TEX Cookbook 1-Nov-1989 c 1989 by MathPro Press, Inc. (http://www.mathpro.com/math/MathPro.html) Copyright ° Individuals may make copies for their own personal use. Inquiries to stan@MathPro.com. Dashes to get a-b a–b a—b galaxy you type a-b a--b a---b gal\-axy notes hyphen dash long dash discretionary hyphen Standard ligatures (handled automatically) to get you type notes ff ff fi fi fl fl ffi ffi ffl ffl Accents to get you type é \’e à \‘a ê \^e ü \"u ñ \~n ā \=a ȧ \.a ğ \u g ǎ \v a ő \H o oÄ o \t oo ç \c c a. \d a a \b a ¯ Special to get œ Œ æ Æ å Å ø Ø là L Ã ß ı Characters you type \oe \OE \ae \AE \aa \AA \o \O \l \L \ss \i \j notes acute accent grave accent circumflex umlaut tilde macron dot accent breve accent háček long Hungarian umlaut tie-after accent cedilla accent dot under accent bar-under accent notes French ligature oe French ligature OE Scandinavian ligature ae Scandinavian ligature AE Scandinavian a-with-circle Scandinavian A-with-circle Scandinavian o-with-slash Scandinavian O-with-slash Polish suppressed-l Polish suppressed-L German sharp S dotless i dotless j 1 Punctuation to get “text” ¡Wow! ¿Huh? $24.00 36/c £16 item #2 95% pure H&R Block Special to get † ‡ § ¶ c ° TEX ... Fonts to get A roman font. An italic font. A slanted font. A bold font. A typewriter font. A CALLIGRAPHIC font. Oldstyle digits . you type ‘‘text’’ !‘Wow! ?‘Huh? \$24.00 36\cents \sterling 16 item \#2 95\% pure H\&R Block symbols you type \dag \ddag \S \P \copyright \TeX \dots notes quotation marks open exclamation open question dollar sign cent sign pounds sterling number sign percent sign ampersand notes dagger double dagger section number sign paragraph symbol copyright symbol ellipsis you type A {\rm roman} font. An {\it italic} font. A {\sl slanted} font. A {\bf bold} font. A {\tt typewriter} font. A $\cal CALLIGRAPHIC$ font. Oldstyle digits {\oldstyle 0123456789}. Breakable (horizontal) spaces to get you type This much. This much. This much. This\ much. This much. This\enskip much. This much. This\quad much. This much. This\qquad much. This much. hskip <dim> notes normal space same as above Unbreakable (horizontal) spaces to get you type This much. This~much. This much. This\enspace much. This much. This\thinspace much. Thismuch. This\negthinspace much. italic correction. {\it italic\/} correction. This much. kern <dim> 2 notes tie notes default font caps only Math accents to get you type x́ $\acute x$ x̀ $\grave x$ x̂ $\hat x$ ẍ $\ddot x$ x̃ $\tilde x$ x̄ $\bar x$ ẋ $\dot x$ x̆ $\breve x$ x̌ $\check x$ ~x $\vec x$ ı $\imath $ $\jmath $ xd yz $\widehat {xyz}$ xg yz $\widetilde {xyz}$ Greek letters lower case to get you type α $\alpha $ β $\beta $ γ $\gamma $ δ $\delta $ ² $\epsilon $ ζ $\zeta $ η $\eta $ θ $\theta $ ι $\iota $ κ $\kappa $ λ $\lambda $ µ $\mu $ ν $\nu $ ξ $\xi $ o {\rm o} π $\pi $ ρ $\rho $ σ $\sigma $ τ $\tau $ υ $\upsilon $ φ $\phi $ χ $\chi $ ψ $\psi $ ω $\omega $ variant to get you type ε ϑ $ % ς ϕ notes corresponds corresponds corresponds corresponds corresponds corresponds corresponds corresponds corresponds vector dotless i dotless j to to to to to to to to to \’ \‘ \^ \" \~ \= \. \u \v upper case to get you type A {\rm A} B {\rm B} Γ $\Gamma $ ∆ $\Delta $ $\varepsilon $ E {\rm E} Z {\rm Z} H {\rm H} $\vartheta $ Θ $\Theta $ I {\rm I} K {\rm K} Λ $\Lambda $ M {\rm M} N {\rm N} Ξ $\Xi $ O {\rm O} $\varpi $ Π $\Pi $ $\varrho $ P {\rm P} $\varsigma $ Σ $\Sigma $ T {\rm T} Υ $\Upsilon $ $\varphi $ Φ $\Phi $ X {\rm X} Ψ $\Psi $ Ω $\Omega $ 3 name alpha beta gamma delta epsilon zeta eta theta iota kappa lambda mu nu xi omicron pi rho sigma tau upsilon phi chi psi omega Math spaces to get you type xy $x\,y$ xy $x\>y$ xy $x\;y$ xy $x\!y$ \thinmuskip \medmuskip \thickmuskip mkern <muglue> mskip <muglue> notes thin space (1/6 quad) medium space (2/9 quad) thick space (5/18 quad) negative thin space (-1/6 quad) 3mu 4mu plus 2mu minus 4mu 5mu plus 5mu unbreakable breakable Ordinary math symbols to get you type ℵ $\aleph $ h̄ $\hbar $ ` $\ell $ ℘ $\wp $ < $\Re $ = $\Im $ ∂ $\partial $ ∞ $\infty $ 0 $\prime $ ∅ $\emptyset $ ∇ $\nabla $ > $\top $ ⊥ $\bot $ | $|$ | $\vert $ k $\|$ k $\Vert $ 6 $\angle $ 4 $\triangle $ \ $\backslash $ ∀ $\forall $ ∃ $\exists $ ¬ $\neg $ [ $\flat $ \ $\natural $ ] $\sharp $ ♣ $\clubsuit $ ♦ $\diamondsuit $ ♥ $\heartsuit $ ♠ $\spadesuit $ 4 notes aleph h-bar script l Weierstrass function real part imaginary part partial derivative infinity prime null set nabla T symbol upside down T divides same as | parallel same as \| angle triangle backslash for all there exists negation symbol flat natural sharp club suit diamond suit heart suit spadesuit Subscripts and superscripts to get you type x1 $x_1$ x+ $x_+$ xα $x_\alpha $ x12 $x_{12}$ u−2 $u_{-2}$ xa+b $x_{a+b}$ x5 $x^5$ x− $x^-$ x] $x^\sharp $ x# $x^\#$ a∗ $a^*$ x100 $x^{100}$ sin−1 φ $\sin ^{-1}\phi $ (a + b)sin θ $(a+b)^{\sin \theta }$ x73 $x_3^7$ xn−1 $x_{12}^{n-1}$ 12 xi5 $x_{i_5}$ 2 ex $e^{x^2}$ x y2 $x^{y_2}$ 217 x(a+b) xa3 +7 x a3 + 7 xba xa b x a2 xr10 xrb21 $x^{(a+b)^{2^{17}}}$ $x_{a_3+7}$ $x_{a_3}+7$ $x_a^b$ $x_a{}^b$ $x_{a^2}$ $x^{r_{10}}$ $x_{b^2}^{r_1}$ xa32 1 sin 10◦ x0 a003 2 F1 x The nth word. $x_{a_1^2}^{b_3^4}$ $\sin 10\degrees $ $x’$ $a_3’’$ ${}_2F_1x$ The $n^{\rm th}$ word. b4 5 notes Binary to get ± ∓ \ · + − × ÷ ∗ ? ¦ ◦ • ∩ ∪ ] u t / . o ° 4 5 ∨ ∨ ∧ ∧ ⊕ ª ⊗ ® ¯ † ‡ q Order to get < ≤ ≤ ≺ ¹ ¿ ⊂ ⊆ v relations you type $<$ $\leq $ $\le $ $\prec $ $\preceq $ $\ll $ $\subset $ $\subseteq $ $\sqsubseteq $ operations you type $\pm $ $\mp $ $\setminus $ $\cdot $ $+$ $-$ $\times $ $\*$ $\div $ $\ast $ $\star $ $\diamond $ $\circ $ $\bullet $ $\cap $ $\cup $ $\uplus $ $\sqcap $ $\sqcup $ $\triangleleft $ $\triangleright $ $\wr $ $\bigcirc $ $\bigtriangleup $ $\bigtriangledown $ $\vee $ $\lor $ $\wedge $ $\land $ $\oplus $ $\ominus $ $\otimes $ $\oslash $ $\odot $ $\dagger $ $\ddagger $ $\amalg $ name less than less than or equal same as \leq precedes precedes or equal much less than contained in subset or equal square subset or equal notes plus or minus minus or plus set minus centered dot plus minus times discretionary times divide asterisk five-pointed star diamond small circle bullet cap (intersection) cup (union) plus inside cup square cap square cup triangle pointing left triangle pointing right wreath product large circle vee logical or (same as \vee ) wedge logical and (same as \wedge ) circled plus circled minus circled times circled divide circled dot dagger double dagger to get > ≥ ≥  º À ⊃ ⊇ w 6 you type $>$ $\geq $ $\ge $ $\succ $ $\succeq $ $\gg $ $\supset $ $\supseteq $ $\sqsupseteq $ name greater than greater than or equal same as \geq succeeds succeeds or equal much greater than contains superset or equal square superset or equal Negated relations to get you type 6< $\not <$ 6> $\not >$ 6≤ $\not \leq $ 6≥ $\not \geq $ 6≺ $\not \prec $ 6 $\not \succ $ 6¹ $\not \preceq $ 6º $\not \succeq $ 6⊂ $\not \subset $ 6⊃ $\not \supset $ 6⊆ $\not \subseteq $ 6⊇ $\not \supseteq $ 6v $\not \sqsubseteq $ 6w $\not \sqsupseteq $ 6= $\not =$ 6= $\neq $ 6≡ $\not \equiv $ 6∼ $\not \sim $ 6' $\not \simeq $ 6≈ $\not \approx $ ∼ 6= $\not \cong $ 6³ $\not \asymp $ ∈ / $\notin $ Equivalence relations to get you type = $=$ ≡ $\equiv $ ∼ $\sim $ ' $\simeq $ ³ $\asymp $ ≈ $\approx $ ∼ $\cong $ = ./ $\bowtie $ . $\doteq $ = k $\parallel $ ⊥ $\perp $ notes not less than not greater than not less than or equal to not greater than or equal does not precede does not succeed does not precede or equal does not succeed or equal not contained in does not contain not subset or equal not superset or equal not square subset or equal not square superset or equal not equal to same as \not = not equivalent to not similar to not similar or equal to not approximately equal to not congruent to not asymptotic to not a member of notes equals equivalent to similar to similar or equals asymptotic to approximately equal to congruent to bowtie dot equal is parallel to is perpendicular to Other binary relations to get you type | $\mid $ ^ $\smile $ _ $\frown $ ∈ $\in $ 3 $\ni $ ` $\vdash $ a $\dashv $ |= $\models $ ∝ $\propto $ 7 notes divides belongs to contains proportional to Stacking to get x y a+b c+d x+ x ¡yx¢ y x y £x¤ ­yx® ¡xy¢ ¡xy ¢ y a+b c+d −y you type $x\over y$ $a+b\over c+d$ $x+{a+b\over c+d}-y$ $x\atop y$ $x\choose y$ $x\above 2pt y$ $x\brack y$ $x\atopwithdelims <> y$ $x\overwithdelims () y$ $x\abovewithdelims ()1pt y$ Roots and to get √ x √ x+y √ 3 x+y √ n 3 √ n+1 x+y x2/3 radicals you type $\sqrt x$ $\sqrt {x+y}$ $\root 3 \of {x+y}$ $\root n \of 3$ $\root n+1 \of {x+y}$ $x^{2/3}$ grouping to get you type x $\underline x$ x + y $\underline {x+y}$ x $\overline x$ x + y $\overline {x+y}$ 8 notes fraction stacking binomial coefficient thicker fraction line Legendre symbol notes square root notes Dots to get x1 , x2 , . . ., xn f (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) x1 + x 2 + · · · + x n x·y x◦y .. . .. . ẋ ẍ . x=y x¯y xJ •y x y sin 30◦ and not in math mode . . . A period ends a sentence. ȧ ä a. ő Arrows to get ← ← ⇐ ←− ⇐= ←( ) ⇐⇒ 7 → ↔ ⇔ ↑ ↓ l % & ← − xy f: A → B you type $x_1$, $x_2$, $\ldots $, $x_n$ $f(x_1,x_2,\ldots ,x_n)$ $x_1+x_2+\cdots +x_n$ $x\cdot y$ $x\circ y$ notes lower dots lower dots centered dots centered dot centered circle $\vdots $ vertical dots $\ddots $ $\dot x$ $\ddot x$ $x\doteq y$ $x\odot y$ $x\bullet y$ $x\bigodot y$ $\sin 30\degrees $ and not in math mode \dots A period ends a sentence. \.a \"a \d a \H o diagonal dots dot math accent double dot math accent you type $\leftarrow $ $\gets $ $\Leftarrow $ $\longleftarrow $ $\Longleftarrow $ $\hookleftarrow $ $\leftharpoonup $ $\leftharpoondown $ $\iff $ $\mapsto $ $\leftrightarrow $ $\Leftrightarrow $ $\uparrow $ $\downarrow $ $\updownarrow $ $\nearrow $ $\searrow $ $\overleftarrow {xy}$ $f\colon A\to B$ 9 to get → → ⇒ −→ =⇒ ,→ * + * ) 7−→ ←→ ⇐⇒ ⇑ ⇓ m . − → xy xy ~ circled dot bullet big circle with dot degrees ellipsis period dot accent umlaut dot under accent long Hungarian umlaut you type $\rightarrow $ $\to $ $\Rightarrow $ $\longrightarrow $ $\Longrightarrow $ $\hookrightarrow $ $\rightharpoonup $ $\rightharpoondown $ $\rightleftharpoons $ $\longmapsto $ $\longleftrightarrow $ $\Longleftrightarrow $ $\Uparrow $ $\Downarrow $ $\Updownarrow $ $\nwarrow $ $\swarrow $ $\overrightarrow {xy}$ $\vec {xy}$ Delimiters to get you type (x + y) $(x+y)$ [x + y] $[x+y]$ {x + y} $\{x+y\}$ {x + y} $\lbrace x+y\rbrace $ dx + ye $\lceil x+y\rceil $ bx + yc $\lfloor x+y\rfloor $ hx + yi $\langle x+y\rangle $ A/B $A/B$ A\B $A\backslash B$ |x + y| $|x+y|$ |x + y| $\vert x+y\vert $ kx + yk $\|x+y\|$ kx + yk $\Vert x+y\Vert $ x↑y $x\uparrow y$ x⇑y $x\Uparrow y$ x↓y $x\downarrow y$ x⇓y $x\Downarrow y$ xly $x\updownarrow y$ xmy $x\Updownarrow y$ Delimiters to get ()[]{}debchi/\|k ↑⇑↓⇓lm ¡¢£¤©ª§¨¥¦­®±²¯°x~wx~ ¯°wyÄyÄ ³´hinolmjkDE./¯°x~wx~ ¯°www ¯°wyÄyÄ µ¶·¸½¾»¼¹º¿ÀÁ¯°x~wx~ ¯°www ¯°www ¯°wyÄyÄ Ã!"#()&'$%*+,-¯°x~wx~ ¯°www ¯°www ¯°www ¯°wyÄyÄ Use Use Use Use notes parentheses square brackets curly braces same as \{ and \} ceiling function floor function angle brackets slash backslash vertical bar same as | double vertical bar same as \| upward arrow upward arrow downward arrow downward arrow up-and-down arrow up-and-down arrow precede the delimiter by notes normal size \bigl or \bigr slightly larger \Bigl or \Bigr 50% taller than \big \biggl