Class 3 Needs across lifespan 380.720 – Masculinity, Sexual Behavior & Health, 2012 Qtr 2 Discussion questions General questions • AAP Male adolescent SRH clinical report • AAP Circumcision technical report & recommendation • Frey Preconception health & care • Laumann Sexual problems • IOM LGBT Report • Kann YRBS & risk behavior among gay/bi youth Discussion questions • Healthy People 2020 Objectives • What do you see as reasons focus on men’s SRH has been lacking? 1 Males have multiple SRH needs National Survey of Adolescent Males Wave 4, 2008-10 - Mean age=37 years (range 35-39 years) Examined 5 SRH need categories - In need of family planning - In need of preconception health - Have STI risk - Report sexual problem - Have fertility concern % 40 30 16 13 7 Have 1 SRH need Have 2 or more SRH needs 50 (1 in 2 men) 26 (1 in 4 men) Marcell et al. In process. 2012. Multiple SRH needs cont. Among men with 1 need, majority are in need of • Family planning OR • Preconception health Among men with 2 needs, majority are in need of • Family planning AND • STI risk reduction Among men with 3 or more needs, majority are in need of • Family planning, • Preconception health, AND • STI risk reduction Marcell et al. In process. 2012. Discussion questions • White Paper – General questions? – Any feedback given discussion to date? – Anything missing? 2 What are the goals of male sexual & reproductive health (SRH)? Prevent 1. Unintended pregnancy 2. STIs, including HIV (& control) 3. Reproductive health cancers Promote 4. Sexual health & development 5. Reproductive life plan & preconception health 6. Healthy relationships Reduce 7. Sexual problems, infertility Increase 8. Lifespan/survival/quality of life 9. Access to care/satisfied w/ care Child Teen + + + + + Adult + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Approaches to Work with Men Gender neutral Gender aware Gender sensitive • Take into account gender-specific ways a male may experience health problems & illness differently than a female & has capability to effectively communicate with a young man Gender transformative • Work to change societal gender relations (& male culture) such as helping a young man redefine need to be sexually promiscuous to prove his manhood & promoting healthy sexuality Rao Gupta G. Gender, Sexuality and HIV/AIDS: The What, the WHY and the How. SIECUS Report 2001;29(5). How should we prioritize needs? 1. Loss of Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) - Globally, 5.5% of DALYs that adult men lose each year are attributable HIV/AIDS (WHO, 2004). - Apart from HIV/AIDS, syphilis is the STI that causes the most global DALY loss among adult men (WHO, 2004). - Men under age 50 are rarely affected by reproductive health cancers. Testicular cancer, which comprises 1.1% of cancers in men, is the most common cancer affecting young adult men (Garner et al., 2005). 3 How should we prioritize needs? 2. Disparities in health outcomes - Adult HIV prevalence ranges from 37.5% in Botswana to less than 0.1% in dozens of countries (WHO, 2004). - In the US, blacks make up 13% of the population but 39% of those with AIDS (Stine, 2009). - Adult incidence of gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia, and trichomonas is 2.2% in east Asia and the Pacific, while it is 25.7% in sub-Saharan Africa (Glasier et al., 2006). - In Senegal, HIV prevalence is 55 times higher among men who have sex with men (22%) than among men in the general population (0.4%) (CRDH, 2005; UNAIDS, 2006). How should we prioritize needs? 3. Gaps in access to and use of services - Unmet need for STI screening among men in the US: In 2001, half of sexually active men in the US between ages 20 and 44 had received no sexual health care and, of those who did, half received only a testicular exam (Kalmuss & Austrian, 2009). - Due to the stigmatization of homosexuality, men who have sex with men may not disclose to their providers and thus may not receive appropriate sexual health care (Ryan & Futterman, 1997). - While unmet need for contraception among men is lower than among women, it is still extremely high in many developing countries: 42% in Bangladesh, 36% in Zambia (Becker, 1999). How should we prioritize needs? 4. Relevance to the Millennium Development Goals a) HIV/AIDS: - Prevention and treatment for adult men serves Goal 6 directly b) Family Planning: - Increasing access and use among men serves Goals 4 and 5 through birth spacing and limiting - Indirect effects on Goals 1, 2, 3, and 7 as well 4