A Survey of Stud ent i-Tuman Genetics KIlovrlede;e
and Related Value stances
An Honors Thesis (ID 499)
By
Kathleen Walter
Thesis Director
13a11 St2.te Uni versi ty
Nuncie, Inriian8
Hay, 1981
6fC.nI!
I he.'::f.S
t:...
r),Lt:;S"'1
i-
l (H', {
.IJJ2if
Ir~t:::,oduction ..
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Literature Review • •
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Table II • • • • • • .. .. • • • • • • • •
Eor8.1/:-;;thic2.1 TlesnOY;~3es . . . . ..
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I~'\:r,~8r
,',uor-tiol1. • •
rr8.1 )1e III
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iJenetic~~
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Table I . . . . . . . . . . . .. • •
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GovernrlPnt InvoJv(.;"e nt. • •
';oci8.1- 1-Tec1 ic,cc,} TloJ lcies • •
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Li~er3ture
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20
"DP. 21
INTRODUCTION
Artificial insemination?
Amniocentesis?
Recomhinant DNA research?
Genetic counseling?
Genetic screening?
These are issues that teenafSers and young adul t:3 in our
society must understand b8c;=tuse they may be required to
make decisions concerning them -- either in their ovm lives
or for society.
The recent and numeY.'ous advances in genetic research
have opened the door to tremrmdous TIotential for use or
misuse of new knowledc;e and technology in the me(Hcal field.
Therefore, the decisions phout such issues must be made
wisely Cl.ud carefully, tplcine: into consideration both longrange as we:n as short-ran:::e effects.
Yet, p!:,ev5.ous studies,
sU8h as the.t done by Hertens (1980), have sho~··rn that even
8cademic;::;.11y su-oe1:':i.or
~li<~h
scnool 8raduates are not adequate} y
knoHled.e;eable to make iYl.forr!ed decisj ons concerni nE?,' the hUFIP.n
eenetics problems they face.
The nurnose of this study wa.s to assess both hi3h schoo}
and coller:e students for the extent of their l,'J1owled a:e of so:-ne
of today' s genetic issueR anrl the valup stances they hold with
respect to these issues.
Bow many have even heard of sooe of
tbe most common p.nd ser-iolls genetic birth
defc~cts?
are scientifically literate vith regard to Dew
eloDment:::?
!{OV.J
How many
~enetic
dev-
many could vote knouleJc;eahly on Thesp issues
or rna1re mature decisions c011cerning th.eir
0 1;111
futur'3 fared.Jies?
2
To answ'?r theRe
~.U(~st.ion8,
('1
survey of collese fresh:lan
and hi:!h school spni.ors ':ra8 t.8 1cen -::\nc1 cOJ112}ared to a similar
survey talcen three yeDrs a.:;o.
'I'he -b,"o ob j ecti ves of t."he
study 'dere to d etermi ne :
1) RO'iT l:::no\Vled:reable today' [) stUdents are ui th respect
to humar 8'enetics and \'lhether their :C1eerl for h11rn8.n zenetic8
knovrlede:e is being met 51' the secondary schools; and
2) Whether there have beeYl changes, pos8ibly due to
popular wass rnedin coverage, d1Jl:'i.n: the precedinz three ye8.r8
in
t~e
knowled~e
"P1"evio~w
-
-
have 8ho"d11
8.
base and value stances of stUdents.
studies of hiFrh school and colleR'e stud ents
"--_
• ...-J
lack of knovrledz,e of hllman an0 )TJedi cal senetics
and the :'1eed for enohasis i11 the8e subjects ir l")oth h5gh school
and coll':!2"e biology and senetics classes.
liilson, et al. (1975) in their su!"vey of high school ann
college f3tudents fOFnd thFl.t these students '·Iere not 1mowledgeable about n2.j1:Y areas of hUIYJan eenetics.
College stUdents
v/ere "better il1 fOI'T'l.ec than high school stl1dents, but both
graufs
nE~eder1
more i nforroation to be able to maJ:e Elature
decisions on valuc-18.nen issues.
Eertens (1980) also found
that colleGe freshyr,en WAre lac1rine: in their knowleclee of hasic
human genetics, genetic diseases, and recent developrflents
i"Yl these areas.
3
I,"
;:>n other
study (Hertens and Hendrix, 1978! rlfertRns
et 8.1., 197 Q ), htrsh .school biology teachRrs were surveyed
relative to their Imowled;::e of hurJ.an eenetics.
