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The Transnational Tobacco Industry
Frances Stillman, EdD, and Heather Wipfli, MA
Institute for Global Tobacco Control
Johns Hopkins University
Section A
Background
Why Study the Industry
“A sane policy response to the
evidence against tobacco does and
should threaten the viability of the
industries themselves.”
Advocacy Institute, Smoke and Mirrors, 1998
4
Describing a Disease
HOST
VECTOR
AGENT
ENVIRONMENT
5
The Agent
Image source: www.cdc.gov/tobacco/ images/sgrad6.jpg retrieved 2/28/06
6
The Host
Image source: Institute for Global Tobacco Control
7
The Vector
Image source: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/frankenstein/frank_promise.html retrieved 2/12/06
8
Section B
Background
Background
„
1890—American Tobacco Company (ATC) formed
„
1900—ATC virtually controls all tobacco production
and trade worldwide
„
1911—ATC broken up into several companies,
including ATC, R.J. Reynolds (RJR), Liggett & Meyers
Tobacco Company, Lorillard, and British American
Tobacco (BAT)
Continued
10
Background
„
1911–1980
− Tobacco industry comprised of numerous
independent companies
− Tobacco growing and trade flow largely between
U.S. and Western Europe
„
1980–Present
− A few mega companies
− Majority of tobacco growing in low- and middleincome countries
− Global production and trade
11
What Is a “Transnational” Company?
„
An enterprise comprising entities in more than one
country which operate under a system of decisionmaking that permits coherent policies and a common
strategy
„
The entities are so linked, by ownership or otherwise,
that one or more of them may be able to exercise a
significant influence over the others and, in particular,
to share knowledge, resources, and responsibilities
with the others
12
Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
„
„
„
„
„
Philip Morris (USA)
British American Tobacco (UK)
Japan Tobacco (Japan)
Reemsta (Germany)
Altadis (Spain / France)
13
Cigarette Production
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
04
20
02
20
20
00
19
98
19
96
19
94
92
19
90
19
19
70
0
19
50
Number of cigarettes (billions)
World Cigarette Production
Year
Data sources: U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Bureau of Census as quoted in "Vital
Signs 2005" published by WorldWatch Institute.
14
Company Size and Wealth
„
PMI, BAT, JT own or lease
manufacturing facilities in over 50
countries
„
PMI, BAT, JT have combined sales
of over U.S. $121 billion
15
TNC Sales and Developing Countries
„
Philip Morris’ (PM) 1998 revenues ($74 billion)
exceeded the GDP of many countries including
Ireland, Hungary, Ecuador, Kuwait, Guatemala, and
Kenya
„
RJR Nabisco’s 1998 revenues ($14 billion) exceeded
the GDP of Jamaica, Laos, or Malawi
Sources: Philip Morris, 1999 Annual Report (consolidated revenues); RJR Nabisco,
1998 Annual Report (does not include RJR International revenues); CIA World Factbook, 1999
16
China National Tobacco Corporation
„
World’s largest tobacco company
„
Near monopoly over domestic market
„
Numerous cooperative agreements with TTCs to
modernize manufacturing, improve crop yields,
and build tobacco processing plants
„
Indications that it is considering entering
international market
Continued
17
A Return to the Past?
Global Cigarette Market Share
16.40%
31%
15.40%
7.20%
30.00%
Philip Morris
BAT
JTI
China Tobacco
Other
Data sources: 1. Mackay, J., and M. Eriksen. 2002. The Tobacco Atlas. World Health Organization. 2. World
Health Organization http://www.wpro.who.int/media_centre/press_releases/pr_20050830.htm retrieved 3/7/06
18
Section C
Globalization of the Tobacco Industry
A Global Market
00
20
90
19
80
19
70
19
60
19
50
19
40
19
30
19
20
19
10
19
00
19
18
18
90
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
80
Number of
cigarettes (billions)
Global Cigarette Consumption
Year
Number of
cigarettes consumed
in 1998 (billions)
Cigarette Consumption - Top 5 countries
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Indonesia
Data source: Mackay, J and Eriksen, M. 2002.
The Tobacco Atlas. World Health Organization.