or \biggr twice as tall as \big \Biggl or \Biggr 2.5 times as tall as \big \bigl, \Bigl, \biggl or \Biggl for left delimiters. \bigr, \Bigr, \biggr or \Biggr for right delimiters. \big, \Big, \bigg or \Bigg for delimiters with no space around them. \bigm, \Bigm, \biggm or \Biggm for relational delimiters with space on both sides. To get matching delimiters the right size for a portion of text, precede the left delimiter of the text by \left and precede the right delimiter by \right. (An unmatched delimiter can be matched with a period delimiter.) 10 Large operators to P get you type $\sum $ Q $\prod $ ` $\coprod $ R $\int $ H $\oint $ T $\bigcap $ S $\bigcup $ F $\bigsqcup $ W $\bigvee $ V $\bigwedge $ L $\bigoplus $ U $\biguplus $ N $\bigotimes $ J $\bigodot $ notes summation product coproduct integral contour integral intersection union square cup disjunction conjunction circled plus plus in U circled times circled dot Limits on large operators to get you type Pn i $\sum _1^n x^i$ 1 x Pn−1 k=1 x k+1 Q∞ xk k=1 k! $\sum _{k=1}^{n-1}x^{k+1}$ $\prod _{k=1}^\infty {x_k\over k!}$ R1 xn dx R0r2 +1 x+1 R−4 x+2 dx f (θ) dθ A T5 r=1 Ar S α∈S Bα V gcd(n,m)=1 Pm,n $\int _0^1x^n\,dx$ $\int _{-4}^{r^2+1}{x+1\over x+2}\,dx$ $\int _Af(\theta )\,d\theta $ $\bigcap _{r=1}^5A_r$ $\bigcup _{\alpha \in S}B_\alpha $ $\bigwedge _{\gcd (n,m)=1}P_{m,n}$ $\gcd _{i=1}^7n_i$ inf x→∞ Ax $\inf _{x\to \infty }A_x$ limx↓0 e 1 n−1 P xk+1 k=1 ∞ Q xk k! k=1 R1 n x dx R0r2 +1 x+1 R−4 x+2 f (θ) dθ A 5 T Ar r=1 S Bα α∈S V dx Pm,n gcd(n,m)=1 7 gcd ni i=1 gcd7i=1 ni x−1 in a display, looks like n P xi $\lim _{x\downarrow 0}e^{x^{-1}}$ inf Ax x→∞ −1 lim ex x↓0 lim inf y→1 f (y) $\liminf _{y\to 1}f(y)$ lim inf f (y) lim supy↑6 g(y) $\limsup _{y\uparrow 6}g(y)$ lim sup g(y) f (n) maxj=1 Pj (x) $\max _{j=1}^{f(n)}P_j(x)$ min1≤n≤m Gn $\min _{1\leq n\leq m}G_n$ Prx f (x) $\Pr _x f(x)$ Pr f (x) supk (ak + bk ) $\sup _k(a_k+b_k)$ sup(ak + bk ) detn Mn $\det _n M_n$ det Mn y→1 y↑6 f (n) max Pj (x) j=1 min Gn 1≤n≤m x k n 11 Functions to get you type arccos $\arccos arcsin $\arcsin arctan $\arctan arg $\arg $ cos $\cos $ cosh $\cosh $ cot $\cot $ coth $\coth $ csc $\csc $ csch $\csch $ deg $\deg $ det $\det $ dim $\dim $ exp $\exp $ gcd $\gcd $ hom $\hom $ inf $\inf $ ker $\ker $ lg $\lg $ lim $\lim $ lim inf $\liminf lim sup $\limsup ln $\ln $ log $\log $ max $\max $ min $\min $ mod $\mod $ Pr $\Pr $ sec $\sec $ sech $\sech $ sin $\sin $ sinh $\sinh $ sup $\sup $ tan $\tan $ tanh $\tanh $ notes $ $ $ argument cosine hyperbolic cosine cotangent hyperbolic cotangent cosecant hyperbolic cosecant degree determinant dimension exponential greatest common divisor infinum kernel log base 2 limit $ $ natural log common log (base 10) maximum minimum modulo probability secant hyperbolic secant sine hyperbolic sine supremum tangent hyperbolic tangent 12