It
founc1
1tfClS
that althouc;h teachRrs felt cOY'fjdent in their ability to
teach about cla,ssic;=tl and fIlolecu18,r p;enettcs, IlthRy lhrRre much
}J'!ss Jm 01'r1ede:eable of the rece'T1t developments in e;en8tics
that inrpinged upon the science/ socipty interf8ce.
fl
fi1he
biology tpachers nepderl more instructtnrl in human a Yld 1'1edical
genetj cs and in thp uethoc1 0103ies of te8chin.<'2: contr(')versi 81
iS8ues, so that their students could be better inforQed.
i\ 38-ite!n survey tnstrlment (see Apr>endix 1\) was ad-
I"inisterpcl to 148 stud ents, 56 of whom were hi3:h school
serd 'Jrs fl"on an I11<:1 ianapoJi.s, Ind tana 1Jublic nchool, and
9? of whom 1,rere students at 3::l,11 State TTniversity.
The high
school stud ents \'Jere a r<=tY'don sar:rpliYI,:?: of the 8e111.0r class
at ErlIl1erich
f~stm~:-ll
High '3cilrJol a;nd the co11e[;e st'udpnts '!ere
p.l1rolled in ::3iolo:sy '199 as fI'RS}lf1a,j1 nonors
~ollege
stl).clel'ts
dur:L:l:3 the fall ql)artRY', 1980 r:md "1;:lter
(lU~Lrter,
The (lUest iOYH12.i T'e
c1 esicn8cl by Drs.
~homas
St8t(?
URAd
in
this shJ(ly
1/a8
1980-(31.
j'iRrtells and .Jon FenrlTix, prof8Rsors of (ii.olo e y
Unjversit~T.
~he
r:lU82ti.0 11n a:i.:re
Btlll
;c;t
was ftrst adrninistered
to 117 fresh,["rla n HO:1nr!'1 Colle:::e studnnt,C] and 542 Recolldary
sellOnl l)iolocrY te<'1.chers iT'
i~he
fall of 1977, and
~'!511tRr
of
1977-78.
time.
;tbout
The
hio10~y
te2chers werp
ll()t
surveyed a seconri
Illhe S1J!:'vey instrunent 1.rap desi e,ll pel to gather datR
tl~e
respondents t 08."'ic 1mni'r1edo:e of hUTl18.n
their ve.lne stanceA
cnYlcernin~
)n!)
C':eYH~tics
c'rr]d
jor ethic8l questions relC"lted
to human genetics.
The first seven oue2tioYls dealt \'lith :0ersonal bac1,:rouml
inforoation coneerning the inrlividuals responrlinz to the
survey i. n strw:1rmt.
thei 1:'
in
the
b~l.ckeromlo
The studeJlts vere
que~ltionnai re
If1he last two questi(Yl1s of section one of
(1 eal t
with the resDondents t
hlll8n [enetic topjcs and riiseases.
check the
asked to inrl.icate
in high school bio10FIY, ann, il0re specifically,
eenetics.
hlUJaYl
8180
to~ics
8n~
~G10\'lled
StudentA were
lYe of
as~erl
to
diseases they had studeed in high school.
The second section of the Questionnaire inrluded fifteen
nul ti plE~ choice
~11estj OP8
which tested the stud ents t srecific,
vlorl:::Ll1l!, kn01,·.rledge of basic r:;enetics.
(stron~lv ap~ee,
\,
~
v
J
agree,
_~
disa~ree,
'-"
In tlP last section of
stroYl~lv disa~ree,
\...)
"
........
or, no
opircion) "fhi ch beAt reflected their ouinions or Dosi tions on
sixteen controversial morRl/ethical iqsues.
rrhe student res:;:onses to the i tens on the s1 1 rvey Vlere
ta8ul8.ten and the
p2
reeut response recorci eel for e.:.ch i te::n.
The cur-:-ent survey was tlH'n analyzer)
com~aratively
to note
not only differences between the high school studentG, college
freElhnan honors student""
,C).TId biology teachers, hut, 81so,
to note any clLffei"ences hehreen
th\C~
i)oD'",lati8118 nf cnllep;e
8tucentf3 surveyed in 1981 and 1977.
DATA AND T)ISCTJSSIOl'T
Backg::'onnd Inform2.tion
Th(j averacse a:-:e fo-(' the high school pOImlation in the
present study
:=mrl 26 :females.
they
wej~e
,,,roup inclll.dc<l 30 males
Only fO'.lr of the 56 students indicated +h8t
cornpletiYlf" Rcience
30 were not, takinc:
;=t
indicateri snendinv
TlJPI
jorR.