Russia
Japan
Country
USA
China
20
Looking Abroad
“Tobacco exports should be expanded
aggressively, because Americans are
smoking less.”
—Vice President Dan Quayle (1990)
21
Going Abroad
Accessed on 2/21/06 from the National Center for Tobacco-Free Kids
http://www.tobaccofreekids.org/reports/falsefriends/philipmorrisus.pdf
22
A Global Business
2004 Revenue & Profit Splits for British American Tobacco Net
Sales
Africa & Middle
East
13%
America-Pacific
28%
Europe
26%
Latin America
15%
Data source:
http://www.bat.com/oneweb/sites/uk__3mnfen.nsf/vwPagesWebLive/D
O59NQAG?opendocument&SID=&DTC=&TMP=1, accessed 2/21/06
Asia-Pacific
18%
23
Factors Fueling Global Expansion
„
Opening of formally closed economies in former
Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, and China
„
World Bank and IMF pressure to liberalize foreign
investment laws and privatize state-owned companies
„
Expansion of free trade areas
24
Trade Liberalization
„
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
„
World Trade Organization (WTO)
„
Regional Agreements (NAFTA)
25
Impact of Trade Liberalization
Korea (1988–1989)
„ 18.4%–30% in teenage boys
„ 1.6%–8.7% teenage girls
− 6% of market in one year
Taiwan
„ 50% increase in high school students in two years
− 1% to 20% of annual sales in less than two years
Japan (1990–1996)
„ 26%–40% in 17 year old boys
„ 5%–15% in 17 year old girls
− 2% to 22% market share in ten years
26
Tobacco Leaf Production
Leading Producers of Tobacco Leaves, 2001
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
wi
Pa
ki
st
an
Ar
ge
nt
in
a
al
a
M
ee
ce
Gr
Ita
ly
Tu
rk
ey
Zi
m
ba
bw
e
In
do
ne
sia
US
A
az
il
Br
In
di
a
na
0
Ch
i
Thousands of metric tons
3000
Data source: Mackay, J. and Eriksen, M. 2002. The Tobacco Atlas. World Health Organization.
27
Tobacco Leaf Trade
Top 10 Tobacco Leaf Exporters, 1999
Thousand metric tons
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Brazil
USA
Zimbabwe
China
Turkey
India
Greece
Italy
Malawi Argentina
Top 10 Tobacco Leaf Importers, 1999
Thousand metric tons
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Russia
USA
Germany
UK
Netherlands Japan
France
Ukraine
Data source: Mackay, J. and Eriksen, M. 2002. The Tobacco Atlas. World Health Organization.
Poland
Egypt
28
Privatization
„
Over 140 mergers and acquisitions between
international companies and state-run companies
„
A few examples
− 2003 BAT buys Duvanska (Serbia)
− 1997 PM buys Tabaqueira (Portugal)
− 1994 PM buys Kharkov (Ukraine)
− 1993 PM buys Klaipeda (Lithuania)
− 1992 PM buys Czech Tabac
− 1991 BAT buys Hungary’s State company
29
Foreign Investment—Ukraine
„
Foreign tobacco firms invested $520 million between
1991 and 1999—1/4 of all foreign direct investment
„
Over 90% manufacturing capacity now run by Western
companies
„
Platform for exporting to other countries throughout
Central and Eastern Europe
30
Major Company Mergers
„
1999
− BAT buys Rothmans
− Philip Morris buys Liggett
− Japan Tobacco buys RJR International
„
Transformed size and global reach of largest three
companies
31
Marlboro Market Share (2001)
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Netherlands—39%
France—30%
Germany—30%
Spain—15.5%
Poland—7.2%
Russia—2.0%
Romania—1.8%
Saudi Arabia—53.2%
Mexico—42.5%
32
Marlboro’s Global Penetration
Credit:© 1993 Lauren Goodsmith, Courtesy of Photoshare
Image source: http://www.library.uiuc.edu/mortenson/images/marlboro.jpg
accessed 2/21/06
33
Section D
Industry Strategies I: Science and Public Relations
Industry Strategies
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Advertising and promotion
Buying science
Public relations
Philanthropy
Lobbying
Front groups
Intimidation
Legislation and public policy
35
Modeling Industry Activities
Messages
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Undermining Science
Issue Framing
Usurping
the Agenda
Harassment
Legal &
Economic
Intimidation
Creating
Illusion of
Support
Harassment
Lobbying &
Legislative
Strategy
Public
Covert
Science PR
Lobbying Tactics
Action
Source: Trochim, W.M.K., Stillman, F.A., Clark,, P.I., Schmitt C.L. Development of a model of the tobacco
industry’s interference with tobacco control programmes. Tob Control 2003; 12;140-147.
