AN ANALYSIS OF ZONAL MEAN ATMOSPHERIC ANGULAR MOMENTUM AND HIGH CLOUD COVER:
PERIODICITIES, TIME-LATITUDE STRUCTURE, AND CROSS CORRELATIONS
by
James S. Risbey
B.Sc.(Hons), University of Melbourne
1983
Submitted to the Department of
Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE
IN METEOROLOGY
at the
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
May 1987
Q
Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1987
Signature of Author
Department (f/Earth iAtm,$6'eric, and Planetary Sciences
May 20, 1987
Certified by___
Peter H. Stone
Thesis Supervisor
Accepted
by
difairman,
Departmental Commifft .Qn
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE
OF TECHNOLOGY
JUN 0 9 1987
LIBRAPoEs
Graduate Students
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I wish to thank my advisor,
help,
Professor Peter Stone,
for his generous
and prudent guidance in assisting with the research and compilation
of this Masters thesis.
I would also like to thank Bruce Anderson, and the
staff and students of the Center for Meteorology and Physical Oceanography
at MIT for their ever friendly and helpful assistance.
I am grateful to Richard Rosen and David Salstein from Atmospheric
Environmental Research for their generosity in suppling me with the Global
Momentum data,
as to H. Lee Kyle,
from the NASA Goddard
Paul Hwang,
Space Flight
Center
Ralph Post,
for
supplying
and Mary Reph
a preliminary
version of the Nimbus 7 satellite cloud data.
Support throughout
this research has been provided by NASA Goddard
Space Flight Center under grant NASA NGR 22-009-727,
thankful.
for which I am very
CONTENTS
ABSTRACT
5
LIST OF FIGURES
6
LIST OF TABLES
8
GLOSSARY OF PRINCIPAL SYMBOLS
9
1.
2.
3.
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Intent and background
10
1.2
Observations of the 40-50 day oscillation
11
1.3
Modelling studies
12
1.4
Tropical - Midlatitude interactions
14
1.5
Motivation and goal of the present work
16
17
DATA
2.1
Momentum Data
17
2.2
Cloud Data sets
19
2.3
Nimbus 7 CMatrix Cloud Data
20
2.4
ISCCP Cloud Data
21
2.5
16mm Cloud Data
21
PROCEDURE AND DISCUSSION OF DATA FIELDS
23
3.1
Overview
23
3.2
Removal of Seasonal Cycle
23
3.3
Salient features of the data
24
3.4
4.
10
i)
Momentum
24
ii)
High Cloud
24
iii) Monthly Average High Cloud plots
43
Formulation of Tropical Convection Index
55
i)
Use of Total Cloud Cover
55
ii)
Use of Cloud sum Tropical Indices
55
ANALYSIS OF PERIODICITIES IN THE DATA
5. STRUCTURE OF THE CORRELATION FIELDS
61
5.1
Correlation Technique
61
5.2
Presentation and discussion of the correlation fields
63
i)
Momentum belts correlated with all 46 momentum belts
63
ii)
Cloud belts correlated with all 40 cloud belts
69
5.3
iii) Cloud belts correlated with all 46 momentum belts
72
iv)
75
Momentum belts correlated with all 40 cloud belts
Results for the period Nov 1 1982 - Apr 29 1983
6. SUMMARY DISCUSSION
79
81
6.1
Major verifications, findings, and results
81
6.2
Discussion
83
7. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
85
7.1
Conclusions
85
7.2
Further Research
86
APPENDIX A.
CORRELATION FIGURES
89
APPENDIX B. SPECTRAL ANALYSIS FIGURES
165
REFERENCES
179
5
AN ANALYSIS OF ZONAL MEAN ATMOSPHERIC ANGULAR MOMENTUM AND HIGH CLOUD COVER
PERIODICITIES, TIME-LATITUDE STRUCTURE, AND CROSS CORRELATIONS
by
JAMES S. RISBEY
Submitted to the Department of
Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Master of Science in Meteorology
ABSTRACT
Analysis of zonally averaged relative atmospheric angular momentum
and high cloud cover percent was undertaken for the April-October periods
of 1979 and 1983 (and Nov 1 1982 - Apr 29 1983) to determine the dominant
periodicities in the momentum and cloud belt time series, and the nature of
the time lag - latitude belt cross correlations in the data fields.
The dominant periodicity in both the momentum and cloud data sets
was the so called '40-50 day atmospheric oscillation' in tropical and
subtropical belts.
In lag correlations between high cloud belts, a cross equatorial out
of phase structure was evident in the 40-50 day oscillation, particularly
This was interpreted as anomalously high/low
for the 1979 time series.
zonal mean convection in one hemisphere coinciding with anomalously
low/high zonal mean convection in the opposite hemisphere with a recurrent
period of about 50 days.
The convection appears to be linked to the
momentum propagation out of the tropics via the 40-50 day oscillation. The
cross equatorial out of phase structure was not as well defined in 1983 and
showed a tendency towards shorter periods of order 25-30 days in the
The out of phase correlation structure persisted into
tropics in 1983.
higher latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere in 1979 with nodes near
The principal node near 5*N lies close to
latitudes 5*N, 24*N, and 36*N.
For an analysis of the
the belt of maximum cloud cover for the period.
period Nov 1 1982 - Apr 29 1983, the principal node was again located near
the belt of maximum cloud cover, which occurs in the Southern Hemisphere
for this period.
A picture of the 40-50 day oscillation emerges as a nonlinear highly
complex phenomenum embodying characteristics of wave and Hadley type
processes. The asymmetry in the cloud field observations and the variable
interannual periodicity suggests that any complete description or study of
the 40-50 day oscillation need consider meridional as well as zonal
asymmetries, and the inherent nonlinearity of the oscillation.
Thesis Supervisor: Dr. Peter Stone
Title: Professor of Meteorology
LIST OF FIGURES
3.1-3.3
Latitude belt - time contour plots of momentum data,
seasonal component, and anomaly for Apr 1 - Oct 31 1979
3.4-3.6
As in Figs. 3.1-3.3, but for Apr 1 - Oct 31 1983
3.7-3.9
As in Figs. 3.1-3.3, but for Nov 1 1982 - Oct 31 1983
3.10-3.12 Latitude belt - time contour plots of high cloud cover
percent data, seasonal component, and anomaly for
Apr 1 - Oct 31 1979
3.13-3.15 As in Figs. 3.10-3.12, but for Apr 1 - Oct 31
1983
3.16-3.18 As in Figs. 3.10-3.12, but for Nov 1 1982 - Oct 31 1983
3.19.13.19.7
Latitude-longitude plots of monthly average high cloud
cover percents for April 1979 - October 1979
3.20.1As in Fig. 3.19, but for November 1982 - October 1983
3.20.12
3.21
Ti-me mean momentum over the period Apr 1 - Oct 31 1979
as a function of momentum latitude belt
3.22
Time mean high cloud cover percent over the period Apr 1
Oct 31 1979 as a function of cloud latitude belt
3.23
As in Fig. 3.21, but for the period Apr 1 - Oct 31 1983
3.24
As in Fig. 3.22, but for the period Apr 1 - Oct 31 1983
4.1.14.1.9
Spectral analysis of cloud belts 17 to 25 for the Apr 1
Oct 31 1979 high cloud belt anomaly time series
4.2.14.2.9
As in Fig. 4.1, but for the period Apr 1 - Oct 31 1983
5.1.1
Correlation of momentum belt 21 with all 46 momentum belts
at lags to 51 days for the Apr 1 - Oct 31 1979 momentum
belt anomaly time series
5.1.2
As in Fig. 5.1.1, but for Apr 1
5.1.3
As in Fig. 5.1.1, but for momentum belt 18
5.2.1
Correlation of high cloud belt 23 with all 40 high cloud
belts at lags to 51 days for the Apr 1 - Oct 31 high cloud
belt anomaly time series
5.2.2
As in Fig. 5.2.1, but for Apr 1 - Oct 31 1983
-
-
-
Oct 31 1983
5.3.1
Correlation of high cloud belt 24 with all 46 momentum
belts at lags to 51 days for the Apr 1 - Oct 31 1979
momentum belt anomaly time series
73
5.3.2
As in Fig. 5.3.1, but for Apr 1 - Oct 31 1983
73
5.3.3
As in Fig. 5.3.1, but for high cloud belt 23
74
5.4.1
Correlation of momentum belt 23 with all 40 high cloud
belts at lags to 51 days for the Apr 1 - Oct 31 1979 high
cloud belt anomaly time series
76
5.4.2
As in Fig. 5.4.1, but for Apr 1 - Oct 31 1983
76
5.4.3
As in Fig. 5.4.1, but for momentum belt 5
77
A.1.1A.1.38
Correlation of momentum belts 5 to 42 with all 46 momentum
belts at lags to 51 days for the Apr 1 - Oct 31 1979
momentum belt anomaly time series
89
A.2.1A.2.30
Correlation of high cloud belts 6 to 35 with all 40 high
cloud belts at lags to 51 days for the Apr 1 - Oct 31 1979
high cloud belt anomaly time series
99
A.3.1A.3.30
Correlation of high cloud belts 6 to 35 with all 46
momentum belts at lags to 51 days for the Apr 1 - Oct 31
1979 momentum and high cloud belt anomaly time series
107
A.4.1A.4.38
Correlation of momentum belts 5 to 42 with all 40 cloud
belts at lags to 51 days for the Apr 1 - Oct 31 1979
momentum and high cloud belt anomaly time series
115
A.5.1A.5.38
As in Figs. A.1.1-A.1.38, but for the period Apr 1 Oct 31 1983
125
A.6.1A.6.30
As in Figs. A.2.1-A.2.30, but for the period Apr 1 Oct 31 1983
135
A.7.1A.7.30
As in Figs. A.3.1-A.3.30, but for the period Apr 1 Oct 31 1983
143
A.8.1A.8.38
As in Figs. A.4.1-A.4.38, but for the period Apr 1 Oct 31 1983
151
A.9.1A.9.5
Correlation of momentum group belts 12-16, 16-20, 21-25,
26-30, and 31-35 with all 40 momentum belts at lags to
51 days for the Apr 1 - Oct 31 1979 momentum belt anomaly
time series
161
A.9.6
Correlation of global sum (over all momentum belts)
momentum anomaly with all 40 momentum belts at lags to
51 days for the Apr 1 - Oct 31 1979 momentum belt anomaly
time series
162
A.9.7
Correlation of global sum (over all momentum belts)
momentum anomaly with all 40 cloud belts at lags to 51
days for the Apr 1 - Oct 31 1979 cloud belt anomaly time
series
162
A.10.1A.10.5
As in Figs. A.9.1-A.9.5, but for the period Apr 1 Oct 31 1983
163
A.10.6
As in Fig. A.9.6, but for Apr 1 - Oct 31 1983
164
A.10.7
As in Fig. A.9.7, but for Apr 1 - Oct 31 1983
164
B.1.1B.1.46
Spectral analysis of momentum belts 1 to 46 for the
Apr 1 - Oct 31 1979 momentum belt anomaly time series
165
B.1.47
Spectral analysis of the global sum momentum anomaly for
the period Apr 1 - Oct 31 1979
168
B.1.48B.1.52
Spectral analysis of the momentum anomaly sum in belts
168
12-16, 16-20, 21-25, 26-30, and 31-35 respectively for the
period Apr 1 - Oct 31 1979
B.2.1B.2.52
As in figs. B.1.1-B.1.52, but for the period Apr 1 Oct 31 1983
169
B.3.1B.3.40
Spectral analysis of high cloud belts 1 to 40 for the
Apr 1 - Oct 31 1979 high cloud belt anomaly time series
173
B.4.1B.4.40
As in figs. B.3.1-B.3.40, but for the period Apr 1 Oct 31 1983
176
LIST OF TABLES
2.1
Latitudinal boundaries used to define momentum belts
(46 equal area belts) and cloud belts (40 belts with
18
4.5* latitude spacing) on the globe
5.1
Significance of various correlations pertaining to
figures 5.1 to 5.4
62
GLOSSARY OF PRINCIPAL SYMBOLS
The principal symbols of physical and mathematical
in
this
report
are
listed below.
symbols by adding subscripts,
Some
symbols
formed
quantities used
from principal
and others that are used in only one place
are not listed.
Symbol
Name or Definition
a
radius of the Earth (6.37x10 6m)
g
acceleration due to gravity (9.81m/s 2 )
M
angular momentum about the polar axis relative to an Earth fixed
frame
p
r(x,y,T)
pressure
At
time interval in the data set (three days)
[u]
zonal mean zonal wind
z
cloud top height
T
time lag
*
latitude
correlation of x(t) with y(t+T)
INTRODUCTION
I
Intent and Background
1.1
Research
into
tropical/midlatitude
tropical
circulation
interactions has
phenomena
and
the last
decade
received a boost in
or so with the advent of higher quality satellite data sets and increased
interest
in
phenomena
oscillation.
such
However,
as
El
knowledge
Nino
of
and
the
scales
and
quantify
strength
geographically.
the
convection,
temporal
and
to
the
The
and
see
of
how
this
day
of
atmospheric
fluctuations
in
Important questions yet to be
fluctuations
objective
spatial
40-50
climatology
tropical convection is still rather sparse.
answered are how the
the
of
vary on different
this
(latitudinal)
relates
to
the
research
time
is
to
help
behaviour
of
tropical
temporal
and
spatial
behaviour of atmospheric angular momentum.
Another motivation behind this work is our rudimentary understanding
of tropical/midlatitude
interactions.
why
fluctuations
one
would
mid-latitudes
condensation
expect
on
in
short
There are many
in
time scales.
tropical
convection
tropical
The
is
convection
latent
the
theoretical reasons
to
influence
heating associated with
primary
mechanism forcing
Hadley circulation,
and the poleward branch of this circulation is
source
for
of
forward
a
equatorial
fact,
momentum
hypothesis
anomalies
in
in
Davidson (1984)
Hadley
cell
changes
do
baroclinic
the
which
this
sea surface
jet
stream.
temperature
the
the
strength
instability and of
of
put
explain
how
affect mid-latitudes.
In
the
jet
is
of
intensification
Bjerknes
a major
(1966)
mechanism
found an intensification
accompanying
change
mid-latitude
the
used
to
the Southern Hemisphere
of
convection.
stream,
then
the
If
such
degree
of
topographic forcing of stationary waves also
changes, and this can be expected to affect local weather in mid-latitudes.
Another mechanism whereby fluctuations
affect
mid-latitudes,
out of
the tropics.
heating anomalies
in
is
through
tropical
convection could
the generation of waves which propagate
Hoskins and Karoly
the upper
in
(1981)
troposphere
which propagate strongly polewards.
have
can give
shown that
rise
tropical
to long waves
The time required for the propagation
of energy from the equator to mid-latitudes via such waves is of order one
Observational evidence of stationary wave trains similar to
to two weeks.
the theoretical ones found by Hoskins and Karoly has been found by Wallace
and Gutzler (1981).
1.2
Observations of the 40-50 day oscillation
first discovered by
One major feature of the tropical circulations,
Madden and Julian (1971),
is
the "40-50 day oscillation",
which, however,
has been observed to have a period anywhere between about 30 and 70 days
The terminology 40-50 day oscillation will be
(Weickmann et al, 1985).
used subsequently throughout this thesis in a generic sense,
and should be
understood to describe the oscillation phenomena observed in the atmosphere
with periods between about 30 and 70 days.
40-50
The
1971),
atmospheric angular momentum
Rosen,
1983;
Rosen and
Salstein,
1984; Krishnamurti et al,
has
detected
been
various
in
(Madden and Julian,
zonal wind data
including:-
fields
meteorological
oscillation
day
1981;
(Langley et al,
Anderson and
1983), divergent circulations
(Lorenc,
1985), outgoing longwave radiation (Weickmann,
1986; Weickmann et al, 1985), and cloud
1983; Lau and Chan, 1983a,b; 1985;
cover (Yasunari, 1980).
The oscillation appears to be dominated by zonal wave number one,
Rosen and Salstein (1983) found a
but it also.appears in zonal mean data.
strong 50 day periodicity in their analyses of zonal mean angular momentum
In an
at 8 and 15 days.
data, as well as significant periodicities
analysis of the temporal variations of a 25 year time series of zonal mean
zonal wind, Anderson et al (1984) concluded that although the nonseasonal
are large,
variations
any seasonal cycle in the oscillation amplitude and
Murakami et al (1986)
frequency must be very small.
present results from
outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) data which suggest that there exists a
distinct
seasonal
propagation
between
difference
summer
and
in
the
winter.
oscillation
In
propagation of the oscillation in their data is
than in winter.
meridional
addition,
the
phase
eastward
slightly clearer in summer
Madden and Julian (1972)
noted that
have
40-50 day oscillation
the
appears to be confined to within about 30* latitude of the equator,
(1983)
and Anderson
Rosen
out
point
have
suggested
that
Various authors (e.g.
et
recently Krishnamurti
data and found
equator and
the 50 day periodicity
that
it propagates
that
of
The largest amplitudes
Anderson
propagation.
(1983),
near
the
poleward through
fluctuation in
day
the 40-50
also
(1983)
and Rosen
to originate
appears
(in phase)
and more
to zonal mean zonal wind
centred around 50 days
filter
applied a bandpass
Chang,1977)
(1972)
and Anderson and Rosen
(1985),
poleward phase
evidence of
find
al
and Julian
Madden
propagating eastward at about 10m/s.
it
by a wavenumber one disturbance
can be represented
it
that
momentum data
from angular
appears not to be exclusively tropical.
though
the
tropics.
zonal wind
their
data seem to occur in the upper troposphere.
Modelling Studies
1.3
by Goswami
undertaken
and
Sumi
(1986)
and Shukla
(1983),
others.
Using
among
Climate Model with hydrology, Goswami
'Hadley circulation
day
40-50
depicting
studies
Modelling
Lau
a
is
has well defined strong and weak episodes.
dynamical
these
lack
cells,
of Hadley
modes
oscillation
the dominant wave number
like
but
that
the
One of the
between 20 and 40 days;
similar
modelled
(1984)
Anderson
processes.
GLAS
determined by large-scale
convective heating is
seen only when moist
the
showed
(1983)
and Shukla
of
version
symmetric
been
and Hayashi
(1986),
and Lau
dominant periods of the Hadley cell oscillation is
it
have
oscillations
Goswami
one (zonally
and
symmetric
Shukla
(1983),
structure of
asymmetric)
the observed oscillations.
Hayashi
used a 12 level
(1986)
and Sumi
spectral GCM with an ocean
They found a prominent
covered earth to study the 40-50 day oscillation.
30
day
gross
eastward
propagating
structure was in
oscillation.
The
wave within
good agreement
zonal
wind was
about
with
10*
the equator whose
of
observations
baroclinic
in
the
of
structure
40-50
day
(opposite sign
between upper and lower troposphere), and the modelled temperature wave was
nearly
(but
perturbation.
not
quite)
They
in
phase with
concluded
that
the
the upper
existence
tropospheric
of
moist
zonal wind
processes
is
essential
for
maintaining
the
oscillation
and
that
composed of both equatorial Kelvin and Rossby waves,
causing a mode coupling between the two.
the
structure
is
with moist processes
Neither land-sea contrasts nor
zonal asymmetry is necessary to explain the initiating mechanism for their
They describe the oscillation as a symmetry breaking of the
oscillation.
zonally symmetric Hadley circulation.
In another interesting approach, Emanuel (1986) proposed a model of
the 30-60 day wave which is driven by the interaction of the atmosphere
with a fixed ocean, in which convection is viewed as a way of rapidly
distributing through
the depth of the troposphere
heat acquired from the
sea surface.
If the mean surface wind is from the east (trade easterlies),
then perturbation easterlies will result in an anomalously large flux of
latent heat from the sea surface, since the surface winds are enhanced.
Conversely,
perturbation
westerlies
anomalies of surface heat flux.
this manner,
be
associated
with
negative
When the heat anomaly is distributed in
the tropospheric heating leads the wave vertical velocity by a
quarter wavelength,
energy
will
so that the phase propagation is
is converted
to
mechanical
energy
eastward.
resulting
maintainance of the wave. (Krishnamurti et al,
in
Potential
the
growth
or
1985, point out that the
40-50 day wave is thermally direct in the sense of a net conversion of eddy
available potential to eddy kinetic energy.)
Emanuel's simple linear model
based on the above idea gives reasonable phase speeds and periods for wave
number one,
but implies that shorter waves
should dominate the spectrum,
which is contrary to the observed preference for low wave numbers.
limitation
nonlinear
of
the
model
processes.
developed a similar
In
is probably due
an
primarily
independant
theory in
which
study,
zonal
wind
to
Neelin
the
This
neglect
et
al
perturbations
of
(1986)
and
the
evaporation field create unstable low frequency modes resembling the 30-60
day oscillation in a two level model of the tropical troposphere.
the evaporation-wind
To test
feedback process in a GCM, Neelin et al performed
separate model runs with the GFDL GCM in which the mechanism was either
active or suppressed.
Their results showed that the model analog of the
30-60
significantly
day
wave
evaporation-wind
this mechanism.
was
feedback was
removed,
reduced
in
amplitude
when
the
which lends encouraging support to
Another
variations
constructed
by
Webster
(1983)
showed
monsoon
on the 40-50 day time scale resulting from surface hydrological
Observational studies by Yasunari (1979) among others have indeed
effects.
shown
model,
the
presence
of
the
40-50
day
periodicity
in
cloud
-associated with the Northern Hemisphere summer monsoon.
type studies will be precluded
fluctuations
Regional monsoonal
in this study, which is
based
on zonally
averaged data.
Tropical / mid-latitude interactions
1.4
Tropical/mid-latitude
and
temporal
simply
in
instance,
scale
terms
dependancies,
of
a
of forcing
mid-latitude
remote
interaction
between
disturbances)
and
mid-latitude
a study by Lau
are capable
interactions
et al
are complex,
it
is
perhaps
response
(1983)
to
suggests
cold
An
surges
misleading
tropical
to
think
forcing.
For
that mid-latitude
tropical convection which in
responses.
with strong spatial
turn may give rise to
example
of
such
(triggered
by
mid-latitude
and convection over the maritime
systems
responses
continent
as
is
the
baroclinic
documented
by
Lau et al (1983).
Blackmon et al (1984) studied the temporal and spatial variation of
day time
scale,
the direction of
off the coast of East Asia is
On the
basis
circulation
of
this,
energy propagation
suggest
to medium range
forcing the
in
time scales.
tropical
the
that in
10-30
by Rossby wave trains
predominantly from mid-latitudes
Lau and Chan (1985)
may be important
on the short
field and found
geopotential height
500mb extratropical
that
to tropics.
the mid-latitude
atmosphere,
at least
Possible forcing of the tropics
by mid-latitudes on long time scales is uncertain, though Horel and Wallace
(1981)
have
shown that
tropical
forcing
may
lead
to
large mid-latitude
anomalies on a seasonal to interannual basis.
Liebmann
and
Hartmann
(1984)
studied
eight
Northern
Hemisphere
winters of five and ten day average mid-latitude 500mb heights and tropical
outgoing
IR,
and
from mid-latitudes
found
indications
to the
tropics.
that
energy
predominantly
Lead and lag correlations
propagates
showed that
when 500mb heights lead IR, an upstream development appears in the 500mb
nearly featureless however, when
field was
Their
correlation pattern.
lagged IR, with the exception of possible
500mb heights
forcing of
the
mid-latitude flow by the tropics from IR anomalies in the region of monsoon
rainfall over the western Pacific, which are associated with a pattern of
correlations in the 500mb height field of nearly global extent.
Using outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) data for Northern winter,
found that convection over the tropical Pacific often
Lau and Chan (1985)
gives
tropics
rise
During
mid-latitudes.
and
pattern
teleconnection
an extensive
to
winter,
Northern
the
linking
near
a
global
global
oscillation of 40-50 days exists in both the circulation and the longwave
radiation field.
that
oscillation
a seesaw or dipole
In addition, they described
exists
between convection
over the equatorial
like
central
Pacific and the maritime continent of Borneo and Indonesia, in both the 2-3
month and the interannual time scales.
variation of tropical heat
Because of the seesaw nature in the
extratropical
source/sink, they suggest that
anomalies arising from tropical forcing are associated with changes in the
overall tropical heating distribution rather than just from a local source.
Weickmann (1983)
in
and Weickmann et al (1985)
conjunction with circulation data to highlight the significance of the
40-50 day oscillation in
these data sets and the association
atmospheric circulation modes and the OLR modes.
et
have also used OLR data
al
(1983)
for
ten
Northern
half
winter
between the
As analysed by Weickmann
years,
the
strongest
OLR
fluctuations at 28-72 day periods are located from the equator to 15*S and
extend from about 60 to 160*E and in the vicinity of the South Pacific
convergence zone.
Their 250mb streamfunction variance shows significant
28-72 day fluctuations over the subtropics of both hemispheres and over the
extratropical
North
Atlantic.
Weickmann
et
al
(1985)
also
find
that
fluctuations in the windfield near the exit regions of the East Asian and
North American jets are important components of the life cycle of the 28-72
day oscillations during Northern winter, and presumably are related to the
28-72 day fluctuations in equatorial cloudiness.
Motivation and Goal of the present work
1.5
For
the
the pragmatist,
mechanisms
oscillations
Coupled with
possible to
these
responsible
in
predictability
the
of
a
the
study
for
tropical
short
of
atmosphere
range
into
aforementioned
quasi-periodic
is
improving
climate
the
mechanisms
hope
fluctuations
of
in
the
the
precludes
complexity
the
of
extraction
presented here should be regarded as more pieces in
the
sought
of
(These
periods
Where possible,
be investigated.
were
chosen
on
be
any
the April-October
the
tropical/mid-latitude
basis
of
after
directly
The results
the puzzle.
This work will focus on the 40-50 day oscillation in
fields for
tropics.
interactions, it might
applicable results or all encompassing theories at this point.
momentum and cloud
the
the medium range forecasting problem in
Unfortunately,
and
the
tropical/mid-latitude
provide insight
regions.
interactions
the primary motivation for trying to understand
periods
available
of
the zonal mean
1979 and 1983.
satellite
data.)
and momentum/cloud relationships will
2
2.1
DATA
Momentum Data
The atmospheric angular momentum data set used for this study was
by
provided
Cambridge,
Environmental Research (AER),
and
Atmospheric
of
Salstein
David
and
Rosen
Richard
and a fairly complete description
A brief
of its characterictics can be found in Rosen and Salstein (1983).
description is given here:
The source of the data is a series of National Meteorological Center
(NMC)
twice daily (OOZ and 12Z) values of the zonal mean zonal wind, [u],
analysed over a grid with points spaced every 2.5* in both latitude and
(1000,
at each of 12 pressure levels in the vertical
longitude,
700,
850,
500, 400, 300, 250, 200, 150, 100, 70 and 50mb).
estimates of the angular momentum,
To derive
relative to an earth
about the polar axis,
were
the
with
integrated
appropriate
M, of the atmosphere
weighting
over
values
these [u]
fixed frame,
4,
latitude,
and
pressure, p :
M
2Wa
g
3
f
100mb
f
1000mb
where
a
is the mean
The
belts,
and
latitude
the
[u] cos 2 de dp
of
averaging was required
earth
the
(6.37x10 6m)
and
is the
g
(9.81m/s2).
integration was
results
(2.1)
+w/2
radius
acceleration due to gravity
-r/2
were
broken
averaged
into 46 equal area
for 3 day
periods.
latitude
The
to compensate for a surprisingly large number of
gaps in the daily data set from NMC.
The 46 equal area belts are numbered
1 to 46 and run from the North Pole to the South Pole as shown in
2.1.
3 day
table
TABLE
2.1
Latitudinal boundaries used to define momentum belts (46 equal area belts)
and cloud belts (40 belts with 4.5* latitude spacing) on the globe.
Momentum belts
Belt
No.
(NH)
Latitude
limits
(*N or *S)
73.0-90.0
65.9-73.0
60.4-65.9
55.7-60.4
51.5-55.7
47.7-51.5
44.1-47.7
40.7-44.1
37.5-40.7
34.4-37.5
31.4-34.4
28.6-31.4
25.8-28.6
23.0-25.8
20.4-23.0
17.7-20.4
15.1-17.7
12.6-15.1
10.0-12.6
7.5-10.0
5.0- 7.5
2.5- 5.0
0.0- 2.5
Cloud belts
Belt
No.
(SH)
Belt
No.
(SH)
Latitude
limits
(*N or *S)
85.5-90.0
81.0-85.5
76.5-81.0
72.0-76.5
67.5-72.0
63.0-67.5
58.5-63.0
54.0-58.5
49.5-54.0
45.0-49.5
40.5-45.0
36.0-40.5
31.5-36.0
27.0-31.5
22.5-27.0
18.0-22.5
13.5-18.0
9.0-13.5
4.5- 9.0
0.0- 4.5
Belt
No.
(NH)
For
momentum
this
values
study,
were
the
three
the
for
obtained
average,
day
two
vertically
1st
April
periods,
integrated
1979
to
October 31st 1979 and November 1st 1982 to October 31st 1983 to correspond
The
with the periods for the available NIMBUS 7 satellite cloud data.
units of angular momentum for this study are x1024 kg m2 S~1.
the belt momentum values for any 3 day period yields
The sum of
the total angular
momentum of the atmosphere for that period.
The major sources of error in
values
are the approximations
the estimates of the global momentum
involved in
the neglect of the upper atmosphere at
the most serious aspect is
Rosen and Salstein
pressures less than 100mb.
and the
With regard to the former source of
inaccuracies in the NMC wind analyses.
error,
deriving equation 2.1,
(1983)
have examined some
calculations with and without data from the 70 and 50 mb levels,
and based
on those, conclude that neglecting the upper 10% of the atmosphere incurs a
the mean level of M of about
systematic underestimate in
10% or
less.
These systematic errors have a smaller impact on most short term changes in
M, and the random errors affecting short term changes in M are estimated to
be probably less than about 5%.
the actual NMC analyses,
Inaccuracies in
due largely to spatial gaps in the observational network, lead to errors in
M which are probably on the order of 5%.
2.2
Cloud Data Sets
To study tropical convection in conjunction with the momentum data,
High
Cloud
data,
extracted
from
visible
and
recorded from the Nimbus 7 satellite was used.
emissions
infra-red
This data set should give
some indication of the energy released in the tropics (essentially
heat release - dynamically,
is its condensation).
energy,' but
is
not
and
latent
the important property of tropical convection
Precipitation would be a useful indicator of this
with
sufficient
spatial
coverage
provides
a
reasonable
measure
of
convection
of
any
available
or
reliability in the tropics.
