Energy Storage and Battery Advances
James Miller
Argonne National Laboratory
presented at Edison Electric Institute 2014 Spring Transmission, Distribution, and Metering Conference
Glendale, AZ April 6‐9, 2014
Outline
• Energy Storage • Battery Technology
• Where are we today
• Where are we heading to tomorrow
• Battery Markets
• Electric vehicle sales
• Battery manufacturing
2
3
4
Economic Drivers are Enormous: grid
5
Historic Trends of Commercial Lithium-Ion Batteries
Battery R&D Progress: Cost Reduction
& Energy Density Trends
–
–
Production of 100,000 batteries
per year.
Battery cell and module designs
that meet DOE/USABC system
performance targets.
Validated using established test
procedures.
 Proprietary details of the
designs and the cost models
are presented at Quarterly
Progress Reviews.
Battery Cost ($/kWh)
–
1,400
1,200
1,000
800
600
400
Cost
200
0
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
160
Energy Density (Wh/L)
 Current cost estimates (for a
PHEV battery) are $325/kWh
of useable energy.
 Derived by the manufacturer
using the USABC’s battery
cost model
Battery Cost and Energy Density (for PHEVs and EVs)
2013
2014
Energy
Density
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Year
7
EV Everywhere Battery Targets
Key Parameters
4X Cost
Reduction
2X Size
Reduction
>2X
Weight
Reduction
2012 Battery Technology
$500/kWh
100 Wh/kg
200 Wh/l
400 W/kg
2022 Battery Technology
$125/kWh
250 Wh/kg
400 Wh/l
2,000 W/kg
8
Next‐Generation Li‐ion Batteries
Increase the power and energy density by 2X, while decreasing cost by 70%
Today’s Technology
(300 mAh/g)
-Graphite
-Hard carbon
Next Generation
(600 mAh/g)
-Intermetallics
and new binders
-Nanophase metal
oxides
-Conductive
additives
-Tailored SEI
e
e
Cathode
Separator
Anode
Cu Current Collector
e
Li+
Today’s
Technology
(120-160 mAh/g)
-Layered oxides
-Spinels
-Olivines
Electrolyte
Today’s Tech (<4 volt)
Liquid organic
solvents & gels
Next Generation (5 volt)
-High voltagelectrolytes
-Electrolytes for Li metal
-Non-flammable
electrolytes
Next Generation
(300 mAh/g)
-Layered-layered
oxides
-Metal phosphates
-Tailored Surfaces
9
Research Roadmap for 2015
& Beyond
Energy
Office of
Science
JCESR / EFRC
New Battery Concepts
Li/sulfur or Li/air
Silicon or Metal Alloy /High-Voltage cathode
Vehicle
Technologies
Graphite/High-Voltage cathode
Graphite/Layered, Spinel,
or olivine cathode
Current Technology
2014 Goal: $300/KWh
2015
2022 Goal: $125KWh
2020
10
Demonstrated Attributes of
Battery Technologies
Battery Performance (Pack Level)
Demo’d
Device
Specific
Energy
(Wh/kg)
Energy
Density
(Wh/l)
Power
(W/kg)
Life
(cycles)
Abuse
Current
Systems
Pack
80-100
100-150
500750
>5,000
Meets SAE
J2929
Advanced
Cathode
Cell
20Ah+
155
205
800
~500+
Similar
Advanced
Anode
Cell
3Ah
130
300
TBD
350+
TBD
Combined
Cell
3Ah
280
500
TBD
150+
TBD
Solid
Cell
10Ah+
150
250
<100
~1,000
Concern
Sulfur
Cell
3Ah+
250
180-250
<300
<100
Concern
Air
Lab
Devices
400600(?)
200(?)
Poor
?
Concern
Battery Technology
Lithium
Ion
Advanced
Cathode/Anode
Lithium
Metal
11
DOE Energy Storage HUB
Joint Center for Electrochemical Energy Storage Research (JCESR)
Transportation
 $100/kWh
– 400 Wh/kg 400 Wh/L
– 800 W/kg 800 W/L
– 1000 cycles
– 80% DoD C/5
 15 year calendar life EUCAR
Grid
 $100/kWh
– 95% round‐trip efficiency (C/5)
– 7,000 cycles (C/5)
Targeted Outcomes
 Transformational goals: 5‐5‐5 – 5 times greater energy density  Beyond Li‐ion
– 1/5 cost
– within 5 years
 Beyond Li‐ion Storage Concepts
–
Multivalent Intercalation
 20 year calendar life
–
Chemical
 Safety equivalent to a natural gas turbine
–
Non-Aqueous Redox Flow
Transformation
Systems
Analysis
and Translation
Cell Design
and
Prototyping
Commercial
Deployment
Global Sales of Electric Vehicles
13
US PEV sales greater than HEVs in introductory period
Global Li-ion Battery Demand: All Markets
Sources: Pike Research (2011); Roland Berger (2012)
Global Li‐ion Battery Demand, Production & Factory Utilization
• Despite relatively high regional demand, U.S. and EU continue to be net importers of Li‐ion batteries
• Nevertheless, as industry matures, demand‐pull is expected to result in regional supply chains
Sources: Pike Research (2013), M.Anderman, Advanced Automotive Batteries, Feb 2013
Tesla Motors’ Proposed Battery Gigafactory
17
Tesla Motors’ Proposed Battery Gigafactory
18
Tesla Motors’ Proposed Battery Gigafactory
19
Tesla Motors’ Proposed Battery Gigafactory
20
Thank You!
Jim Miller
james.miller@anl.gov
630-252-3425