36
Undermining Science
Messages
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Undermining Science
Issue Framing
Usurping
the Agenda
Harassment
Legal &
Economic
Intimidation
Creating
Illusion of
Support
Harassment
Lobbying &
Legislative
Strategy
Public
Covert
Science PR
Lobbying Tactics
Action
Source: Trochim, W.M.K., Stillman, F.A., Clark,, P.I., Schmitt C.L. Development of a model of the tobacco
industry’s interference with tobacco control programmes. Tob Control 2003; 12;140-147.
37
Sworn Public Statements
„
“I believe nicotine is not addictive.”
— William Campbell (Phillip Morris, U.S.
Congressional Hearings, 1994)
Image source: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/frankenstein/frank_promise.html retrieved 2/8/06
38
Confidential Statements
„
„
„
“Nicotine is addictive. We are, then, in the business of
selling nicotine—an addictive drug effective in the
release of stress mechanisms.”
− Brown and Williamson, 1963
“…BAT should learn to look at itself as a drug
company rather than as a tobacco company.”
− BAT 1980
“ . . . [T]he entire matter of addiction is the most potent
weapon a prosecuting attorney can have in a lung
cancer/cigarette case. We can’t defend continued
smoking as ‘free choice’ if the person was ‘addicted.’”
− Tobacco Institute 1980
39
Standardised mortality rate for lung cancer
per 100,000
Buying Science and Intimidation
Cigarette
smokers
32-79
30
Non smoker
Familial passive
smoking (+)
15-50
20
10
Non smoker
Familial passive
smoking (-)
8-70
Total
108,905
„
Letters to BMJ regarding the
1981 Hirayama Study:
− Misclassification
X Active smoking
X Passive smoking
− Confounding
− Statistical error
− Plausibility
0
21895
69645
17366
Population at enrollment
(Non smoker
wives of non
smoker husbands)
(Non smoker
wives of husbands
with smoking
habits)
(Women with
smoking habits)
Data source: Hirayama T. 1981. Non-smoking wives of heavy smokers have a higher risk of
lung cancer: a study from Japan. BMJ 282:183–5
40
The Attack on Meta-Analysis
Tweedie, R.L. & K.L. Mengersen. 1995. Meta-analytic approaches to doseresponse relationships, with application in studies of lung cancer and exposure to
environmental tobacco smoke. Statistics in Medicine 14: 545-569.
Excerpt from Acknowledgements – “The paper was completed at Colorado State
University, with partial support from several tobacco companies; the methods
and analysis here are however entirely those of the authors and should not be
otherwise ascribed.”
Bailar, J.C. 1997. The promise and problems of meta-analysis.
New England Journal of Medicine 337 (8): 559-61.
Fleiss, J.L. & A.J. Gross. 1991. Meta-analysis in epidemiology, with special
reference to studies of the association between exposure to environmental
tobacco smoke and lung cancer: a critique. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology
44 (2): 127-139.
Excerpt from Acknowledgements – “This research was supported by a grant
from The Tobacco Institute, Washington, D.C., USA. We thank Dr Myron
Weinberg, President of the Weinberg Group/WASHTECH, for encouraging us
to develop this critique.”
41
Junk Science
Gori, G.B., J.C. Luik. Passive Smoke:
The EPA’s betrayal of science and
policy. The Fraser Institute.
Milloy, S.J. 1995. Science without
sense. The risky business of public
health research. Cato Institute,
Washington D.C.
42
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
„
“The massive effort launched across the
tobacco industry against one scientific
study is remarkable.”
Source: Ong, E. K. and Glantz, S. A. (2000, April 8). Tobacco industry efforts
subverting International Agency for Research on Cancer’s second-hand smoke study.