High
cloud
convection,
given
cover
that
produces high level cloud.
significance
in
the
tropical
tropics
The implicit assumption that high cloud, hence
with
correlates
convection,
and
1977)
Haar,
Vonder
cloud cover in
have
shown
in the
release
correlations
tropics
1981; Kidder
Richards and Arkin,
(e.g.
and studies
would seem reasonable,
heat
latent
greater
precipation and
between
the tropics.
Nimbus 7 CMatrix Cloud Data
2.3
The
7
Nimbus
Space
this
study
was
data
(Cloud Matrix)
CMatrix
from a
derived
and
tapes,
by Paul Hwang, H. Lee Kyle, and Ralph Post from the
supplied
NASA Goddard
in
used
the NASA
preliminary version of
generously
data
cloud
Descriptions
Center.
Flight
of
the
7
Nimbus
cloud
products can be found in Hwang et al (1986), Stowe et al (1984), Kyle et al
(1985), and Jacobowitz et al (1984).
et
Stowe
estimates
from GOES),
(e.g.
validation
studies
analyst estimates,
concurrent
satellite
results
satellite
other
and
cloud
derived
surface
are
latitude
to
(due
unreliable
In
cloud estimates polewards
the version of the data released for this study,
600
or
and
the
These studies compare favourably for the Nimbus 7 data.
climatologies.
of
of
of
present
(1984)
data against
7 cloud
Nimbus
al
errors
in
temperature
surface
in those latitudes) and will not be included in subsequent
determination
analysis.
In
the CMatrix data set,
at latitudes
greater
high cloud
than 30*,
is defined as all cloud with tops above the height z, where
z = 7km - 1.5km x (1 - cos(3p1-30))
At latitudes less than 300, z=7km.
where $ is the latitude.
height is
The cloud top
the first place by matching the measured
determined in
cloud top
temperature with
a climatological temperature profile for the appropriate
area and month.
High cloud cover percentages are determined
2070
equal
momentum
area
data
percentages
in
2
(500km ) world
this
derived
work,
from
the
areas.
grid
the
zonally
2070
area
For
comparison
averaged
boxes
for each of
belt
were
with
high
used.
the
cloud
The
high cloud belts are labelled 1 to 40 from the South Pole to the North Pole
and are not equal area belts,
shown in table 2.1
but rather,
are spaced every 4.5* latitude as
The cloud data were determined at local noon and local midnight,
which
is
probably
just
sufficient
sampling
resolution,
as
tropical
convection exhibits a significant diurnal cycle (Albright et al,
The
failure
to capture
the
full diurnal
cycle
is
due
to
1985).
the fact
that
Nimbus 7 is a polar orbiting satellite and does not have the same temporal
resolution as, say, a series of Geostationary satellites.
The twice daily
cloud values were averaged over three day time periods to correspond with
the momentum data time
periods.
For the present study we are concerned
with variations with periods long compared to one day.
2.4
ISCCP Cloud Data
just
(ISCCP) is
International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project
The
starting
to
make
network
international
available
global
operational
of
cloud
data
geostationary
and
sets
from
polar
the
orbiting
The ISCCP data will provide standardised cloud
meteorological satellites.
estimates for the globe with good spatial and temporal resolution,
described in Schiffer and Rossow (1985), and Rossow et al (1985).
and is
Because
the ISCCP data set would seem ideal for
of its higher temporal resolution,
any subsequent analysis to verify and extend the results of this work.
2.5
16mm Cloud Data
The first attempt to obtain a suitable cloud data set in this work
was directed at a processing system which digitizes
(IR)
16mm film infra-red
satellite cloud images from geostationary satellites.
computer with RX02 discdrive and VT100
controlled by a Digital PDP 11/23
terminal.
The system is
A General Electric TN 2200 Automation Camera is used to record
and digitize
the satellite
from a 16mm projector.
film images projected
The digitized satellite images are stored on 8" floppy discs,
displayed
Graphics
for
subsequent
Generator.
The
analysis
major
on
a Model
advantages
of
relatively low cost, applicability to different
(e.g.
GOES,
analysing,
GMS,
and
Meteosat),
scanning
and
sequences
its
of
1/25
the
published documentation describing the system.
Technologies
16mm system
are
its
geostationary satellites
instructive
images.
Raster
and may be
value
Currently
in
displaying,
there
is no
The
major
problem
with
the
failure to devise an adequate means
another.
with
The
brightness
variations were
digitising system.
variations
inherent
as
it
stood
to standardise
16mm images were projected
significant
brightness
system
in
in
images
1985
was
relative
to one
into a camera and digitized,
from
the
image
to
image.
film itself as well as
our
but
These
in
the
The brightness variations seen by the photodiode in the
digitized image should correspond with
the IR grey scale satellite cloud
temperature, though were significantly affected by noise.
The
particular
16mm
with
system
respect
was
to
however,
studies
of
demonstrated
the
Confidence in its use might be enhanced if
diurnal
to
cycle
be
of
useful,
cloudiness.
some form of validation
were to take place with other cloud data sets.
in
study
PROCEDURE AND DISCUSSION OF DATA FIELDS
3
3.1
Overview
The seasonal cycle was removed from the momentum and cloud data sets
to generate an anomaly or non-seasonal data set which was then subject to
spectral analyses,
and crosscorrelation tests.
autocorrelation,
The goal
in doing this was to examine the dominant periodicities in the data and the
relationships between momentum and cloud variations.
Three different time periods were subject to analysis in both the
The first was a 7 month period in 1979 (April 1st
momentum and cloud data.
- October 31st).
Global
Nineteen Seventy nine, incidentally, was the FGGE (First
year, and
GARP Experiment)
1983,
perhaps
close
to
'normal' in
a
The results for 1979 proved interesting
climatological sense or context.
and so a second year (1983)
was
of momentum and cloud data was obtained.
For
a twelve month period (November 1st 1982 - October 31st 1983) was
available (the time periods in each case being determined by the available
processed Nimbus 7 CMatrix cloud data).
noted, was
by
influenced
the
1982/83
The 1982/83 period,
analysis,
should be
El Nino, whose noticeable
spanned the last half of 1982, and the first half of 1983.
full 12 month period,
it
extent
Analysis of the
though showing similar features to the 7 month 1979
did not show them anywhere near as well defined.
extended Northern Hemisphere summer as for 1979,
To focus on an
the 7 month period (April
1st - October 31st) was extracted from the 1983 data sets and the analysis
repeated (This analysis is labelled 8H in subsequent diagrams).
3.2
Removal of Seasonal Cycle
The principal periodicities of interest in the data sets were those
of order 50 days or less, and so an attempt was made to remove the seasonal
cycle
The method employed was to fit (by the method of
from the data.
least squares) an annual and semi-annual sine wave component to each of the
By subtracting this component from
belt momentum and cloud time series.
the data set,
resultant
the annual and semi-annual periodicities
anomalous
or
non-seasonal
'anomaly' in subsequent diagrams.
data
has
been
are removed.
labelled
The
'anom' or
Contour plots of the zonal mean belt momentum and belt cloud time
series
as functions of latitude were produced for the full data,
seasonal, and anomaly components.
and the
The resultant plots are shown in figures
- 3.1-3.18.
3.3
Salient features of the data
Figures 3.1-3.18 show latitude-time plots
of the zonally averaged
momentum and high cloud data.
i)
Momentum:
The
data and seasonal momentum plots illustrate the
following gross features of the general circulation:
A tropical band of
easterly winds (negative momentum values) bounded by
'ridges' of westerly
winds
in mid-latitudes.
The peak in the westerlies
in each hemisphere
occurs during the respective winter season as expected.
The momentum anomaly plots
show alternating
bands of positive and
negative anomalies in the tropics repeating with a variable periodicity of
about 50 days. This observation, which is apparent even to the eye,
is
vindicated by the spectral analyses.
ii)
polar
Ignoring the false high values of high cloud cover in
High Cloud:
latitudes
(values polewards
of
60*
latitude are unreliable),
the
following features are noted:
A tropical band of high values (up to about
30%
with
cloud
cover)
convergence
zones;
associated
the
intense
tropical
convection
the shift of this band north and south of
and
the equator
into the respective summer hemisphere; a region of low cloud cover percents
in the subtropics (presumably associated with the drier subsidence zones of
the subtropical ridge); and higher values again in mid-latitudes associated
with increasing cloudiness
there due to the passage of cold
fronts and
other disturbances.
In the anomaly high cloud plot for 1979 (figure 3.12) it is possible
to discern a near 50 day periodicity in the anomalies in the tropics.
The
periodicity is present in the anomaly field on both sides of the equator
(or more
correctly,
the node
between
the anomalies
is centred
roughly
Figure 3.1
data for Apr 1
-Momentum
-
Oct 31 1979
MONENTUM DATA 1979
111
to
.
c:h
~
4
14/~
177l!7
~h'
fl
-' VZ
~
N
ON'N
~
-
-~
7k
"
'
tO\
fI
'-
V
'N0
V/'-1
IIV
-
2~
AMR
~
>
AkY
AML
jVT
IsOlcT
AUG
TDWE
Three dimensional representation of Fig. 3.1
%%4~uh
Note: the momentum units are x10
24
kg m 2 s-1 throuqhout
.
~
J
Ir
II.
Ito
47
"'
ILI-
I;1
f0f
%~J
II0
Ii
Figure 3.3
-
Momentum anomaly component for Apr 1 - Oct 31 1979
14014ThTTU-m-
±--
.
-'-
1C79
Ca
APE
TIME
NIME
TUM
4te j
.Y 19
79
Fiqure 3.4
-
Momentum data for Apr 1 -
Oct 31 1983
MDMENTUM DATA 198H
L4
~22
-
/
-
I-
~
I
-
''
I '
-
-j
'.---
I
-I
-~3;9~>
.~
-
'.
- -
-
-
zl
-
-~--I
- -
30
38
APR
SET
TDE
~1E~
198H
-
Figure 3.5
-
Momentum seasonal component for Apr 1
-
Oct 31 1983
MOMENTUM SEASONAL 198H
-
2
---------LO
10
1.-
-
-
-
-
- -
20
30
34
APE
MAT
JUN
JUL
AUG
SE
OCT
TIME
U-
Figure 3.6
anomaly component for Apr 1
-Momentum
-
Oct 31 1983
MOMENTUJM ANOMA-LY 19511
1~) 12z~
r
2
I14~
to
'9~J
(oI
to
~243
II
,rr
I
lt~
r
/ny:1
I
~40
4/
Yr,
34
,','
1
3801K
MAT
JUN
JUAmE
TIME
00 MEN LY
LJ>J
II~iiT
1
(Y)~
4-)
kill
ley:
V;'N U'Cj T '-FF-C-f
-1
-
--
jT
.
FTI-
J)*
)f
1biT-
7,
9
?zzQ-:-
~P,
1:
m
n
r-4
0
4J)
0
2
H
0
z
0
AA
O
Ur,
Ca
0
0
C
cn
04
0
a
I
NI
4-4
1%4
9'
110
4-,
'EGiLLIJ.VrI NOR
C
C
.TTI.il
1.1
Oct 31 1983
Momentum anomaly component for Nov 1 1982
Figure 3.9
MOMEITTUI- AN'V*--iLP-.LY 1953
i '/ 11 .Jir
AD
IV
W"
LUX-"
'P.
41
'Alp
YA
al
to
6;1 ;.4
-
,'41'f .,,I
- I
4
-J
I
j
1H.
-'A k 1%,;
I- "..'swt I
IP A %'I Id
I
e- V
:('.1 ILA
4U
z
N 'I. .1p
K4 V,
It
Olt
IE '
LL
tv
I
. .
If
"'
IL
, U
.)
2:14
A %,
If I
26
c4i
%1\,PPPPt
30
it
Ilo!
k
kit4r.
A
10,
Z/
A
24
NOV
DEC
-:5
0
AK
FEB
i
A
IN-
XN
APM
MAY
Mop-lI
-T " 1;"40
JUN
joea
IV
A
jo IIAP-il
JUL
AUG
MEx
SEP
OCT
Figure 3.10
-
High cloud cover percent data for Apr 1
Oct 31 1979
-
HiG CLOUD 1979
'
s;0
'
~-7-k
I
LIk/
'
A
~ \J
II
Q~
A~
~
N
?
3 6~
(
7T)'7
C-'
.-
'
c ..
o
APE
MAY
~
*z---
,"J
TJL~V
-
----
AUGt~/
SEP
AU
SET
"'
A 1
rj
TIMi
Figure 3.11
-
High cloud cover percent seasonal component for Apr 1 Oct 31 1979
HIGH CLOUD 1979 SEAS
1-i-
I
I1i2=i
ljM
i
4iE-
APR
MAT
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
TMi1
OV
Figure 3.12- -
High cloud cover percent anomaly component for Apr 1 Oct 31 1979
HIGH CLOUD 1979 ANCM
--
/
r-
A
r
----
-r-t
i r\
-
-
-
--
->
-f-
-
-17
--
--
AG
Il
11W
U\.jv -Ill,
' '
11 P,
[F~alil1;%LL
l
~
-
Figure 3. 13
High cloud cover percent data for Apr 1 - Oct 31 1983
HIGH CLOUD 198H DATA
la
36
54
72
90
SEP
38
Figure 3.14
-
High cloud cover percent seasonal component for Apr 1 Oct 31 1983
HIGH CLOUD 198H SEAS
L
-5.41-
E-
ile
0
1.8
36
12 7
54
72
A E
AUG
P
TME
N Is
N
Figure 3.15
-
High cloud cover percent anomaly component for Apr 1
Oct 31 1983
HIGH CLOUD 198H ANOM
549
72
~~
00
go'
AM
MA
a
29. 1 u
S
TIME
oC
-
Figure 3.16
-
High cloud cover percent data for Nov 1 1982 - Oct 31 1983
HIGH CLOUD 1983 DATA
36
C
iz.
NOV
AUG
TDFE
i/i'
Is
-Al
Figure 3.17
-
High cloud cover percent seasonal component for Nov 1 1982 Oct 31 1983
HIGH CLOUD 1983 SEAS
0
a-. ~
C
18
go rF441
NOV
I
"-
JL
AUG
TDM
.Figure 3.18
High cloud cover percent anomaly component for Nov 1 1982 Oct 31 1983
HIGH CLOUD 1983 ANOM
3C
NOT
DEC
4AR
FEB
MAR
APE
kAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
TME
Ia
140,
BEP
OCT
between
the
equator and
meteorological equator
or
tropical
The periodicity of
zone), but is 180* out of phase across the equator.
about
50
the cloud
in
days
field in the tropics
convergence
is vindicated by the
and the out of phase cross equatorial component to the
spectral analyses,
oscillation is observed in the cloud belt correlations.
Monthly average high cloud plots:
iii)
For each of the 7 months in 1979
and 12 months in 1982/83 the monthly average high cloud cover percents were
extracted from the CMatrix tapes and plotted in
Each
of
the
2070
subtarget
area
boxes
latitude-longtitude
were
assigned
form.
latitudes
and
longitudes and plotted using a Mercator projection as shown in figures 3.19
and 3.20.
For the months April to October
in which a comparison is
possible
between the years 1979 and 1983, the respective high cloud fields are quite
similar with
of
centres
respect
to
convection.
position,
The
El
intensity, and movement
Nino
of
the main
which significantly modified
the
atmospheric circulation in 1982/83 was beginning to breakdown by May 1983,
as indicated in Lau and Chan (1986)'s Hovmoller diagram of 5 day mean OLR
averaged between 5*N and 5*S along the equator from 400E to 800W. A return
to more
'normal' OLR patterns is evident in their Hovmoller diagrams by
July, so it
is perhaps not too surprising that the 1979 and 1983 high cloud
fields between July and October do not show more differences.
differences
Significant
in spite of what
do not exist between April and June either,
one might have expected to see, though one should bear in mind that monthly
average fields will tend to mask the anomalies.
month
periods)
zonally
averaged high
latitude is shown for 1979 and
cloud
The time mean (over the 7
percents
a function
of
3.22 and 3.24, and show
1983 in figures
remarkable similarity in latitudinal profile,
as
particularly with respect to
the location of the tropical peak (convergence
zone),
subtropical minima
(subtropical ridges), and mid-latitude peaks.
The most significant features evident in
the
centres
of
convection
over
the
the high cloud fields are
American,
African,
continents, and their shift with season about the equator.
and
Maritime
The convection
over the maritime continent shifts towards the Indian sub-continent during
northern summer in association with the Indian monsoon.
A significant band
-
Figures 3.19.1 -
3.19.7
Figures 3.20.1 -
3.20.12 -
Latitude-longitude plots of monthly average
high cloud cover percents for April 1979 October 1979
Latitude-longitude plots of monthly average
high cloud cover percents for November 1982 October 1983
Figure 3.19.1
HIGH CLOUD PERCENT APRIL 1979
Figure 3.19.2
tHIGH CLOUD PERCENT MAY 1979
Figure 3.19.3
HIGH CLOUD PERCENT JUNE 1979
.8
Figure 3.19.4
HIGH CIDUD PERCENT JTL2Y 1979
21
Figure 3.19.5
HIG
CLOUD PERCENT
AUGUSI
1979 j,
Figure 3.19.6
HIGH CLOUD PERCENT
EPTEMBER 1979
Figure 3.19.7
HIGH CLOUD PERCENT OCTOBER 1979 $
Figure 3.20.1
HIGH CLOUD PERCE!T
NU'EMBER 1982 *.
Fiqure 3.20.2
HIGH CLOUD PERCENT
-6.
DFCEMBER 1982
Figure 3.20.3
HIiGHi CLOUD PERCENT' JANUARY :1983
Figure 3.20.4
.KIGECLOUD PERCENT
FEB RUARY 103
*j*...~
(~I'
I.---
L
-~
~1!I~LuN
-
/
51.
Figure 3.20.7
HIGH CLOUD PERZENT MAY 1983
Figure 3.20.8
HIGH CLOUD PERCENT JUNE 1963
Figure 3.20.9
HIGH CLOUD PERCENT= JULY 1983 ~
Figure 3.20.10
HIGH CLOUD PERCENT
-4.
AUGIUST 1983
Figure 3.20.11
HIGH CLOUD PERCENT SEPTlRER 1983
3-6
Figure 3.20.12
IEnGH CLOUD PERCENT
OCTOBER 1983
Figure 3.22 - Time mean high cloud %
Figure 3.21 - Time mean momentum
over Apr 1 -
over Apr 1 - Oct 31 1979
Oct 31 1979
t5
1979 T:ME MEAN MOMENTUM DRTp
I
Kr~~
[.
Fk
1979 TIME MEAN HIGH CLOUD DATA
7
40
35
L
F
30-
25
31
I
10
Ii
0
5
10
15
25
30
MOM LATITUOE BELT
20 '
35
40
i5
F.)
Figure 3.23 - Time mean momentum
over Apr 1 -
Oct 31 1983
0
5
10
15
20
25
CLOUD LOTITUDE BELT
30
3'5
I
*1
11
Figure 3.24 - Time mean high cloud %
over Apr 1 - Oct 31 1983
198H TIME MERN MOMENTUM DRTA
196H TIME MEAN HIGH CLOUD DATA
.
I -
25
z20
is
ns saf t l f
F
0
. .*I
5
10
.
15
10
.... ....
20 25
30 35
MOM LATITUDE BELT
40
45
0
5
10
15
CLOU
20
25
LRTITUDE BELT
30
35
40
of convection appears in tropical latitudes in the South Pacific between
the months of November 1982 and April 1983, whose centre appears to migrate
eastwards across the Pacific during that period.
The enhanced cloudiness
in the Pacific region may be related to the anomalous El Nino circulation
and Sea Surface Temperature
supported
by
of
the analysis
This is
(SST) regime present at that time.
Stowe
et al
(1986)
which
shows
enhanced
cloudiness in the tropical Pacific during January 1983 relative to means
over 1980 and 1982.
3.4
Formulation of Tropical Convection Index
In formulating an index of tropical convection,
were taken before it
was ultimately decided
average high cloud cover
to use simply the belt zonal
One approach was
values.
several approaches
to use total
cover; another was to sum the belt values over the tropical region.
cloud
These
and other approaches are described below.
i)
Use of Total Cloud Cover:
the total cloud cover values
For 1979,
from the Nimbus 7 CMatrix data set were extracted and analysed in addition
to the high cloud cover values.
as the sum of high,
middle,
The total cloud cover was defined simply
and low cloud in
the CMatrix data set.
The
gross features of the total cloud cover field were similar to those of the
high cloud cover field.
This was also the case for the spectral analyses
and correlation fields.
As such,
it
was decided that subsequent analyses
would be performed with only the high cloud cover data, this presumably
being the better indicator of significant tropical convection.
ii)
Use of Cloud Sum Tropical Indices:
Several indices were developed
to form time series to represent the strength of the tropical convection.
The simplest such index was denoted
'HISM', and was simply a sum of the
belt high cloud values between latitudes 22.5*N and 22.5*S (i.e. a sum over
cloud belts 16-25)
the convection
follows:
in
at each time.
An index formulated to try to represent
the Hadley cell was denoted
At each time,
'HIHA'
and was computed as
the belts were scanned for the highest cloud cover
percent (representing the tropical convergence zone and ascending branch of
a Hadley cell circulation) and the bounding low high cloud cover values
(representing the subtropical ridge and the descending branch of the Hadley
circulation in
cell
average
in
this
each hemisphere).
group
of
belts
was
The
then
the values
sum of
assigned
to
the
above
Hadley
the
index
(HIHA), whilst the sum of the values in each hemisphere (north and south of
the
tropical
convergence zone)
that hemisphere was assigned
above
the mean of
the belts
falling into
to a Northern and Southern Hemisphere Hadley
index (HINH and HISH respectively).
Spectral analyses and correlation studies were then carried out with
these
indices,
difference
themselves.
in
though
it
was
discovered
that
they
afforded
results from simply using the various cloud belt
no
real
time series
ANALYSIS OF PERIODICITIES IN THE DATA
4
Spectral analyses of each of the momentum and cloud belt time series
were undertaken in order to gain an indication of those periods which were
the
in
dominant
employed was
from the
taken
The
sets.
data
respective
IMSL
FTFREQ calculates autocovariances
'FTFREQ'.
package
computational
routine
analysis
spectral
is called
and
and power spectra via the pre
ARIMA modelling techniques of Box and Jenkins (Jenkins and Watts, 1968).
The
resultant
momentum and
power spectra
cloud
for
the 7 month
1979 and 1983 are shown in figures B.1-B.4 in Appendix B.
periods in
In
the momentum and cloud spectra for 1979 and 1983, the dominant frequency is
that around 0.02 (or 50 days).
Fifty days is
probably close to the upper
limit for a period which one might try to resolve in a seven month time
series,
but in this case one can feel confident that it
is
real given the
number of previous studies which have also detected the dominance of this
period in momentum and cloud or OLR fields.
In the 1979 momentum spectra the general tendency is for a complete
dominance of the 50 day period within about 20* latitude of the equator and
a gradual
spread
into
Polewards
of
latitude
40*
longer
and shorter
it is more
periods
difficult
between
to
20*
resolve
and 400.
different
This tendency is more marked in the Northern Hemisphere; the
frequencies.
This
Southern Hemisphere tending towards a greater spread of frequencies.
could be due to the intrinsic nature of the respective hemispheres, or data
problems in the Southern Hemisphere, or perhaps even to the fact that this
time
series
(April-October).
might
hemisphere
an
covers
It
is
extended
Northern
Hemisphere
not apparent at this point though,
display more
convection for instance,
orderly
spectral
summer
season
why the summer
behaviour.
Perhaps
the
might be better organised because of its greater
intensity in the summer season.
Analysis of further years data would be
required to carry these points beyond pure speculation.
The 7 month 1983 momentum spectra show the same general behaviour as
the
1979
spectra
frequencies,
except
that
there
is a slightly
and the dominance of the 50 day period,
is less marked.
greater
spread
of
whilst still evident,
The general trend in the 1979 high cloud spectra is for a spread
over all frequencies (between 5 and 100 days)
50 days
outside the tropics (though
is still significant), with a sharpening
period between about 18*N and 18*S.
1983 high cloud spectra,
around 25 days,
to a dominant
50 day
This tendency is also shown in the
except that the dominant period in the tropics is
with the 50 day period also very strong.
The influence of
significant power at 25 days in the 1983 cloud spectra is reflected in some
of
the cloud belt correlations
section.
The
for
following spectral
1983 to be discussed
analysis
figures
in a subsequent
of high cloud
belts
(figs. 4.1.1-4.1.9; 4.2.1-4.2.9) in 1979 and 1983 help to illustrate the
above points:
Fiqures 4.1.1 -
79
TEC1M.
4.1.9
-
FA.MIGM
CL0MLT17
Fpectral analysis of cloud belts 17 to 25 For the
Apr 1 -- Oct 31 1979 high cloud belt anomaly tine
series
R&
79 SPE10:TR.
30
NIK
CL0
DLT
18
20
26
24
00
20
111
IG
tSi
e16~
12
B
8
0
79 SPCTR.
60
i
M.
M4IC0
0L
.02
.04 .06 .38 .0.
FREO.EOC1(CYCLES
4
.16
.11
.02
AT1
.04 .06 .30 .10 .12 .1A
Fm0.xcl 1170e1 440 0413
.16
.18
?wCTRA7.
A44. MGMCLO ELT21
79
SELT 20
0
It.. 79
SPECT R.
410
M
.0
C
L
T
2
t10
so
t0
35
70
30
30
25
40
10
0
.02
.01
.36
.08
TREM|.E>T
.10
:3
(CTM.Es
.12
?
. S .La
:1CT)
0
79 W4E0TWL8.
HIH0- SI.L~.T
.02
.lt
.04 .36 .09
FREVOCT (CTCLES
PERDo
?j
79 S!CTRR AFt
01.
0
0
0
0
F~fOE0CT(CTCLEPER
.An
.02
.04
.9
.08
.10
.13
.14
FRE2XCT
(CTCLES
ME ORT1
.18
.
HIGHCL.0
.Q
MLT25
A
-
.ll
Figures 4.2.1 -
4.2.9
-
Spectral analysis of cloud belts 17 to 25 for the
Apr 1 - Oct 31 1983 high cloud belt anomaly time
series
5ALHIGHCLOBELT17
eM WCTFVL
SH
20
1
TEWillW5
68 SPECTI. ANA. 1IGMCLOBEtLT
19
HIGH
CLUELT
16
-
1o -
12-
*-
10 -
. 02
1
.04
.8
.8
.10
FREMECYCLOO
P110
0401
.14
.18 .02
.16
.04R.06
.08C.1s
.1
SMWECTPJL
ItL
HIG CLOBLT 21
S4 PECTRO.8204. M1HIGH
CL. B.T 20
it
ECmTO
so
a
22
1tWCL
HIGH
LT
I 14
22
45-
20
40,
:5
0
16
-
25
20
0
9f
PA. 41G CLO MELY
23
PECTMIU.
.02
.04 .0I .
FRS.E.CY
IM SPECTRt.
.10
.12
0AT)
.!4
.16
.1
0 .02
(CYCLES
PER
IWit
HIGM CLD
CE.T
2
-04
.08
-. 06 .10
12 i
tCCLES pE0 OA()
FREEKCY
ett
M11~t
Flt.
KICKCIA
18
ELY25
II
06
3S
FPOR
EC
ICiASS
PER0
AI
(CTCL"M
Nil
00
04 .08 .08 .10 .12 .14
P1SECY (CYLESPER0 MY)
S.16
.16
5
STRUCTURE OF THE CORRELATION FIELDS
Correlation Technique
5.1
A series of linear correlations at various lags were performed on
cloud
the momentum and
be
should
appropriate
belt anomaly
were
the
of
anomalies
small compared to the means.
momentum and cloud data is
coefficients
amplitude
the
because
Linear correlations
time series.
using
calculated
a
least
standard
in
the
The correlation
squares
linear
regression technique of the form
r =
NEXY -2 (EX)(EY) 2
( [NEX 2 -(EX )] [NEy2_(Ey )
where N is
(5.1)
l/2
the number of points in the time series,
and X and Y are the
time series arrays.
In order to establish the significance of the cross correlations,
was followed.
the method employed by Davis (1976)
time
T. for
the
two
time
series
under
A joint autocorrelation
consideration
any
in
given
crosscorrelation was calculated from
Tj = lim Tn
n+eo
where
(5.2)
Tn = At E r(X,X,iAt) r(Y,Y,iAt)
and r(x,y,T)
is
the correlation of x(t) with y(t+T),
The number of degrees of freedom,
DF,
and T is
contained in the data,
time lag.
is then given
by
DF = (N(T) At)/Tj -
2
(5.3)
where N(T) is the number of data points available at lag T, and At = 3 days
for this data.
Having determined the number of degrees of freedom contained in the
data, significance at the 95% and 99% level was determined from standard
tables.
This was performed for various correlations
on each of the cross
62
TABLE
5.1
Significance of various correlations pertaining to figures 5.1 to 5.4.
Figure
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.2.1
5.2.2
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.3.3
5.4.1
5.4.1
5.4.2
Point tested
correlation belt
+0.456
+0.557
-0.568
-0.434
+0.658
+0.505
+0.520
-0.587
+0.514
-0.398
32
36
19
20
14
13
42
22
19
24
Signif icance
lag
95%
99%
+30
+27
0
-3
+12
+33
-27
+18
+21
+30
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
no
no
yes
yes
correlated fields, and in general, most of the correlations tested were
significant at at least the 95% level, and about half of those tested were
The recurrent and consistent structure in
significant at the 99% level.
the correlation fields was also a factor in building confidence in their
reality.
As a very rough guide to interpretation of significance in the
correlation figures,
correlations above 0.35 are generally significant at
the 95% level, and correlations above 0.45 are generally significant at the
99% level.
Table 5.1 shows the results of significance tests for a number
of correlation points pertaining to figures in this chapter.
5.2
Presentation and discussion of the correlation fields
In
correlation
the
generating
four
fields,
types
correlations were performed on the anomaly time series.
of
cross
Each of the 46
momentum belts were correlated with all 46 momemtum belts at lags from -51
days to +51 days every 3 days.
