ENGINEERING
TECHNICAL
FIELD
DATA RETRIEVAL
INFORMATION.
SYSTEM
New
5
Number
Developments
Status
REPORTS
TEXTS
CURRENT AWARENESS
Notes
l
Volume
TECHNICAL
NOTES
of Federal
in
Dam
11
November
1973
Concrete
Safety
Inspections
Washington Office
Division
of
Engineering
News
i4s
1
FOREST
SERVICE
U.S.
DEPARTMENT
OF AGRICULTURE
FIELD
ENGINEERING
newsletter
is a monthly
publication
ideas of a technical
or administrative
This
and
text
in
this
must
not
be
or
policy
This
publication
as
represents
recommended
FSM
references.
construed
except
by
of
type
should
read
each
to
Forest
personal
opinions
of
approved
procedures
be
information
Service
The
personnel.
respective author
the
and
mandatory instructions
because
However
exclusively for engineers.
all
and engineering technicians
engineers
of
publication
the
in
among
issue.
This
from
distributed
is
publication
and Area
Station
one
intended
not
is
publication
material
the
to exchange engineering
published
nature
the
or
NOTES
If
Headquarters.
the
you
Washington
are not now
Office
to
directly
all
and
a
Regional
would
copy
Coordinator to
receiving
like
increase
the
Office Manager or the Regional
Information
Copies of
Use Form 7100-60
for this purpose.
number of copies
sent to your office.
Office and can be ordered
on Form
back
from the Washington
issues
are also available
ask
your
7100-60.
should
be reviewed
submitted
to the Washington
Office for publication
by the
is current
timely technically
respective Regional Office to see that the information
Service-wide FSM 7113.
The
informative and of interest to engineers
accurate
to several
of material
submitted may vary from several
sentences
typewritten
length
Office
short articles
items are preferred.
The Washington
or news
pages.
However
All
material
will edit
for grammar
submitted to the Washington Office should be
only.
Material
typed double-spaced
and white
photos.
Each
has
Region
questions and
Coordinators
to
Fran
an
and
all
Coordinator to
Information
material
for publication.
R-I
Bob
R-2
Allen
R-3
Dan
The
be
original
whom field
R-6
R-8
Groven
R-I0
Ron Pokrandt
Bill Vischer
R-5
Jim
WO
Al
questions
Division
of
Owsley Editor
concerning
Engineering
submit
both
Kjell Bakke
Ernest
Quinn
Roper
Fleet Stanton
McCoy
should
glossy black
are
R-4
R-9
or
drawings
personnel
Coordinators
Hinshaw
direct
should
should
illustrations
format
Forest
Colley
editing
Service
dates etc.
publishing
USDA
Washington
D.
C.
Depart-ment
Agricul-ture
20250.
monthly newsletter is published
of Agriculture--Forest Service
This
assumes
other
than
no
its
The
use
the
reader.
of
Such
firm
use
or
does
endorsement
of
may
which
be
distribution
its
or
suitable.
approval
retirees
interpretation
names
corporation
not constitute
an
recommendation
others
for the
responsibility
own employees.
trade
for
and
of
is
or
for the
official
any
to
employees of
The
only.
use
of
this
information
evaluation
product
or
the
U.
S.
Department of
service
information
and
by
convenience
conclusion
to
the
exclusion
of
FIELD NOTE
NEW DEVELOPMENTS
By Maximil
CONCRETE
IN
Grietens
Engineer Region
Structural
At the recent
convention of the American Concrete
presentations
of papers on
Fibrous Concrete were
Use
with
structures.