The Lancet 355 (9211): 1253–1259.
43
Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
„
„
„
„
“Delay the progress and/or release of the study.”
“Affect the wording of its conclusions and official
statement of results.”
“Neutralize possible negative results of the study . . .”
“Counteract the potential impact of the study on
government policy, public opinion, and actions by
private employers and proprietors.”
− WHO Expert Panel on Industry Documents
44
Philip Morris and SHS
“Public health officials have concluded that secondhand
smoke from cigarettes causes disease, including lung cancer
and heart disease, in non-smoking adults, as well as causes
conditions in children such as asthma, respiratory infections,
cough, wheeze, otitis media (middle ear infection) and
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. In addition, public health
officials have concluded that secondhand smoke can
exacerbate adult asthma and cause eye, throat and nasal
irritation.”
Source: Philip Morris USA website
http://www.philipmorrisusa.com/en/health_issues/secondhand_smoke.asp
Retrieved 2/21/06
45
Japan Tobacco and SHS
“. . . available evidence does not
support the assertion that
environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)
is harmful to health.”
— Japan Tobacco
Source: Submission to the WHO Public Hearings on the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, October 2000
46
Public Relations
Messages
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Undermining Science
Issue Framing
Usurping
the Agenda
Harassment
Legal &
Economic
Intimidation
Creating
Illusion of
Support
Harassment
Lobbying &
Legislative
Strategy
Public
Covert
Science PR
Lobbying Tactics
Action
Source: Trochim, W.M.K., Stillman, F.A., Clark,, P.I., Schmitt C.L. Development of a model of the tobacco
industry’s interference with tobacco control programmes. Tob Control 2003; 12;140-147.
47
Public Statements on Youth
“. . . would be willing to support prevention efforts
that affected our bottom line. Absolutely . . . if we
can come up with a program that . . . prevents all
teenagers from smoking cigarettes we would be
delighted to see that happen. And if that meant that
fewer people smoked as adults, so be it.”
— Corky Newton,
Vice President of Corporate and Youth Responsibility
Programs, Brown and Williamson
Source: Transcript of meeting with SWAT (Students Working
Against Tobacco), U.S., November 6, 1999.
Cited in PR in the Playground, ASH UK, 2000.
48
Private Statements on Youth
„
“We [Philip Morris] refined the objective of a
juvenile initiative program as follows: maintain and
proactively protect our ability to advertise, promote,
and market our products via a juvenile initiative.”
„
“Juvenile initiative = a series of programs and
events to discourage juvenile smoking because
smoking is an adult decision.”
Source: Cathy Leiber (18 May 1995), Philip Morris International, Youth Initiatives. Bates No. 2503019011/14.
Cited in PR in the Playground, ASH UK, 2000.
49
Minimum Age 18
Image source: http://kumu.icsd.hawaii.gov/health/healthylifestyles/tobacco/tpeprtoc.htm, retrieved 21/2/06
Image source:
http://www.dhss.delaware.gov/dhss/dph/
dpc/youthaccess.html, retrieved 21/2/06)
50
Changing the Issues
„
Smoking manners
“Smoking is prohibited in public places like railway stations, airports,
museums and art galleries, except for designated smoking areas. There
are some wards ("ku" in Japanese) that have specific rules in the form
of bylaws concerning smoking. If these regulations are broken, the
smoker is liable to pay a fine. There is a provision of punishment for
smoking on the street or in public places without carrying a portable
ashtray as well as for throwing away cigarette butts.”
Source: http://www.tourism.metro.tokyo.jp/english/basic/basic09.html accessed 2/23/06
51
Philanthropy
52
Corporate Social Responsibility
„
“… Because for us, economic performance is not the
only measure of our success. Honesty, integrity, and
social responsibility are just as important to the way
we measure ourselves.”
− Philip Morris International
„
“Our companies are committed to providing
consumers with pleasure through excellent products
and to demonstrating that we are meeting our
commercial goals in ways that are consistent with
reasonable societal expectations of a responsible
tobacco group in the 21st century.”