The correlations with each given momentum
belt then formed a field of correlations, as functions of belt latitude and
lag, which were plotted subsequently as
structure;
important
to show their overall
for determining the relationships between and within
the momentum and cloud series.
40 cloud belts
contours
This process was repeated for each of the
correlated with all 40 cloud belts;
separately correlated with all 40
and
cloud belts;
separately correlated with all 46 momentum belts.
the 46 momentum belts
the 40
cloud belts
The resultant contour
diagrams will help to clarify the above explanation and have been enclosed
A few of these figures will be presented in
in Appendix A for perusal.
this chapter to illustrate the major features in the correlation fields.
i)
Momentum belts correlated with all 46 momentum belts
The
correlations
for
momentum belt
21
(5.0*N-7.5 0 N) with all 46
momentum belts are shown in figures 5.1.1 and 5.1.2 for the seven month
periods in 1979 and 1983.
In each of the contoured correlation fields, the
positive lag to the right corresponds to the time series labelled at the
top being correlated against (e.g. momentum belt 21 in figure 5.1.1)
remaining fixed whilst all the belt latitude time series are lagged.
e.g.
a positive correlation on the positive lag side of figure 5.1.1 implies
that high momentum in momentum belt 21 precedes high momentum values in the
momentum
latitude
belt
corresponding
to
the
correlation.
A negative
correlation on the positive lag side implies that high momentum in momentum
belt 21 precedes low momentum in the momentum latitude belt corresponding
to the correlation.
For negative lags, the momentum belt 21 time series is
lagged whilst all 46 momentum belts being correlated with remain fixed.
Thus a positive correlation on the
negative lag side implies
that high
momentum values in the particular momentum belt where the correlation is,
precede high momentum in momentum belt 21.
Figures 5.1.1 and 5.1.2 show the general
the momentum field correlations.
momentum in the equatorial belts is
'propagation structure'
in
i.e. the correlations suggest that the
related to momentum in belts away from
the tropics and that this relationship is consistent with propagation of
momentum from the tropics towards mid-latitudes in both hemispheres.
The propagation structure repeats itself in the figures and has a
periodicity of approximately
50 or 60 days.
This is consistent with the
spectral analyses of the momentum data which yielded dominant periodicities
around
50 days.
The
periodic propagation structure is present in the
momentum correlation fields for both
1979 and
1983 and
is quite robust
through all the momentum belt correlations besides belt 21, also.
The propagation of momentum from the tropics towards mid-latitudes,
and the dominant near-50 day periodicity has been documented by Rosen and
Salstein
(1983),
Anderson
and Rosen
(1983),
and Langley
et al
(1981).
Anderson and Rosen (1983) suggest that the 50 day quasi periodic variations
in
the relative angular momentum of
wavelike motions in
and
downward
component
the tropical upper troposphere that propagate poleward
in phase within
to be
the atmosphere are associated with
the
tropics.
the zonally averaged part
They believe this
of
tropical
the motions described
by
Madden and Julian (1971,1972); i.e. the 40-50 day oscillation.
The relative
location of the propagation structure with respect to
lag, shifts according to the momentum belt being correlated against.
is evident
in
figures
A.1.1-A.1.38
I
in
Appendix A.
For
belt
This
21
for
instance,
the correlations are positive for small lags and also for larger
lags with increasing latitude.
belt 21
This is indicative of higher momentum in
in the tropical region preceding higher momentum in
the higher
Following tropical latitudes to higher lag,
latitude momentum belts.
the
correlation becomes negative so that higher momentum in belt 21 precedes
lower momentum in similar latitudes half a cycle (about 30 days) later.
In
higher latitude momentum belts, the oscillation is lagged in phase relative
to the tropics so that the whole 60 day period propagation structure is
shifted accordingly.
As mentioned above, it is possible fo follow this
shift with momentum belt.
From
the
propagation
structure
in
the
latitude-lag
correlation
fields it is possible to measure a propagation speed for the propagation in
the correlations out
of the
tropics.
different momentum belt diagrams,
order of 1 to 2 m/s resulting.
cell
velocities,
are
which
Several estimates were made from
with inferred propagation speeds of the
This is a little higher than typical Hadley
usually
only
that
strong
in
The
winter.
propagation phenomena does not have to be a Hadley phenomena of course, but
per se, this result by no means rules that prospect out.
completely valid
to speak of propagation velocities in zonally averaged
a function of position and season among other
data, as the propagation is
things,
but it
It is perhaps not
would seem to do no harm to at least have some idea of its
The propagation of momentum is probably linked to
magnitude in this data.
the 40-50 day modulated changes in the convective cycle, and in particular,
to Northern Hemisphere monsoonal features.
The momentum in groups of momentum latitude belts
21-25,
26-30,
31-35)
momentum belts as for
fields
summed
was
These
A.10.5.
propagation
correlations.
figures
structure,
also
as
illustrate
well
as
the
correlated
A.9.1
the
50
strong
with
16-20,
46
all
resultant correlation
The
the individual belts.
included in Appendix A figures
are
and
together
(12-16,
-
A.9.5
day
local
and A.10.1
-
periodicity
and
of
the
nature
i.e. The correlations are highest with those belts near the
belt or group of belts being correlated against.
all latitude
The global sum (over
correlated
with
all
46
momentum
in
order
to
determine
A)
Appendix
(figures
belts
in
the
Hemisphere
Northern
1983,
For both 1979 and
displaying
major
the
in
positive correlations
and
tropics
Southern Hemisphere
and
in
A.10.6
The propagation structure is
with the largest
these figures,
again evident
and
A.9.6
latitudes
those
to the global momentum anomaly.
contribution
momentum anomaly was also
belts)
the positive correlations
subtropics.
in
are slightly larger
the Southern Hemisphere subtropics than the NH subtropics.
momentum and high cloud as
The time mean (over the 7 month periods)
of
a function
figures
latitude
a broad
display
is
in
shown
double
figures
in
peak
and
subtropical
jet
mid-latitude
3.24.
The momentum
to
corresponding
The
streams.
to be the dominant
subtropical jets appear
-
in
Southern Hemisphere,
the
and mid-latitudes, presumably
subtropics
3.21
the
the
persistent
hemispheric
respective
to the global
contributors
sum
momentum anomaly.
is
correlations
which
18
shows
5.1.3
(12.6*N-15.1*N)
this
illustrates
the
Southern Hemisphere
periodicity
alternating
Figure
mid-latitudes.
momentum belt
the
the
for
momentum
1979 with
propagation
momentum
in
belt
subtropics
and
correlations
for
all other momentum
Polewards
feature.
particular
the momentum field
to note in
another .interesting feature
Finally,
of
in
18*S
gives
structure
belts,
way
the
to
an
oscillatory structure with periods around 50 days, which recurs 180* out of
phase
higher
into
evident
polewards
structure
latitude
is
more
latitudes.
A
in
the
of
30*N
dominant
in
oscillation structure,
It would seem
Hemisphere.
superposition
of
50
day
Northern
the
that
the
propagation and
Hemisphere.
Northern
whilst
structure
oscillatory
Hemisphere
the reverse
is
oscillation
structure,
also
The propagation
than
true in
correlation field
is
is
the
higher
the Southern
of
composed
with
the
a
former
dominant in the Northern Hemisphere here (summer hemisphere) and the latter
dominant
in
the Southern Hemisphere
seasonal data has
(and is
here
(winter hemisphere).
been analysed for the period Nov 1 1982 -
discussed in
section
5.3),
and
though inconclusive,
The reverse
Apr 29
it does
suggest that the superposition preference is seasonally dependant.
1983
not
67
Figure 5.1.1
Correlation of momentum belt 21 with all 46 momentum belts
at lags to 51 days for the Apr 1 - Oct 31 1979 momentum
belt anomaly time series
-
79 MOMBELT CLNS - MOMBELT 21
Fi7cJtva
.5,
1.,1
4
4
.
L2
16
U
o10
ale
p20
22
24
as
0
38
as
34
Be
a
42
18
12
B
0
LAG (DAYS)
Figure 5.1.2
-
As in Fig. 5.1.1, but for Apr 1 - Oct 31 1983
8H MOMBELT CLNS -
MOMBELT 21
8s.9-73.0N
65.7-60.4m
47.7-41.N
40 7-44.1.N
34.4-mi IN
28.0-31.0
22.0-25.AN
17.7-20.4"
12.--15.N
7.A-10.0N
L.- 0.0N
0.0-
.as
6.0- 7.68
10.0-1U.68
15.1-17.73
BMA-85.0
25.1-2M.66
l1.4-04.40
37.1-40.73
44.1-47.71
&1.5-"1.73
0A-46.93
46
..
42
.
30
30
4
16
12
6
LAG (DAYS)
0
5
12
15
24
30
36
40
40
68
Figure 5.1.3
-
Correlation of momentum belt 18 with all 46 momentum belts
at lags to 51 days for the Apr 1 - Oct 31 1979 momentum
belt anomaly time series
79 MOMBELT CLNS - MOMBELT 18
L
L
-
H12.8-15.6N
--
2
.
.ON
-2.-
0
;x U
0.0- &6S
a8
so
0.0-
--
4-,-
-,
32
-
7.08
--
1.L-17.73
--
80.-23.09
31.4-24.48
sa
4044-.7
37.5-40.70
se --
::
32
30
,4
18
12
6
LAG (DAYS)
~0s.4-40us
-U1.6-".72
0
6
12
10
84
30
36
4z
48
Anderson and Rosen (1983) found propagation of momentum to about 20*
latitude in both hemispheres, and spoke of a mid-latitude connection to 40*
in
the Northern Hemisphere
only.
Our seasonal analysis
also
suggests
propagation to at least 20* in both hemispheres.
It should
also
be
noted here
that
the
mid-latitude
oscillation
feature shown in figure 5.1.3 is not as well defined in the other momentum
figures.
In
addition,
the period
of
the
oscillation
at
the
various
latitude regions does not seem to be constant between momentum figures for
This lack of robustness augurs for a strong element
different latitudes.
of caution at this point.
The mid-latitude momentum oscillations may be a
natural response mode of zonal mean circulations to perturbation forcing in
Possibly, sometimes
they
may be excited also.
We
the respective hemispheres that can be excited.
are and sometimes
they aren't,
and other modes
have
to
other documented
been unable
find any
support them at this point.
It
evidence
or
studies
to
is possible to have trapped modes at higher
latitudes in regions where there is a meridional shear of the zonal wind,
such as near jet streams.
In the Northern Hemisphere the latitudinal node
in the momentum oscillation structure occurs close to 40*N which is also
the latitude in which the time mean momentum over the period is
(see figure 3.21).
greatest
The positions of the latitudinal nodes in the Southern
Hemisphere near 30*S and 50*S may be associated also with the locations of
the subtropical and mid-latitude jet streams in the Southern Hemisphere as
located by the broad double peaks in figure 3.21 at 30*S and 46*S.
ii)
Cloud belts correlated with all 40 cloud belts
The correlations for cloud belt 23 (9.0*N-13.5*N)
with all 40 cloud
belts are shown in figures 5.2.1 and 5.2.2 for the 7 month periods in 1979
and 1983.
The sense of the lag is the same as for the momentum correlation
fields. e.g. Positive correlation at positive lags
corresponding to high
values of high cloud cover in cloud belt 23 preceding high values of cloud
cover in the cloud latitude belt under consideration.
In
unexpected)
the
1979
cloud correlation
feature of
field, the
striking (and somewhat
the correlation structure is
180* change of phase in the 40-50 day oscillation.
the cross-equatorial,
During the extended
70
Figure 5.2.1
-
Correlation of high cloud belt 23 with all 40 high cloud
belts at lags to 51 days for the Apr 1 - Oct 31 1979
high cloud belt anomaly time series
79 HIGH CLD CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 23
40
M6-9O.03
7GA-81AN
3a
34
8-Go
C>>
32
0
s--6A
2 4
.4~O
22
4.6-:~i 9"~ '
pL
;5
ON
136
oa
.0N5
18
U 04.0- 4.5S
12
-
-0
rao-8Ms
&-0
-
-
-4&
-
3
4 05-
.0x
21.0-33.03
-
34
-
.21572~S
/
36
0
1,
L0576M
I
1.1
-??
I
>
-2
4
8
43
36
-M N
1
3.2418
-
55
42-
02r-2'L0
OD-W--
IL
-235
-
to
4600-4"s
4
es-sM~
-zV
:
1
.
-
y:
LAG (DAYS)
0H
-'-aam
2
8
4
0
3O48 4
Hemisphere
Northern
summer
season
convergence zone is
equator or tropical
the
(April-October)
meteorological
located north of the equator.
(The
time mean high cloudiness over the 7 month period as a function of latitude
is
plotted in
figures 3.22 and 3.24,
and shows a peak of maximum cloudiness
0
In figure 5.2.1 the sign of
in both 1979 and 1983 at belt 22 4.5 N-9.0*N).
about 5 0 N.
across a line near belt 21 at
the correlation changes
Thus in
tropical latitudes, roughly either side of the tropical convergence zone, a
is
strong periodicity
sides
such
of the
that
of
cloud
cells,
the Hadley
mean
zonal
high,
anomalously
and vica versa.
it
is
is
This does not
the strength of the ascending branch
response in
give a more symmetrical
the
Please note here that the out of phase oscillation is
data,
cover
cloud
the
i.e.
result.
which would
of
variations
longitudinal
is
cover
the picture of a simple change in
tropical cloudiness.
in
high
the Southern Hemisphere,
anomalously low in
fit
or
convection
the Northern Hemisphere
in
50 day cycle
the
When
zone.
differs by 1800 on different
the phase
but
evident,
of
out
nothing
giving
cloud
about
the
to
this
rise
the cloudiness
in
response
know
we
high
anomalous
phase
so
and
need not
be
longitudinally coincident.
of phase 40-50 day oscillation structure
The out
the cloudiness
in
data repeats itself in the subtropics and lower mid-latitudes away from the
as well
equator
is
this
(though
than the Southern Hemisphere).
more
evident
21
(~5*N),
26
for
each
correlations
Appendix
A
(figures
(~24*N),
of
the
A.2.1
-
the
cloud
(~36*N).
is
it
A.2.30),
Scanning
other
with all
belts
for
figure 5.2.1
in
structure occuring close to
in the
29
and
Hemisphere
Northern
The structure evident
correlations with belt 23 shows nodes
belts
in
evident
cloud
that
the
through
belts
in
the
indeed,
correlations weaken considerably (or the structure is less well defined) at
these particular belts.
The major axis of antisymmetry or primary node at 5*N, as mentioned,
is
probably
related
to
the
location
of
the
tropical
convergence
zone.
Within the latitudinal resolution of this data set (4.50 latitude belts) it
appears
that the primary
equator
(00)
and
the
node near belt
maximum cloud
zone
21
in
(~5*N)
is
belt
22
would imply that the location of the primary node is
located
(4.5
0
between
N-9.0*N).
the
This
not totally controlled
with
either
changes
coriolis
with
or
of
distribution
the
heating.
Combinations of processes linked to these types of symmetry (equatorial and
maximum cloud zone) presumably take place.
Examination of the cloud belt correlations for the 7 month period in
figure 5.2.2 and for all other cloud
1983 (shown for high cloud belt 23 in
Appendix A figures A.2.1
belts in
structure
oscillation
1979,
being closer
shows a similar structure,
in
tropics
the
to 25 or 30 days
for
shorter than
1983 are
than 50 days.
but
the out of
in
the periodicities
In addition,
not at all as well defined.
phase
- A.2.30)
The shortening
of
for
the
periodicity in the tropics in the 1983 data set was noted previously in the
1983
high
cloud
at
structure
spectral
analyses.
periods
shorter
would
The
imply
presence
of
that
some
to
the
oscillation
extent,
it
is
independant of period.
The
indeed
fact
the
that
40-50
the
day
observed
periodicity
oscillation
in
in
general
the
is
cloud
fields
and
and
not
variable
consistently well defined from year to year suggests that the phenomenon is
a non-linear oscillator and not a linear oscillator; irregularity of period
being characteristic of non-linear oscillations.
The lack of definition in
to the
1979
fields
is
perhaps
oscillation
itself,
atmospheric
circulation
typical) than in
indicative of
particularly
in
the structure of the 1983
1983
on
the
was
not
the variable behaviour of the
interannual
as
fields relative
well
1979 due largely to the occurence
time
behaved
scale.
(i.e.
was
The
less
of the 1982-83 El-Nino.
further establishing the
Analysis of further years data would be useful in
validity of and understanding the nature of the structure and behaviour of
the 40-50
day oscillation and its manifestation
in
the high cloud anomaly
correlation fields.
ii)
Cloud belts correlated with the 46 momentum belts
The cross correlations for cloud belt 24 (13.5*N-18.0*N) with all 46
momentum belts are shown in
1979
and
1983.
The
cross
figures 5.3.1-5.3.2
correlations
for
for the 7 month periods in
the
other
cloud
belts
with
Figure 5.3.1
Correlation of high cloud belt 24 with all 46 momentum belts
at lags to 51 days for the Apr 1 - Oct 31 1979 momentum
belt anomaly time series
-
79 MOMBELT CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 24
$5.-7.71
12
-IL
p
La
L
2a.o-26.N
H
-
0
22
22
26-3tAN
4
-9
t-
.6-15AN
-
96A-23.N
-
0s07*-5*
4
E.O-60
-
H3
L
369
10.0-12.a
-
1--
so
2.e-Me
-A
e
a
48
42
30
3
24
.
18
- ..
0
s
SLA-4AS
,
---- ,
1.2
-
5
15
12
24
30
38
48
4z
LAG (DAYS)
Figure 5.3.2
-
As in Fig. 5.3.1, but for Apr 1 - Oct 31 1983
8H MOILBELT CLNS - HIfGHCIL BELT 24
2
46.9
-7.GN
-
to
1261A
20-26.8
32
4
I-
L0
2.5.- L.ON
0-a-7-0s
L
82
22
-
-
30
L00128
38
40
30
24
0
L2
6
LAG (DAYS)
18
6
1S
16
24
30
W
42
Lo- -s.es
Figure 5.3.3
-
Correlation of high cloud belt 23 with all 46 momentum
belts at lags to 51 days for the Apr 1 - Oct 31 1979
momentum belt anomaly time series
79 MOMBELT CLNS -
HIGH CLD BELT 23
47.7-61.&N
24
70.410
12too12s
1007 13.
L4~OC
03.01B
4
7o--Mos
-20-
1-07.71
se05
34-
4~p~
4L
42
-40
40
15-17.71
OA-20.09
-
4Z
3a
30
04
18 12 8
LAG(DAYS)
.-
o
5
2
,
12
18
04
30
35
42
48
-6.s
momentum belts are included in Appendix A figures A.3.1 -
A.3.30.
propagation structure inherent in the momentum field correlations is
The
again
evident in the cross correlations with the various high cloud belts.
In
latitudes.
figure
anomalously
belts.
period
5.3.1
the positive
i.e. anomalously high
high momentum
correlation
cloudiness
about
50
days.
in cloud
the subtropical and
in
The propagation structure repeats
of
propagates
structure
The
into higher
belt
24
precedes
mid-latitude
momentum
itself in figure 5.3.1 with a
evident
is also
in the
correlations of cloud belts with all momentum belts for 1979,
particularly
It is also evident in figure 5.3.2 and the
for cloud belts in the tropics.
other cloud belt momentum belt correlations for 1983.
where
other
In contrast to 1979
the periodicity in the structure was around 50 days for most of the
cloud belt cross correlations,
the period from the
figures.
in
1983 it
is a little harder to determine
For momentum belt correlations with cloud
belt 24 (figure 5.3.2) the period is about 60 days.
The 60 day periodicity
persists in the 1983 propagation structure through to about high cloud belt
30 (40.5 0N-45.0*N).
The oscillation in mid-latitudes in both hemispheres in the momentum
field correlations is evident in the correlations against the cloud belts
here, and supports the observations outlined in part i) of this section.
The correlations with high cloud belt 23 (9.0*N-13.5*N)
for 1979 have been
chosen to further illustrate the point and are shown in figure 5.3.3.
iv)
Momentum belts correlated with all 40 cloud belts
The cross correlations
for momentum belt 23 (0.0*N-2.5*N)
with all
40 cloud belts are shown in figures 5.4.1 and 5.4.2 for the 7 month periods
in
1979 and 1983.
The cross correlations for the other momentum belts with
cloud belts are included in Appendix A figures A.4.1 - A.4.38.
The out of phase periodic structure observed in the cloud fields is
also evident in this set of momentum cloud cross correlations.
For 1979
the nodes in the structure occur at approximately 5*N, 23*N, and 38*N which
is close to the positions observed in the cloud cloud correlations (5*N,
240 N, and 360N).
Figure 5.4.1
Correlation of momentum belt 23 with all 40 hiqh cloud
belts at lags to 51 days for the Apr 1 - Oct 31 1979
high cloud belt anomaly time series
-
79 HIGH CIL BELT CLNS -
MOMBELT 23
44
I-
VI I
,}I'
,I
ik
I
1 1 864-0.oN
-8----76.6-61sN)
36
.-
07.5,-TE.O
34
~08.6~3.ON
&- 4.6-6.ON
32
0
a4;0.&-OWas
32A-36AN2
1628
-
30
-45r.o
0.0- 4.53
4A2 is.o-e
-2
-
--
-
-
~
1o
-67
C
~
36IO
6.
- -
14.0-22.6s
4.0-4.)s
L4L
25
12
-.-
-o
-
-630-404
73.0-740ZS
48
14
42
36
30
LI
VA
22
13
6
0
a
12
10
IVo
z4
3o
86
42
4a
2706-31D4
LAG (DAYS)
Figure 5.4.2
-As
in Fig. 5.4.1, but for Apr 1
EH HIGH CIL
40
I I~I~
~
-sa
32
30
~ )
31 1983
ELT CLNS - MOM BELT 23
L~
-0
-Oct
0. 40.6-40
0040
.%
Figure 5.4.3
-
Correlation of momentum belt 5 with all 40 high cloud
belts at lags to 51 days for the Apr 1 - Oct 31 1979
high cloud belt anomaly time series
79 HIGH CLD BELT CLNS 40
MOMBELT 6
-,8.-00
3976h-61.ON
3a
36
--
~
-
---
~
..-
-
d9..,
e,.6-n3.0n
49.6-4.0V
32
30
40.5-4.Ox
o0
0
31Z0-36.O14
o426
.5-27.09
4.-
022
90ON
4.53
-0.016
P.0-13.33
I&-29
too
-3*40-O
:
L4-
C
48
42
3M
30
24
15
12
K
0
LAG (DAYS)
81Z.0-73.5
a
12
18
84
30
3a
43
4a
The periodicity of the cross equatorial out of phase component of
the structure in 1979 is about 55 days in the near equatorial momentum belt
correlations
further
(between 8*N and 8*S) and about 48 days for momentum belts
from
periodicity
the
equator.
There
is also
for any given momentum belt
latitude belt structure with latitude.
which
shows
the
high
(51.5 0N-55.7 0 N).
50 days,
but in
cloud
belt
possibly
a
variation
correlation field in the
of
cloud
This is illustrated in figure 5.4.3
correlations
with
momentum
belt
5
The main out of phase periodicity in the tropics is about
the secondary out of phase structure evident between 10*S
and 40*S, the period is closer to 25 days.
For the 1983 momentum cloud cross correlations the periodic out of
phase structure is
shortening
of
again present but not as well defined,
period
relative
to
1979
for
correlations
with a possible
with
tropical
momentum belts.
Referring again to the 1979 momentum cloud correlations in figures
A.4.1
to
A.4.38
in
Appendix
A
for
momentum
belts
31-38
(180 S-38 0 S)
correlated with all 40 cloud belts, a persistent correlation at zero lag is
evident.
This suggests that the momentum belts in the Southern Hemisphere
subtropics respond almost immediately
tropics.
to anomalous high cloudiness in
the
Such a coincident pattern would imply an almost instantaneous
Hadley cell response rather than a wave response which would take some days
to propagate from the tropics into higher latitudes.
This observation in
the 1979 data is not evident in the 1983 data.
In figures A.9.7 and A.10.7 in Appendix A, the global sum (over all
latitude belts) momentum anomaly has been correlated with the 40 cloud
latitude belts for
1979 and 1983 to give some indication of where most of
the signal in the cloud data is arising.
structure in the tropics is
The resultant 50 day out of phase
again evident and very strong.
The structure
also appears in the Northern Hemisphere subtropics and mid-latitudes to a
lesser extent (as with the belt by belt momentum cloud correlation fields),
with very little recognizeable
structure in the Southern Hemisphere.
This
observation is consistent with the spectral analyses in the momentum and
cloud
data,
which
(particularly at
in
general
50 days) in
show
more
well
defined
periodicities
the Northern Hemisphere belts than in the
Southern Hemisphere belts.
phenomena and
associated
Indeed, it may well be that the oscillation
processes
are
Hemisphere than the Southern Hemisphere.
simply
better defined
reflect
analyses with
the summer
defined
in
the
Northern
It is also possible that they are
season, or
perhaps
even
that
the
is deficient or
inaccurate * and
the true nature of the phenomena there.
Again, further
Southern Hemisphere
does not
in
better
observational
different
seasons
data
and
years
would help
to
clarify
this
problem.
* Note: The Southern Hemisphere observational
that
less dense than
in the Northern Hemisphere, and this could certainly influence the
momentum
data
which
It
observations.
the
network is
algorithm
is
based
on
NMC
could also influence
cloud
for
retrieval
analyses
and
therefore
on
the cloud data to the extent that
relies
on
knowledge
of
surface
temperature and hence observations of such in the Southern Hemisphere.
5.3
Results for the period Nov 1 1982 - Apr 29 1983
In order to investigate seasonal behaviour in the momentum and cloud
data sets, a final analysis was undertaken on momentum and high cloud data
covering the period Nov
available).
/
Southern
1 1982 - Apr 29 1983
(for which data was also
In this six month period, extended Northern Hemisphere winter
Hemisphere
summer
conditions
representativeness of this data for these
prevail,
though
the
conditions can be questioned,
since it coincides with a particularly strong El Nino event.
The clear
patterns which were observed in the Apr 1 - Oct 31 1979 momentum and cloud
cross correlations
1983
were less distinct for the period Nov 1 1982 - Apr 29
(as for Apr 1 -
Oct 31
1983) making firm conclusions of seasonal
behaviour difficult to draw.
In the spectral analyses,
the most significant difference between
the Nov 1 1982 - Apr 29 1983 data and the Apr 1 - Oct 31 1983 data was the
presence of a much more dominant peak around 20 days for the Nov 1 1982 Apr 29 1983 data, particularly in momentum belts 25 to 30 (2.5*S-17.7*S).
In
the momentum correlation
figures
and
in some
cases
Southern Hemisphere
rather
tendency appears
the
momentum
than from the
belts
tropics
through
to be for propagation from
into
into mid-latitudes
the
Northern Hemisphere,
in both hemispheres.
higher latitudes,
tho out of phase oscillation structure is
The
a
presence
Hemisphere
period
of
50
tropics,
is
evident,
day
though
as
period
in
1983,
less apparent than for Apr 1 - Oct 31
the momentum propagation structure is
1983,
for Nov 1 1982 - Apr 29
is
well
reflected
the Southern Hemisphere
in
At
again evident.
the
tropics
indicated also by the dominance of this
Northern
a 20
day
period in
these latitudes in the momemtum spectral analyses.
In
cross-equatorial
180*
out
of
defined relative to Apr 1 figures
for Nov 1 1982 -
the cloud correlation figures
it
was
difficult
phase
Oct 31
structure was
1979.
to determine
point with absolute certainty,
but it
evident,
1983,
though
the
poorly
In many of the cloud correlation
the latitude
of
was clear that
node had shifted into the Southern Hemisphere,
Southern Hemisphere summer analysis.
Apr 29
the principal nodal
the position of
this
as expected for an extended
Within limits
of definition of the
node and the latitudinal resolution of the data, the node was between belts
19 (4.5*S-9.0*S) and 20 (0.0-4.5*S), though probably closer to belt 19.
the
time averaged high cloudiness for the period,
maximum high cloudiness,
major
node
in
the
out
In
belt 19 is the belt of
so this evidence suggests that the latitude of the
of
phase
cloud
oscillation
structure
linked to the latitude of maximum tropical high cloud (or ITCZ).
is
closely
6
SUMMARY DISCUSSION
Major verifications, findings, and results
6.1
With respect to the preceding discussion and analysis of the zonal
mean momentum and
periods in
high cloud
1979 and 1983,
fields
for the April
1st -
October
31st
several points can be made and will be restated
here:
1) -
High cloud cover percent provides a useful indicator of tropical
convection.
2) -
The most significant sources of convection are over the African,
and
American,
Maritime
continents.
Maritime
Significant
continent
convection extends well into the Pacific during 1983.
3) -
The momentum and cloud correlations depend on latitude and
show
strong local correlations.
4) the
The so called 40-50 day oscillation is
in
the dominant periodicity
momentum and cloud fields, particularly in tropical and subtropical
belts.
5) -
The periods present in the data vary from year to year, with periods
as short as
25 days
in
the high cloud correlations
in
the
tropics
being
important in 1983, but relatively unimportant in 1979.
6) -
The periodicities appear to vary with latitude also, though evidence
to substantiate this is scant at this point.
7) -
The momentum correlation field displays a symmetrical propagation
structure about the equator,
with implied propagation of anomalous high or
low
day
momentum
in
the
50
oscillation
from
the
tropics
towards
mid-latitudes with lag.
8) -
In mid-latitudes the momentum correlation field displays a nearly 50
day periodicity which repeats into higher latitudes 180* out of phase.
appears
that
superposition
propagation
the
momentum
of
propagation
structure
more
correlation
and
dominant
structure
oscillation
in
tropical
is
composed
It
of
a
structure,
with
the
latitudes
here,
and
oscillation structure more dominant outside the tropics.
9) -
The major contribution to the global sum momemtum anomaly is
the tropics and subtropics.
from
10)
-
(for
In contrast to the momentum field,
1979
about
in
particular)
display
a
the high cloud field correlations
striking
and
quite
robust
asymmetry
the equator or maximum cloud zone with out of phase oscillations at
the 40-50 day period.
11)
-
lies
The
close
equatorward
position
major point
to
the
belt
of
asymmetry
of
maximum high
of this belt.
is
A more
not
possible
latitude belts).