These topics are discussed in the balance
in
may be
concrete
EXPANSIVE
cracks and drying shrinkage
common
If this
Of
cracks.
and troublesome.
contraction
induced which can cause cracking
is
In a discussion
compensating for
stresses
concrete
virtually
free
Portland
cement.
of the concrete
steel
required
by
of
Such
such
code.
cement
this
it
is
of concrete
Service
sort
of
cracks such
as
it
concretes
gives
types drying shrinkage
as
the
due to the evolution of the
follows
Much
plastic
structures contract
that tensile
stresses
are
has been done in the field of
not adequate because
it
type of cracking.
a cement
standard
was shown that a simple method of
makes
This
it
possible to produce
method
reinforced
involves
using a modified
1
during
setting
with minimum shrinkage
of such cements
principal property
Portland
change upon drying.
promise of controlling shrinkage
restrained elements
The
Forest
and/or control of drying shrinkage
due to drying shrinkage
as in
in
of having some
the rise
restrained
always undergoes a negative volume
of expansive
and
Structural
this article.
these various
of the concrete.
This has helped to a degree but
concrete
the attending
All concrete
research and development toward elimination
cement
Polymers in Concrete
experience
temperature falls to the ambient value following
heat of hydration.
cracks.
of
the
cracks cracks resulting from temperaturechanges
settlement
are the most
Miami Florida
worth considering
occur on concrete jobs. There are many types
drainage
at
CEMENT CONCRETES
have suffered the unpleasant
structural cracks
cracks
Institute
much interest by
These developments
cracking
5
of Expansive Cement
received
Engineers.
Most Engineers
S
is
that the expansion
induced
the plastic
in
moisture
Under
shrinkage.
while setting
concrete
of shrinkage
tripled
without increasing the
ability
to eliminate or reduce drying shrinkage
level
cement
produced
words
In other
and
after
it
is
plant
reinforced
concrete
made with
pavements
was demonstrated that the use of
of concrete
shrinkage
existed sufficiently
the
if
for a long
Portland
standard
cement.
forms a paste that during
and compensates
reinforced
the expected
cement
expansive
kind of cement
also
The
in
experimentally
of expansion by subgrade
due to expansive
of expansive
the
It
and
reinforced
compensating drying
in
to the restraint
application
were discussed.
concrete
continuously
in
not only
effective
pipes and continuously
concrete
expansion of concrete
period.
examined
was widely
pavements
but
pavements
and reinforcement
friction
this
can be
pavements
concrete
prestressed
as
but a finished
strain.
shrinkage
concrete
not an additive
increases in volume
of studies on prestressed
Results
is
manner
the same
in
construction
cracks if proper design
which when mixed with water
a cement
and hardening
setting
amount of
a cement
in
Expansive cement has the
cracking.
are adhered to. It
and quality control procedures
between joints can sometimes be
the distance
correct usage
the normal
to almost offset
designed
is
and
laboratory
cement
cement
to concrete
in field
work
in
Japan.
Expansive cement
continued.
cement
This
the United
throughout
The
1940.
in
is
has been commercially produced
mark and
the 200000-ton
production passed
the annual
France
country
in this
manufactured by a
Modern development of
States.
original
number of
concept of expansive
since
then upward
leading
expansive
cement
since 1963.
cement
In 1967
growth has
producers
cement
started in
was established
over 80
years ago.
POL YMERS IN CONCRETE
During the
concrete.
last
few years much research has been done on the polymer-impregnated
There are
source whenever
also
named
almost
it
several
is
according
different kinds
derived
from one
to its structure.
of polymers
single
There
is still
concrete
is
encouraging.
according
a general need for
Nevertheless
to its
monomer
or hypothetical
original
every aspect of properties and behavior.
- named
more
the future
it
is
data on
of this
Three materials being investigated are
Polymer-impregnated
impregnated by
a
concrete
- precast
Portland
monomer system which
is
cement
subsequently
concrete
polymerized
in-situ.
Polymer-cement concrete
water
and aggregate
- monomer
followed
is
added during
by polymerization.
2
mixing of Portland
cement
-a
Polymer-concrete
composite formed by polymerizing a monomer and an
aggregate mixture.
