ARIZONA AND NEW MEXICO DAIRY NEWSLETTER COOPERATIVE EXTENSION The University of Arizona New Mexico State University June 2009 THIS MONTH’S ARTICLE: Use of Rumensin® in Lactating Dairy Cattle – Results of a Recent Meta-Analysis T.F. Duffield1, A. Rabiee2, I Lean2 Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario Canada N1G 2W1 2. Strategic Bovine Services, P.O. Box 660, Camden, NSW, Australia Corresponding author: tduffiel@uoguelph.ca 1. SAVE THE DATE REVISED DATE Arizona Dairy Production Conference Hilton Garden Inn Phoenix, AZ October 15, 2009 The 8th Annual Arizona Dairy Production Conference October 15, 2009 Hilton Garden Inn Phoenix Airport This is a one day conference that provides technical information to dairy producers and allied industry in Arizona. With 139 licensed dairies and 1331 cows per dairy (or 173,000 total head) the State of Arizona ranks 2nd in the nation for herd size and 3rd in the nation for pounds of milk produced per cow with 22,855 milk pounds per cow. The networking opportunities are great as many of the Dairy Producers attend this event. All sponsors will be recognized at the registration table and inside the conference room. Other options for each level are detailed on the enclosed sponsor form. If you wish to be a sponsor please complete the form and send it along with your payment. If you have any questions or need further information, please contact Julie at 520-626-1754 or Stefanic@ag.arizona.edu. 8th Annual Dairy Production Conference Thursday, October 15, 2009 (Note: Change of Date) Hilton Garden Inn Phoenix Airport 3422 E Elwood Phoenix, Arizona Sponsorship Options Platinum Sponsorship Level. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,000 Display table outside of seminar room Sponsor in official conference program Two complimentary conference registrations Signage at conference listing your sponsorship Gold Sponsorship Level. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,000 Sponsor in official conference program One complimentary conference registration Signage at conference listing your sponsorship Silver Sponsorship Level. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $500 Sponsor in official conference program Signage at conference listing your sponsorship -----------------------------------------Name: Organization: Address: City, State, ZIP: Phone: Sponsorship Amount: Fax: Email Address: If you choose the PLATINUM sponsorship level, please let us know if you would like to put up a display: Yes, I will need space for a display No, I am not going to put up a display. Make check payable to: University of Arizona Foundation Please mail check to: The University of Arizona Campus Agricultural Center Department of Animal Sciences 4101 N. Campbell Ave. Tucson, AZ 85719 Attention: Julie Stefanic 520-626-1754 stefanic@ag.arizona.edu 8th Annual Arizona Dairy Production Conference October 15, 2009 Registration Form REGISTRATION FEE DOES NOT APPLY TO PRODUCERS Allied Industry Registration Fee: $25.00 X ___ = $___________ # people Additional Proceedings: $10.00 X ___ = $___________ # Total amount enclosed or charged to credit card: $___________ Name Organization Address City, State, ZIP Phone FAX Email If paying by credit card (Please note only Visa or Mastercard can be accepted) Mastercard or Visa Credit Card Number Expiration Date 3- or 4-digit security code No part of the registration fee is considered a tax deductible donation. Send registration form and fees to: The University of Arizona Attn: Julie Stefanic Department of Animal Sciences Shantz Building - PO Box 210038 Tucson, AZ 85721 For addidtional information call 520-626-1754 or email stefanic@ag.arizona.edu Use of Rumensin® in Lactating Dairy Cattle – Results of a Recent Meta-Analysis T.F. Duffield1, A. Rabiee2, I Lean2 1.Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario Canada N1G 2W1 2.Strategic Bovine Services, P.O. Box 660, Camden, NSW, Australia Corresponding author: tduffiel@uoguelph.ca SUMMARY • • • • Monensin has profound impacts on energy metabolism in transition cows which is marked by decreases in non esterified fatty acids (NEFA), beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) and acetoacetate, and increases in glucose and cholesterol. Monensin increases milk production and decreases dry matter intake, resulting in an improvement in milk production efficiency. The effect of monensin on milk fat percent and yield is highly variable and is dependent on dietary factors including concentrations of unsaturated fat in the diet. Cow health is improved with monensin. INTRODUCTION Monensin shifts the rumen microbial population in the rumen toward more gram negative bacteria, consequently changing rumen volatile fatty acid concentrations toward propionate and away from acetate and butyrate. Since the late 80’s there have been many papers published on the effects of monensin in lactating dairy cattle. Recently, approvals for use on monensin have been obtained in Canada and the United States, while the product has been available for dairy cattle in countries such as Mexico, Australia and New Zealand for many years. The impacts of monensin on energy metabolism, including effects on serum ketones, NEFA, glucose, and urea have not always been consistent. The effect of monensin on production, especially on milk fat content have been inconsistent. Meta-analysis is a useful tool that can be employed to both summarize effects across studies and to investigate factors explaining potential heterogeneity of response. Over the past 20 years a large amount of research on monensin in lactating dairy cows has been conducted throughout the world. Recently, a quantitative summary of these research results (meta-analysis) has been conducted. The results from this meta-analysis support previous findings and provide some new insight into its effects. Full details of these analyses have been reported elsewhere (Duffield et al, 2008a,b,c). MATERIALS AND METHODS An intensive literature search and screening process yielded a total of 59 papers, abstracts, and trial reports containing useable data on monensin in dairy cows. Of these, 30 papers contained metabolic data. All trials included were randomized designs but were not necessarily blinded. Data from each trial contained in the papers was extracted to a database including the number of animals, mean, and standard error for each of the monensin and control groups. Other relevant data that were common to most studies such as dose, stage of lactation, dose delivery method, and diet type (pasture, forage, component-fed) were also extracted. Meta-analysis was 64 conducted in STATA for monensin effects on blood/serum beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), acetoacetate, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), glucose, urea, cholesterol, insulin, and calcium. There were 37 papers that contained production data. The data extraction process was similar as that described for the metabolic outcomes. Meta-analysis was conducted in STATA for monensin effects on milk yield, dry matter intake, milk production efficiency, milk components (percent and yield), body condition score, and body weight change. A subset of trials contained dietary information. This information was used to estimate ration parameters in the CornellPenn-Miner nutritional program (CPM) and then these parameters were screened in metaregression to evaluate the impact on monensin treatment on milk components. A total of 16 papers were identified with sufficient data and quality to evaluate health and reproductive outcomes for monensin. The available trials provided approximately 9500 cows with sufficient data for analysis. This provided good statistical power to examine the effects of monensin on health and reproduction. RESULTS Metabolism There was a total