-end alignment.
11.
Vehicle
12.
Drive
loading
consumes
relative
to gross vehicle
weight.
correctly.
Driver Improvement
1.
Employee
2.
Do
3.
Application
attitude
not exceed 50
positive
acceptance.
mph speed
of driver
Conservative
acceleration
b.
Avoid
engine.
1
2
fuel.
at
start.
stopped over one minute turn engine
properly dont lug the engine.
c.
Shift
d.
Anticipate
traffic
vehicles.
and deceleration.
Proper engine warm-up
If
for Government
to conserve
techniques
a.
idling
limit
signals.
17
off.
first.
tools and supplies.
payload to job avoid carrying unnecessary
Match
4.
maintain-ing
5.
If
possible
travel
low-density
at
With the help of every individual
and operating
doing his part in
to support
necessary equipment
our program objectives will be
met
at
periods.
traffic
work
and programming
planning
our work projects
a reduced rate
we
are confident
that
of energy.
of consumption
AND STANDARDS
CONSULTATION
C. R.
Weller
of Engineering
Assistant Director
of Blasters
Certification
pro-cedure
An amendment
and
certification.
will
coordinate
for
on reducing
can
safe
the
6179.19
summary
In
is
the
due to be published
amendment
training and certification
Regional
Forester approval
number
of personnel
be maintained and on
coding
handling
blaster
blaster
training
examiner
blaster examiners and blasters.
materials
explosives
to
is
covered.
also
that level
at
who
A
The emphasis is
which competency
materials to those that have been proven to be
procedures
Structure Inventories
forms for inventorying
An amendment
to
FSH
to include
7709.11
results
is
bridges
now
Booklet
and major
culverts
being processed
of the bridge
inventories with other data gathering
Mr.
of explosive
1974 covering
July
require a regional
for the forest
explosive
restricting
will
in
and to those materials for which training has been accomplished.
Transportation
The
FSM
to
will
be
available
in
July
1974.
to update the existing inventorying
safety inspection program and to coordinate
the
efforts.
on Retracement and Corner Evidence
Don Lappala
land surveyor
on the Ottawa
National
18
Forest has written
a most informative
booklet
entitled
be helpful
remaining corner
If
you
Retracement and Evidence
to anyone
Land Surveys.
of making
The booklet
retracements
will
and evaluating
evidence.
are interested
please write
Engineering 633 W. Wisconsin
for information
of Public
interested in the techniques
or copies
to
Mr.
Vic
Hedman
Avenue Milwaukee
of this excellent work.
19
USDA
Wisconsin
Forest
53203
Service
Phone
Division
of
414-224-3570