Investigations indicate
that the most successful
construction
is
with a
monomer and
liquid
material
polymer-impregnated
many
having
Compared
concrete.
psi
in
2280
compressive
cm
feasibility
and breakaway
lamp
change.
be obtained
Compression strength
Work
with both high- and low-quality
required before
data under static
high
as
shows
it
as
32400
to date has indicated that an increase in
element
finite
concretes.
were made to
analysis
material for precast
Based on the limited data on properties
Additional
attractive.
shows
concrete
polymer-impregnated
of using concrete-polymer
posts.
concrete
produces a composite
different from those of the original
design studies using computer-coded
determine the
in-situ
durability and corrosion resistance and
strength
has been measured.
strength can
Preliminary
appear
in
for
the pores of hardened
Filling
monomer
concrete
and volume
permeability
kg/sq.
the
properties substantially
to conventional
remarkable improvements
reduction
concrete.
polymerizing
material
concrete-polymer
and dynamic
test
a detailed structural design and cost estimate
decks
bridge
both applications
conditions
are
be made.
can
STEEL FIBER-REINFORCED CONCRETE
One of
the major disadvantages
strength.
The
tensile
of short small-diameter
steel fibers
could
prepared
contains
concentration
improved
numerous
points
the propagation
and greatly lower
fibers
Aggregates
Typical
is
from
additions
just another
the flaw. For
0.01
as
amount of
stress
existing
normally
as
stress
that would otherwise
increasing the applied
applications
to 0.02 inch in diameter
and 0.75 to
from 0.5 to 2.0 percent
the use
idea that
These existing flaws act
practical
range
The
came from
which
tensile
through
the flaws the lower will be the stress
many
that
fiber-reinforced
type of reinforced
of short steel fibers a material results
concrete.
the
larger
low
inch
intensity
stress
the most
1.0
be
in
commonly
length.
in properties.
sacrifice
by volume 180
to 265 pounds
yard.
to be stressed
not
a brittle material
up to 0.375 inch have been used without undue
fiber
per cubic
It is
range
The
inherently
increased
distributed in the mix.
front of existing flaws thereby
necessary to propagate
used
is
is its
strength in concrete
flaws and disparities.
required to fail the material.
at
tensile
Concrete
concepts.
concrete
can be significantly
randomly
steel fibers
provide
fracture mechanics
of conventional
strength of concrete
Other properties and
generally improved through
concrete
concrete.
shock resistance impact strength
a unique construction
Through
that behaves
more as
additions include
abrasion
the use
of
thermal
3
as
which are
and thermal
and
-
it
dispersions
metal than
stress
resistance shear strength
resistance.
material
random
a ductile
of mortar and concrete
characteristics
steel fiber
is
spalling
Fibrous
has been prepared
concrete
Once
operations.
same manner
amount
delivered to the
conventional
as
in
both batch-type
site the concrete
concrete.
When
is
and central mix-type
handled and finished
used with reinforcement
is
not reinforced
concrete
It
about the
the
steel
of steel will be less than that required for normal reinforcement.
important to note that fibrous concrete
in
is
the sense of the
in
word.
One
of the best applications
for fibrous concrete
could
seems to be ideal for resurfacing not only concrete
new
be
never
less
than
to say that the
that are higher
expects
from ordinary concrete
the use of
cross
mortar
some
nails
materials in use
life
today
it
is
plus some
relatively
sections
may
safe
which can be expected could
and
design flexibility
fluidity
materials.
that the
other important benefits.
architect
Structures can be
so as to
than can be tolerated with conventional
use of fibrous concrete
for architectural
or weight basis fibrous concrete
differential
and
thin-shell
is
is
primarily a function
more
costly than conventional
of the cost of the metal fiber.
has different properties and usually will permit a reduction
fibrous concrete
Battelle
steel fibers
should
it
is
name of Wirand
concrete
States and other countries.
be mentioned that the application
by no means new.
dramatic
has been assigned the trade
Corporation Columbus Ohio which owns the patents
Development
the material in the United
Finally
for use in
slabs
section.