Suffice
with
is
in
the
cloud
cloud,
correlation
though
precise determination
such
coarse
may
structure
be
slightly
of its latitudinal
latitudinal
resolution
(4.5*
to say here that its position must be closely
linked to the position of the ITCZ.
12)
-
The out of phase
latitudes in
correlations
in the
cloud field repeat
at higher
the Northern Hemisphere with an apparent sequence of nodes at
about 5*N, 250 N, and 36*N.
The repetition of the out of phase structure at
higher latitudes is not as clear in the Southern Hemisphere.
13)
-
The
latitude scale
of the out
of phase cross
equatorial structure
seems fairly constant with respect to high cloud latitude belt,
but because
of the lack of definition in the 1983 fields, it is not possible to comment
on interannual changes.
14) -
The forcing
of the oscillation
seem to be non-linear,
as suggested
in particular by the interannual variation of present periods.
15)
-
wave
There
is
a general
phenomena influencing
suggestion
the 40-50
from the results
day oscillation,
of
both Hadley and
and it
may be that
combinations of these processes play roles to varying degrees.
16) high
The momentum and high cloud
cloud
anomalies
in
the
with lag out of the tropics.
fields appear
tropics
to be linked,
preceding anomalously
with high
high momentum
6.2
Discussion
The most interesting feature to arise from the results is the out of
phase
cross
equatorial
cloudiness.
In 1979,
periodic
oscillation
the phenomena is
current
body of
about
50
days
in high
quite robust and has a well defined
period, asymmetry, and latitudinal scale.
(and at this stage it
of
If the phenomena is indeed real
is believed to be) then this has implications for the
work
being
undertaken
on
understanding
the 40-50
day
oscillation and tropical atmospheric circulation.
One implication is that any modelling or theoretical work attempting
to capture
or explain
meridional
asymmetry
the full
as well
as
nature
of
zonal
asymmetry.
the
oscillation
must
include
An analysis based on
consideration of linear symmetric modes such as that of Anderson (1984)
which he
Hadley
found free 40-50
cell,
day oscillations
and speculated
that
this was
in
associated with a symmetric
the
source
of the 40-50
period, can at best provide only a partial explanation.
day
The meridional
asymmetry in our results suggest that a simple linear symmetric analysis is
insufficient.
and
Goswami
understand
the
Shukla
(1984)
oscillation
with
suggest
a
zonally
that
it may
averaged
be
model,
possible
and
to
present
results for various zonal runs with a zonally symmetric version of the GLAS
There is
Climate Model.
perhaps some indication in the precipation field
in their figure 5 of a cross equatorial out of phase oscillation with a
period of about 30 days.
Our observational work was also performed with
zonal averages and there is good reason to expect that tropical precipation
is well
correlated
with
high
cloud
cover
(Richards
and Arkin,
Because of the dominant wave number one (zonally asymmetric)
1981).
character
of
the oscillations however, it is unlikely that zonal models or studies could
hope to provide a full explanation of the oscillation per se.
The modelling study of Hayashi and Sumi
(1986) allowed both zonal
and meridional asymmetry and contained some interesting results.
level
spectral
prominent
30
GCM
day
simulations
eastward
with
propagating
an
ocean
waves
covered
within
earth
about
10*
Their 12
yielded
of
the
equator.
in
Zonally asymmetric distributions of convective activity developed
their model runs after
conditions.
In
the
specifying symmetric
Pacific,
or
vica
versa,
of moist processes
is
their model and that
sea
suppressed over
surface
the western
temperature
is
almost
for maintaining the 30 day oscillation in
essential
composed both of equatorial Kelvin
the structure is
causing a mode coupling between
The combination of Kelvin waves with inherent symmetric structure
distribution
equator
the
with the moist processes
and Rossby waves
(the
if
even
is
boundary
Hayashi and Sumi (1986) go on to conclude that the existence
equally high.
the two.
the activity
uniform)
that when convection is
they postulate
zonal plane,
active over the Indian Ocean,
(zonally
for
a
of pressure and
Kelvin
wave)
zonal velocity
and
Rossby
wave
is
the
symmetric about
with
inherent
asymmetric
structure (the distribution of pressure and zonal velocity is antisymmetric
the equator
about
observed
of
the oscillation in
in
might help
for a Rossby wave)
the oscillation in
this work;
to explain
namely,
structure
the symmetric
and the asymmetric
the momentum field,
the structure
structure of
An analysis of mode amplitudes has not
the oscillation in the cloud field.
been undertaken however to say anything about the relative contributions of
these
processes.
Hayashi
and
Sumi
believe
(1986)
that
the
coupled
their model results has a temperature field mostly
disturbance
manifest in
contributed
by equatorial
while
(free) Kelvin waves,
the wind fluctuations
come mainly from equatorial (free) Rossby waves.
The observation that the principal node of antisymmetry in the cloud
field
correlation
cloud
cover,
structure
lies
that
the
suggests
close
to
heating
the
field
mechanism for the out of phase oscillation.
belt
is
of
an
maximum
tropical
important
forcing
Though difficult to determine
with such coarse latitudinal resolution, it does appear that the node lies
An equatorial antisymmetry would invoke
slightly equatorward of this belt.
the
importance
of
dynamical
processes
(such as
Kelvin-Rossby
wave
mode
coupling) related to a change of coriolis parameter across the equator.
the oscillation
is
cloud cover
equator,
or
not completely
then
it
antisymmetric
might
be
that
about
If
the belt of maximum
a complex interaction
of
forcing and control mechanisms exists, perhaps based on both equatorially
symmetric
wave
heating field.
type
processes,
and
processes
intrinsically
linked
to the
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
7
Conclusions
7.1
Analysis of zonally averaged momentum and high cloud data for seven
month extended Northern Hemisphere summer seasons in 1979 and 1983 yielded
belt correlation fields implying a symmetry and propagation of momentum out
of the tropics in
as well as a series of superposed out
the momentum data,
and an asymmetrical
of phase mid-latitude
oscillations,
the equatorial zone in
the high cloud data.
periodicity
the dominant
in
oscillation across
The 40-50 day oscillation was
with variation
the momentum and cloud fields,
of the time spectra evident between 1979 and 1983.
out
The
as
interpreted
of
phase
a
cyclic
in
oscillation
of
series
the
high
low
anomalously
field
cloud
and
high
convection is
when
tropics
is
it
strong in
anomalously
(zonal)
the Northern Hemisphere
Hemisphere
tropics
and
weak
in
the
day periodicity
in
the momentum and cloud fields coupled
anomalously
Southern
be
On a zonal
convection out of phase in the respective tropical hemispheres.
average,
can
vica-versa.
The 40-50
between the two fields and the propagation of
with the strong correlations
momentum out
of
the
in
tropics
waves with periods
example Anderson and Rosen, 1983)
is
convection
tropical
suggests
associated
of 40-50 days
that the
40-50 day forcing of
of
the propagation
with
(see for
momentum
from
tropics to midlatitudes with this period.
The authenticity
field
not
has
oscillations
been
streams.
of
the mid-latitude
verified,
but
if
oscillations
real,
it
is
in
the
possible
momentum
that
the
are excited natural response modes of zonal mean circulations
to perturbation forcing.
regions
of
strong
Trapped modes
meridional
shear of
The positions of the nodes in
at higher
the
latitudes can exist in
zonal wind,
such as
near
jet
the momentum oscillation structure
are close to the latitudes of maximum time averaged zonal momentum over the
period.
The results
40-50
day
and discussion presented here would suggest that the
oscillation
of
combinations
wave
is a
Hadley
and
non-linear
complex
cell
type
phenomena
processes.
involving
The
resultant
interactive phenomenon manifests itself with a variable period around 50
days
to
atmosphere
intrinsic
an
is probably
and
various
the
natural
non-linear
appears
It
processes.
the
of
response
frequency
that
interannual changes in circulation patterns influence and/or are influenced
by changes in the nature of the 40-50 day oscillation.
The meridional asymmetry inherent in the oscillation in
field
cloud
oscillation
ramifications
has
particular
this
in that
for
future
to
efforts
asymmetry
must
the high
understand
the
Any
be explained.
complete description of the 40-50 day oscillation would need to consider
its
apparent
non-linearity
the
and
zonal
and
asymmetries
meridional
observed in fields reflecting the phenomenon.
7.2
Further Research
Further modelling studies, in particular with General Circulation
Models allowing zonal and meridional asymmetries might be instructive for
developing a more solid theoretical foundation on which to understand the
40-50 day oscillation.
General circulation modelling is a particularly
useful tool for studying the oscillation because of its inherent complexity
and
in
manifestation
observational
data
meteorological
is occasionally
fields
lacking
in
the
for
tropics
in sufficient
which
accuracy
and
coverage.
Observationally, it is desirable that the results presented here be
further verified and extended.
verification
to
respect
addition,
field
of
the
the
NIMBUS
asymmetric
The
ISCCP data set would be ideal for
7 CMatrix
data
oscillation
in
results,
the
the ISCCP data offers greater temporal
evolution,
and
thus
lends
definition of high cloud behaviour.
itself
to
high
particularly with
cloud
field.
resolution of
diurnal
studies
In
the cloud
and
better
Analyses
performed
over
other
seasonal
periods,
in
particular
Northern Hemisphere summer/Southern Hemisphere winter, are necessary for
determining intraseasonal and hemispheric characteristics of the 40-50 day
oscillation.
Obtaining momentum and cloud data with daily time resolution (three
day averages were used here) would enable a more thorough analysis of the
The work of Rosen and
shorter periodicities present in these fields.
Salstein (1983) shows significant periods in the mode series spectra of
momentum belts
for the time period
1976-1980
of order 10-15
days.
Such
periods are too short to be catagorized with the 40-50 day oscillation, but
deserve attention, as further integral components in the tropical
system.
Shorter time resolution data, such as is available via ISCCP for clouds and
ECMWF for wind might also enable a determination in
tropical latitudes of
whether the anomalous cloud leads the anomalous momentum, or vica-versa,
and by how much.
in
the tropics
Within the resolution of this data set, the correlations
are coincident
in time supporting hypotheses for almost
instantaneous (a few hours) adjustment,
such as those of Bjerknes (1966).
Extending the analysis to cover years other than 1979 and 1983 would
help to determine the interannual variation of the 40-50 day oscillation
(significant between 1979 and 1983 in these results), and could perhaps aid
in
clarifying
the
relationship
between
the
oscillation
circulation patterns and forcing, when and where this
prominent
modes
of
low
frequency
oscillations
in
and
exists.
the
El
Nino
The two
tropical
ocean
atmosphere system are the 40-50 day oscillation and the El Nino/Southern
Oscillation (ENSO), and Lau and Chan (1986) have presented some interesting
results from 10 years of outgoing longwave radiation data connecting these
phenomena.
A scenario suggested by Lau and Chan (1986)
is
that the onset
of ENSO may be triggered as a result of the 40-50 day waves amplifying
episodically through coupled ocean-atmosphere interactions.
The more that is known about the tropical ocean-atmosphere system,
the more one appreciates the interconnected nature of the system and the
need to study the intraseasonal and the interannual variations inherent in
the system.
Shedding new light on the 40-50 day oscillation should help to
88
improve
phenomena
understanding
influencing
mid-latitudes.
of
the
climate
plethora
of
fluctuations
tropical
in
ocean-atmospheric
the
tropics
and
APPENDIX A
Figures A.l.1 -
Correlation of momentum belts 5 to 42 with all 46
momentum belts at lags to 51 days for the Apr 1 Oct 31 1979 momentum belt anomaly time series
-
A.l.38
79 MOMBELT CLNS - MOILBELT
79 MOM BELT CLNS - MOM BELT
5
8
65.7-60.4m
7.7-1
-.
-44-7S
-
28.6-31
tol
4W
23.0-2.8N
-
14
7~l.7-20.4N
-.
+16
6-
20
-67.5-10.0K
2.-
L
6.on
0.0- L.S
-.
.
A
6
.0- 7.2
-a -&0
10.0-12.68
2
--
15.1-37.73
0.4-s.06
20
258-28.68
3
-M.-
01
L
31.4-34.48
37.5-40.78
44.1-47.78
-
48
48
36
30
24
1
1.3
6
0
5
12
18
24
30
35
42
16.5-4.78
42
40
LAG (DAYS)
79 MOMBELT CLNS - MOMBELT
7
79 MOM BELT CLNS - MOMBELT
8
TO MOMBELT CLNS -
79 MOMBELT CLNS -
MOMBELT 9
MOMBELT 10
63.9-7325
65.9-73.0K
65.7-60.4N
65.7-0.4N
47 7-601N
477-6LN
40.7-44 .N
407-4 iN
to
34A-37.SN
344-37.6K
L2
26.8-314N1
20.6-31L4N
23.0-26.8N
23.0-25SN
14
1.0
a
17.-242
17.7-2.4N
12.6-15.1N
12.6-15.1N
3.00
7.5-40.16
7---10.0N
20
2.0- $.ON
.0N
Ozo-
0.0- 2.W2
24
.0as
7.2
10.0-12.02
10.0-12.02
38
36
so
34
15.L-17.72
15.1-17.72
O-4-2s.38
BOA-M.06
256-28.68
25.1-28.68
314--54 4
31.A-34.48
38
37.1-40.71
40
44.1-47.71
37.5-40.72
4.1-47.78
s1.1-68.73
601.5-46.7
42
zLW
6.0- 7.0s
60.4-625.83
60.4-85.86
44
79 MOM BELT CLNS - MOiL BELT 12
79 MOMBELT CLNS - MOM BELT 11
05.0-73.a5
65.6-73.oN
68.7-40.4ff
65.7-40.4N
477-61.8K
477-6L N
4,0.7-". IN
40-44.IN
2
t4.
54.4-37.SN
to
10
t4
12
344-37.SN
14
23.0-256SN
16
1T.7-24N
a
12.6-15.1N
28.6-31.4N
28.6-3t.4
23.0-25 SN
17.7-20.4Nf
12.6-15.1N
30
7.0-o10.ON
225
2.0-
27.0-o10.0
620
3.oN
0.0- 2.58
S.oN
2
3.5-
34
O.0- 2.53
6.0-
.0- 7.08
7.81
10.0-12.08
10.2-12.95
40
15.1-L7.73
32
15.1-17.78
20.4-23.0
3h
204-3.00
21S.1-2302
36
314-3448
A1.4-4.4U
4
37,6-40.78
38
37.6-40.72
44 1-4778
".41-47.78
6t.5-48.72
42
61.5-6.78
44
0.4-45.81
60.4-43.8
48
42
3
3o
3S
1 IS
LAG (DAYS)
6 0
6
13
16
34
30
35
42
48
L6
LAG DAYS)
&
0
6
10
16
34
30
36
42
48
79 MOM BELT CLNS - MOM BELT 13
79 MOM BELT CLNS - MOM BELT 14
65.8-73.M1
65.7-0.48
47.7-6L.N
40 7-441N
34 4-3701N
t0
28.8-31.4N
23.0-26.&N
1-
17.7-20.4m
1e
12.6-15.N
7.2-10.0N
2.0N
0.A- .02
2.-
6.0-7.68
0
10.0-12.88
3a4
15.1-17.78
80A-68.08
38
25.3-28.68
30
314-34.48
37.6-40.78
44.L-47.79
61.5-6.78
42
80.4-65.93
AA
79 MOMBELT CLNS - MOMBELT 15
79 MOM BELT CLNS -
MOMBELT 18
79 MOM BELT CLNS - MOMBELT 18
79 MOMBELT CLNS - MOM BELT 17
t2
L4
o
to
20
6
0
;X 24
SO
2a
s
50
42
54
36
se
40
42
79 MOM BELT CLNS - MOM BELT 19
79 MOMBELT CLNS -
MOMBELT 20
65.9-73.AN
6s.7-0.4N4
40.?-44.1N
344-37.5N
28.0-1.4N
23.0-25,AN
17.7-20.4N
12.8-15.1IN
7.0-10.0N
2.0- 0.0N
0.0- 2.05
6.0- 7.08
10.0-12.683
15.L-17.78
20.A-2.0s
5.-n.68
St
4-4.48
37.1-40.78
44 1-47.7
t1.5-8.73
60A-4."8
46
4z
3a
30
24
tO
12
5
LAG (DAYS)
0
6
12
16
34
30
36
4z
4a
s
4z
56
30
a4
to
1.
6
LAG (DAYS)
a
0
12
16
34
30
a5
48
4a
79 MOMBELT CLNS - MOMBELT 21
79 MOM BELT CLNS - MOM BELT 22
65.9-73.35
65.9-73.24
65.7-60.4Nm
65.7-60.4N
47.7-6L.N
47.7-61 MN
40.7-44.
1N
40 7-44-1N
34.4-37.N
344-37.MN
20.6-31.4
28.-31.4N
23.0-25 N
23.0-25.8m
17.7-20.4N
17.7-5.01
12.5-153.1N
12.5-5.11N
7.0-10.0
7.5- 10.0K
5.0- 5.0N1
2.0-.0N
0.0- 2.0s
5.0- 3.0s
5.0-7.68
5.0-
7.a8
10.0-12.8
10.0-12.68
15.1-17.73
15.1-17.72
04-93.08
504-83.05
25.*-2.Ma6
255-28.68
31.4-34.48
314-34.48
37.5-40.75
37.5-40.72
44.1-47.78
44.1-47.71
61.5-6473
6L.5-66.7.
504-4."
60A-60.98
45
42
36
30
24
18
13
5
6
0
12
16
30
24
35
42
46
LAG (DAYS)
79 MOMBELT CLNS - MOMBELT 24
79 MOMBELT CLNS - MOMBELT 23
605-73.3N
65.0-73.0"
55.7--60.4N1
55.7-0.41
47.7-61 MI
47.7-61.&I
40.7-45N
40,7-.1N
to
I
10
344-7.IN
10
344-37.MI
12
28.0-3. 4n
12
28.6-31.4N
14
33.0-2.N
16
17.7-20.4N
la
12.5-153.1N
20
7.3-10.0N
7.6-10.0N
22
2.0- O.ANK
3.0- 5.0N
0.0- 2.33
0.0-
6.0-7.08
5.0- 7.03
S24
23.0-2IM
17.74-0.4N
12.6-15.1N
16
.01
10.3-5 3.68
10.0-12.68
28
30
15.1-17.7.
30
15.1-17.7.
all
20.4-3.05
EA-33.02
34
0s
342
25.8-2.68
38
31.4-5.48
30
37.5-40.78
40
44.1-47.S
"41-4778
42
A1.5-6.78
6L.5-65.79
44
604-4.03
C04-6.93
25.1-2.6
40
36
46
42
36
30
24
14
12
6
LAG (DAYS)
0
6
12
15
34
30
35
42
4a
SL1.44.48
30
375-40.7
6
42
36
30
34
18
12
6
LAG (DAYS)
0
5
12
16
34
30
35
43
48
79 MOM BELT CLNS -
MOMBELT 25
79 MOMBELT CLS -
MOMBET 28
65.9-73." 4
68.6-73.O8
657-60
65.7-6.4N
4
47.7-1L.21
40.7-4,
47.7-684B
1N
40.7-.17
544-376K
2a 6-31 48N
28.8-31.4N
23 0-26.N
23.0-26N
17.7-20.4N
17.7-20.4N
12.6-15.18N
12.6-15.1N
7.-
LO.ON
7.6- 10.N
6.011
2.6-4ON
2.6-
40-4' -08
0.0-
6.0-7.513
6.0- 7.58
4.82
10.0-12.68
10.0-12.68
15.1-17.73
15.1-17.73
20A-83.08
304-3.08
25.-a.68
25.11-211.66
SL.4-34.48
31.4-34.48
37.6-40.7
37.6-40.78
4.-47,3
44.1-47.7
61.1-6.78
81.-45.75
80.-485.
46
42
36
30
24
18
L2
6
0
6
12
15
34
30
3
42
48
80.4-64.9
44
LAG (DAYS)
42
36
30
34
18
1i
6
0
6
12
16
04
3
3s
40
4a
LAG (DAYS!
79 MOM BELT CLNS - MOMBELT 27
79 MOMBELT CLNS - MOMBELT 28
65.-73.CN
85.8-73.2N
5.7-450.411
65.7-60.40
47.7-6t.ISN
47.7-1.6N
407-0.1
40.7-44811
34.4-37684
34.4-37680
8-31.4K
2
2ON8-314N
23.0-26.60
680-2.N
27.7-20.48
07.?-20N.4
12.6-15.1m
12.9-1.81N
7.6-10.0N1
7.6-10.ON
0.4- *.0N
2.5-
4.0N
4.D- .68
4.0- 4.88
6
7.68
6.0- 7.68
10.0-12.68
10.0-12.68
15.1-17.78
15.1-17.78
9.4-83.08
30A-68.08
25au-as
3L.A-34.48
21 4-3448
3765-0.78
37.6-4.78
4.1-47.711
0-47
61.6-48.78
60A-8.85
78
80.4-68.88
LAG (DAYS)
79 MOM BELT CLNS - MOMBELT 30
79 MOM BELT CLNS - MOMBELT 29
65.--73.14
65.9-73.aN
85.7-0.41N
65.7-.0.4N
47.7-6.N
47 7--otSN
40.7-44.1N
40 7-
34.4-37.N
34 4-37.SN
28
6-3.41N
28.6-3L41
23 0-256.N
23.0-25.N
17.7--2.4N
17.7-20.4N
12.5-15.1IN
12.6-15.1N
7.4-0.0N
7.51- M0ON
2.5-6.0m
2.0- 0..0
O.0- 203
0.0- 2.08
6A- 7M
4.0- 7.53
10.0-12.8
10.0-12.63
13.1-17.7
15.1-17.75
0A-23.03
10.4-13.08
26.-28.68
25.8-28.69
S.4-04.48
31.4-34.48
37.5-40.78
37.5-40.71
"10.7
4.1-47.7
6.5-6.71
61 5-65.72
80.4-65.98
60A-68.0
79 MOM BELT CLNS - MOMBELT 32
79 MOMBELT CLNS - MOMBELT 31
63.6-73.M14
63.0-73.1
65.?-40.41N
65.7-.4N
47.7-60
SN
47.7-80 SN
40.7--44.1N
60.7-44.1N
34.4-37SN9
34.4-37 SN
28.6-3L4N
28.6-3L4N
23.0-25.8N
23.0-25.6N
17.7-20.4N1
17.7-254AN
12.6-15.1N
12.6-15.1
7.-LO.ON
7.5-
20- .ONK
2.0- .0=
0.0-2.8
C-0- 2-0
L.ON
50- 7.03
6.0-7.68
10.0-12.68
10.0-12.8
15.1-17.718
LAG (DAYS)
1N
15.1-17.73
20.4-23.08
80.4-13-03
25.8-28.68
25.6-28.68
314-34A
3L.4-34.48
37.6-40.7
375-40.78
44.1-47.78
44-L'47.72
61.5-8.7g
605-8.71
60.4-65.08
60A-65.9
79 MOMBET CLNS -
79 WOWBET CLNS - MOMBELT 34
MOMBELT 33
65.9-73.40
65.9-73.0"
68.7-60.4m1
66.7-40.4N
477-6LN
47.7-6L.4N
40.7-44121
40.7-44 11
344-37 W
34.4-37.6F
28.$-31.4M1
28
23.0-25.4N
23.0-26.8N
17.7-20.401
17.7-20.4N
12.6-15.12N
12.5-105.1N
7.-
L0.0ON
7.0-10.0N
28-
*.0N0
2.6-
3.0m
0A.-
2.28
6.0- 7.08
6.0-
7.M8
10.0-12.8
10.0-12.65
5.1-17.73
15.1-17.73
=A-8.0g
20.4-23.08
25S.8-28.Ug
25.8-28.as
3L4-34.48
3L4-34.4
37.6-40.7g
37.6-40.79
0.0-
2.28
44.1-47.78
.1-47.71
61.-"6.72
61.5-6.72
60.4-45.05
60.4-4.95
79 MOMBET CLNS - MOMBET 35
79 MOMBET CLNS - MOM BET 38
65.0-73.GN
66.7-0.4N
47.7-6140
40.7-44 .N
344-379N
28.6-31.4N
23.0-26.8N
17.7-20.4m
12.6-15.N
7.6-10.6N
2.0- 8.0N1
0.0-
2.33
6.0- 7.68
10.0-12.80
15.L-17.73
SA-8-3.08
25.8-M.68
3L.4-34.48
37.6-40.72
".1-47.7
61.6-6.70
0A-65.N0
30
24
0
a2
6
LAG (DAYS)
0
6
12
16
24
30
30
42
-314N
46
42
36
30
24
1b
12
6
LAG (DAYS)
0
6
12
16
24
30
35
42
4a
79 MOMBELT CLNS - MOMBELT 38
79 MOMBELT CLNS - MOMBELT 37
65.2-73.0N
65.7-0.4N
ON
477-61
40.7-44.IN
344-37.SN
28.0-31
4N
22.0-256.8
17.7-304N5
12.6-15.1N
7.--10.0N.
2.6- o.0
0.0-
.W
8.0- 7.63
10.0-12.68
15.1-17.78
20.4-E.08
25 8-8.68
3L4-34.48
37.5-40.79
44.1-47.73
61.-6U.78
50.4-0.95
48
4z
30
3
54
18
1.2
0
6
12
16
24
30
3
4Z
48
LAG (DAYS)
79 MOM BELT CLNS -
MOMBELT 39
79 MOMBELT CLNS - MOMBELT 40
85.9-7.&N
65.7-80.4N
47.7-6L.5N
40.7-44.
IN
54.4-37.2N
28.-31.4N
22.0-25.89
17.7-20.4m
12.6-15.1s
7.5-10.0N
2.8-
5.oN
CA-
2.5
0.0-7.08
10.0-12.68
15.1-17.73
20A-E3.09
25.6-28.68
214-3,44
376-40.79
44.1-47.75
6L.5-6.79
804-45.9
48
42
30
30
54
18
12
6
LAG (DAYS)
0
6 12 16 84
30
-rw
KUM
us"a.I
LIma
-
mun
DLal
79 MOM BELT CLNS
*C,
-
MOM BELT 41
4
10
to
12
I-
L4
w6
in
~24
0as
w
50
34
346
40
42
44
46
4E
30
30
24
la
LAG (DAYS)
12
5
0
0
12
to
34
30
3s
42
4046
42
36
30
24
to
LAG (DAYS)
12
o
99
Figures A.2.1 - A.2.30
79 HIGH CLD CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT
-
Correlation of high cloud belts 6 to 35 with all 40
high cloud belts at lags to 51 days for the Apr 1 Oct 31 1979 high cloud belt anomaly time series
79 HIGH CLD CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT
6
7
86.6-90.0
66.6-90.0y
76.6-1.0
76.6-51.N
07.5-7.0
67.-72.N
36.5-03.0
58.5-63.0'
40.6-64.0
49.6-64.6N
40.6-46.0
40.6-46.N
31.6-36.0
31.6-36.ON
22.0-27.0
22.5-27.0'1
136-1.0
13.6-
LM0N
4.6- I 0.
4.6- 9.0N
0.0- 4.5W
0.0- 4.00
0.0-13.3!
9.0-13.M5
1&0-22.&
1&0-22.60
270-31.
27.0-31.60
36.0-40.&
36.0-40.AC
46.0-49.5
46.0-49.W
4.0-58.0.
54.0-$8.00
6.0-7.6
63.0-67.60
72.0-76.
72.0-76.M6
81.0-60.3
81.0-80.0S
46
42
36
30
24
15
12
a
0
LAG (DAYS)
a
10
79 HIGH CLD CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT
18
z4
30
3
4a
4a
8
79 HIGH CLD CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT
40
36
3a
34
32
30
E038
24
Q 22
0
10
16
9
100
79
79 HIGH CLD CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 11
IGH CLD CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 10
as
6.6-I2.O
e (.2-82.ON
1.6-54.011
33 11
4 2.6-46.ON
:31/
2.6- 36.00
1.5- M.N
6.A- 900
-
-7,2
3.0- 4.28
0.0-23.A3
7
&.0-22.68
a
7.0-31.68
-2-0.
L
4.0-44M0
-(A
4.0-5&.23
~
I,
,o.
2.0-07.68
'2.0-76.08
1.0-M2.0
48
42
30
30
24
1o
12
a
0
6
1
12
24
30
42
3
48
LAG (DAYS)
79 HIGH CLD CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 13
79 HIGH CLD CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 12
48
8.6-90.0N
76.6-61.ON
w-
-
2
48.6-64.ON
30
46A-46.01
C-
424
82.0-36.00
22.5-27.0N
4.0- R0N
2.0- 4.28
o
1.0-3.3N
12.0-22.68
3-3
270-3268
112
36-0.63
4&.0-48.53
04.0-2.
alo-07.68
72.0-7.AS
62.0--eo.0
48
42
30
30
24
1
LAG (DAYS)
12
12
6
12 0
34
8
3D
36
42
48
46
43
36
30
24
10
12
LAG (DAYS)
a
0
0
12
1
24
30
30
42 4
101
79 HIGH CLD CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 15
79 HIGH CLD CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 14
40
38
36
.A357W
a6.6-90.0N
06s.-90.0
76.0-83.0N
76.5-61.0
07.5-72.0
07.1- r2.0
34
56.0-03.0?
Z.
32
30
W2
-
49.6-64.0N
49.6-54.0
40.0-40.00
40.5-46.0
31.0-30.00
31.&-36.0?
0
22.8-27.0?
4 22
24
136-LM.0?
4.6-
4.6- 9 ON
02
0.0-
L
'349
>L
ON
0.0- 4.5
4.53
9.0-13.3
9.a- 13.33
1.2
9
260-2.6
1&O-22.6s
27.0-31.00
27.0-31.6
46.0-40.53
46.0-40.Ws
40.0..40.18
40.0-40.SS
54.0--5&W5
54.0-se.58
6s.0-07.0s
03.0-270s
16
10
CLO-8M.SS
76.5--76M2
2
82.0-82.3s
46
7§3
43
36
30
24
18
12
0
a
12
a
10
24
30
36 4
LAG (DAYS)
HIG C30 CIN - HGHL BELT 16
40
86.6-90.ON
30
76.5-2.0N
79 HIGH CLD CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 17
T 06.6-90.0
76.5-36.C
07.0-73.ON
34
332
49.6-64.C
46.5-54.N
40.5-3.0N
028
40.6-4.C
22.0-M6.O0
22.0-27.0
13.6-16.0
-"13.6-1.8.0
5S242
4.0N0
00
0.0- 4.53
32
5.5- 4.5?
