A heavy focus on
impacts of
chemical waste
streams
Importantly, LCA is not
good at addressing
biological/ecological and
sociological impacts
Also modeled
alternative
feeds
Feed milling
… and grow-out
systems
Hatchery & grow-out
Processing
Processing
Home preparation
Agriculture
Processing &
packaging
Reduction fisheries
Transport link
Fish in wild
Retail
Storage & wholesale
Background Processes
(material extraction, energy production,
manufacturing, transport)
Smolt
Production
Feed
Production
Energy
Production
Oxygen
Production
Infrastructure
Production
Salmon Grow-Out
Direct Grow-Out
Emissions to
Water
Live-Weight
Harvest-Ready
Fish
Chemicals
Production
Infrastructure Inputs (kg/t)
Cumulative Energy Demand (MJ/t)
233
132
27
37
*Closed systems on average Canadian electricity mix
tonnes CO2 eq / tonne
10.3
5.4
2.1
2.3
*Closed systems on average Canadian electricity mix
kg SO2 eq / tonne
63
33
18
18
*Closed systems on average Canadian electricity mix
kg PO4 eq / tonne
35
32
31
12
*Closed systems on average Canadian electricity mix
Decreasing Dependence on
Local Ecosystem Services
Increasing Material and Energy Inputs
Land-Based
Flow-Through
Net-Cage
Sea Bag
Land-Based
Recirculating
Local ecological impacts may be reduced
But there is an environmental cost…
Material and energy intensities
Contributions to global impacts
Thank You Very Much!
Funding for this project generously provided by:
Lenfest Oceans Program of the
Pew Charitable Trusts
Dalhousie University
For more information, contact:
Nathan Ayer at nayer@dal.ca
Peter Tyedmers at peter.tyedmers@dal.ca