Concrete containing
by the
The
and the cost
However
believed
also
encouraging.
an equal volume
concrete
in
is
is
of the high flexural strength of fibrous concrete
much thinner
concrete.
applications
On
provides
that take advantage
reinforced
It
successfully.
than those for the more conventional
the same
concrete
permit
material
road surfaces and bridge decks
reduced maintenance and the longer
Fibrous
designed
The
timber bridge decks.
of precast bridge-deck
costs for fibrous concrete
those of the conventional
initial costs
justify
possible the use
also
decking.
repair.
in place
the
Although
make
could
and for
structures
but
decks
on an old wooden deck was used
Two-inch-deep overlay
that this concrete
be bridge
In
1910 Harry Franklin
of
this
approach
Porter from Connecticut
increases in the physical properties of concrete
and spikes to the mixes.
000000000
4
to concrete
by
the
addition
or
claimed
of cut
on
STATUS OF FEDERAL
By
Law 92-367
WO
objective of reducing
hearings
Creek West
Buffalo
administration
A preliminary
of
To
a
The
by
Safety
failures.
Forest
of the
this office
which qualify
as
dam inventory
The
count.
dam
Division of Engineering
Act
was passed
is
Service
large
by Congress
was passed
This legislation
of the recent tragedies
act because
estimate
making
currently
accurate
Virginia.
this
Service jurisdiction
section
the risk of
two days because
in
Dam
the National
INSPECTIONS
Hendrickson
Larry
Dams Engineer
Public
DAM SAFETY
in
without
Rapid City South Dakota
number of dams on
that there are 600 to 800
and
with the
involved
deeply
is
with the
the National
dams under
needing inspection under PL 92-367.
We
Forests.
Forest
are
report for the Corps of Engineers which will give an
current status of this inventory
will
be explained
below under the
on Activity to Date.
into perspective
bring this legislation
system
passage
of the act was a structure
given direction
has also
Appropriation
as
to
its
be mentioned that one of the
should
it
bill
under the jurisdiction of the Forest
to Federal
agencies
in
the
Forest
which influenced
failures
Service.
the
Congress
1973 Interior and Related Agencies
which reads
for which funds are provided
Agencies
the condition
investigate
of
all
and control structures on lands under
standards
for construction
their
Committee
jurisdiction
within
in this bill
dams and
jurisdiction to insure their safety
under
to the National
application
dam
are directed to
other water storage
their
to review
management and
the
criteria
and
and inspection of such structures
and to report
their
findings to the
one year.
REQUIREMENTS OF THE NATIONAL DAM SAFETY ACT I
Public
Law
Secretary
INote
92-367 dated
Army to
of the
This section
for legal purposes
is
or a
an
August
8
1972
the
National
Dam
Safety
Act
authorizes the
undertake a national program of inspection of dams.
abridgement of the National
more complete
wording.
5
Dam
Safety
Act.
Refer to the parent
A dam
material
is
defined
a
as
man-made
feet
twenty-five
measured at
is
more in
water which
or diverts
is
1
from the natural bed of the stream or water course
height
2
toe to the maximum water storage elevation or
maximum water surface elevation of fifty acre-feet or
the downstream
an impounding
Excluded
or
which impounds
barrier
capacity
at
any barrier less than six feet
in
or which stores
height
than
less
has
more.
fifteen
acre-feet.
The
out
Secretary
Army acting
of the
through the Corps of Engineers
a national program of inspection
Dams under
of dams. All dams are to be inspected
of the Bureau of Reclamation
the authority
Valley Authority and the International
Dams which have been
Federal
Dams
directed to carry
is
constructed
the Tennessee
and Water Commission.
Boundary
pursuant
to licenses
issued
inspected
Dams which
within
July
of the
life
Army determines
1 1974
the United
on the
States
and follow-up
2
3
responsibilities
is
located
is
to be
report to Congress on or before
1
an inventory
of
all
dams
recommendations for a comprehensive national program
of dams. He
which should
governments and by public and private
is
also
to
make recommendations
be assumed by Federal State and
as
to
local
interests.