9.0-13.83
18
to
1.0-2.6
--
14
27.0-31.0
12
36.0-*4**
36.0-404
40.0-40.6
10
160-2.6
27.0-312.
46.0-49..
64.0-5.53
54.0-58.25
60-VAS6
03.-0-764.
72.0-76.S
12.-0.
40
48
36
30
24
I
LAG (AYS)
12
6
0
6
12
b
24
a2.o-00.3?
30
30 40
42 43
40 3,
30
24
,
LAG (AYS)
12
0
0
0
12
1a
24
30
3 4
102
79
IGH CLD CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 18
79 HIGH CLD CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 19
66.6-90.0N
6-
76.5-81.0N
7.0-72.0N
08.0-3.ON
49.6-64.0H
40.640.-46.09
S40..
31.-36.0N
220-27.ON
13.6- 10.0M
4.6-
13608.0--
0ON
4.0.0- 4.58
9.0-13-5M
9.0-4
1&0-22.60
18.0-.
27.0-31.68
27.03a.0-40.0s
36.0-40.0-4.e45
4.0-.
54.0-58.03
7
04.003.0-87.68
0.0.5072.0-
7.0-768.
al.0-80.08
46
42
36
30
34
18
12
8
0
8
12
24
IS
30
223-81.0-
30
4846
48 48
36
30
LAG (DAYS)
34
18
12
8
6
0
LAG (DAYS)
79 HIGH CLD CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 20
1
18
24
30 3
4
79 HIGH CLD CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 21
40
86.0-80.0N
86.1-Bc
38
76.0-81.ON
36
67.&-72.N
34
78.0.8
08.0-03.06
3
49.6-54.0N
49.6-14
40.0-4.ON
313.-36.0N
0
22.5-27.0N
U8
136-
MON
90.0-13
4A- 090N
1.0-22
0.0- 4.53
27.1-1.
9.0-13.33
18.0-22.&S
27.0-31.08
36.0-43
88L0-4008
40.0-49.53
04.0-:8
8.0.-08.08
63.0-67.68
630-67
72.0-76.03
a8.0-80.8
8
36
24
i
G (D
LAG (DAYS)
a
0
8
12 1.
24
30
36
48
48
810 80
46
48
36
30
24
Is
LAG(DAYS)
L
a
0
8
12
18
84
30
3
4
103
79 HIGH CLD CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 22
79 HIGH CLD CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 23
46.6-90.N
7A-1
76A-81.0N
a7.5-7Mw
M.0-63.ON
49.6-54.ON
4.6- &
40.6-46.0N
9.0-13
46.
6-3
31.&-36.ON
22.0-27.ON
27.0-37
133-16.03
4.6-
120-10e
MON
4.6- B
0.0- 4.58
OX0-4
9.0-13-W8
9.-13
540-51
1&0-2.68
10-22
27.0-31.6
27.0-31
S.0-40M
3a.0-4
4&0-4".68
40--4
54.0-5e
83.0-67.0S
63.0-67
72.0-76.6S
78.0-7e
8L.O-80.02
11.0-80,
46
42
36
30
24
18
12
6
0
6
12
1S
24
30
36
42
46
4a
42
36
30
24
in
LAG (DAYS)
12
6
0
8
12
1S
24
30
36
LAG (DAYS)
79 HIGH CLD CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 24
42
46
79 HIGH CLD CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 25
86.6-BOO.N
aM0.-90.c
76.5-81.0N
76.--52
67.0-72.N
08.6-ON
0&.0-63,
49.6-54.N
42.6-6.C
40.-46.09i
40.0-46.
11.-36.0m
315-36.C
22.0-27.N
=52.6-7.
13.6-16.N
18.6- M6
4-6- BON
4.6- 91
0.0- 4.58
0.0- 41'
9.0-13.3
-
0.0-23.
&O-22.68
1&0-22.
27.0-31.69
27.0-31.
36.0-40AE
3&.0-401
40.0-49.5
40,0-49
4.0-5&0W
54.0-5&
630-67.S
810- 67
72.0-76-s2
7P-0-746
-1.0-80.8
46
42
36
30
24
15
12
6
0
LAG (DAYS)
8
12
1a
24
30
36
42
46
61.0-eo46
42
36
30
24
18
12
6
LAG (DAYS)
0
5
12
18
24
3
86
42
46
104
79 HIGH CLD CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 27
79 HIGH CLD CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 28
a0.--
66.6-90.0N
76.6-81.
76A-61.0N
27.0-72.
B7.5-.0N
56.5-.ON
46.6-64
4.6-4.ON
40&
40A-46.0N
31.5-36
S1.-36.0N
22.3-27.0N
L.&.-ta
13.8- M.ON
4-6- 9
22.5-V
4A- 9 ON
2.0-31
0.04
0.0- 4.58
0.0-13
8.0-13.As
72.o-a
I.0-22.6E
27.0-31
27.0-31.96
86.0-406
86&0-49
46.0-49.Ms
54.0-56.98
.3.0-67.6s
72.O-7f
72.0-76.53
81.o-a1
61.0-6aS8
79
79 HIGH CLD CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 29
IGH CLD CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 28
80.6-90.0N
40
76.A-81.0N
36
67.0-72.0N
36
76.-
67,5- 7
06.0-03.0N
40.6-54.0N
a2
40.5-46.ON
30
31.5-3.0N
4.6-
12.0-0.0N
40.4-
13.2- M0N
4.-
9
ON
0.0- 4.58
24
0
81022
12.0-
0
940-13=0
0.0-
16.0-22.69
27.0-31.6S
14
36.0-40s
18
46.0-4.5s3
Le
10
34.0-56.08
W
34
46.004.0m3.-
7s.0-07.0s
72.0-
83,.
61.0-60.35
48
42
36
30
84
I
LAG (DAYS)
18
a
0
a
I2
18
84
30 46 3
02 4i 3a
4a 30
34
10
LAG(DAYS)
12
a
0
a
12
IS
34
30
W4
105
79 HIGH CLD CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 30
79 HIGH CLD CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 31
0N
86.6-90
86.8-g
76.&-a1.0N
76.5-81
67.0 -72
S6.0-83.0N
586-61-
46.6-64.08
496-54
40.2-46.ON
4041-46
31.0-36.0N
31.5-36
22.5-27.08
136-16.0N
46'0-
415
0
0.0- 4.,
V.0-13.0
9.0-13
16.0-22.06
I20-22
27.0-31.8
27.0-31
.40.a0
36.0-40.
46.0-40.53
46.0-49.
54.0-5.W0
54.0-S&.
S&O-5&
72.0-76.03
81.0-8
72.0-74.
61.0-8e,
w1
46
42
36
30
24
18
12
a
0
6
08
16 8
4
30
36
42
4a
36
42 4
LAG (DAYS)
79 HIGH CLD CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 33
79 HIGH CLD CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 32
40
-. 6-0
-3
36
-
36
80.6-
0N
764&-E
76.0-81.0N
-
-' ,'67.0-72.0N
34
32
3-^
4.6-64.0N
7
,
30I-
-
460-
-40.8-40.5N
- --.
40.0-.
1.-6.0v
-
01.04.6-
924
-
..
-
13.6-10.01
14.6-
0.0- 4.5S
0.0-
022
0
-
'
1.0-.
2-1.0-13.00
.4
16
18.0-
17.0-22.6
LiS
27.04.0-
46.0-49.65
8
3g-.
10
-
2
40
,.
IA
i
46
54.0-58.09
54.0-
~--33,-2-"
-
4
''
36
30
24
72.0-'
4111r-- &
108
12
LAG (DAYS)
0
.0,02
6
12
18
34
30
42
4a
61.0-7
.20
461.60
36
40
43
36
30
84
18
LAG (DAYS)
12
6
0
0
12
1
24
0
106
79 HIGH CL.DCLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 35
79 HIGH CLD CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 34
a6.6-00.09
86.6-90
76.6-81.0N
76.5-81
67.6-72.08
07.'
06.1-67
sB.$-630gc
4.6-54.0K
49.&-64
40.6-46.08
40.6-46
31.6-36.0N
31.0-36
22.-27.0N
±2.6-27
Ia.
13.6-8.0
4A-905
4.-
0.0- 4.508
0.0- 4.
9.0-13.
6.0-13.A8
18,0-22.68
1.0-22
27.0-31.68
27-A
310-4&W6
36.0-40
46.0-49.M3
4&0-49
54.0-58.00
64.0-5.
M10-7.66
8.0-67
72.0-76Ms
7t.0-4
81.0-83.
81.0-01.$3
43 3
30
84
13
02
8
0
LAG (DAYS)
6
12
Ls
24
30
3a
4a
48
9
36
30
84
13
10
a
0
LAG (DAYS)
6
12
LO
84
30
36
4a
48
107
Figures A.3.1 -
79 MOW BELT CLNS -
Correlation of high cloud belts 6 to 35 with all 46
momentum belts at lags to 51 days for the Apr 1 Oct 31 1979 momentum ans high cloud belt anomaly
time series
-
A.3.30
HIGH CID BELT
79 MOMBELT CLNS -
8
HIGH CI) BELT
7
65.9-7326
65.9-73.26
65.7-60.4N
65.7-60. 4N
47.7-8101
47.7-1.6)6
40.7-44.1)
40.7-44 IN
344-37.5N
34.4-37.5N
28.0-3L.4N
28.8-3L
23.0-258)N
23.0-2.6N
17.7-20.4N
17.7-2AN.4
12.8-15.15N
12.6-15.IN
7.0- LO.ON
7.5-10.0N
6.0-
0.-
2.8
0.-
7.08
$.0N
10.0-13.U
10.0-12."6
15.4-17.72
15.1-17.73
804-2.08
0A-8.08
25.6-2.68
26.8-28.68
31.4-34.48
31.4-84-48
37.5-40.711
37.5-40.73
44.-47.70
44.1-47.72
61.6-4887
61.5-65.75
804-4.93
60.4-85.9
48
4Z
38
30
24
18
12
0
5
12
5
1& 24
30
38
42
4N
48
LAG (DAYS)
79 MOW BELT CLNS -
HIGH CLD BELT
8
79 MOMBELT CLNS -
HIGH CID BELT 9
85.0-731
68.7-80.4
47.7F-81.Gf
40.7-44.1N
34.4-37W
28.8-31.4N
23.0-25AN
17.7-2.01
12.6-15.IN
7.5- LO.ON
2.5- 3.0N
0.0-2.8
6.0- 7.53
10.0-12.8
15.1-17.75
204-83.08
25.8-28.68
31.4-34-48
37,5-40.73
4L-4778
815-8.98
S804.81
B6
30
24
18
12
6
LAG (DAYS)
0
8
12
16 24
38
46
42
30
30
24
18
12
6
LAG (DAYS)
0
8
12
16
24
30
108
79 MOMBELT CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 11
79 MOM BELT CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 10
65.2-73.0N
65.9-73.23
65.7-60.4NM
55.7-60.4N1
47.7-61.N
477-61.6
40.7-M
40,7-44.1N
10N
344-37.N
40-3? 46N
10
28.8-31.4N
23.0-25.8Nm
14
23 0-26.SN
17.7-20.4N1
o1c6
17.7-20.4N
1.5
12.5-15.1N
7.6-10.0NW
20
7.6-10.0N
2.5- 0.0W
22
2.6-
0.0N
0.0-028
24
0.0-
2.02
0.0- 7.08
26
5.0- 7.58
10.0-12.68
285
10.0-12.68
15.1-17.73
30
15.1-17.75
20.4-23.0g
32
20A-83.08
25.8-2.68
34
25.8-28.68
31.4-34.4
36
31.4-4.48
37.5-40.73
3
37.5--40.71
4.1-47.78
40
44.1-41.73
615--65.70
42
61.5-65.73
00.4-65.18
44
60A-68.08
12.6-15.1N
4a
42
30
30
2
1
1.0
5
0
5
12
16
24
30
36
42
28.6-$L.4N
O
48
79 MOMBELT CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 13
79 MOM BELT CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 12
6s.0-73.03
65.9-73.0K
65.7-60.4N
65.7-60.4N
47.7-61.0N
47.7-61 0N
40.7-4.2
40.7-M.1N
34.4-7.06
10
34.4-37.6N
12
28.6-31.4
2.6-.L
23.0-5.N
14
4N
23.0-25.N
17.7-20.4N1
t16
hOl
1
17.7-20.4N
12.6-15.1N
12.6-15.1N
7.-10.0N
20
7.5-10.0N
22
3.2- 6.0m
24
0.0-
26
6.0-7.58
2.0- 2.03
0.0- 0.2
28
6.0- 7.68
10.0-12.68
10.0-12.58
30
15.1-17.73
30
26
80A-23.03
30
25.8-28.68
15.1-17.78
2A-3.06
208-28.68
1.4-4.48
31.4-34.48
38
37.5-40.73
40
".1-47.78
42
6L.0-65.7
4.6
60.A-62.08
37.6-40.73
441L-47.73
6L.5-65.73
-
36
30
24
18
12
6
LAG(DAYS)
36
30
24
18
12
5
LAG (DAYS)
0
6
12
16
54
30
30
40
48
0A-65.38
109
79 MOIMBELT CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 14
79 MOMBELT CLNS -
IGH CLD BELT 15
63.9-73.0f
65.7-40.4N
47.7-15N
40.7-.AN
34A-3? 80N
28.8-31 4N
22.0-2 8AN
27.7-02.40
12.8-15.AN
7.5-.ON
X.&- 0.0
0.0- 2.02
8.0- 7.03
10.0-12.62
15.1-17.73
24-83.08
25.8-28.68
1.l-0448
37.5-40.78
"A -47.72
8L.5-68.7
80.4-4.9
79 MOMBELT CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 18
79 MOMBELT CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 17
336
30
z4
18
1x
8
LAG (DAYS)
o
110
79 MOMBELT CLNS -
79 MOMBELT CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 19
IGH CLD BELT 18
65.0-73.0N
60.9-73.0N
65.-40.4NK
65.7-60.4N
47.7-605N
47.7-6LN
40.7-M.1N
40.7-.IN
244-374
344-37 of
28.6-3L 4N
23.0-25.8N
23.0-28.8N
177.-20.4N
17.7-20.4N
12.6-15.1AN
12.8-1.lN0
7.6- 10.08
7.&-10.0N
.0-~ S.0N
2.0-
0.0- 25
0.0- 7.62
0.0- 7.65
10.0-12.68
10.0-12.60
15.1-17.71
15.1-17.73
804-213.0
20A--5.06
28.8-23.61
5.-28.68
114-4.48
314-34.48
37,5-40.72
37.5-40.78
".1-47,7
M.1-4778
6L.-68.75
61.5-.78
0.4-65.98
48
42
30
36
24
6
0
12
12
5
15
34
30
28
42
80.A-65.5
48
46
42
36
30
24
46
42
36
30
24
16
L2
5
LAG (DAYS)
18
18
6
0
5
12
16
84
30
36
42
46
LAG (DAYS)
LAG (DAYS)
79 MOMBELT CLNS -
2.0N
0.0- 2.05
79 MOMBELT CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 21
HIGH CLD BELT 20
0
5
12
1
84
30
36
42
48
65.9-73.40N
65.0-73.0m
65.7-40.4N
65.7-40.4m
47.7-18
47.7-418K
40.7-M.IN
40.7-44.1N
344-37.8N
34.4-371H
28.6-3L.4N
28.0 -.
23.0-258N
23.0-258N
17.7-20.4N
17.7-20.4N
12.6-15.1N
12.5-15.IN
7.0--10.0K
7.A-10.0m
2.0-2.0N
2.&-2.0N
0.0- 2.28
0.0-
5.0- 7.64
6.0- 7.08
10.0-13.63
10.0-12.6B
4N
2.85
15.1-17.73
15.1-17.75
ZOA-23.0
20A-23.06
25-28.88
25.3-28.66
314-34.48
31.4-3 48
37.5-40.72
378-40.7
441-47.78
44.1-47.75
65-68.76
61.-66.75
60.A-45.98
80.A-65.88
46
42
36
30
24
1w
LE86
LAG (DAYS)
111
79 MOMBELT CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 23
79 MOMBELT CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 22
65.0-7.21
65.8-73
2
66.7-60.4N
55.7-60.mo
47.7-61.6m
40.7-44.1N
40 7-44 1N
244-37.N
344-37.SN
26.0-31 4N
2816-S312
23.0-26.N
23.0-2E.8q
17.7-20.4N
17.7-204N
12.6-15.1N
12.6-15.1N
7.5- 0.ON
7.0-10.0N
0.0- 0.0N
0.6
0.00
0.0- z.00
6.0- 7.03
5.0- 7.058
10.0-12.68
10.0-12.68
15.1-17.72
15.1-17.75
20.4-63.06
20.4-23.06
25.8-28.6s
251-2.6
1.4-34.46
314-4446
37.6-40.78
37.0-40.7
44.1-47.78
44.1-47 7
61.-4.78
601.5-6.78
OA-65.03
46
42
30
3
24
L
12
6 0
T An. /nAVQ
79 MOM BELT CLNS -
6
12
10
24
30
20
42
40
60.4-65.05
40
42
HIGH CLD BELT 24
0
30
24
12
6
LAG (DAYS)
18
79 MOMBELT CLNS -
0
0
12
15
34
20
26
42
46
HIGH CLD BELT 25
65.0-73.20
65.7-40.4M
47.7-61Eq
40.7-41N
34.4-37.Eq
2068-21 4N
23.0-26.8N
17.7-=O.4N
12.6-15.1N
7.5-10.ON
2.0- 0.0N
0.0-
Z.5
6.0- 7.6
10.0-12.68
15.1-17.73
60.4-23.06
603-28.68
214-34.48
27.3-40.76
"A -47.76
61.-66078
60A-45.03
46
42
30
30
34
16
1x
s
LAG (DAYS)
0
6
16
16
34
30
25
42
4a
40
42
36
30
Z4
1a
tI
6
LAG (DAYS)
0
6
Mir
112
79 MOMBELT CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 27
79 MOMBELT CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 26
65.9-73.G6
65.9-73.0m
65.7-60.4m1
65.7-60.4N
47.7-6181N
4?7761.&N4
40 V-44. IN
40,7-44 02
34.4-47.SN
34.4-376N
28.8-31.4N
28.8-3L4N
23.0-25.8N
230-25.8N
17.7-40.4Nm
17.7-0.4N
12.6-15.1N
12.8-15.1N
7.4-10.0N
7.6- LO.0N
3.0- 6.0N
3.6- 6.0N
0.0- 2.03
0.0-
6.0- 7.08
6.0- 7.68
10.0-12.68
10.0-12.68
15.1-17.73
13.-17.78
8.A-83.08
B.4-ES.08
1.8-28.68
25.5-28.68
79 MOMBELT CLNS -
L53
3.4-3448
31.4-,.44
S7.6-40.78
37.-407S
44.1-47.78
"4.1-47.71
6L.6-65.?79
6L.5-65.79
60.A-46.73
60.A-85.93
HIGH CLD BELT 28
79 MOMBELT CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 29
65.0-73.01
65.9-73.8N
55.7-60.4NH
65.7-0.4N
47.7-4181
47.7-61.81
40.7-44 2N
40.7-44.N
344-37.8N
34.4-37.N
28.8-3L4N
28.0-3.4N
23.0-258N
23.0-25.81
17.7-0.4Nm
17.7-20.4N
12.6-15.N
12.6-15.1N
74-10.0N
7.--10.0
3.0- 6.01
3.0- S.0N
0.0-
2.03
0.0- 0.02
6.0-
0.0- 7.68
10.0-12.88
7.08
10.0-12.68
15.1-17.73
15.1-17.73
80A-82.08
804-83.08
25.8-20.68
25.8-20,66
314-34.48
314-34.48
37.5-40.78
37.6-40.78
44.1-478
M.1-47.70
615-65.7
61.5-6.873
60A-6.88
0.A-65.08
46
42
36
30
4
18
12
6
LAG (DAYS)
0
6
12
16
34
30
W
42
48
113
79 MOMBELT CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 31
79 MOMBELT CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 30
85.9-73.aN
65.?-6.4N
47.7-61AN
40.7-44.N
10
54.4-37.M4
12
28.0-3L.4N
230-25.8K
17.7-0.4N
:DIn
t
18
12.6-15.1n
2
7.5-10.0m1
30
3.0-.0N1
38
0
0.0-
.5
36
6.0- 7.68
as
10'0-12.68
~34
30
15.1-17.7
n
20.4-2M.08
34
25.8-2M.69
3
31.4-34.48
37.5-40.73
44.1-4.79
40
61.5-65.3
50.4-4.93
79 MOMBELT CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 32
79 MOM BELT CLNS -
HIGH CLD BELT 33
8s.5-73.AN
56.7-0.4N
47.7-61 8N
40.7-44.1N
34.4-37.0N
28.6-31.4N
23.0-25.an
17.-04N
12.6 -15.1N
7.0-10.01
a.0-
2.5
6.0- 7.08
10.0-13.68
15.1-17.71
20A-23.08
25.5-28.68
31.4-34.4
37.11-40.78
4.1-47.72
61.5-68.7
60.4-86.93
46
42
30
30
4
18
12
6
LAG (DAYS)
0
5
1
16
24
3a
3s
4z
48
114
79 MOM BELT CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 34
79 MOMBELT CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 35
65.9-73.W
63.6-73.O1
65.7-60.4N
65.7-60.4K
47-.LA
47 7-41.4
40.7-.N 61
40.7-44.1N
344-37.&N
34,4-37.&N
20.6-31.4N
29.0-31.4m
23.0-26AN
23.0-256N
1?7-5.4N
17.Y-20.4N
12.8-15.1N
12.6-15.4N
7.3-10.0N
7.5-10.0m
8.-
3.0N
.0- $.ON
5.0- 5.28
0a- LWS
6.-
7.6
6A- 7.A8
10.0-12.68
10.0-1.8
15.1-17.79
15.1-17.79
BOA-23.08
=A-23.08
25.6-2U.68
215.1-2.68
31.4-34.4
31.4-34.4
37.6-40.70
44.1-47.71
3765-65.79
6.1-47.78
6.5-68.79
60.4-45.08
79 MOMBELT CLNS -
HIGH CLD BELT 36
65.9-75.m
65.7-60.4N
47.7-81.4
40.7-44.
344-37.4
20-31.4N
23.0-2.N'
17.7-20.4N
13.6-11.4
7.0- M0.ON
3.8-
.ON
010-
.3
6.0- 7.6
10.0-6.68
15.1-17.79
20A-88.08
28-26.68
31.4-34.4
37.6-40.79
441-47.78
61.6-6.79
50.A-65.68
30
24
18
12
6
LAG(DAYS)
0
6
12
16
4
30
36
42
46
60.4-45.93
115
79 HIGH CLD BELT CLNS - MOMBELT
Correlation of momentum belts 5 to 42 with all 40
cloud belts at lags to 51 days for the Apr 1 Oct 31 1979 momentum and high cloud belt anomaly
time series
-
Figures A.4.1 - A.4.38
5
40
86.6-90.0N
a
76.4-81.0N
38
87.0-72.0m
79 HIGH CLD BELT CLNS -
MOMBELT 8
8.O-63.ON
34
32
49.6-54.0N
30
40.0-46.0N
28
31.5-36.ON
22.5-27.08
IQ
13.6-140N8
24
4A0- 90
0
0.0- 4.5
18
9.0-13.3
18
18.0-22AS
14
27.0-31.68
12
36.0-40.A8
10
4.0-49.08
18
04.0-.05
63.0-67.6s
78.0-76.08
40
81.0-50.23
46
42
3a
30
z4
18
12
8
0
0
12
18
84
30
3a
48
48
LAG (DAYS)
36
79 HIGH CLD BELT CLNS - MOMBELT
7
79 HIGH CLD BELT CLNS - MOMBELT
8
86.6-90.0N
34
7.-81.01
4
30
32
28
30
00.-2.0i
32
4.6- 4.0N
30
0.0-4.53
9.0-13.33
16
632-2.00
e4.0-se01s
14
27.0-1.6s
12
18&0-07.&2
10
0.0-4.s
L4
M70-3112
*
*.0-e.8s
8
12
80.0-40.0
-
6
-2
46
42
38
30
24
18
12
0
LAG (DAYS)
0
8
12
La
24
20
36
48
48
40
42
3
30
34
is
12
8
8
LAG (DAYS)
a
1
18
34
30
3
48
48
116
79 HIGH CLD BELT CLNS - MOM BELT 9
79 HIGH CID BELT CLNS -
MOMBELT 10
a6A-90.0N
a6-900.c
7eh-OGc
7.5- r1.C
frk-72.0N
67.6-72.0
58.0-23.0N
42.6-64.0N
49.6-54.c
40k-44.ON
40.&-40.C
31k-36.ON
314O-36.C
58.5-2708N
58.-:7.c
13.6-18a.0N
4.6-
1.6-
9 ON
4.6-
0.0- 4.58
18.0
9.ut
0.0- 4.00
0.0-13.33
9.0-13&:
18.0-22.68
1.0-22.6
27.0-31.68
27.0-31.6
36.0-40.68
36.0-40.0-48.As
24&0-40.58
54.0-56.0
6.0-67.68
0&0-87.6
72.0-76.M8
72.0-76.0
61.0-85.00
81.0-2503
48
42
36
30
24
18
12
a
0
a
12
IS
LAG(DAYS)
79 HIGH CLOBELT CLNS 40
34
30
36
48
4a
MOMBELT 11
86.6-80.0N
79 HIGH CID BELT CLNS - MOMBELT 12
e.-90.oN
76k-OON
3a
76k-81.ON
67k-72.08
67.-72.00
34
0.0-53.ON
50.5-6.0
32
49.6-64.0N
30
40k-46.ON
W6
31.5-36.0N
26
22.0-27.0N
24
1.6-M.0N
49.6-64.0
40.--46.0.
1.A-36.0h
13.6-18.0
4.6-
9.0N
4.6-
20
0 ON
0.0- 4.50
0.0- 4.5S
0.0-23.M
9.0-134"
1&0-2.63
180-2r
'
27.0-31.58
27.0-31.0S
36.-40.
36.0-40.6S
10
40.0-4959
4o.0-4".58
04.0-56.58
0-67 AS
54.0-5.03
63.0-87.6S
72.0-76.52
72.0-76.S
63.0-85.03
63.0-a035
117
79 HIGH CID BELT CLNS - MOMBELT 13
h i
I
I
I
.1
79 HIGH CID BELT CLNS I-I
-
L-
MOMBELT 14
86-90.
86.6-90.08
-. 24 )76A-Us.ox
67.0-e8.0x
76.0-6.
0
-
-
4.6-54.
42.6-64.0N
40.6-46.0N
%
0.0-6.
35.8-30.0x
40-:2
=06-7.0:
4.0--.
6s
4.6- 9.
-0.0-
0.0-4.58
4,
0.0-13.
10.0-22
756
27-0-31.68
27.0-31
39.0-4008
86.0-4c
40-49
04.0-58
46
42
30
30
24
10
12
a
8 12
In
94
30
48
3
610-67.60
6.0-67
72.0-76.08
7La0-7
61.0-60.0
81.0-a0
4a
LAG (DAYS)
79 HIGH CID BELT CLNS - MOMBELT 15
79 HIGH CID BELT CLNS - MOMBELT 16
86.6-90.
76.6-61.
07.-72.
56.5-6
4.6-64
40.5-40
31.-36.
ima-ta.
4.6- 9,
0.0- 4.1
0.0-23.
27.0-31.
36.0-40,
4&0-40,
04.0-5&
63.0-67.
71.-76
61.0-0.
48
48
36
30
24
10
12
6
0
LAG (DAYS)
0
12
In
24
30
36
48
48
44
48
36
30
24
18
12
6
0
LAG(DAYS)
a
60
18
24
30
36
48
48
118
79 HIGH CID BELT CLNS - MOMBELT 17
46
42
36
30
24
18
13
5
0
8
12
79 HIGH CID BELT CLNS - MOMBELT 18
18
24
30
35
48
4a
46
LAG (DAYS)
39
~~
~ ~ ~11, ~ ~ai, ~
I11,|
j
34
-
l
36.0- 90.0w
I- 1 11
24
1
12
6
6
0
12
IS
24
36
76A-61.0
36
67.0-7
06.0-63.0x
34
08.0-03.0
426-54.06
32
46.6-54.0
67.5-MO.N
.11-0
o
22.-27.0w
4.A-
0
30
28
1.A-36.0
to
2..-27.0
ON
0.0- 4.58
0
124
U
27-
is~o-22.6s
86.0-40m0
64.0-5.
18
63.o-67.
63.0-87.68
72i.0-e6.0
30
64
is
12
a
0
LAG (DAYS)
a
12
IS
24
30
36
4z
48
4.5.
40.0-46.e
04.0-56.0s
36
0.0-
36.0-40.
14
42
9 0,
27.0-
t6
2
46,0-46.As
46
0C
4 A-
18.O-22.E
Ze
16
27.0-31.58
&-
-
4.6-
9.0-13.4
9.0-133
-
42 4
40.-46.0
40.5-45.0s
31.-36.O6
L
36
30
as.0-o.ow
40
H
rNr3
-o
30
79 HIGH CIL BELT CLNS - MOMBELT 20
ryI y
--.240--
-
36
LAG (DAYS)
79 HIGH CLD BELT CLNS - MOM BELT 19
6
42
81.0-83.
1
12
8
LAG(DAYS)
0
6
12
LI
E4
30
36
48
48
119
79 HIGH CID BELT CLNS -
79 HIGH C.D BELT CLNS - MOM BELT 22
MOMBELT 21
ab.6-90.02
76.&-41.
67.0-73.0x
06.0-2a.0x
49.6-64.o0
I.'I
49.6-4
34-6-.
40.5-46.09
31.-36.02
21.5- 36.
22.0-27.02
m.-ta.
4.6- M0N
4.6- Q.C
0.0- 4.!
4.0- 4.0
0.0-134Z9
9.0-13C
16.0-02P
6.O-02.66
27.0-31.
27.0-31.66
86.0-40.
36.0-4068
40.0-44.
46.0-40M
04.o-6.
04.0-M6.0
43.o-se.6s
72.A-76.