of 30 papers containing 45 trials with monensin and metabolic outcomes. Some studies contained a summary of one trial conducted on multiple trial sites whereas other studies reported multiple trials conducted at a single trial site. Over all the trials analyzed, monensin decreased serum or blood BHBA (P=0.001), NEFA (P=0.006), and acetoacetate (P=0.003). In addition monensin increased blood glucose (P=0.0001), urea (P=0.0001), and cholesterol (P=0.08). Monensin had no effect on serum calcium or insulin. A summary of the findings are presented in Table1. The effect size estimates for monensin on BHBA, acetoacetate, and cholesterol were heterogenous and thus random effects models were utilized for these analytes. Effect size estimates of monensin for BHBA and NEFA were positively correlated, but were negatively correlated to glucose. A consistent delivery of monensin via topdress or in a controlled release capsule gave a slightly smaller but more consistent reduction in BHBA. Topdress delivery and increasing dose increased glucose response. NEFA, BHBA and glucose effects were modified by stage of lactation. Larger effects for BHBA and NEFA were observed in the transition period than later in lactation. Glucose response was greater in cows after calving than before calving. Production There was a total of 37 papers containing 70 trials with monensin and production outcomes. Some studies contained a summary of one trial conducted on multiple trial sites whereas other studies reported multiple trials conducted at a single trial site. Over all the trials analyzed, monensin increased milk production (P=0.0001), milk protein yield (P=0.002), milk production efficiency (P=0.01) and body condition score (P=0.002). A summary of findings is presented in Table 2. Monensin also decreased dry matter intake (P=0.001) milk fat percent (P=0.0001), milk fat yield (P=0.06), milk protein percent (P=0.0001), and body weight loss (P=0.0001). The effect size estimates for monensin on milk fat percent, milk fat yield, milk protein percent and milk protein yield were heterogenous and random effects models were utilized for these 65 variables. Weighted means of the difference for milk production and dry matter intake suggested a 0.7 kg/day increase and a 0.3 kg/day decrease respectively. Meta-regression indicated that stage of lactation and topdress delivery of monensin influenced response. However, dietary factors were likely the primary explanation for heterogeneity in milk component responses since both pasture-based studies and studies with only one trial site (versus multiple sites) were significant in most models. More heterogeneity existed in singlebased versus multi-based studies. Analysis of the subset ration data indicated that increasing days in milk at start of treatment, and increasing concentration of unsaturated fatty acids were associated with a greater effect of monensin on decreasing milk fat yield. The effect of monensin on milk protein yield was improved with increasing peptide balance. Cow Health and Reproduction Monensin decreased the risk of displaced abomasum (DA), clinical ketosis (CK), and clinical mastitis (Table 3). The effect on DA and CK have previously been reported from Canadian studies, but this analysis included 13 other trials from Canada, United States and Mexico. This benefit is most likely a function of the improved energy metabolism with monensin in early lactation. The effect on mastitis has not previously been reported. It is a small but significant effect on reducing mastitis risk. Most likely this reflects an indirect benefit improved immune function through improved energy status. No effect of monensin on reproductive performance (measured through impact on first service conception risk or pooled analysis from six studies evaluating impact on time to pregnancy) was identified. 