ACTIVITY TO DATE
The Army Corps of
interested agencies
combined
has prepared
Engineers
of Dams. These standards
Inspections
including
the
with those from the
Agricultures
in
of each inspection made including recommendations
for the inspection and regulation
the respective
Army to
under the Act including
a review
action and
dam
performed.
of the
Secretary
activities
be excluded.
or property.
of the inspections
further requires the
it
that they do not pose
practicable the Governor of the State in which the
notified of the results
The Act
the
12 months prior to the enactment of the Act by a
the
the Secretary
any threat to human
as
by
Power Commission.
State agency and which the Governor of such State requests
As soon
except
Forest
Soil
preliminary
have been reviewed
Service.
Conservation
reply.
6
The
review Standards for Safety
and commented on by
Forest
Service
comments were
Service to form the Secretary
of
The proposed
copies
standards
The
inspection procedure.
whether or not conditions
or
complete the
appurtenant
systematic
of the operation
1
Also
of the
of the Phase
I
age condition and
upon updated storm
major
of
Federally
owned
agreed
is
currently
being
and adequacy
because
investigation
The Phase
data relating
of
to the
inspection can
II
items such as stability
conducted
United States that
in the
dams
or regulated
analysis
analyses based
hydrologic
that data in the present
Forest
furnished in the required standard
the preparation
is
rather than written
from the
obtained
being
is
format has been requested
Engineers
It
was
from the Forest
representatives and
Service inventory
form.
of a national
definition given in the Act. For
the
fit
data
inventory
met with Corps of
This office has
would be acceptable
and
a detailed
stability
where engineering
include
all
dam
be performed when the
will
and additional
Information in a standardized
owner-agency.
Service.
It will
is
to
estimates.
activity
dams
inventory
all
2
of
of the
investigation
inspections
or questionable.
foundation explorations
materials testing
A second
dam or
are lacking
complex and expensive.
very
relating
II
I
to the structure
indicates a need for additional
of the
size
in the Phase
Phase
installation.
inspection
design and construction
become
included
conclusively
or property
life
are necessary
and operation
construction
of features
inspection
to establish
is
investigations or inspections
to the design
structures.
visual
inspection
I
This inspection will consist of a review
safety evaluation.
data relative
engineering
consist of a two-phase
Regions
all
which constitute a danger to human
exist
thereof what additional
in lieu
results
were sent to
objective of Phase
that
it
determined that computer cards
also
on
information
has been
it
acceptable provided
is
the forms prepared
by
the
Corps of Engineers.
Currently the only major
preparation
will
prepare
format.
of the dam inventory.
a computer
dam
inventory
to those Regions with C.D.C.
sent to this office
It
is
this Fiscal
Service
dated
the program for Fiscal
The
in
Safety
Act
is
cards in the
with the C.D.C. computer and with
The
plan
this
at
time
is
cards.
the
actual
with Region
conjunction
the required
computers to prepare the
under the terms
May
of this
A paragraph
Year.
4
correct
existing
to forward the program
The
cards would then
2
1973
Act
that any actual
quoted from a
written
by
the
Army
letter
be
dam
inspections
of
Act and
all
as
Corps of Engineers
presently planned consists of preparing
Federal
and non-Federal
formulating
dam
respective
which should
responsibilities
as
safety
program
including
for
the
be assumed by Federal
governments and by public and private
7
an
by
defined
recommendations to the Congress
a comprehensive national
State and local
dams
will
to the Chief of the
Year 1974
program scope
inventory
the
records.
working
punch
will
Dam
the
for transmittal to the Corps of Engineers.
not anticipated
be required
Forest
This office
program which
This program will be compatible
magnetic tape
by
being instigated
activity
interests.
explains
The
by
results
July
1
of these
activities
be reported
will
LONG RANGE
It
is
inspection of all
dams on
Forest
jurisdiction of other Federal
Engineers
with
charged
is
the inspection program.
instigating
agency
time we do not know
be working
needs
and
-
to Congress
the exact
as
As an example of the
of Agriculture
on
Federal
recommendations the Corps of
mentioned in the foregoing
closely with the Corps in order to insure recognition
constraints.
the Secretary
inspection
be making
will
However
be given the responsibility for conducting the
inspections. At this
will
Currently the Corps of
or commissions.