72.0-76.58
81.0-03.
a.o-80-s
46
42
36
30
24
13
12
6
0
6
LAG (DAYS)
79 HIGH CID BELT CLNS - MOMBELT 23
79 HIGH CLD BELT CLNS - MOM BELT 24
as.6-0.ex
76.0-81.0N
67.0-7.0
49.6-54.02N
40.5-46.0m
31.-36.2
22.6-27.0m
4.6-
622
0.0- 4.00V
0.0-13.63
16.0-23.6G
27.0-31.05
4.0-40.AS
46.0-48.0
06.0-56.0
6007.6S
72.0-7.6s
3
46
42
36
30
24
18
12
LAG (DAYS)
6
0
8
12
L8
24
30
o1.0--.s
36
43
4a
12
16
24
3o
36
4z
4a
120
79 HIGH CIL BELT CLNS - MOMBELT 28
79 HIGH CLD BELT CLNS - MOMBELT 25
MA4.0O
308
67.*-72.08
40.0-40.08
21.-36.0N
252
13.6- 9.01i
0.0- 412l
9.0- 13.00
L&O-V2.6
L-
-
27.0-3.MW
10LO-40-W
35
4&.0-49-'d
1
1
1-
.
1--
-
L
W2.-74.00
781.0-63.00
4
36
30
24
18
12
0
a
8
12
La
34
30
36
42
4a
LAG (DAYS)
79 HIGH CLD BELT CLNS - MOMBELT 28
79 HIGH CID BELT CLNS - MOM BELT 27
4.0-4
84.o-5
elo-e-
alo-a46
42
36
30
24
Il
12
5
LAG(DAYS)
0
a
12
18
24
30
36
42
48
121
79 HIGH CID BELT CLNS - MOM BELT 29
79 HIGH CID BELT CLNS - MOMBELT 30
86.6-90.0N
76.-81.0N
580-72.01
5602-63.06
49.6-64.0N
406-46.ON
316-36.ON
22.0-07.ON
L%.6-16MOM
4.-
9 0N
0.0- 4.58
9.0-13.33
18.0--22.66
27.0-31.68
36.0-40M
6.0-4.1
54.0-58.68
63.0-67.60
72.0-76.S
62.0-8205
79 HIGH CID BELT CLNS -
79 HIGH CLb BELT CLNS -
MOMBELT 31
MOMBELT 32
40
86.6-9(
86.0-90.0N
76.6-51.06
766-0
30.
67.0-72.05
34
-
1
-
-
~
-1
22
H
30
321.5-36.0N
-
as
22.2-07.05
13.6-1.0N
022
61
4.6-
909
0.0-
4.55
4.6-
0
0.0-
4
2832
9.0-3.W5
35,
ba
1.0-26-6
-
2&
-67
27.0-31.68
14
4.0-5
2*Z
is
27.0-3:
36.0-4c
46.0-49.0$
14
46.0-4
54.0-3,
LU
0&0-0-
-259
72.0-76.5s
72.0-7e
61.0-82.23
4
m3
30
in
is
1
a
0
LAG (DAYS)
a
12
IS
4
30
36
48
48
1
48
42
L 'i
36
't1
30
1
1 t
24
10
12
I
I1
a
0
LAG (DAYS)
8
- -
12
14
34
30
36
42
46
122
79 HIGH CLD BELT CLNS - MOMBELT 34
79 HIGH CID BELT CLNS - MOMBELT 33
86.6-90.0N
86.6-90
76.5-61.0
76.4-0
27.7-.01
67.4-7z.
08.5--63.071
49.6-64.05!
48.6-64
40.6-4.0
EM-
31.0-36.ON
22.5-07.06
02.&-27.
±3.6-1L8.01
4.4-
13.6-' 1P
0.01
4.6- V1
0.0- 4410
0.0- 4t
9.0-13.5
9.0-2.!
180-2.65
27.0-31.6S
27.0-31.
36.0-40.5S
38.0 -
4&0-40.53
4&.0-4.'
54.0-508.
34.0-.1
e3.0-67.6S
63.0-67.
70.0-78.48
7.0-76-.
a0.0-50
48
41
3a
30
24
19
12
0
a
8
1a
81.0-
24
1a
30
463
42
42
3646
24
30
LAG (DAYS)
10
12
a
8
0
18
12
24
LAG(DAYS)
79 HIGH CLD BELT CLNS - MOM BELT 35
30
79 HIGH CID BELT CLNS - MOMBELT 36
86.4-90.0
86.8-90.1
76.0-61.0N
67.0-72.
76-06.0-B&06
48.6-64.06
48.6-64-0
40.6-45.0N
40.0-4.C
32.5-36.0N
31A0-
I
22.-57.0K
13.6-.ON
34.- 90.
46-
909
0.0-
45s
-
0.0- 4.5.
4
L
-
8.0-13.43
1&.0-22.69
9.0-3.0
18.0-2±06
27.0-30.88
27.0-31.6
380-40.08
36.0-40.1
4.0-5&53
0&06-07.69
6&0-
73.0-78.4s
a8.0-80.48
48
42
36
30
94
19
l2
LAG(DAYS)
a
0
5
la
18
24
30
36
a81.-ao.5
4148
4a 41
36
30
24 1as
1
o a
LAG (DAYS)
5
o
12
IS
u
30
38
41
48
38
4
123
79 HIGH CID BELT CLNS - MOMBELT 38
79 HIGH CID BELT CLNS - MOMBELT 37
a66-90.09
40
76.Z-82.0
IT,
36
28
49.6-64.011
-%
40.-46.01N
33.0-36.0N
07.0- 4M0
26.0-11.08
22.2-27.01
24
13.6-18.0N
22
4.6-
20
is
0.0- 4.23
-
-
L -- -
-z
-
Z~ -
'-
18
82)1
9.0-2362
±
8.0-22.6S
27.0-31.6
348
32
24
18
2
-0
.
-0 12.
24
26
-
48
46.0-40.6s
IC
-
63.0-67.6E'
72.0-76.6
4
2
81.0-o0.g
45
42
36
30
24
1a
12
a
a
0
12
10
z4
36a
42
4a
LAG (DAYS)
79 HIGH CID BELT CLNS - MOMBELT 40
79 HIGH CID BELT CLNS - MOMBELT 39
86.6-90.0N
86.6-90
76.-81.0N
--
29
- -
-
76.-84
67.6-72.2
67.0-74
06.5-6.01
56.0-1:
4.6-4.02
49.6-E:
--
74.6- 9
40.0-4'
36
-
31.0-3C
22.0-
13.6-
4.6- 9
0.0-
4.5S
0.0- 4
9.0-13.53
9.0-33
18.0-22.5
r-
-
*-
-
16.0-22
27.0-32.6S
27.0-3:
36.0-40.6s
86.0-4k
48.0-49.0s
48.0-44
24.0-58.59
24.0-Se
e3.0-67.69
62.0-8-
72.0-76.s
72.0-76
81.0-80.03
46
42
36
30
24
18
LAG (DAYS)
12
812
180
84
8
3
36
42
1r
4.6- 2.ON
48
81.0-81
46
42
36
30
24
18
LAG (DAYS)
12
a
0
8
124
79 HIGH CD BELT CLNS -
79 HIGH CIM BELT CLNS - MOMBELT 41
MOMBELT 42
86.6-90.N
76.6-81.1
.-.
0ON
5e.-6Z..oN
49.6-4.0N
40.0-4.ON
S1.6-36.ON
22.0-27.01
1.6-18.01
4.6- 90
0.0- 4.58
0.0-23.13
10.0-22.68
27.0-31.68
38.0-40.6
46.0-48.65
04.0-58.0
0.-67.6S
72.0-76.68
02.0-a.3$
48
42
36
30
24
Is
12
a
0
LAG(DAYS)
a
12
18
84
30
38
48
48
36
30
34
I
12
8
0
LAG (DAYS)
0
12
1.
34
30
36
41
49
.-2!!W --
--
-- --
-
- -
-
-
- -,
-
-
, -
I -
-
-
-
--- --
--
--
. - -.-
125
Figures A.5.1 - A.5.38
-
Correlation of momentum belts 5 to 42 with all 46
momentum belts at lags to 51 days for the Apr 1 Oct 31 1983 momentum belt anomaly time series
8H MOMBELT CLNS - MOMBELT
5
8H1 MOMBELT CLNS - MOMBELT 8
65.9-73.0K
65.8-73.0K
65.7-40.4N
65.7-0.14N
4717-61 IN
477-6L.6N
407 -41N
40.7-44IN
10
34 4-37.1N
34.4-37 SP
12
28.-3
L4
23.0-25.8N
4N
28.e-31 4N
F-
23.0-26.1N
016
17.7-20.4N1
0 18
12,6-1.1N8
-20
7.6-10.0N
17.7-20.4N
12.8-15.IN
2.6- 3.0N
24
24.-
$.ON
0.0-
2.33
0.0- 0.03
3.0- 7.58
0.0- 7.63
28
10.0-12.68
10.0-12.68
30
15.1-17.70
15.1-17.7
36
30.4-23.09
30A-23.08
34
25.8-28.68
2518-28.68
31.4-34.48
31.4-34.48
37.5-40.78
37.5-40.7
4U
44.1-4770
42
EL.-6.78
44.1-47 7
6L.5-6.78
80.A-5.983
50A-63.3
42
46
36
30
24
18
12 8
0
8
12
16
24
31
35
42
48
LAG (DAYS)
8H MOMBELT CLNS 2
T
MOMBELT 7
8H MOMBELT CLNS - MOMBELT
I
8
.- 73.N
65.0-73.0N
4
-67.7-60.41
65.7-80.4N
47.7-6L 8N
L-40.
7-. IN
40.7-44
to
IN
34-37.6N
344-373N
L2
2.-3L.4N
28.0-31 4N
385-
-
23.0-25
14
16
23-20 63
,
7.7-20.4N0
-
to
8N
17.7-04N
12.0-15.15
12.6-15.1N
320
7.5-10.06
2.0- 3.06
24
70.0-
860-
2
38
0.03
7.3
10.0-12.68
30
0.0-
2.38
0.0-
7.3
20.0-12.68
15. -17.7s
13.1-17.75
C
saO'',
204-23.09
20A-23.'0@
3.
25.8-2.6S
25.8-28.68
314-34.48
34_
37.5-40 7
40
441-47.76
42
6.1.6-66.79
375-4070
44 1-47 70
615-66.73
44
46
42
0.4--W.95
30
30
24
18
L2
6
LAG (DAYS)
0
6 12
16
24
30
30
42
4a
0.4-63.83
48
42
3a
30
34
18
12
6
LAG (DAYS)
0
a
12
16
24
31
30
42
4a
- ---
.Y.
126
8H MOMBELT CLNS - MOMBELT
SH MOMBELT CLNS - MOMBELT 10
9
65.8-73.5N
95.9-73.25
55.7-0.4N6
65.7-60.416
47'7-60.5N
47.1-416N
40'7-4. IN
40.?-44 IN
34A-37.5N
1.0
34.4-37.6N
12
26.0-31 4N
-14
23.0-25.8N
616
17.?-20.4N
28!6-30.4N
23:0-29.8N
17:7-20.4N
12:6-15.1m
12.6-15.1N
7.0-10.05
20
7.-10.2
0m&-&ioW
2.0- .ON
c
0.0-
0.0-
2.1
'.0
6A)- 7.M
6.0- 7.03
06
10.0-12.6U
10.0-12.68
324
30
96
15.1-17.7!
13.1-17.73
30.4-es.05
2.4-93.08
3a
30
25:6-28.U
25.1-U 6s
114-34.48
314--34.4
37.5--40.73
38
37.5-40.70
40
44.1-4?.7
42
61.5-65.73
44
60.4-65.0
44.1-47.73
6126-45.73
604-65.93
46
42
36
30
24
18
La 6
0
6
12
16
34
30
35
42
48
46
4
36
30
24
8H MOM BELT CLNS -
12
14
6
a
12
s
lB
14
m
3o
4z
48
LAG (DAYS)
LAG (DAYS)
8H MOMBELT CLNS -
MOMBELT 11
MOMBELT 12
65.5-73.0K
65.7-60.4m
47.7-6L.N
40.7-441N
34.4-37.5N
23.0-26.8N
17.7-20.41f
12.6-15.1IN
7.0-10.0N
.0-
S.0N
0.0-
2.33
6.0-7.68
10.0-12.61
15.1-17.72
20.4-309
251-U
6s
3L.4-34 48
37.5-40.7
44.1-47 73
604-66 71
60.4-45.03
4
4
36
30
24
18
12
6
LAG (DAYS)
0
&
12
16 Z4
30
36
4
48
46
4C
36
30
04
16
12
6
LAG (DAYS)
0
6
12 16
34
30
30
42
48
127
8H MOMBELT CLNS -
8H MOMBELT CLNS -
MOMBELT 13
MOMBELT 14
65.8-73.0N
65.7-40.4m
47 V-6L6N
40.7-4.1N
34.4-37
6N
28.0-32.40
23.0-258N
17.7-20.4N
12.5-15.1N
7.0-L0.0N
2.A-
S.03
0.0-
2.a
6.0-7.08
10.0-12.48
15.1-17.71
20.4-E3.02
25.1-2a.52
3L4-34.48
37.5-40.75
M.1-47
79
6L.5-65 78
60.4-65.85
46
42
30
30
24
5 0
t8 t2
LAG (DAYS)
5
12
16
84
30
36
42
46
48
42
36
30
04
10
LZ
6
0
5
12
18
24
30
30
U
48
LAG (DAYS)
8H MOMBELT CLNS - MOM BELT 15
8H MOMBELT CLNS - MOMBELT 18
65.8-73.0m
85.9-73.0N
55.1-60.4X
65.7-60.4N
47.7-6L.N
47.7-61.5N
40.7-44.1N
40.7-44 .N
34.4-37.5N
to
34.4-37 ax
28.0-S.40N
L2
238-32L40
23.0-26.8N
L4
230-25.aN
17.7-0.4
17.7-20,414
12.5-15.11N
7.0-10.0N
3.3- S.0N
0.0- 2.43
ol- to
12.8-15.1Nf
7.1-10.0x
20
~22
3.0-
7.A3
36
0.0- 7.5
10.0-12.88
38
10.0-12.68
15.L-17.73
30
15.1-17.73
ZOA-82.08
38
30A-3.08
25.-28.68
24
25I-286a
324-3448
38
324-34.4
0.0-
376-4073
375-40 70
44
48
42
30
30
04
L8
L2
5
LAG (DAYS)
0
8
13
16
34
30
28
42
48
S.0N
0-0- 2-W8
1W24
-47
78
40
615-65.7
423
0A-65.5
44
.2-47 71
6A.--6571
80.4-40.03
46
42
36
30
04
18
13
6
LAG (DAYS)
0
6
18
16
34
JO
36
42
48
128
8H
MOMBELT CLNS -
MOMBELT 17
8H MOMBELT CLNS -
MOMBELT 18
63.8-73.0N
65.7-40.4M
47 7-SIMS
40.7-M.1N
344-37.0
28.6-34N
23.0-25.N
17.7-20.4N
12.0-13.1N
7.5- LO.M
2.-
4.01
0.0-
2.35
6.0- 7.&q
10.0-12.63
15.1-17.75
204-43.02
25.1-21.68
314-3& 48
375-40.75
441-47.79
615-66.72
60.4-5.98
46
42
36
30
24
18
12
5
0
6
12
1
24
30
36
42
4a
46
42
36
30
24
LAG (DAYS)
36
30
24
1
12
6
LAG (DAYS)
6
6
0
12
16
24
30
35
42
46
8H
0
6
12
16
24
30
36
42
48
MOL BELT CLNS -
MOMBELT 20
65.8-73.O8
65.9-73.0"
65.7-0A.4N
65.7-40.4N
47.7-6L.N
47.7-616N
40.7-4.114
40.7-4411IN
344-37.N
344-37.0N
210-S4N
2P 6-31 4N
23.0-25. m
23 0-25 EN
17.7-20.4N
17.7-20.4N
12.8-15.1N
12.8-15.1
7.5-10.0N
7.5-10.0
2.5- 2.ON
2.5- *.ON
0.0- 2.s
0.0- %.&j
.0-
42
12
LAG (DAYS)
8H MOMBELT CLNS - MOU BELT 19
46
18
7.6
6.0- 7.5s
10.0-12.608
10.0-12.6p
15.1-17.73
15.1-17.73
804-23.01
0.4-23.0g
25.1-28.63
25.6-2 6P
314-4
314-34 48
4
375-4078
37.5-407
44.1-4771
4 1-47 72
6L.5-47
61.-4c.75
60.4-65.95
60.4-65.95
46
42
36
30
24
18
12
6
LAG (DAYS)
0
6
12
16
24
30
36
42
48
129
8H MOWBELT CLNS -
MOMBELT 21
8H MOMBELT CLNS - MOI BELT 22
65.9-73.0
65.9-73.ON
55.7-60.4N0
5.7-60.40
47 7-4125
47.7-41A5
40 7-44 LN
407-44 10N
34A4-37.5N
344-37.5N
28-31.4N
28.8-1.4N
23.0-25.N
230-2525
17.7-2,4N
17.7-20.4m
12.6-15.1N
12.6-15.IN
7.0- 10.08
?.--10.0N
2.-
0.0m
2.6- 6.0m
0.0- 5.00
6.0-
0.0- 522
7.w0
0.0- 7.65
10.0-12.88
10.0-12.68
15.1-17.75
15.1-17.71
20A-0M.05
=A.-25.02
25.8-2368
25.8-28.68
31.4-U43
2L4-34 48
37.5-40.78
37.5-40.72
44.1-4778
44 1-47 7
50-6.78S
05-6570
60.4-65.08
50.4-4..08
46
42
36
30
24
18
L
5
0
5
12
16
04
30
36
4Z
LAG (DAYS)
4a
46
42
36
30
26
1a
w
u.
0
LAG (DAYS)
BH MOM BELT CLNS
-
6
12
16
24
30
30
42
48
MOMBELT 24
65,9-73.aN
65.9-r/36I
65.7-60.4N
47.7-615N
66.7-60.4N
4
47.7-61.25
40.7-44.AN
40
344-3750
544.1N
24.4-4750N
280-2-.0
23.0-25.6N
177-2525
28.014
12.a-15.1n
7.0-10.0s
12.0-25
20
7.0-40.0N
0.o- *.ON
0.0- 52S
.0-
7.50
3.0- 5.00
o4
1
as
0.0- 5.05
26
0.0- 7.08
10.0-12.68
15.1-17.79
10.0-62.68
2
30
15.1-417.7%
20.4-83.0
25.8-23.6
2L4-34.48
37.5-40.78
OA-M8.0
34
30
4-64 48
34
40
275-40.78
44 1-47.7
6.4-65.98
46
4
16
30
04
6
LAG(DAYS)
1
12
0
6
12
16
54
30
30
42
40
L4s
14
Z12
42
61.-466 7
44
0A-- 6 5
5
412
.30
24
Lb
1s
6
LAG(DAYS)
0
6
12
16
34
30
6
62
-46
S
130
8H MOMBELT CLNS - MOWBELT 25
8H MOMBELT CLNS - MOMBELT 26
65.0-73.4
2
25.7-40.4N
4
65.9-73.(E
65.7-60.4a
47.7-6LN
477-6L.N
40.7-44 IN
40.7-44 IN
34 4-37
6N
10
20-3L.4N
Ia
23.0-25.BN
14
1?.7-20.4N
12.6-15.1N
344-37 El
20.6-31 4N
23 0-25.0"
S16
17.7-20.4S
Mo
I04
p
12.6-15.1IN
T.1-L.ON
2.-
7.5-10.0N
3.0W
0.0- 2.=,
20
2
2.4-
6.0- 7.58
36
10.0-12.68
a6
15.1-17.73
30
304-23.09
w
34
54
jo.4-83.03
36
3L.4-3.144
10.0-12.68
15.1-17.71
2.6-28.68
30A-34.48
37.6--40.78
46
42
36
30
34
1
1.2
6
0
5
12
16
24
30
38
4z
37.6-40.78
4161-4173
40
61.5-65.73
42
5014-85.3
44
4a
44. t-47,73
91.5-66.78
S0A-65.08
4a
a
36
30
24
LAG (DAYS)
.8H MOMBELT CENS -
6.03
24
MOMBELT 27
t2 6 0
LAG (DAYS)
1
6
12
15
24
30
30
4Z
40
SH MOMBELT CLNS - MOM BELT 28
65.0-73.0K
65.-73.M
65.7-60.4K1
4
47.7-6L.SN
47.7-0140
40.7-44.IN
407-44 IN
344-37.N1
10
34.4-374
20.0-31.4N
12
28.8-31,4N
23.0-2.60
y 14
23,0-25.6N
17.7-20.4"
O 16
17.7-0.40
12.5-13.171
m
12.6-5.N
7.6-10.0N
20
71-
2.5- 2.0N
MOM
2.8- 5.W
0.0- 7.5
500- 7.53
10.0-13.69
15.1-17.78
204-23.06
2.-02 .53
26
5.0- 7.w
38
10.0-12.68
30
13.1-17.72
36
25.8-266
34
30
40
25.8-2a
314-34.4
3d
3L.4-34.49
375-40
76
376-4079
441-47738
". 1-4779
30
at
1
1E
4
.LAG (DAS)
0
12
16
24
30
ad
42
40
61.1-6673
42
61.5-.7
604-655.82
44
50A-65.08
30
24
IS
18
6
LAG (DAYS)
0
6
12
1S
24
30
30
42
48
131
8H MOMBELT CLNS - MOM BELT 30
8H MOMBELT CLNS - MOML3ELT 29
65.9-73.0N
65.9-73.0N"
-5.7-60.4N
5s.7-0.4Nm
47.7-61.1N
477-66
40.7-44 1N
40 7-44.I1N
344-37.6N
344-37, S
28.8-31 4N
28 3-31 4Nf
23.0-26.16N
23.0-25 AN
17.7-20 4N
12.6-13.1N
17.7-4N
12.6-15.1IN
7.0-10.0m
L0.- 0.0N9
0.0- &.O8
i.-
*.ON
0.0-
2.59
0.0- 7.0
9.0- 7.08
10.0-1.6s
10.0-1a.us
15.1-17.73
35.1-17.73
20.4-05.09
204-23.09
29.1-2116
48
S.4-4
314-3 49
37.5-4071
37.5-4073
44.1-47.78
441-47-78
91.5-65.73S
6L.5-M073
S*A-4-"0.
50.4-05.5
8H MOMBELT CLNS - MOMBELT 31
8H MOMBELT CLNS -
155-73.011
MOMBELT 32
65.9-72
55.7-WM
65760.41
47.7-61.5
477-61.4N
40.7--4410N
344-3724
344-37.4
20.6-31.4N
28.8-31 4N
230-205M
23.0-25.81
17.7-W.4N
17.7-0M.4N
12.5-15.16
12.6-15.1N
7.5-10.011
7.5- LOON
2.5- *.ON
2.0- 3.0N
G0.0-L.os
0.0-
&.- 7.00
2.53
&.0- 7.00
10.0-12.68
10.0-18.68
15.L-17.7
15.1-17.73
60.4-2.06
20.4-M.0
2s.6-28.66
314-34.49
31,4-049
37.6-4073
44.
765-40.72
-47.7
6L.5-66.71
44.1-47.73
60.4-05.96
60.5-9
7
50.4-65.96
40
4;
=
30
34
18
12
IAG
5
(DAYS)
0
13
5
46
42
3o
30
24
ta izs
LAG QAYS)
o
i
a
s
s'
132
8H MOM BELT CItNS - MOi
iT
8H MOMBELT CLNS -
:38
MOMBELT 34
"A9-71.0
8a.0-732.a
1Y.7-6.4N
66.7-40.41
477-61
6.17-6L-6
BN
40.7-44 IN4
2
-O
"4A-37.5N
3344-37AN
29.0-3t.4"
E83-314N
23.0-26.AN
U8-25.SN
KIM-ZDAN
7l-20.AN
Its-15.1N
12.6-15.1N
7.6-10.3N
"7.4-10.0N
L
-L
-
A-
2.3- 3ZW
2.6- 3.0N
.0-
0.0- 2.38
:23N
GAn- vToS
6.0-7.08
102-1.gg5
10.0-12.68
15.1-17.78
15.1-17.75
0.4-03.09
B84-I.06
25.11-288
953-41LK
114-3648
405'.
46
4
36
30
0U
18
6
L.
i
I
I
6 e 3 o
=
5S1-40.72
37.-40.71
4:1-47.76
S441-47-72
1Z-as.75
611-65.715
64-65.gg5
00.4-M.92
.4
IAG (DAYS)
8H MOMBELT CLNS - MOM BELT 35
8HMOMBELT
CLNS -
MOMBELT 38
63.2-73.m5
65.7-40.4M
47.7-6L.5N
40.7-44.IN
10
344-37AN
128
29.0-3L.40
14
I-
22.0-251N
17.7-20.4N
12.5-15.1N
I2
7.3-10.0N
8.3- 3.ON
0.0- 3.08
34
6
5.0- 7.35
28
10.0-12.68
30
36
125.1-17.7
a3s
0.4-63.04
30
38
314-34 48
340
37-6-40.73
441-47 71
46
42
36
30
24
18
LAG (DAYS)
L
6
0
6
12
16
34
30
3
43
42
58-68 7.
44
50.4-83.3s
4a
46
42
36
30
24
18
LAG (DAYS)
1.
6
0
5
12
16
54
30
36
44
133
8H MOMBELT CLNS -
8H MOMBELT CLNS - MOMBELT 37
t2
2-
K
2
7- 0x-n-N
11.12
2-2.
-
_
7.7-57f
-2
L
MOMBELT 38
- -
7-
2
N
-
6.7-moM
-
0-21.2m
-
-
I-
u
Jo~o-
~s
.7
soO
Hc2595
-2
2.38.I
E--1
ao-uaz
-
20*
e60
. -2
7
~o-
on s
2
-,
-
A0.-moS
?0
300-02
L
0
4X
2.4
36
18
.2-
-
60
--L
2
2
I
3
4
6
4
a-ass
4-W CA6.0
--
1
7.s
-a a
e
a
- Is
nSa
a
0
2
8
1
I-u
62- 1
)
L
S
2
0
3
urn-ues
.- :
a
&A-
as
0.4-1.
Tnm-
11.0.0-0.63
282
LAG (DAYS)
LAG (DAYS)
8H MOMBELT CLNS -MOM BELT 39
-
9
e
-
20
.0
1-40
MOMBELT 40
aa
Mu_
a
-co
-2
-
*
1
1.-15.
3-
0-2*
o
0
4-76t12-47517122
5
4z
4
ae
3a z
4.
144.4z
wA
1
-4-02 -1-16452
6
LZ 4
(DAY18667
7-.2
42-7a
LAG (DAYS)
3
40
LA
j
7
u27.8-407121
\Ao
(-AYS)
11
2.8- .1N
-
-2
-
1
(I98
4-42
--
7-411
s2
*31.-0.1
sy6l7
--
-4334-"
27~
OH MOMBELT CLNS -
37-40.411
3a'
5
4--1
-
46
42
30
24
18
L30
(D
S
LAG (DAYS)
0
6
12
24
30
2
4
2..7311
.2
134
8H MOMBELT CLNS - MOMBELT
8H MOMBELT CLNS - MOMBELT 41
48
42
30
30
24
io
12
6
LAG (DAYS)
0
6
12
4a
4z
a0
30
a4
18
12
5
LAG (DAYS)
0
s
12
42
16
34
3a
3s
4z
48
135
Figures A.6.1 - A.6.30
-
6H HIGH CLD CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT
Correlation of high cloud belts 6 to 35 with all 40
high cloud belts at lags to 51 days for the Apr 1 Oct 31 1983 high cloud belt anomaly time series
6
8H HIGH CLD CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT
7
40
aa-0
76isE
07.3-720M
34
500s-f
40.6-640N
40.4-400N
30
83.0-3CmDN
as
22.-270.M
09-
F 24
4180-0
135-130s
ta
4860.0-
0.0-3
020.0-3:00
se.0-2ac
S4.0-4C3
180)t
14
270-
a
300D---
40-420W
54.0-5U330
I_
0- R't'4 \
N
-'. -
as
e
72.0-'0LS
7204i&w
48
43
a. A-!
34
30
30
1
12
5
0
a
12
84
I0
LAG (DAYS)
8H HIGH CD CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT
30
30
4Z
40
8
8H HIGH CLD CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT
9
42.5- 4oC
40.6-
9V
400-4
a2.8-3ao
13.8- aa.sC
9-0-13:'
10.0-
27z-
;.
::u&
s0e0-40.0
43D-40.0.
72.D- 'vft
46
42
36
30
34
IS
1"
5
LAG (DAYS)
0
8
12
11
34
30
3
4
410
Oa- --%w
40
48
30
30
34
18
1
a
LAG(DAYS)
0
8
1
L
24
30
W
4a
4a
136
1040 H
8H IGH LD LWSHIGHCLDBEL
IGH CLD CLNS
-HIGH
CLD BELT 1.1
440
36846
8:440 DK
40~71
388
((E~)~244
\~3
~~-
30~
~
Sr
42
4u6-46
4
r/7>
7Q
L20-E
22.6-7a
c~d
0
30T~
C
L28~A
w~
M
88'-'40
8
8
12
8
0
0
Us-
8
H HGH
.0 CNS t~
BH HGH
1G~ CLOBEL
14
-42-
CLN
.0
%
28
V,!m:
MIA CL BETON
~~
'
L7
88
7
~'
2__K
- w L4
0
30-6iS
010
137
8H HIGH CLD CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT [4
8H HIGH CLD CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 15
as.0-somw
'6.6-c'
76.6-6012D
07.$-72N
07.2-72
4C.-4
DM
.
446-46
31.1-36M
3us-'s
22
O-27DN
13s
S-
t
22-27
V N
Ia
13.-
44- 2 IN
446- :1
0.3- 4.S
C40- 4
0.0-336E
340-2)
27..-72: W
10.O-zl
46.6-4.;w
360-4C
040-50
6z
0-C""i'
74A.-'%W
'7LO- 7
9
7210-ts
8H HIGH CLD CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 16
8H HIGH C=D CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 17
8&6-Ca.C
7(16-81
67.0-7L
Setol-cl-I
4a5-44.
22-23.
416- A:
i.
40-
±40- -2L
40-2
2A0-
EL
S330-46.