66 Table 1. Summary table of effect size estimates of monensin on plasma/serum/blood parameters in lactating dairy cows derived from meta-analysis Outcome Weighted % N N Number of Number of Effect Size P-value Change Control Treatment Measure Mean Trials Trial Sites Point Difference Estimate (MonensinControl) -13.4% 2071 2171 33 115 -0.334 0.0001 BHBA (μmol/L) -113.9 -36.6 NEFA (μEq/L) Glucose +0.10 (mmol/L) Urea +0.28 (mmol/L) Acetoacetate -9.09 (mmol/L) Cholesterol +0.07 (mmol/L) Calcium NS (mmol/L) Insulin NS (ng/L) NS=Not significant. -7.1% +3.2% 750 1731 746 1715 24 34 35 106 -0.143 +0.154 0.006 0.0001 +6.2% 1565 1546 23 95 +0.154 0.0001 -14.4% 483 601 9 19 -0.312 0.003 +2.6% 732 720 6 51 +0.165 0.076 NS 1125 1115 7 77 +0.052 0.221 NS 256 254 11 11 +0.100 0.260 67 Table 2. Summary of effect size estimates of monensin on production in lactating dairy cows derived from meta-analysis Outcomes Measured Raw weighted mean Number of cows Number Number Heterogeneity Effect Size P-value difference: of trials of trial (Low, Medium, monensin-control sites High) Control Treatment DMI (kg/d) -0.3 2,243 2,202 53 152 Low 0.001 Milk yield (kg/d) 0.7 4,889 4,788 71 255 Low <0.001 Fat (%) -0.12 3,460 3,406 62 193 High <0.001 Fat yield (kg/d) -0.002 2,724 2,751 47 168 High 0.161 Protein (%) -0.03 3,460 3,406 62 193 Moderate <0.001 Protein yield (kg/d) 0.016 2,700 2,727 45 166 Moderate 0.001 Lactose (%) -0.012 1,102 1,110 27 75 Moderate 0.540 Production efficiency (% energy yield/energy intake) BCS (1-5) 2.04 881 875 14 65 Low 0.066 0.03 1,392 1,385 18 90 Moderate 0.006 BW change (kg/d) 0.06 1,240 1,231 33 84 High <0.001 68 Treatment Relative Risk Table 3. Effect of Monensin on disease incidence and first service conception risk. Number of cows Measured Number of outcomes trials Control Relative Risk 95% Confidence Interval P-value Dystocia Retained placenta 11 19 Unaffected 2908 3682 Affected 230 478 Unaffected 2979 3725 Affected 153 474 1.39 1.01 (0.92 – 2.11) (0.90 – 1.13) 0.118 0.890 Milk fever Metritis Displaced abomasum Ketosis Mastitis Endometritis Lameness Culling First service conception risk 17 12 15 3224 2703 2707 196 374 139 3244 2741 2679 178 340 186 1.11 1.14 0.75 (0.91 – 1.34) (0.91 – 1.42) (0.61 – 0.93) 0.309 0.243 0.008 17 18 11 10 8 20 2799 2379 1920 2319 2243 2392 189 665 68 493 432 1630 2736 2203 1888 2232 2140 2304 253 733 84 458 444 1669 0.75 0.91 0.80 1.00 0.96 0.97 (0.63 – 0.90) (0.83 – 0.98) (0.59 – 1.08) (0.90 – 1.11) (0.85 – 1.08) (0.92 – 1.02) 0.001 0.016 0.140 0.978 0.412 0.283 69 REFERENCES Duffield, T.F., Rabiee, A.R., Lean, I.R. A meta-analysis of the impact of monensin in lactating dairy cattle. Part 1. Metabolic effects. J. Dairy Sci. 91: 1334-1336, 2008a. Duffield, T.F., Rabiee, A.R., Lean, I.R. A meta-analysis of the impact of monensin in lactating dairy cattle. Part 2. Production effects. J. Dairy Sci. 91: 1347-1360, 2008b. Duffield, T.F., Rabiee, A.R., Lean, I.R. A meta-analysis of the impact of monensin in lactating dairy cattle. Part 3. Health and reproduction. J. Dairy Sci. 91: 2328-2341, 2008c. 70 HIGH COW REPORT May 2009 MILK Arizona Owner *Goldman Dairy *Goldman Dairy *Shamrock Farms *Goldman Dairy *Shamrock Farms *Stotz Dairy *Goldman Dairy *Stotz Dairy *Goldman Dairy *Goldman Dairy Barn# 8378 1135 11791 4213 12685 21768 5247 23578 5337 11147 Age 07-01 04-00 06-01 05-00 05-10 05-02 *Stotz Dairy *Stotz Dairy *Goldman Dairy *Paloma Dairy *Goldman Dairy *Dutch View Dairy *Parker Dairy *Goldman Dairy *Shamrock Farms *Shamrock Farms 21768 23578 4213 4719 4581 501 5882 7538 31038 18498 05-02 03-06 05-00 *Stotz Dairy *Stotz Dairy *Goldman Dairy *Goldman Dairy *Shamrock Farms *Shamrock Farms *Goldman Dairy Paul Rovey Dairy *Stotz Dairy *Goldman Dairy 23578 21768 4581 1135 12685 11791 4213 7694 20808 4920 03-06 05-02 05-04 04-00 05-10 06-01 05-00 03-07 05-10 03-06 03-04 01-11 Milk 37,640 36,250 34,930 34,830 34,680 34,380 33,740 33,490 33,330 33,130 New Mexico Owner Arrowhead Dairy *Vaz Dairy *Wayne