agencies
with the safety
involved
lands except for those under
Service-managed
lands the managing
Engineers
Congress
ACTIVITIES
Service will be deeply
that the Forest
anticipated
to the
1974.
made
special
the following
section.
of Forest
requirements
in
the
Service
proposed
standards
Phase
I
volume
inspections
require the collection
of a considerable
of data for each dam. Many of the Forest
are old and the data required
is
not
Service
dams
As we understand
available.
your proposal such data would have to be collected in a Phase
II
inspection.
personnel
This would create a tremendous
and seriously hamper
work
load for our
our ongoing programs.
To
comply with the proposed investigations and the intent of the
Act
will
financing that
require increased
We
our existing appropriations.
reimbursed for their share of
principle should
It will
require
some time
apply
for Congress
recommendations. Consequently
inspection effort
The
WO
Workshop
Division
will affect
more timely
in
the
of Engineering
scheduled
to the
it
Forest
will
program.
believe
the same
on
the
Corps of Engineers
be the summer of 1975 before
a large-scale
Service.
postpone the Service-wide
for the spring of 1974 until
regard to congressional
We
Department of Agriculture.
to act
will
cannot be absorbed by
note that the States are to be
this
activity
the following
in this area.
8
Dams
will
Service
Forest
in his reply to the
statement
We
Engineering
year in order to be
List
of Previous Washington
Correspondence
File Number
Date
July
Office
14 1972
Description
7570
Regions of dam inspection
Notifies
instructions
Interior
in 1973
contained
Appropriations
Regions to inspect
all
bill.
Instructs
dams and water
storage facilities.
October
24
1972
7570
7100
Corps of Engineers
Transmits
of proposed dam safety
7
December
1972
7570
7100
legislation
the Western
presented
at
Engineers
Meeting.
discussion
State
Transmits
copies of preliminary
Standards
for Safety
Inspections
of Dams. Requests Regional
comments.
March
1
1973
7570
each Region
a copy
formal response
to the
Furnishes
USDA
preliminary
August
27
1973
7570
Furnishes
of the
standards.
each Region
a copy of
con-cerning
Forest
Service correspondence
preparation
dam
....s.s.
9
inventory.
of the national
WASHINGTON OFFICE DIVISION OF ENGINEERING NEWS
IMPROVEMENTS
TECHNOLOGICAL
Heyward
T.
Taylor
Assistant Director
EDT Team
the Secretary
to
Equipment
Lynn
Region
4.
They
calibrating
area of Punjab Province.
Province.
Twenty-nine
Service to the
The
spray
in
USAF to
two
operation
Lahore
USAF C-47
the initial sortie
The
by Jim Larkin
a pilot
from
and equipment needed to mount and operate
tools
Pakistan.
airplanes.
After
was flown on September
testing and
13 in the Lahore
was then moved south to Nawabshaw
in
Sind
were flown and 100000 acres were sprayed during
the operation
on
schedule.
From the
first call
made
the
to the
completed operation the total time was one month. Boone
coordinated
actions
with
Amundsen
coordinated
actions
of the Development
Regional
personnel
borers.
headed the four-man team which included
WO
Richardson
Ernie
mounted
sorties
8 days completing
Forest
by stem
had two nitrogen pressurized
The team was augmented
supplies
the equipment
MEDC
MEDC
and were flown by
spray systems were
infestation of rice
Planner Tony Jasumback Mechanical Engineer and John
Technician.
acquired
the spray systems
next
Amundsen
Marsalis Pest Control
Cavill Engineering
The
Development
Ernie
systems available.
Center
and support
Service equipment
to prevent
AID requested
Development
for International
to send Forest
for a spray operation
to Pakistan
Missoula
The Agency
Pakistan.
of Agriculture
Office in Missoula
Disaster Relief Coordination
WO
Divisions
so as to meet the specific
Center
Center
requests
of AID.