T\-renty-six 1·rere, anrl
college nreparatory curr1.cul ur'l.
the students he,d t2Jren
geneticn.
~he
17 • .1 years.
"JaG
fro~
.':1
VJaf~
three to five hours on the Aubject of
S"Qne studeYlts, hm'lever, reportecJ that ?ero to more
devoted
+0
OYl
WheYl 8s 1'.:ed hOlv ouch
the subject of hUJnan c(:metics,
three to five hours, with
spent
54?~
111.[;h school biolof"':Y course and
than 20 hours Herp s:r;:>ent in this area.
time
All of
so~e
~erortin~
45~j
renorte(l
as J.ittle as no time
the sun ~ pct to sor:::e renorting more tban five hours
devoted to this area.
The college TJopulation consisteri of 24 mal e8 and 68
females" ::'1.t an average 8ge of 18.h years.
Bil2"ht~T-six
sturlent::; bad taker a hi.sh school hiology courR8 a110
of 92
34q~
re-
Dorted spending three to five hourR on the subject of genetics.
Again! f'one students renorted spendi:i18 no ti1·le on this subject an 6.
othe~s
illdicPltec1 a
r;:m~e
of one hour to 1:IOre than
t·vlenty ·hours spent rl.iscussin;: :::enetics.
Stud ents 8J.SO v8ri eri
in thej.r responses as to how much time was devoted to the
6
area of hurlan e:e-aetics, \Vi th 32?j indic8,ting three to five
hours devoted to this tOpj c and SOY:1e reporting zero to
more therl five hours spent.
13nth the colleGe anrl the high school sturlents
~'rere
asked
to indicCl.te "lhether or not they had been instructed about
or Ch't'OLlOsonal defects.
genet~~c
18
reSDOnSe[3 and the
l."'e
~8,ble
I shm'[S their
sponses of tl1e collerre st.udents in the
1977 survey.
The responses sho\lecl ',frat one
}:noVl1edg'~
r1i.~ht
exy>ect:
an increaserl
(as cor~<p::',re(l to the students of three years ae:o)
of those rUseasEE uhich have been disCllssed freq,uently in the
n.C'i'TS r:;eo ia -- sickle cell aneraia and cystic fibrosis, for
exaL1})le.
3'enetic
Yet, concerninc; some of the ,:lOst severe and comnon
~Jise3.ses,
POJ~
e:;ccrn::!le:
th""
1~t)Jlece
2,
only
the
ir~cre2.f;e
14~~
8.8
re0..ui't'ed
,Tust 1:' of the
Yle'lrbor~,.. s
~Jy 1m'.'
~o11ese
"TaS
only slight.
of the riiCh scho01 seniors and 10;':; of
students hJ.d any lmO''lledEP of
!1i3e8se for '.rhich all
hirtil
in kllo'l:TledCe
nhf'~TJJ'eto'Yn.1ria (pKTJ),
are screened shnrtly after
ifl the st:ode of 111diana (!lertens, 19'30).
frf~;,hi,:en 21.'1(1
,3.1JI)11.t.
13~(
of the high
school stur1ents kn8ll 0: s3'ina bif:i.da, vJhich can be one of the
~ost
severe 3enetic deformities.
~hE:!
infcrT;1atiop sm'lT'1ari381_L in
T~lhle
I sUGgests that the
high 8cl-lonl. st;vdent.s rec211ec1 188r:nin:::: YC)ore about hUPlan
(lj
,~enei;i.c
sease:-; and 0efects in their lli8'h school bioloGY classes than
the
colle~e
studerts did.
Possible reasons for this could be:
1) ~Tot all of the collero;e students had ta"f;::8D
[t
h1.r:h
SCh00J
10 I.
Percentage of survey respondents \'r110 recalled
::::tudying about various huw'lYl o;enetic diseases/
defects in their 11i[';11 school biology courS8S.
DiseasYDefects·· : . n},cnyl};:etonuric} (PZU)
27,01.1.82: 8 1 Q'7'7-7rr- J!olle~ 1980-81:
10. 3~6
9.8S!'