4!O-43
54)-
*
t-10- 7
723.0-'3
6160-Is
46
42
30
30
24
10
LAG(DAYS)
12
3
0
12
10
24
30
36
42
48
138
8H HIGH CLD CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 18
8H HIGH CLD CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 19
76.6-I1
00
49.6-1-4
09
40.Z-45 CN
32.5-3c CO
22.3-27.0N
18.6-lOiP
93Q
4.G-
9.'- 4 13
166-1A6O
27.0-3:
60
36.0-40 6S
44.0-49 0
84.0-5P.G
6ftQ-B"
8H HIGH CLD CLNS
66
HISH CLD BELT 20
I
BH HIGH CLD CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 21
IM <~I I
I
1
it
-+
aos-lo
6.6-90.DN
670--a
IK
-
8--38011
L0
03-51
490-%
C-
O.-6
-
v-
-
3336N
225-2'.
12a- ta
4.6- 0 MN
0r)-
4
4A-
"r
38
0.8-
\9 .0-13.M
.Z4
16a-±a
180-.
S.D-3.
3.0-412
2-10- 3x
0-40-4".9
640-
a 72o- r41
4624
36
30
24
16
12
2
0
LAG (DAYS)
0
12
La
20
30
36
42
4
46
42
36
30
24
10
12
LAG (DAYS)
6
0
0
2
10
24
3
36 4
40
139
8H HIGH CLD CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 22
8H HIGH CLD CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 23
66.6-0-MN
866-941
76.-8: DVN
07.3-70N
oa.%--.:DN
6-flmlN
42
405-4 DVN
40b-4~
31.6-36MN
22.6-22
N
1-
4.6-
9
74.
ON
4±5-
C1
0.3- 4 .6
CD- 4t
r,.0-1
I
b
5.
0.-3
88i- :11
1I.*-2;tW
27.8-71 B
278-3iL
0648-4:ES
36JD-43.
400-41.
486.098
54.0-5o$$
$4D-5.
72.0-?CZS
72D-71:
81.o-208
838- 07±:
48
36
42
30
24
18
12
6
0
a
1a
18
24
36
30
42
48
LAG (DAYS)
8H HIGH CL CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 24
40
8H HIGH CLD CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT
86.6-"0DN
25
866-gr
3a
765-v
7.5-7382N
38
788-0
6.--720N
40.6-64DN
34
40.6-4DN
430
408-4.
1.1-bC1DN
49513.6-179D8
22
4.5-
2 CK
0
0.)-
48.
O-D48-.
9.0-135W
ID-4
14
Q
27.0-21
12
36.0-40
ES
48.8-41.80
4.0-4
318-;
04.0-5MBD
e30-t''EW
73.8-'8s
a30-7.
78eJ-71
821.03
46
42
36
30
84
18
LAG (DAYS)
12
8
0
8
12
18
4
30
38
42
48
140
8H HIGH CLD CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 27
8H HIGH CLD CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 28
86.6-901
76.6-B
Ew
GB.S-SZEN
44*-flIM
40.6-4jDE
31.6-33DN
22.5-7011
14.6-
4.6-
M
9 OW
0.3-4 W
1".0-21MS
27.0-31C
36.0-4C8
4A 0-$'634
63.
0-f',
72.0-?seS
a'. 0-stDS
8H HIGH CLD CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 28
8H HIGH CLD CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 29
86h-Q,.K
76.5-L
4-h-I:
41h-E
44Ch-C
E2b-"
4123-
t'
123- 114
4
P-
Z!
0
0-::
18D--
279-3.
314D-7;
m-:
4a.
141
8H HIGH CLD CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 31
8H HIGH CLD CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 30
s.&-1c30
76.6-8102
es--a
5eb5- .11
03-
33.b-3ON
23-3d.
22.A-2701;
22.01
'A
.6-101,
9
VN
04 - t.
BE
4.6-
43-
2 1-
12
4 8
Pa0-
8.3-11:SE
193-1:.
10.0-2.-15
27.0-32.'W
27D- 3.
S6.0-4C0ss
4'
363-4a
.0-4rzs
4ND-4-1
54.0-4 l5e
243D- -1a
72.0-7=S
03.0-228
e-lD-?2
48
42
36
30
24
12
10
a
0
a
12
24
18
3
36
42
4
LAG (DAYS)
8H HIGH CLD CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 32
8H HIGH CLD CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 33
363-Ac
4.3-4-
540-
72D-7c
aix0-r*
3e
30
24
is
1
ICIAYS)
1
a
0
a
12
18
4
33
36 46
4242
48 36
30
94
18
LAG(DAYS)
12
6
0
6
12
18
24
30
36
4
4
ow.
142
8H HGH CLD CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 35
8H HIGH CD CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 34
as.5-.
46
42
36
3C
24
1o
0
12
a
LAG 'DAYS)
a
12
18
84
30
36
42
48
30
24
15
12
1AG
5
0
(DAYS)
8
12
a
143
-
Figures A.7.1 - A.7.30
8H OM BELT CLNS -
HIGH CI
Correlation of high cloud belts 6 to 35 with all 46
momentum belts at lags to 51 days for the Apr 1 Oct 31 1983 momentum and high cloud belt anomaly
time series
BELT
6
8HMOMBELTCLNSHG_-MBELT
2--
6
47,7-0124
-~6
-740.-444N
ta07-
ND.
47
15
4.4-37.SN
9
10
L2
7-N. I
~34
4-37
026
9
6-3200-31o
14
L420312
23025.8NJ
o
7.0-o.
222s
7
-4 1
-0F
a
-0
3a47.7-40.7N
--
Z3025&
I-
1 3
. -1
2.-O.N
oI--
CO
8H
~O).
5.7
37.5o40-44..N
30
BEL
CLS
HIH C
BET
88H
OM BET CLNS
-HIGH
CID
BET
T
-<
40293
322
30
42
2=7-4.0
-.
0
34
6
-.
13302
26
S2314534 4S
40
48
36
40
4.-
0-
0
24
1
5.-a..s
CS
042
1
0
20
12
10
24
30
31
42
4-472
23(2
'.6
1001-7.74
40
30~1
44
50.4-0 .P)
15117.7
30~.>
o
4
0
to
f
f4-65y
50
1.025.&N
2.0
0314-344
A4N
5.06
7.-s.N
1-.5-7.01
7
7.0
0.-5.5
_.5
2.O
1.o-~
.- s
3
a-N,10.-3-.a
so
258-22,6
-4
36
1-4.
7
44
2e0
1
0
N
10--12.6-
42
~1
. - 15N
0
as~
as3
I
.93
17.7-20.4N
02
4
-s
-Be
1561?7
2.
1737.-407M
-
N
29.-1.s
t2
O2 2
40
16.-348
.44
3042 24
2
12
30
24
to
LAG(DAYS)
12
0
0
0
12
15
24
30
30
42
40
42
40
0-
32
30
30
24
T _Ar
10
) '1Y0Y)
1.2
b
0
12
10
24
30
35
4
42
144
OH MOWBELT CLNS - HIGH CID BELT 11
8H MOMBELT CLNS - HIGH CIL BELT 10
65.9-73.34
5.7-60.4N
47.7-6IN
40 7-44.
iN
344-37.SN
26.6-31.4N
23,0-25 8N
17.7-20.4Ni
12.8-15.1N
7.0- L0.0w
2.- 5.ON
0.0-
2.08
5.0- 7.58
1C.C-12.68
15.A-17.75
80.4-E3.00
25.-2!.99
314-34.48
371-40.7S
44 1-47 79
61.6-65.79
606-68.0
04
08
IL-
12
-
~VS
8H MOWBELT CLNS -
L
0
12
16
04
30
31
42
48
IGH CID BELT 12
8H MOMBELT CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 13
37
4
a0
0
0
407-44.1N
77-6L.5
81
to
---
-
l0
L2
26.6-3S.4N
344-37
N
l4-/23.0-25E.8
12
t4
14
l8
.0
L
.
-"\12.8-15.1N1
20
22
7.'-O.O0N
I-
10
2.5- 5.0N
24
0.0-
2.53
as -5.0- 7.SS
28
10.0-12.69
20
36
2
28
30
38
34
42
38
4833
-
4
0
4
8
0
0
0
81-1
-
4
3
8
48-
1L.5.1778
38
60.4-253
36
40440-4770
40
-3
4
65.5 -2667
42
42
3a
30
24
La
L2
6
0
5
12
16
24
145
8H MOMBELT CLNS -
8H MOMBELT CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 14
HIGH C= BELT 15
65.2-73.ON
55.7-0 .4N
47 7-6L 5N
40.7-44 IN
34 4-37,VN
28 6-31 4N
23.0-25.8N
17.7-20.4N4
12.5-15.IN
7.5-10.ON
2.5- S.ON
0.0- 2.25
6.0- 7.68
10.0-12.66
15.1-1773
20.4-23.09
2156-069
314-34 4S
37.5-40.7s
60.5-6E
'S
50.4-65.95
8H MOM BELT CLNS -
HIGH C=
BELT 18
8H MOMBELT CLNS -
HIGH CLO BELT 17
65.9-73.0N
65.7-60.4N
47 7-6.N
40 7-44IN
34.4-37 .N
28.a-304N
23.0-25.ON
l7.7-2..'
12.6 -15.IN
7.A-10.QN
2.^- 2.0i
0.0- 2.55
6.0- 7.68
10.0-12.68
15.1-17.7
80.4-3.09
20.8-29.62
214-3446
37.0-4
72
44 1-47 76
61.5-65.72
6a.4-62.92
46
42
36
30
24
18
12
6
a
6
12
18
24
30
36
42
46
4I
4:
36
30
4
a
.2
5
0
12
IS
20
32
32
4-:
48
146
8H MOMBELT CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 18
8H MOWBELT CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 19
95.9-73.0m
65.2-60.4N
65.7-BOO4N
77-60.5N
47.7-61N
40 P-44 IN
40.7-
54.4-37 6N
34.4-37.SN
IN
28.0-S1.
52-25 &N
23.0-26 ON
17.7-M54N
17.7-20.4N
12.6-15.IN
12.5-15.1N
7.5- 10.5N
7.0-10.0N
9.0- 5.01
2.A- 3.0N
5.5- ?.5W
GA0-275w
6.0- 7.6s
10.0-12.68
10.0-12.68
15.1-17.73
15.1-17.73
ISA-SO 52
20.4-2.06
25.-268
25.1-28.66
314--464S
6L4-4.48
376-40.7
37.5-4.79
4 1-47 71
6L.5-6
41-47
.7
50,4-5.95
8H MOMBELT CLNS -
75
6L.S-66.7
604-65.95
8H MOMBELT CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 21
HIGH CIL BELT 20
46
42
36
30
4
18 12
Trr.
6
0
&
12
15
24
30
35
42
48
147
8Hl mOl
CLN
.LT
IUtzh ULD
-
mi.L;r
ZZ
8H MOMBELT CLNS - HIGH CID BELT 23
65.9-73.0N
63.2-73.0N
65.7-40.4N
65.7-63.C:
47.7-61. N
47 7-61.M
40 7-441N
40 7-44. N
34 4-37.6N
288-31
344-37.&iN
4
288 -3.4N
23.0-258N
23 0-25.8N
17.7-20.4N
17.7-20.4N4
12.8-15.1N
12.5-.1N
7.3-10.0N
7.6-10.0N
2.3- 3.0N
0.0-
2.S
5.0-
7.03
0.0- 2.03
6.0- 7.W
10.0-12.89
IC.0-12.69
15.1-17.79
15.1-17.72
30.4-23.08
204-23.08
25.9-28.u
25.-20.61
314-3446
314-3442
37.5-407S
37.5-40.7
4.1-47.7s
44.1-47.79
6L.5-65 7s
6L1-65:72
10.4-65.93
8H MOM'BEIT CLNS -
HIGH CLD BELT 24
8H MOMBELT CLNS 65.9-73.0N
55.7-60.4N
47.7-61.6N
40.7-441N
344-37.0N
28.8-31 4N4
333-28.88
23.0-25.N
17.7-20.4N3
12.5-15.X4
7.5-10.ON
2.0- 3.ON
0.40-2.3
3.0- 7.3s
10.0-12.6
15.1-17.7s
20.4-Z3.09
25.86-2868
314-344S
37.5-0470
44
1-47 7S
613-66.7
50.4-65.93
24
18
12
6
LAG (T)AYF
0
6
10
16
24
30
36
42
HIGH CLD BELT 25
148
8H MOM BELT CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 28
8H MOMBE.T CLNS - HIGH CLI BELT 27
65.9-73.0N
2
E5.0-73.0N
65.7-60.4N
55.3-604
47.7-661N
477-6L.6N
.
40.7-44.1N
1.0
344-376N
t2
40 7-"4 40
34 4-37 6N
26.- 31 4N
r
296-3L 4N4
23 0-25 ON
23.3-26 OF
17.7-2.44
14
12.6-1.1N
12.a-15.1N
t
20
7.3-10.04
7.5-10.0m
12
2.5-
5.ON
0.0-
023
2.6- 3.0N
0.00.0- 7.63
2.33
6.0- 7.65
10.0-12.69
15.1-17.73
30
86
361
342
2 A-17.73
80.4-308
25.-269
31.4-S4 4a
314-344S
S37.6-40.75
sa
37.6--40,78
40
4.1L-47 .7
42
61.6-68.78
504-63.93
60.4-65.93
WHMOIBELT CLNS -
8H MOMBELT CLNS - HIGH CID BELT 28
HIGH CIL BELT 29
85.9-73.0"4
65.9-73.0N1
55.7-60.4N
65.7 40.4N
477-L.6N
47.7-6L.6N
407-44.1N
40.7--M11N
10
344-37.6N
344-37.6N
12
20.8-3.4
14
23.0-25.N
-1.
L
20
.1.0-26.1N
17.7-20.4N
17.7-2041
12.6-15.1N
12.6-15.1N
7.5-10.0N
7.5-10AN
2.%- S.0N
24
20
0.0-
0.2
5.0-
7.Wg
25-
3.3N
6.0- 7.32
10.0-12.60
10.0 -13.68
30
15.1-17.7g
15.1-17.78
3t.
20A-23.0g
20A-M.09
34
25.3-28.6
2*.6-2* 6S
36
314-34.4g
3L4-5442
38
37.6-40.73
37.6-40 7s
40
441-47.78
4-1-47780
42
6L.5-4.78
6.1-607"'
44
0A-65.93
46
42
30
30
24
12 6
LAG (DAYS1
16
0
8
12
16
24
30
32
42
4a
604A-85902
46
42
.36
3
34
1.
L2
LAG(DAYS)
0
6
12
t8
24
30
36
42
4a
149
8H MOM BELT CLNS - HIGH CID BELT 31
8H MOM BELT CLNS - HIGH CID BELT 30
65.9-73.0N
68.8-73.aK
65.7-wC.
&5.7-40,4N
6N
47,7-5L
47.7-6L6N
1N
407-44
40.7-44
1N
10
34 4-37
L2
2880-St 4S0
28.-31
14
23.0-26 8&N
23 0-251N
18
17.7-20 4N8
344-37 6N
6N
14
17.7-2.4N5
1N
12.8-15
4N
1E.8-15.2N
20
7.5- 10.0N
7.0-10.0N
22
2.0-
5.0N
2.2- 2.ON
24
C.0-
.- 3
38
38
c.z- 2.22
6.0- 7.68
5.0- 7.8
10.0-12.65
10.0-12.68
15.1-17.72
15.1-17.75
38
80.4-23.09
20.4-23.0
34
25.8-28.6
25.8-28.81
38
3L4-3448
224-34 4
38
37.5-407S
37.-40.72
40
44.
1-47
72
441-47.72
42
6L 5-65
s
30
50.4-05.9"
00.4-4"."8
4a
8H MOW BELT CLNS -
4z
38
30
24
8 1.2 6 0
L4G (DAYS)
6
12
18
24
30
36
4Z
4a
8H MOMBELT CLNS - HIGH CLD BELT 33
HIGH CUD BELT 32
83.0-73.88
$5.9-73.0m
653.7-410
65.7-60.4m
47.7-
477-6210
6ON
1N
40.7-44
344-476N8
34.4-37LN
2
L22
230-26 8N
23.0-.2
17.7-4.5
400-4.238
17.7-20.4N8
12.2-15.0N
12.,-..
7.2-30ON
:2.2- 2.0N8
0.0- 2.3
'4.0- 7.02
~24
20
2.3-
22
2.ON
0.0- 5.33
10
3-
6.0-
28
7.28
10.C-12.82
10.0-12.68
15,117.72
868
s
25.s-28.23
62.4-2309
259-2982
54
324-34 46
91L4-134.4g$
48
42
38
30
24
10
2
6
LAG (DAYS)
0
8
12
16
24
30
364Z
40
37.5-40 78
Be
375-4073
44 1-47.73
40
44 2-47 72
625-1687
42
6821-68 72
60.4-M.93
44-
804-45.9-
48
4.
3a
30
24
18
12
6
LAG(DAYS)
0
5
12
150
8H MOM~BELTCLTS -
8H MOL BELT CLNS - HIGH CMDBELT 35
HIGH CID BELT 34
65.0-73.0K
65.9-730"
65.7-C.408
62.7-60.4N
47 7-61N
47 7-61M
40 7-44 1.4
40 7-44 IN
344-37.6N
344-37 sN
28
8-3L.4N
28 E-3L 4N
23,0-25.&N1
23 0-2640
17.7-20.4N8
12.6-15.111
12.6-15.1N
7.4-10.0N
7.5-1.0N
2.A-
2.0- 3.01N
.0N
0.0- 2-SS
0.0- 2.28
AC- ?.4
5.0- 7.48
10.0-12.65
10.0-12.65
15.1-17.73
15.1-17.79
20.4-.0.
20.4-.058
&8-25s
25a-848
314-34 4G
314-34.48
37.5-40.73
378-40.7
44.1-47T2
44.1-47 7.
45
4Z
30
.30
12
6
LAG (DAYS)
24
I8
0
5
12
16
34
30
36
42
42
38
30
24
18
12
6
LAG(DAYS)
0
5
12
18
24
30
36
42
61 5-60.79
80.4-5.93
50.4-M5."2
38
48
8H MOMBELT CLNS - HIGH CID BELT 38
46
1.6-6. 73
4a
30
24
Z 85
IAG (DAYS)
18
0
6
12
t8
;4
38
36
42
48
151
Figures A.8.1 - A.8.38
-
8H HIGH CLD BELT CLNS -
5
MO)MBELT
Correlation of momentum belts 5 to 42 with all 40
cloud belts at lags to 51 days for the Apr 1 Oct 31 1983 momentum and high cloud belt anomaly
time series
8H HIGH CLD BELT CLNS - MOMBELT
8
44..6-4,
k.0-2
Ev.4-4
K.e- 7
48
4
30
24
18
12
6
0
LAG (DAYS)
0
12
8H HIGH CLD BELT CLNS - MOM BELT
18
7
24
30
30
42
48
8H HIGH CLD BELT CLNS - MOMBELT
8
76.5-8r
4C.5--4
4 5-
12
0-e:
27 0-?.
46.O-44
$4.0-02
152
8H
401
j
HIGH CLD BELT CLNS
MOM BELT 9
9/ 1,'t
'r
-~
1
440
\
$
8H HIGH CIt BELT CLNS
~
MOMBELT 10
s0
~
L
38-
,
~ ~
3-
x
>
N~
b-0.-
-95,
20 -
-2
-
-
Kz-
8
8L'\
'-?O
<
~ ~
>'
-)
34os
6- --
2-0!
32
:
23
3
-
22'
Tc-7-7a,
-a
- *
6
7--:
\
}~
v
>
~22
-4
'0
...-......
r
-I-
-~-
8H HIGH CLD BELT CLNS -
j2
*
v-
w
:
22
-c
8H HIGH CLD BELT CLNS - MOM BELT 12
MOMBELT 11
-
- .352
2
-
(1
-
4
-'
LAGs QAS
:A
or
Io
&e8-ACS
~~2-
-V
-a>
2LL
z~-I
N
'-
-0/
-
*o
20--:n8
~
48
42
---.--
e2D 165-
-
36
30
24
1
LAG (DAYS)
12
8
0
6
12
t
24
3
3a
4842
-2
C>'-->
( c
-to
>
-
--
k-
-
__-:..___3
-
2L&~
P
5
14
~4
I-~ -
(\'~~8:D.25
--
-
-
-
~<=
7283-'L2
~24
-
42C
'a
4248
3e
30
24
18
LAG (DAYS)
12
a
0
8
12
La
2
30 3
4
153
8H HIGH CLD BELT CLNS - MOM BELT 13
8H HIGH CI
BELT CLNS - VOM BELT 14
. .~t,
.......
48
42
30
3
24
15
12
0
5
12
l
24
w-
30
35
42
LAG"DAYS)
4Q
6H HIGH CLD BELT CLNS - MOM BELT 15
8H H7GH CLD BELT CLNS -
48
42
30
30
24
15
12
a
LAG (DAYS
0
a
12
La
24
30
35
42
MOMBELT 16
48
45
42
35
30
24
is
12
0
0
a
12
la
24
20
36
42
4a
154
8H HIGH C=
46
42
30
30
24
8H HIGH CID BELT CLNS - MOM BELT 18
BELT CLNS - MOMBELT 17
15
12
LAZ
c
C
a
12
3.7)
18
24
3(0
3A
42
48
48
42
36
30
24
18
12
a
C
8
12
i
24
30
3o
42
48
LAG(DAYS,
8H HIGH CLD BELT CLNS -
MOMBELT 19
8H HIGH CID BELT CLNS - MOM BELT 20
4Cbas5-
45-
0.0clD-.
Fa-.
i D2- D- 3
srWE3
0-*
8ez- "-
48
42
38
30
24
is
22
LAG (DAYS)
0
6
12
18
24
30
3e
42
4a
46
42
36
30
24
28
1z
LAG (D.Ys)
c
ai
U
3
24
30
3V
42
4a
155
BH HIGH CLD BELT CLNS - MOM BELT 22
8H HIGH CID BELT CLNS - MOMBELT 21
~'-.
en.--250
-
'5
-6:50
0'r.-"212
- ?,
4 - 0
or)
LL
~-
-
48
42
36
30
24
\
- -
1e
12
LAG
a
0
12
..
24
30
36
42
4f
rlYsl
SH HIGH CLD 3ELT CLNS - MOM BELT 23
[1
8H HIGH CLD BELT CLNS -MOM
~
es*-Vo
D17
BELT 24
40I
8
3,
--
%-;
]=24
4S
02
4.5 1,'
ON<
9
to/
K-'
t
e--
C
=~'~\
-.LAC-
-
1,3
-
J
149
G>DAYS
A2
48
42
36
30
24
t0
1.
C
0
0
IG
a
12
'
t8
24
30
3a6
4a
4a
156
8H HIGH CU) BELT CLNS -
MOMBELT 25
8H HIGH CLD BELT CLNS - MOMBELT 28
65-
45209-
D2Do D-
120-
2710-
36.
4*0-
0-D-
7:.JD-
42
46
36
30
24
1a
12
0
'
a
12
LB
64
30
36
12.G (.AYS)
42 40 4842
36
30
24
5
12
(DI Y
0
0
LB
2
34
30
4
LAG (D~AYS)
6H HIGH CLD BELT CLNS - MOMBELT 27
8H HIGH CLD BELT CLNS - MOM BELT 28
as.5-
67.3-7
4t6.5-f
404-4
3.,22.1-
1-
I.t
1
.1-
10
1-2
27.8-2
30!-4
4, -4.9-L
6'
,-.
Y.8.-';
62.5-5
46
42
36
30
24
12
LAG (DAYS,
12
6
0
a
12
LB
24
30
36 46 42 42
4636
30
24
18
12
LAG -DAYS'
a
0
a
12
1
24
30
36
42
4
157
8H HIGH CLD BELT CLNS - MOV BELT 29
8H HIGH
ft 6- LcM
CID
BELT CLNS - MOM BELT 30
9- Wt;2
85
7.6-E.
01:
766-1e'
07.6-7hIM
62 6-' 30.
4C6-:10
4(,
6-4i 10-
47.6-7:
406-
22 6-';10.
'7
13 a- 10
4C.6--:
4 4-
1
01'
& 9-
.
S'?.6-.
E
240--6
2
160216.
12.0--
&
04.6-.'
0-:.
27.0-''.
5-40-
--
e:- 0-
-1&
r!&"
-
7L.G-
.
C:.0-:-: ||W
46
42
0:LO-5.
3d
30
04
12
1
a
0
6
12
18
24
30
LAG (DAYS)
0
42
48
8H HIGH CID BELT CLNS - MOM BELT 31
8H HIGH CIL BELT CLNS - MOMBELT 32
;-A
06
30
-F_
76.86-E'
~
--/,..
--
0
107
34
67.6-7
4685-
a6
-e
-:
008-'
3d3
36
63
6-
lot;
44.6-.
01.6-?
12-*.10.
22 6-:.
"$"z-,,
77.1~
?
302
gu~
-
-
-
---
\
/
4Z:b
0-. - -10e60Y
4-1.6-:
i06- -
-t
L---
0-
41
-
-.
9
-
22
r
0- .Ih
U.0-"
Zt\
D-
't"?
.40-n
la"
74.0-
-((r-
82.6-1
46
42
30
30
24
15
12
I.
0
(DAYS)
0
a
1
la
24
w0
46
42
30
30
24
1e
LAG (DAYS)
12
a
0
a
12
La
Z4
30
3a 40 4
a
-ae
.
5
35
CLOUD LATITIDE BELT
8 88
8
RI
1
CLOUD IATITUDE
28
BELT
8
CLOUD
CLOUD LATIT1UDE BELT
IATuJDi
LouT
8888
3f7~
T8
TJ
- *14
o0
N F.7
2 J1
*
0
? ? ? ?
'"'
A
?
,
T
T
T
159
8H HIGH CLD BELT CILNS- MOM BELT 37
8H HIGH CU BELT CLNS - MOMBELT 38
a1.6-ct
-7.8-??E:
441
I-'
r
6-31ox
2
ZLb--,rc
IL 6--.'
4.6-
'
C.'s- !
C
si
4.0-4*:3
50-4
7&0-
46
43
38
30
24
to
e
13
0
24
tLe
30
LAGis.4YS:
3' 45
42
49
8H HIGH CLD BELT CLNS - MOMBELT 39
36
4L
30
z4
I
e
12
0
a
I
.
t
x
E
a
30
8H HIGH CLD BELT CLNS - MOMBELT 40
8.s-.::
7.6 -310
67.3- 72 z
41,Z,
1~0!
4S.5-1-40
4,4b-4ZA04C
?
6-7
5-r.
3:.5-&.ar
-:10
1:
-3 10-
46-
23
3-14
1
4 5-1. 1
143- ' 6
Erl
90-3
14-0-:
1
1o
S1,
4 D-4
6-: 4 6.*-.
3
E
-- 1
t5'
4d 9-..
34 6-I'
IDW15
7Z-5
7L3-7f.
e4z-D--.
42
W
t:. -Lr
30
24
£8
LAG
(DAYS)
12
a
0
a
12
L8
24
L
30
38
46
42
41
36
48
30
24
is
1i
a
LAG (DAYS)
0
6
te
8U
31 La
4~
48w a
E
4
4
160
8H HIGH CLD BELT CLNS - MOM BELT 41
45
42
3
30
24
le
12
6
0
a
12
81 HIGH CLD BELT CLNS - MOMBELT 42
18
24
30
3
42
48
1" 12
e
0
LA (I'AYS'
c
12
.8
24
33
30
4Z
48
161
Figure A.9.2
Figure A.9.1
79 MOV BT
C37S
- es 12-16
79 MOM 3T CIS -
BS 16-20
65.2-73.0K6
65.7-60 4H6
47.7-6L 6N
4.01-44,
0-
120
10
IN
54.4-37W&
28.0-3LAN
14
E44~
34
55.0-2216
17.7-0.420
I10.6-15.Uf0
7.5-icON
Z-
0
L
2
0.0- 2.0
/
28
540-
7.M
10.0-12.9s
13.1-17.75
204-00.26
30
3C
38
6
g1
-
46 4.38 3 24 l
-1.\
- -4
=0.1-265
L
31.4-24 46
37.6-40,75
4. 1-47,72
61.6-65 7s
G0A-65.95
4-1lI
46
Figure A.9.3
4z.
36
30
24
Lb
15
6
2
5
1.-.
is.
Figure A.9.4
79 NOW R
79 MOMB7 CIBS - BS 21-25
5.R-73.aN
55.7--60.4N
\
LNS
- S 26-30
5.s-73.
65.7-60.4N
47 7-61.N
47.7-4L.N
40.7-.1N
40 7--441
344-37.6N
:44-37.N
28.6-3L.4N
-
\
23.0--26.N
23.0-26-5K
17.7-20.4N6
17.7-2A.41N
12.6-15.1N
12.6-15.1N
7.5-1C.0N
7.5-
10.25
5.0N
2.5
2.06
2.5-
D.0- 2.S
-
-,
.L-
-7
~
6.0- 7.6s
6.0- 7.08
10.0-12.68
:10.0-12.68
15.1-17.75
:15.1-17.75
20A-25.0s
t-
3025
B 0
6
12
AG (fky .........
1z
12
16 34
30
6
4
-
4a
204-3.s
252-28.88
25.8-2.668
3L.4--34.48
3L4-34 48
37.5-40.79
4.6423
0.0-- 2.55
7.5-40.7E
"-1-47.78
44.1-47.76
614-65.75
61.B-.78
604-60.92
SO045.62
162
Figure A.9.6
Figure A.9.5
79 MOMBT CINS -
BS 31-35
79 iOM ELT
s.5--73.0f
LNS
-
GLANMV
85.2-7'
65.7-6A
65.7-40.4N
47.7-61 SM
4.7-44 17
54.4-37.&N
47.7-6L1.N
42 -4-4 Ix
34.4-37 87K
28.8-3L4N
14
23.0-25.81N
30-25
-
17.7-20.4N
.4
12.8-5.14N
f-20
12.8-15.1N4
7-11-10.0m
28
2.5-
s.ow
0.0-
2.03
5.0- 7.58
5.0- 7.7
10.0-12.8
28
1C.0-12.6s
15.1-17.78
30
2.0- 5.0w
15.1-17.70
20.4-23.08
25.9-28.6s
38
UL4-34 48
31.4-34.+
57.6-40.7
37.5-40.7s
441-47.70
42~
".
f6-40.79
4A4
50.4-408.93
Figure A.9.7
79 HIGH CLD BELT CLNS - GSMAN
86.6-90.0N
76.6-61.0N
67.2-72.W
44.3-53.0W
49.64.0N
40.6-46.O
81L2-36.0W
22.5-||.ON
18.6-18.0N
4.4- 9.0N
3.0- 4.58
.A-13A8
14&-22.68
27.0-31AS
34.4-40.28
4.0-49=
4.0-538
83.0-67.68
72.0-76AS
61.4-83.