0000000000
10
Deputy
Chiefs
staff
and the Chief.
and the
from the Foreign
CONSULTATION AND STANDARDS
C. R.
Weller
Assistant Director
Highway
Structures
Glued-Laminated
design
Laboratory
with a
provided
through
Madison Wisconsin
as
before
report
The
panels is
to the stringers
superiority over the
the Lab and in the field.
in
and design procedures
timber bridge
Products
method which
panels are spiked
glu lam decks
in
Forest
between
Continuity
plate.
been demonstrated both
research
covering
The
treatment.
improvement
panel deck.
has developed a design
an orthotropic
nail-lam deck has
conventional
recent
dowel connector system. The
steel
holes drilled
The FPL
glu-lam
glued-laminated
FPL in
the glu-lam deck
considers
The most
Timber Bridge Decks.
the vertically
is
were distributed in October
1973.
Alaska
National
in
Forest
Bridges.
Forest
in
Service bridges
Alaska are receiving national attention
The
advertising brochures.
logging
The
loads.
design
single-span
configuration
is
double-lane
timber
longitudinal
plate girder system. High-strength
reduce
labor and maintenance
the Region
can
A
field
15 bridge
be obtained
unit Federal
from your
Report and Viewpoint
and
26
OSHA
The
on
a national conference
held in Washington
D.
C.
The
Engineers
the National
Society
The purpose
of the
engineers with the
Council
the
Occupational
conference
was
U80
by
supported
steel
An
a
was used to
informative
and Health
Safety
titled
The
by
brochure
Act
On
June 25
OSHA
was
Architect The Engineer and
of
of the U. S. the American
Engineers the
Civil
Institute
of Architects
and
of Professional Engineers.
conference
direct
was to acquaint
and indirect
of every design and construction
Forest
decking
Architect The Engineer and OSHA.
design professionals architects
responsibilities
was very comprehensive and emphasized that the
life
for
structures were designed
Administration.
and was cosponsored by the American Society
Consulting
trade magazines and
United States Steel representative.
local
on
Highway
the
weathering
The
costs.
in
the South Tongass
structures are designed
floor beam-structural
shipping
on
recently constructed
professional
Service.
11
required
OSHA
and
as
regulations affect
such
and
by OSHA. The program
the working
are pertinent
to the
The
OSHA
National
Fire Protection
are included
made
standards
OSHA
in the
regulations
OSHA
construction
causing or
much
OSHA
likely
is
and maintenance of Forest
letter
relate
on
from hazards or conditions
to environmental hazards such as noise dust chemicals
such
as
hard hats safety shoes construction
Condition surveys and inspections
deficiencies
and can be used
Available resources
training with a
minimum of
Safety
Forest
in the
priority to employee
time but the benefits gained
OSHA
will
definitely
the requirements
of the Act
all
levels
organizational
OSHA
will
as
specific
a part of the daily
etc.
activities
could
or to safety
etc.
can identify hazards and
Service facilities
used
program. This
priorities
for accomplishment.
to correct hazards.
thus furthering
its
personnels vocational
Service dollars.
and Health
lead to great improvements
In conclusion
of Forest
a means of determining
the Job Corps can be
as
a high
as
is
have to develop
warning signs
not be overlooked in attempting
should
Programs such
The Occupational
We
These daily work
of the standards.
this there
devote time to
should
meetings
as
for our employees.
conditions
training and inspection to carry out the
create awareness
will
is
the standards.
With a charter such
working
Safety
in
The
and revision of them
Continued emphasis of these requirements
requirements.
activity
requirements
to give
are free
to cause physical injury or death.
for education
must be
1973 under 6170 Safety
current information
to assure that facilities
can be accomplished in several ways.
OSHA
6
effort
of the requirements
Service facilities.
and updating
in itself will not eliminate the hazards in our facilities.
procedures
work
of August
to be done to assure safe and healthful
OSHA
thus a positive
to insure inclusion
basis
standards such
Code. Many of these
Electrical
only
reference
on a continual
sources which provide
identified several
purpose of
by
Standards
operation
are being reviewed
an ongoing process. The Chiefs
The
29 of the Code of Federal
of Title
and National
Association
to keep abreast of the
the design
XVII
These standards adopted many of the national consensus
Regulations.
as
are found in Chapter
Standards
Act
work
is
piece of legislation
a significant
environment.