− British American Tobacco
53
BATS Social Reports
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Argentina
Australia
Brazil
Germany
Hong Kong
Hungary
Japan
Korea
Malaysia
Mexico
New Zealand
Nigeria
Poland
Russia
South Africa
USA
54
Today on Addiction
PHILIP MORRIS USA/PHILIP
MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUES
Cigarette Smoking: Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and Addiction
„ We agree with the overwhelming medical and
scientific consensus that cigarette smoking is
addictive. It can be very difficult to quit smoking but
this should not deter smokers who want to quit from
trying to do so.
−
http://philipmorris.com/default.asp
Continued
55
Today on Addiction
PHILIP MORRIS USA/PHILIP
MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUES
Cigarette Smoking: Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and Disease in Smokers
„ There is an overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that
cigarette smoking causes lung cancer, heart disease,
emphysema, and other serious diseases in smokers. Smokers are
far more likely to develop serious diseases, like lung cancer, than
non-smokers. There is no "safe" cigarette. These are and have
been the messages of public health authorities worldwide.
Smokers and potential smokers should rely on these messages
in making all smoking-related decisions.
−
http://philipmorris.com/default.asp
56
Public Health Advocates?
If you decide to
quit smoking…
QuitAssist
Information
Resource
Philip Morris USA
“Introducing QuitAssist
QuitAssist is an information resource sponsored by
Philip Morris USA. It’s designed to help you connect
with a wealth of expert quitting information available
– usually for free – from government agencies,
universities, and respected nonprofit organizations.
This QuitAssist guide points the way to programs,
telephone quitlines, websites, guides, and more that
can help you find your own path to success.
You can also read this guide at QuitAssist Online.
Log on through www.philipmorrisusa.com
From there, you can link directly to dozens of
resources to help you move ahead and leave
cigarettes behind.”
„
Never mentions the
word “addiction”
Source: http://philipmorrisusa.com/en/quitassist/index_flash.asp accessed 2/23/06
57
Truth in Advertising
„
Aggressively markets the only legal product that,
when used as intended by its manufacturers,
eventually kills half its users
58
Section E
Industry Tactics II: Industry Advertising, Promotion,
and Sponsorship
Marketing
“We refined the objective of a juvenile
initiative program as follows: Maintain and
proactively protect our ability to advertise,
promote, and market our products via a
juvenile initiative.*“
— Cathy Leiber, PM International, 1995
Notes: *Juvenile initiative = a series of programs and events designed to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking
is an adult decision.
60
Industry Expenditures on Advertising
Amount spent $million
Changes in cigarette marketing expenditure in the USA
1970-99
10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
Data source: Mackay, J. & M. Eriksen. 2002. The Tobacco Atlas. World Health Organization.
61
Communicating Disease
„
According to the trade
magazine “Advertising
Age” the Marlboro man
was the most powerful
advertising image of the
20th century
Image source: http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/sgr/sgr4kids/adbust.htm retrieved 2/23/06
62
Advertising Strategies
„
„
„
„
„
„
Targeting women
Targeting youth
Selling America
Sponsorship of sporting events and
concerts
Contests and give-aways
Brand stretching
63
Grand Prix
Image source: http://www.nas.nasa.gov/About/Education/Racecar/development_emobig.html retrieved 2/23/06
64
Section F
Industry Tactics III: Lobbying, Legislation, and
Litigation
Lobbying and Legislation
Messages
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Undermining Science
Issue Framing
Usurping
the Agenda
Harassment
Legal &
Economic
Intimidation
Creating
Illusion of
Support
Harassment
Lobbying &
Legislative
Strategy
Public
Covert
Science PR
Lobbying Tactics
Action
Source: Trochim, W.M.K., Stillman, F.A., Clark,, P.I., Schmitt C.L. Development of a model of the tobacco
industry’s interference with tobacco control programmes. Tob Control 2003; 12;140-147.
66
A Long History of Lobbying
„
„
„
1890—Tobacco appeared in the U.S. Pharmacopeia
(official U.S. government listing of drugs)
1905—Dropped from list before the 1906 Food and
Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug
Administration)
2005—FDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
67
Political Lobbying: U.S.
„
„
„
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000
Bush Campaign (#1 Phillip Morris, RJR, UST, Brown and
Williamson)
$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and
2003
− 82% to Republican candidates and committees
U.S. $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest
amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy
campaign in the U.S.)