46
42
30
30
64
II
12
8
0
LAG(DAYS)
0
12
1a
24
30
36
4a
4a
1-47..,
61.6-66.7S
163
Figure A.1O.2
Figure A.10.1
8H MOMBT CLNS -
8H MOM BT CLNS - BS 12-18
BS 18-20
65.9-73.20
63.7-80.4m
47-615N
40.7-44
1N
3404-3746
28 6-SL.4N
230-25-8"
17.7-20 4
12.6-15.1N
7.5-10.0N
.5- 0.ON
0.0- 2,5
6.0- 7.A
10.0-12.88
15.1-1?.73
20.4-23.08
216.8-28.6
48
31.4-34
37.6-40.79
44.1-47.73
60-60.78
60.4-83.95
42
46
36
30
24
12
6
LAG (DAYS)
1
0
12
5
16
24
30
.36
42
46
S
SH MOM BT CLNS - BS 21-25
A
4
30
24
6
1Z
LAG (DAYS)
18
8H MOMBT
r
10
-
-
36
0
5
12
1
24
30
36
42
4a
Figure A.10.4
Figure A.1O.3
10
42
20
2*4
LNS - BS 28-30
63.9-73.0N
65.9-73.20
66.7-0.4N
66.?-40.4N
47.7-6L.N
47.7-61.&
40.7-4.11
40.7-44.1N
34.4-37.61
34.4-37.64
2860-31 4
201-3L.14
23.0-96.8N
23.026
1T77-20.4m
17.7-30.4ff
12.6-15.1N
12.6-15.1v
7.5-10.0N
7.1-10.01
2.0-
3.6- *.0
5.0N
0.0- 2.3*
0.0- 2.33
28
32
6.0- 7.W5
6.0- 7.63
10.0-12.68
10.0-120
15.1-17.73
13.1-17.78
20.4-3.09
20.4-23.0
256s-.68
36
42
-
46
,'
42
36
30
04
18
12
'6
LAG (DAYS)
0
6
12
16
34
30
38
42
4a
314-3448
314-842
37.6-40.79
37.60-40.8
44.1-47.78
441-4778
615-66.7.
51.1-65 7
60.4-645.93
60.4-60..
30
24
18
12
5
LAG (DAYS)
0
6
!12
16
04
30
36
42
48
164
Figure A.10.6
8H MOM BLT
Figure A.10.5
8H MOMBT CLNS -
BS 31-85
CLNS - GLANM
65.3-73.2
65.9-73.2
65.7-0.N
65.7-60.4Nf
471-61.6K
47.9--".M
40 V-4613
--
-
-
339
344-37.S3
344-3721
28.6-L.4N
28.6-3.4N
23.0-M.ON
23.0-26
LL
-LL
8
-
-54
-
65.
(--
-
-
QP
17.7-20.41
17.7-20.4N6
12.6-15.16N
12.8-15.1N
7.0-10.0N
7.5-10.0N
2.5- 6.06
2.5- 3.0w
0.0- 2.25
0.0-
6.0- 7.68
6.0- 7.6s
.35
10.0-12.68
10.0-12.68
15.1-17.78
15.1-17.7
B04-230.0
204-Z3.0
20.6-28.6
25
-2,68
81-4-34.43
37.5-40,70
37.6--40.72
44.-47.7
44.1-47.78
615-66.78
61.5-66.78
> 80.4-05.98
80.4-65.09
46
42
30
30
4
18
12
6
0
a
1;2
46
LAG (DAYS)
Figure A.10.7
BE HIG CLD
45
4.7
V
3
24
1
e
36
30
Z4
18
12
3
LAG (DAYS)
BELT CLNS - GSMAN
1
42
0
!A@YS)
a
12
10
M4 ' 30
30
4z
4a
0
5
12
16
24
30
30
42
4a
165
APPENDIX B
Figures B.1.l -
* -W.
19V-Cv
-
B.l.46
Spectral analysis of momentum belts 1 to 46 for
the Apr 1 - Oct 31 1979 momentum belt anomaly
time series
W7
PECK3
TRf
.09
.
E
n
mI.I3
0
11
*470
.11?
4
-4
r.
i~'
I
-
.
-
-.
dt
0.;
Ia
I
76
-
02.e
2.
RU
W
1YU
.
-
'4
Ix
2.4.1
01..2
EC (YI!
"U'r-
1
t..3
00Z0
.4
St.
.C~
0
79 SPW3CK L Po
.?7
5 -A
4.5e
*
r
00
II
-
ta
y
.c
. .1
0
5
0
ii1
~-
C
.0
A
..
=1C-V.0
8 047
79 YwCTIR 40L P*4
.
.W &T 9
s?'74
. .
4fn
0
!
79yTW *A 1
,
U
L A
7
-9q M- i
2.s
3.. -
2t11
2.3-0
7
I-
3.0
3.0
C
0.2;
L..0:
-3-...0
AiI
0C
..0
..
7*
;C 1
-
-
.
.
o
-
-'s
34
-
:0
.0
e'
Zm.
.3
!
V
.;1
7* MCT
5.5
.4
+n.
*
.
.0
.0
S3.0
3.0
.er.0
P~O.C7
-. .70.0
470
4
*
.
..
a .02
-C'0-io
A.04.0 .04
4
(CyieC ? A MI)
79 ISTAP.
0se 3ELT
0s3
0n.
-e
E7
.00
:
.4
a
10
A
5
.
.34
3.
02*
;.:
.0
04.
2.U5e
1
;
I
,.
4
..
.0
.00(
.
*r2.0-
.
.4
.
-
3
000
.1
3
3
3
LG-l.4.6.t
a
.2
.34
.3
.,
FREGACT
(CTCt3 M-s
.;.
:Al
.
.
.1%
.Is
166
1"
I. --
ECt
FNl M21
71SPCTNL
nL 111 aT is
0.
OT 17
.
f A
Or
.
ILt
2
n
LUl
2.42.0
L
1.l1
2.0
2 -
1.2
.3
2.9
..
3
.
2.l1
d
2..3
O
3
.2
0
I
'21,
3 -
FN
a
.4
. I
PEGsoCTICTCL25
oERatit
9CrIlt dl~
7s
7.
3.6
ILI It.
75
2.6
3.1-
isspeCrAIt
.
.
.t1
.X6
MIt Pon
.
Wr.
20
24
2 L
2.21.
2.0.is
-.
3.0
2.8
-
Z~g
'
20
4...
S2.3
0
2
.01
...
.2
.A
PRE22|C
.AG
14
.5
-
-
.to
.11
1
.42
.34
.041
.09
_7 2:4!
1;M
2PER1rsFRE
Of
:oC
C1
-
AsKt M& OL
73M,
a2
7, VWWT.
a
14
.
a
0
.6
SOft P99 REL U
.L.e.
LT
.M
.10
.:2
14 16
.
LII
C
.M
.
.IS
.1
.
4
.8
At
-e
-4
A.
A
--
-.
s---
...
FL-2CT MCT~t PIP all'
FMBED
CT-- McoESR ami
4.1
L4
3.3
3.-S
L~LO
.0
1.
3.0
L5
3.0
-
3.6
L41
21
~
-
1.0.5.2
4.0
L.
~.5.
0~~~
Famwa
-. C-l
3.
9itoi
79 9ECTs Of. pip PALT
L.3
M
24
2.02.S
1.112..L
a.8
2.
0 2
Liss
t~1.2
7.0
aELT
o
71$PItfR at..
3.4
3.0 t.
l
at
79 MCI!T SL 0
L2.
.
.
I
P.g
".
"I"
6.
.
mr.
.54
. 2 .3
.'.2
AM
.4.A4.01 .*t
.3
1
.10.a
.
FREGetO'C'C&$t MRs
..
il
All8,
mel
2a
AAAI
6.1.
-
.0
I
.
'0 .2 .t .6 .$
FIEOLOO
(CICLU5
an lm!
79 11pspgC-aft.
4.5 6
..
4.58i
"n
E
Il
.2.s
C2.s
.S S
CS
SI
.
9.5
a .ll
.01 .%
sqegxg
.3
.L
egygVg
12 .09
PER
.16
CIRI
.ll
0
.(l
.04
.06
.04
.10
.2
.14
FNREFTMCY=2Pe- ga-.
.A
.1t
.:4
.09
.3
..
A
.13
.14
"lgaig .y1.1S MR0
am$
.15 .16
e M. .36
.28
CRSCO W(CfCIn
31.
Mru
1 .18
2 d
.1t
.i
167
71 WKYFAOft FM W.
LS
3.0
p
j4)
AA
pW.amc,
zvw1
P-R 01"I
.24
.36
J .28
"MUcl ICOCU-1 m
. :2.10
.. S .14
.0 .0 .3 .08 to .12
-A
t .16 0
-
71 1CMIL%A p" OWTa
s
'IED
.im M. 3w,
(vn.
rt
-M
OI.2 . ts
FDIO
71 V-fC1U
Oft PIM
4.0.
SW' Q
LQ
PUAC
PU
.10.1
o
pt Call
CYCud
168
Figure B.1.48
Figure B.1.47
7, MH .MIS12-16V-2WOL
Figure B.1.51
"1 MN
A11~
3.3S
Figure B.1.52
MI ft
OWNCcUYI1
.
r
-In
so~
.3 q
IZNIFl""
2 .- :
a
i
PMoag (Cw5 MI awl
Ao
C-w 7
FigureC
~
i
.
B.1.49IE20
B.1.47
7,igNueS-
igueN.14
t
;I: w2A
:
-N
Figure B.1.50
Spectral analysis of the global sum momentum anomaly
for the period Apr 1 - Oct 31 1979
B.l.52 - Spectral anlaysis of the momentum anomaly
sum in belts 12-16, 16-20, 21-25, 26-30, and 31-35
respectively for the period Apr 1 - Oct 31 1979
169
Figures B.2.1 -
B.2.46
Spectral analysis of momentum belts 1 to 46 for
the Apr 1 - Oct 31 1983 momentum belt anomaly
time series
-
ft VMT.
.04
"
04WTCTR
*t.
Z
-0
I
=.
sowPiRm
L0l
mit.
E.i
"O
L
-.e
1
.0L
C
1.0
6.0.
r"'LOICTCLEg
20 DWI
E3E*CT-ICCLIS
PC;
1.4
C.3
ek
vpint
Le 60-
V-
r.*-
IN Is!CTRA3*.
4
5.
'M
E.!
7
s.s
3.0
0
04
.
.:0
.
1.0
1IEi:C7'C.-! 'C'--
.A
.
.4
.04 .1%
0
.2
.04
.04
.'It
PlE32'Ot
a4 3OCTWL
*ft.
.10
'C-':.1
.2
.4
.14
.I
#70 4 y
MM0 BLT I
.
2.0
VeC
,
*ft
4ELI
o.
..
is.
40L. W.
4
.P0L
I@
r
2.6
I
I.g
.4 P I I
1.2
0.e .04
.,A
.08
.:C
.:
.A4 .:2
.19
0
.
.04
.
.0 .1
R1MM1 ;;"-!!
.1
.
* 70713d.
16
.4
0
.
.24.0.
0
.C
L
C' M
.
"
0
1
170
M
fECTRR'.
9t
P&
.EL7
amSM011. ROILremM-0 le
'7
4.0
i
.
iLR. L I EL
TECTIV.
21
a SPECTItI.
tAL rt
.
A
3.5
I.
3.0
.
:.0'v
1
59
8EL 22
S.o
01 1,\I
OzIo
.s0
A~
C .
FilECY (CYCLES
PEA
01
04
Si SPECTIft
Pt.
.3
.: .:
.1
.0a
P-A DY)
7.E
0
02 3 .0
FEaAK0t
iCYCLES
F8EOM!T ICtOStO4044
f
s
PIO E
w
2q
0
1
PEC
m .
Mit.
4
3
on
et.
MY 2!
C
0
.'.
CLESPE
t.
91 SPECTet.
'i
.
.
.
Dtll
BEL.
24
1.02
3. 0
1__2.1
2.4
.
"
2.2
2.2 r.
0
.4
.32
.38
.3
.0
.:.
.14.3
.i8
.0_
0
02 4
.0
04.0
1E::
2.s
2S
,0" SPECTRAL
.
. FOOt.
P. 1' 0BEL!
.*4
.
IN TECTPJL
M% A
..
.14
:T
!,
.16
*Em
IS
0
.04
.02
0
.
.
14.-t4
-
061"EtCQ
-i
.
S M
OLT2
3.6
2.4
3A
?.2
2.4
1.6
ft
2.s
za
1
iiO
4
.
2
X
4
U .c
.1, .6
i
POP
FPE4VCTIC'TCLESC04?
02. .36.0
.
A...
FPOLECY
(CICLIS
PE2Dol
of
SiPc-.
.
Weo
.1
.16
MY1:
9
S'ePEm.
oo .r
4,t.
:
to
-
02
.04 .04 .04
Prf2.S8 :e
.-
.40
-.
se
:
-A.2
.18
.CZ .04 .0
.06
'0I3'E
.I
.::
.!4 .11 .:8
!CTCLE
*u0
>-Ti
c
I '\ks. AA".T..0
.
04 .08
,OL10.
.
,A
.
.
15
171
A3
wa UI&I a
ftft
M 10 mUTAr
rc
T Vm
amSOECS.L
MIL Mispit
13
I" so
OftO PI,' w. xm
14
UI V
I "Em
cu
.
ICC
V
.\
I
j
cal
0 I?4
aiwa.0.
4s.
.
P' 1ii
0
.0
0
.1
o
.5
cA,
.,
1
i'-:.":Zh
.00.04 .31
a, "IOc
11. mmu MLI 41
M SM
MIOt06
111 .
.46.9
.:.0
1
0
M0 V8.
I
.
3.01P
.2a.06 .6 .10
.1.4
FAMUICY 'Szr 'IIR
SOSMICIIIII.
Oft.
U
Mm EL
.
.16 .18
owl
9
.0
.04 x.04..04o.A
FAEOIJEFICIC'S
PO
MI
43
4
.
141
0
.0
R.
.06
.00 .
06,!
1.6
.16l
.02 .04 .0
.00 . 8t ..: .:" .15 .19
PmmgocyI"=".C P5 3m
.02 .04 -W .=4 .10 .:2 .At .16
9J.*WT CMail 'I a,?:
.
.0
04 .046 .04
.. C
ABLOO ICICJS-a2 Mrs
.:'k
.16.1
172
In O'
S.
inPol1M5
20-0
&I AM TS 12-16
P!CTINLt.
Nta
*at
TECTML
Figure B.2.52
Figure B.2.51
Figure B.2.48
Figure B.2.47
WECilloft
94
M.
31-35VECTIMft
no
20
*1M
E0
45
31
r
La~j
0020
.0
0
.:4 .U
.20.1
a" IPP
6'
a
2.2
.14.1
.A
0
.02
ICVf'Es
PER
01111
,rn4'CT
T3
I
16-20WEIC'ILft%
SI P6
E
I
.04 . 0 .0
..2
5E10 ICTICLES
TER
J12
t
.16
-
.
.36 .
.
12
FREKECTV
(CTCLES
pitq 301
.34
W.T 21-21WICT21
me.
so
10r
70
0
40
4
20
a
![
.02
/1A
.4
.
r I
AI
.
0
1
. 4
.16
0
.02
.04
.A
.09
.10
.!2
.14
i
.18
Figure B.2.50
Figure B.2.49
Figure B.2.47
.16
-
Spectral analysis of the global sum momentum anomaly
for the period Apr 1 - Oct 31 1983
Spectral analysis of the momentum anomaly sum
Figures B.2.48 - B.2.52 in belts 12-16, 16-20, 21-25, 26-30, and 31-35
respectively for the period Apr 1 - Oct 31 1983
173
Figures B.3.1 -
71 T.IlM.W Pl
nt0
CILA
ML
Spectral analysis of hogh cloud belts 1 to 40 for
the Apr 1 - Oct 31 1979 high cloud belt anomaly
time series
-
B.3.40
I
1"
IftnI
VWC L
WAE.t
75
2
,oCiWM.
Oft 10
CLA
woCt.IA.L
OLT 1
11
ft
CLt
MaVJ
asL
M
IC.
0
.
.A .A .ll
lCi
SMCT
71
320-..
as
no
YnrM qst,
Himl c
30-
r
. .2 .14
t
09.
.J
,
.
fWUDICT
4
M:r.
.
I
10
-14
I24
. @
FE0
C
2
.
3.
.3
71
RELftL IM
L3
OLT
CLW
6
IC
.2
.
.A
.a
: 4 .
PKEM: CC.eis
PEACAr
79
UPCI
M.
t, fal
C
90.
i
30
19
WECflU t A.4
.
.
.
12
M0. "
.
.
. .
26
a
20.
RINJC
.
CCms PEPowl
0 36 0
.2
1. 1
0 .4
3.00
.04
.0
PE91CT 3CTn
.14
.
!
*A%
6.
.;
.
0
.
.G a
.3
.0 .
.
16 .
CTCI PER Owl
.
a
174
73~~~~~~~~~~
Nf
V!W7M.
14
6603UrI
32!?.
ft
Him6
0.
r.?
to
360
26
16
3.
.M .C6
.~3
.
::it.!4.L6
;s wC'ztaL .cio.a
5to
7.
3
.10.4
.:: .:,.it
.3.0.2
isStrg
T
ali
iMD
I1
.3 CI S?673
.
.
3
.3
CLo.
.
6uTm
CL
Of .666
.
1.?3
73.
WI
6
S.
.m
Ci9.?3
10
L
I'm.
'A1
1o
A Pitw
0.!
PMasU
d4
.
7n
VS
ECT"I.
F4mEgCh
.ll
CL OE.
.30
:L
.1..;....
"Ei!f
M
;
W
.6
3
.3.
.
3
Lo.16 .16
.
2T
.a.36 .31 .It
FmEUC ECT
.12
OES
.1t
PIE
.1
nm
.66
175
79
iMl
O%E410H M IM
E3
76 VVMf At*0
.o.s
.0
.10. ..
ICCL
FRE)O
.im
MA
.I
MICIELI
LT1
176
Figures B.4.1 -
Spectral analysis of high cloud belts 1 to 40 for
the Apr 1 - Oct 31 1983 high cloud belt anomaly
time series
B.4.40
51 V!CTaM.
FeA.AOLMC CLL
Mt.T
t
a4 $PEC3'4.
OA
4430
C3
KL.
T
24
II
to
'A .0
C
..
N"IswY
14TCLES
P.'
-W91C44li
64.
44
P
C.0
!.
3
am VIE:-Ma. 4AL
-I.
:.
As
4500
Soo
400L
200
ise
I
VICTM.;O.
8M
n10'L0
E.T
a2..04y
as
12
-A .
$PECI'i.
AW:L4lt
PN
= ?-T
C.:
:0
A
54 ?!CTW 44.X M
CLO
13
EL
2
SA.4M
$PTI
i
03
.T :1
2622
to
I
20
04,-
2
IS~
PE4
'I
P
22
I:"
0
l4'4-4.
9/
IC
A
CY.
Pl*
E
Y~l5
GL
E .4 j2
T
ft'
FREAM
.32
C'f''!.s
If
i:A,
PEtiest
.34
_4
AlA
.01
F".XXNC:Y 'CYCLEI
-z
..
Ci.
0
P-9
P 44
AEI(T
s
M-'
.12
:A-',
ts
.1
.4
45
wc'q.
.3
E
f
0-4. .tt- 4-.31(1.?.5
3
.
**24'(C":1.0
-!I
zTI
.
l
177
SI
201
l
St?JIL02
P19 C19
(L.T
ELYa
-.s
L0
.!02
...
IVYPECTU
IlNL -loI
C.02S.1
.4
.1
.10
WV'aIWI
(CICwm
PEAof%
IrI
60
6-
ea
aq
22 .
nIC
J 0. *ear
2..i.c.:k~
b
lee
24I
10
12
1o
A
W
1P!C'ML N
CLI!
!2.
.2
25
oI
iPCtf
stL
M194
C.
30
AI MSpec. ies. 11!0 C'.D
PILT
2LT 29
A
%
.4
.za.30
.'1
.:2
.4:
.33
.3
FUSE21.E
.e0.E PEA
7.11
45
.
I
i
12
.
.22
? ..
.
40*
31
30
.!8
rIEc.
P.
'CYCLES
*
''
.li
0.22.24.3.34
PRE0vCY
.':,
.10
.1: .3t
:AI
.'k
.18
.
C
*
.:6
.31
.0
.::
1M
v C'fCL3M 3"C13
lP
.14
.1
..
3
..
."A
.. 29
.04
F'CYD.CT
MIPUZ'tv X9f1
:0
.:;
.:4
..
.3
178
t"
MEU*
VPfTM. Oft MIII CLO
aK 0PmCwftL
SmSMT.WLSW. 01WC
.. D MY
L
on IDICIk
70
miII maD smr
Fft. MONI CL
V. -- -ft va
v~
= I
s
OW~is
64
90*
to
I'
0
.02
.01 .35
Z-. .10
n
FqWqlcl .ES -R
.14
5'0
.3
3
4
..
A .38 .14.
M.Er'
.. Ok.14
:"
i
179
REFERENCES
Albright, M. D., E. E. Recker, R. J. Reed, and R. Dang, 1985: The diurnal
variation of deep convection and inferred precipitation in the central
tropical Pacific during January-February 1979.
Mon. Wea. Rev., 113,
1663-1680.
Anderson, J. R., 1984:
Slow motions in the tropical troposphere.
thesis.
Atmospheric Science Paper No. 381.
Colorado
University.
Ph.D.
State
Anderson, J. R., and R. D. Rosen, 1983: The Latitude-Height Structure of
40-50 Day Variations in Atmospheric Angular Momentum. J. Atmos. Sci.,
40, 1584-1591.
Anderson, J. R., D. E. Stevens, and P. R. Julian,
variations of the tropical 40-50 Day Oscillation.
112, 2431-2438.
1984:
Temporal
Mon. Wea. Rev.,
Bjerknes, J., 1966:
Atmospheric teleconnections responding to equatorial
anomalies of ocean temperature.
Rand Corporation, Santa Monica,
Calif., Research Memorandum RM-5233-NSF Dec 1966 473-496.
Blackmon, M. L., Y. H. Lee, and J. M. Wallace, 1984: Horizontal structure
of 500mb height fluctuations with long, intermediate, and short time
scales. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 961-979.
Chang, C. P., 1977:
Viscous internal gravity waves and low frequency
oscillations in the tropics. J. Atmos. Sci., 2_4, 901-910.
Davidson, N. E., 1984:
Short term fluctuations in the Australian Monsoon
during winter MONEX. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 1697-1708.
Davis, R. E., 1976:
Predictability ot sea surface temperature and sea
level
pressure
anomalies
over
the
north
Pacific
Ocean.
J. Phys. Oceanogr., 16, 249-261.
An air-sea interaction model of intra-seasonal
Emanuel, K. A., 1986:
oscillations in the tropics. Submitted to J. Atmos. Sci.
Goswami, B. N., and J. Shukla, 1983:
Quasi-periodic oscillations in
symmetric general circulation model. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 20-37.
a
Hayashi, Y.-Y., and A. Sumi, 1986: The 30-40 day oscillations simulated in
an "aqua planet" model. Submitted to J. Met. Soc. Japan.
Planetary scale atmospheric
Horel, J. D., and J. M. Wallace, 1981:
Mon. Wea. Rev.,
phenomena assosiated with the Southern Oscillation.
109, 813-829.
Hoskins, B. J., and D. J. Karoly, 1981:
to
thermal
atmosphere
spherical
J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 1179-1196.
Steady
and
linear response of a
forcing.
orographic
180
Hwang, P. H., H. Y. Yeh, T. F. Eck, C. G. Wellemeyer, P. K. Bhartia, C. S.
An overview of the
Long, L. L. Stowe, and P. P. Pellegrino, 1986:
Submitted to Bull. Amer. Met.
Nimbus-7 THIR/TOMS cloud data archive.
Soc.
Jacobowitz, H. D., H. V. Soule, H. L. Kyle, F. B. House, and the Nimbus-7
(ERB)
The Earth Radiation Budget
ERB Experiment Team, 1984:
Experiment: An overview. J. Geophy. Res., 89, 5021-5038.
Spectral Analysis
Jenkins, C. M., and D. G. Watts, 1968:
Applications. Holden-Day, San Francisco, California.
Kidder, S. Q., and T. H. Vonder Haar, 1977:
frequencies from Nimbus 5 microwave
2083-2086.
and
its
Seasonal oceanic precipitation
data.
J. Geophy. Res., 82,
Krishnamurti, T. N., P. K. Jayakumar, J. Sheng, N. Surgi, and A. Kumar,
1985:
Divergent circulations on the 30 to 50 day time scale.
J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 364-375.
Kyle, H. L., P. E. Ardanay, and E. J. Hurley, 1985:
The status of the
Nimbus 7 Earth Radiation Budget data set. Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 66,
1378-1388.
Langley, R. B., R. W. King, I. I. Shapiro, R. D. Rosen, and D. A. Salstein,
1981:
Atmospheric angular momentum and the lenght of day: A common
fluctuation with a period near 50 days. Nature, 294, 730-732.
Lau, K.-M., and P. H. Chan, 1983a:
Short term climate variability and
atmospheric teleconnections from satellite observed outgoing longwave
radiation, Part 1: Simultaneous relationships.
J. Atmos. Sci., 40,
2735-2750.
Lau, K.-M., and P. H. Chan, 1983b:
Short term climate variability and
atmospheric teleconnections from satellite observed outgoing longwave
radiation, Part 2:
Lagged correlations.
J. Atmos.
Sci.,
40,
2751-2767.
Lau, K.-M., C. P. Chang, and P. H. Chan, 1983:
Short term planetary scale
interactions over the tropics and midlatitudes. Part II: Winter MONEX
period. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 1372-1388.
Lau,
K.-M., and P. H. Chan, 1985:
Aspects of the 40-50 day oscillation
during
the northern winter as inferred from outgoing longwave
radiation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 113, 1889-1909.
Lau,
K.-M., and P. H. Chan, 1986:
The 40-50 day oscillations and the
El
Nino/Southern
Oscillation:
A
new
perspective.
Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 67, 533-534.
Lau,
N. C., and K.-M. Lau, 1986:
The structure and propagation of
intraseasonal oscillations appearing in a GFDL GCM.
J. Atmos. Sci.,
43, 2023-2047.
181
Liebmann, B., and D. L. Hartmann, 1984:
An observational study of
tropical-midlatitude interaction on intraseasonal time scales during
winter. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 3333-3350.
Lorenc, A. C., 1984:
The
during the FGGE year.
evolution of planetary scale 200mb divergences
Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc., 110, 427-442.
Madden,
R. A.,
and P. R.
Julian,
in
the
zonal
oscillation
J. Atmos. Sci., 28, 702-708.
1971:
wind
Madden, R. A.,
and P. R.
Julian, 1972:
circulation
cells
in
the
tropics
J. Atmos. Sci., 29, 1109-1123.
in
Detection of a 40-50 day
the
tropical
Pacific.
Description of
with
a
40-50
global scale
day
period.
Neelin, D. J., I. M. Held, and K. H. Cook, 1986: Evaporation-Wind feedback
and low frequency variability in the tropical atmosphere.
Submitted
to J. Atmos. Sci.
Richards, F., and P.
observed cloud
1081-1093.
Arkin,
cover
1981:
On the relationship between satellite
and precipitation.
Mon. Wea. Rev.,
109,
Rosen, R. D., and D. A. Salstein, 1983:
momentum on global and regional
J. Geophy. Res., 88, 5451-5470.
Variations in atmospheric angular
scales and the length of day.
Rossow, W. B., F. Mosher, E. Kinsella, A. Arking, M. Desbois, E. Harrison,
P. Minnis, E. Ruprecht, G. Seze, C. Simmer, and E. Smith, 1985: ISCCP
cloud algorithm intercomparison. J. Clim. Appl. Met., 24, 877-903.
ISCCP global radiance data set: A
Schiffer, R. A., and W. B. Rossow, 1985:
Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 66,
new resource for climate research.
1498-1505.
Stowe, L. L., P. P. Pellegriono, P. H. Hwang, P. K. Bhartia, T. F. Eck,
Validation of
C. G. Wellemeyer, S. M. Reand, and C. S. Long, 1984:
Nimbus 7 cloud products.
Proc. International Radiation Symposium,
Perugia, Italy, August 1984, 228-231.
Stowe, L. L., P. P. Pellegriono, P. H. Hwang, T. F. Eck, C. S. Long,
Spatial and temporal
C. G. Wellemeyer, and H. Y. Mike Yeh, 1986:
characteristics of global cloud cover as observed from the Nimbus 7
Proc. Sixth Conf. Atmospheric Radiation, Williamsburg,
satellite.
Virginia.
Teleconnections
1981:
the Northern Hemisphere
in the
winter.
Mechanisms of low frequency variability.
Webster, P. J., 1983:
hydrological effects. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 2110-2124.
Surface
and D. S. Gutzler,
Wallace, J. M.,
geopotential height field during
Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 784-812.
Intraseasonal circulation and outgoing longwave
Weickmann, K. M., 1983:
Mon. Wea. Rev.,
radiation modes during Northern Hemisphere winter.
111, 1838-1858.
182
Intraseasonal
Weickmaann, K. M., G. R. Lussky and J. E. Kutzbach, 1985:
(30-60 day) fluctuations of outgoing longwave radiation and 250mb
streamfunction during Northern Winter. Mon. Wea. Rev., 13, 941-961.
Cloudiness fluctuations assosiated with the Northern
Yasunari, T., 1979:
Hemisphere summer monsoon. J. Met. Soc. Japan., 57, 227-242.
A quasi-stationary appearance of 30 to 40 day period
Yasunari, T., 1980:
in the cloudiness fluctuations during the summer monsoon over India.
J. Met. Soc. Japan., 58, 225-229.