It
safety and welfare
requires
- this
will
all
that will
program managers
cost
money and
take
outweigh the costs.
has a direct
impact on the Forest
require the interest
of each Forest
to identify problems and plan actions
12
Service.
Fulfilling
Service employee
for their
correction.
at
OPERATIONS
Harold L. Strickland
Assistant Director
- USGS Announces New
Geometronics
the U.
Surveys
Geological
S.
an individual
monochrome
slope zone for an entire
map
print of a slope
of slopes that can be easily
Survey produces-these
Cost estimates
The
slope
by many
zones
in
The
of
The
preparation
of additional
With these thoughts
a single
Figure
1
is
in
factors
map
is
Figure
1
is
a
maximum
study. USGS is
the
shades
of gray the Geological
color.
such as
or dual interval
contours
materials at other than publication
map
and drainage drawings
drawing reproducibles
as
required composites
mind
in
that require
and excluding
three
months lead
are for planning
and tentative
purposes
scale.
such as the
part of the slope map.
color proofs etc.
printing costs
slope zone drawing for an entire
minimum of
These estimates
operation.
each slope zone with a different
a ball park estimate
quadrangle
and for a four slope zone drawing approximately $450.
estimate
normally generates
technique
to be generated.
preparation
The number of
to
has reservations as to the ease of visually
still
representing
The
planimetric
requires a
addition
treatment.
The number of
a single
a recent
that generates slope
technique
without concentrated
discerned
of supplement contours
presence
special
preparing
maps
are influenced
is
showing four slope zones. This
Although
the different zones.
drawings.
quadrangle
zone print but
investigating a five slope
separating
photomechanical
directly from existing contour
information
mapping
Slope
of maps. This addition was made possible by the
line
development of the semiautomatic
number
Product.
Also
is
for
approximately $125
the planning
process
time.
only. In order to get a
production schedule the following
13
more precise
information
is
cost
needed
-
ýv
igh
401
Se
-
4
R
w-ns
a
ip
of
ch
400
ugh
V
11
e0
a
P
446
F
fr
a
ýp
10
1.
a
er
ý
7ýE
f-
ý
oR
f
Ch
Balsbaugh
-M
II
s
p
E
cQw
322i
-
a
Z1
F
0
P
W
R
A
R
T
aý
4459
30
t
10
s
Hockersvi
Fi
40
ital
rahey
9ch
rm
to
y
1
hbprns
ý
449
I
ýý-0
C
....
4458
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...
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Towe
4
447
143
1Dc40b0GGCURVE-1973
JJJ
36
Mapped
Slope
and
zones
the Hershey
published
by
the
generated
photomechanically
Pennsylvania
Geological
7.5 minute
contour
topographic
E.
763730
ELIZABETHTowN
7 ML.
\
SLOPE ZONES
Survey-1973
from 20-foot
series
361000.
0
lines
mapped
of
15%
in
1969
Projection and
zone
1000-meter
grid
ticks
Universal Transverse
Mercator
t
JYc
18
10000-foot
grid
ticks
based
on
Pennsylvania
coordinate
zone
1927
North
American
Figure
1.
Gradient
datum
A
Monochrome
Print of a Slope
14
331/3
system
Inclination
south
In_..
tin
Map
Showing
Four Slope Zones
8%
3%p
0
Name
of the quadrangles.
The
identification of the slope zones to be generated.
The
final
map
scale.
The proposed method of
The
USGS
asked
that all requests
reproduction.
for slope mapping
Robert H. Lyddan
and/or
estimates
be sent to
Chief
Topographic Division
U.
S.
Survey
Geological
Department of the Interior
Washington
A copy
of the request
analyzing
map
is
D.
to be sent to Washington
uses and future
20240
Office Geometronics to assist in
program requirements.
15
GPO 868.522
C.