68
The Latin Project: Argentina
„
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free
workplaces and public places
− September 30, 1991—Neri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising, promotion and sampling ban, limit
public smoking)
− Industry campaign—media debates, briefing
packages to Senators and the President, paid chief
scientific advisor to President
− October 13, 1991—President vetoes law
69
The Czech Republic
June, 2001
„
Philip Morris presents members of the
Health and Social Affairs Committee of the
Czech Parliament, a "study" concluding that
smoking is good for the Czech
government's finances because of the
savings from early deaths caused by
smoking
70
Preemption
“We could never win at the local level. . . . The
reason is [that] all of the health advocates, the ones
that I unfortunately used to call ‘health nazis,’
they’re all local activists who run the little political
organizations. . . . So the Tobacco Institute and the
tobacco companies’ first priority has always been to
preempt the field, preferably to put it all on the
federal level, but, if they can’t do that, at least on
the state level, because the health advocates can’t
compete with me on the state level.”
— Victor Crawford, former Maryland state legislator
71
Industry Self-Regulation?
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS
MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the “Participants”) wish to
record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a
responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to
ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is:
• directed at adult smokers and not at youth, and
• consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
72
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
„
„
„
“We have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe
that the multinationals’ strategy is proactive and is a way
to improve their image . . .”
“Also, by proactively setting new international tobacco
marketing standards, the multinationals could be trying to
counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been
working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are
consumed on an international level.”
“. . . Interestingly, in many countries the existing laws or
industry codes are already more restrictive than the
provisions of the international marketing standards.”
Source: International Tobacco Marketing Standards, September 2001
73
Creating the Illusion of Support
Messages
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Undermining Science
Issue Framing
Usurping
the Agenda
Harassment
Legal &
Economic
Intimidation
Creating
Illusion of
Support
Harassment
Lobbying &
Legislative
Strategy
Public
Covert
Science PR
Lobbying Tactics
Action
Source: Trochim, W.M.K., Stillman, F.A., Clark,, P.I., Schmitt C.L. Development of a model of the tobacco
industry’s interference with tobacco control programmes. Tob Control 2003; 12;140-147.
74
Front Groups
It has been a common
practice of Big Tobacco to
use third parties or to create
front groups "to be out in
front fighting" smokefree
policies, while the industry
remains behind the scenes,
protecting its public image.
„
Buying citizen involvement
(letter writing, phone
banking campaigns) by
supporting front groups
„
“Hand” of the industry
remains hidden
-Americans for Nonsmokers’ Rights
http://www.nosmoke.org/getthefacts.php?dp=d21|d
23 accessed 2/23/06
.
75
Industry Front Groups and Allies
"I've learned from experience that as soon
as I'm identified as a representative of the
Tobacco Institute, I lose all credibility. They
just sneer us away...so I try to work behind
the scenes whenever I can."
- Ron Saldana, lobbyist for the Tobacco
Institute, 8/24/86
Source: http://www.no-smoke.org/getthefacts.php?dp=d21|d23 accessed 2/23/06
76
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGA
„
“[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers
Association] [as a] front group for our third world
lobby activities at WHO”
Source: Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source: Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
77
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Messages
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Undermining Science
Issue Framing
Usurping
the Agenda
Harassment
Legal &
Economic
Intimidation
Creating
Illusion of
Support
Harassment
Lobbying &
Legislative
Strategy
Public
Covert
Science PR
Lobbying Tactics
Action
Source: Trochim, W.M.K., Stillman, F.A., Clark,, P.I., Schmitt C.L. Development of a model of the tobacco
industry’s interference with tobacco control programmes. Tob Control 2003; 12;140-147.
78
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
„
“Tobacco Industry
in Fight To Get
Universities’ Data
Legal Moves Termed
Fishing Expedition”
-The New York Times,
Jan. 20, 2002.
“The tobacco companies
have commenced nothing
short of a campaign of
harassment against the
academic institutions that
discovered smoking is
injurious to the public
health.”
− Estelle A. Fishbein, general
council for Johns Hopkins
University
79
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack: The American Stop
Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White, J. and L.A. Bero
80