Palla Dairy Arrowhead Dairy Pareo Dairy *Opportunity Dairy *Wayne Palla Dairy *Cross Country Dairy Tres Hermanos Dairy Llc Arrowhead Dairy Barn # 2690 4260 56447 1743 3319 2477 30444 5934 1008 3547 Age 4-11 5-01 3-01 5-10 6-11 4-05 4-08 7-06 4-06 4-05 Milk 36,151 35,590 35,200 34,879 34,771 34,590 34,510 34,100 34,047 34,037 Arrowhead Dairy *Wayne Palla Dairy Arrowhead Dairy *Wayne Palla Dairy *Wayne Palla Dairy *Wayne Palla Dairy *Cross Country Dairy Arrowhead Dairy Providence Dairy *Wayne Palla Dairy 2690 42792 1743 30444 41978 41569 1329 4850 5901 30039 4-11 3-11 5-10 4-08 3-08 3-11 5-06 3-00 6-07 4-11 1,426 1,403 1,336 1,317 1,292 1,286 1,250 1,246 1,243 1,241 2690 41569 1743 2277 1303 30444 42792 4260 41978 962 4-11 3-11 5-10 5-10 5-11 4-08 3-11 5-01 3-08 5-01 1,115 1,114 1,094 1,043 1,026 1,024 1,014 1,014 1,011 1,009 FAT 05-04 04-09 05-00 07-08 06-07 04-05 1,652 1,535 1,338 1,298 1,247 1,221 1,201 1,201 1,190 1,189 PROTEIN *all or part of lactation is 3X or 4X milking 1,044 1,021 985 982 981 979 972 967 958 955 Arrowhead Dairy *Wayne Palla Dairy Arrowhead Dairy Arrowhead Dairy Mccatharn Dairy *Wayne Palla Dairy *Wayne Palla Dairy *Vaz Dairy *Wayne Palla Dairy Caballo Dairy ARIZONA - TOP 50% FOR F.C.M.b May 2009 OWNERS NAME Stotz Dairy West Goldman Dairy Riggin Ranch Shamrock Farms Danzeisen Dairy, Inc. Stotz Dairy East Lunts Dairy Withrow Dairy Parker Dairy Rio Blanco Dairy Paul Rovey Dairy Zimmerman Dairy Saddle Mountain DC Dairy, LLC Yettem Mike Pylman Cliffs Dairy Number of Cows MILK FAT 3.5 FCM CI 2,050 2,324 1,219 8,372 1,830 1,128 680 5,209 4,344 2,061 74 1,193 2,812 1,128 3,686 6,101 367 25,466 24,879 24,121 24,673 23,801 22,789 22,405 23,066 21,955 20,048 21,583 21,977 20,965 21,396 17,985 21,616 20,716 942 854 827 810 828 822 828 810 770 817 773 761 766 754 838 728 749 26,288 24,606 23,841 23,803 23,719 23,184 23,116 23,109 21,980 21,920 21,868 21,844 21,488 21,474 21,361 21,152 21,104 15 14 14 14 15 13 13 15 14 14 14 14 16 14 NEW MEXICO - TOP 50% FOR F.C.M.b May 2009 OWNERS NAME Number of Cows MILK FAT 3.5 FCM CI McCatharn *SAS *Butterfield *Pareo 2 *Clover Knolls *Do-Rene *Tee Vee *Milagro *Vaz Vaz 2 *Providence Ridgecrest *Goff Cross Country *Tallmon *Pareo 1,119 1,978 2,266 1,425 3,575 2,396 1,129 3,481 2,130 1,969 3,313 3,955 6,033 3,856 539 3,294 25,520 24,288 27,775 24,368 25,369 25,393 23,978 23,801 23,164 22,942 23,348 23,293 24,421 22,336 21,911 22,205 912 915 821 900 852 848 879 874 859 857 824 821 785 819 830 821 25,824 25,340 25,323 25,131 24,786 24,731 24,622 24,464 23,946 23,817 23,458 23,385 23,289 22,939 22,934 22,915 13.20 13.10 13.10 13.40 13.40 12.70 13.40 13.82 14.70 14.00 13.30 12.10 13.30 13.00 13.70 13.50 * all or part of lactation is 3X or 4X milking average milk and fat figure may be different from monthly herd summary; figures used are last day/month b ARIZONA AND NEW MEXICO HERD IMPROVEMENT SUMMARY FOR OFFICIAL HERDS TESTED May 2009 ARIZONA 1. Number of Herds NEW MEXICO 31 24 2. Total Cows in Herd 61,969 59,297 3. Average Herd Size 1,999 2,471 90 87 5. Average Days in Milk 205 203 6. Average Milk – All Cows Per Day 61.4 65.1 3.5 3.5 56,638 51,588 67.1 70.7 87 76 11. Average Days Open 151 148 12. Average Calving Interval 14.2 14.0 13. Percent Somatic Cell – Low 85 83 14. Percent Somatic Cell – Medium 11 13 15. Percent Somatic Cell – High 5 4 16. Average Previous Days Dry 63 62 17. Percent Cows Leaving Herd 34 34 21,417 19,971 Percent butterfat 3.56 3.60 Percent protein 3.02 3.13 Pounds butterfat 764 845 Pounds protein 644 706 4. Percent in Milk 7. Average Percent Fat – All Cows 8. Total Cows in Milk 9. Average Daily Milk for Milking Cows 10. Average Days in Milk 1st Breeding Milk Department of Animal Sciences 1650 E. Limberlost Drive Tucson, AZ 85719 Phone: 520-626-1754 Fax: 520-626-1283 Email: stefanic@ag.arizona.edu SAVE THE DATE Arizona Dairy Production Conference Hilton Garden Inn Phoenix, AZ October 15, 2009