Hip;h School 1980-81
14. yi
cystic fib!:'osis
4.3
15.2
28.6
rCay-Sachs d iseane
G.O
9.8
17.9
50. it
,1.4.6
42.3
32.S
~·3. t:)
[)().4
5.1
1 ~5. 0
23.2
henonhili8
59.(3
fl-3.5
h4.3
colorr)lirlcb-!8s8
52.1
S5.4
67.9
.'I • .c;-
1
5. L~
41S.4
22.2
37.0
73.2
6.0
5.4
26.8
5.1
~-. 3
8.9
T~h
fr'1,ctor inconrQtibili ty
sicle cell anemia
H'untinrrtoll
1~
d iSA,~:\S0
I'luscular eli stro:9hy
'}(yvm' 8'3vndrome
T[1urll
et"
s
Sy<1d rome
TCJ,inefelte~,~'
s Syndrome
~
spinA, bifi(la
0.0
1.2
12.5
cleft r21~te/lir
7.7
14.1
19.6
'oli tUB
12.0
14.1
51. R
,9
1.2
7.1
0.0
1.2
Fl.9
,le81')(~tesl
T)olyclactyly
synrl ~,ctyly
-.J
8
h5.olo;~y COU:'~S8;
and :2) the :;li ,:,:11 school students h2d ta1:en
their ''ci:)loCY conY'f"e8 1':1Ore recently than thc col1e',,",:2 students
hael, ClY'd TlO:lt likely conJd. recal.l r10re accurately \'!hat they
hc:"c"\ studied.
ICnm'Jled~se
of Hu""aTl Genetics
111}}"in~
the 12st fe',! years, there have been r'.aY1Y sig-
nifj.cant 2re2,3 of
ri
evelODT'181-;t at the interface of hunan
e;eneticE3 cmd human i:07e1f8.re.
fIlable II is a
sUDn,~_1ry
of the
responses of 1iOth the 1<;181 and 1977 survey grou0s \lhen asked
to identify the topic8 2.hont '.'rhi ch they had learned in high
school; l'any of th0SP torics were associated VIi th 11ei:[ areas
of
deveJopIH~nt
in human :(Y'letios.
~he
seconrl section of the
survey contc;1..i neel. test i tn"ls applying the d efi Yli tions of rnay
of these topics.
It is
interpstin~
to note whIch topics the
Gtudentfl hac' studied in 115.gh school 8Yld I'Thich trrpics they
could correctly identify through lYlultiple choice tteT:1s.
instance,
89\~
of the high school stuclents in
thl~
1 QS1
}'or
stu6y
rerorted learntn9: 8brmt reconl,inar1t DNA (Table II); yet, ,'rheYl
a8ked to identify a cl efinj, tion as being that of rec()T'1b,i.nant
DTirA in the secon rl section of the survey, only five out of 56
(9;~)
re:::ponded correctly.
'1:'his suggests recognition of the
nane, po ssi bIy due to 118SS nedj.a cove:ra.::;e of' tl"ci.s controver sial
issue in recent :rears, b'ut lac!:: of' a tru.e concept of reconbiTla:Ylt "DNA.
o~)serveii
fJ1he :9osRible ):.'(')le of mass L1edia can also be
'Iihen exarninil1,3 the responses to bther tODtrs.
Even
ri\",)lu II.
-~~-:--- Topics
PeL'CentRR:e of survey respondents who recalled
studyine:"yarious topic:=) related to 8:enetics
in their hi[':11 school biology course8.
_. ___
.• C'oll.e:n-Q-"\97'7-78
Co2d~r:e1980-81
High 8chool-1380-81
nitoAis
8~.• 6;~
73.<:)%
t:) 7°1
G...
/'
meiosis
79.5
71.7
8n.4
~.o.
2
~S.O
28.6
Ilcndelir-m jXlheri t;:mce--9: 3: 3: 1 l'!l.tio
18.8
15.2
21 • ~
~robability
38.5
t1.5.7
35.7
hW:lan genetic c1 i8eases
~.6.
?
37.0
80.4
planG ?:
53.8
60.9
9~.6
ceil otic cOllI'soli11[,;
6.0
6.5
12.5
cenetic Rcreenin...q: (for diseases)
7.7
c.r,
19.6
11.:3
41.3
75.0
'0.4
9.8
26.8
:5?5
35.9
64.3
26.5
37.0
89.3
9.4
4.3
25.0
11 • 1
6.5
e::enen and e:rvironment
25.6
20.7
66.1
c;enes, r8.ce and 1(2
2~).
9
27.2
67.9
22.2
16.3
55.4
?O.5
14.1
25.0
22.2
23.9
75.0
I~enrlelicm
principles
2.1"'.h'12.1
s0.x-l~.rl,:ecl
~enetic
inheri tnnce-- 3: 2 ratio
f','enetic8
f1'PYJet:i.c (1 efect8
eneineering
nucleic acid s in protein
s~T1lthesis
recoJEhi'r1ant TJF1\
oth5.cG of hunnn Genetics
prejlat~.l
(1 i9.c;Y1osi8
of genetic clisease
history of eenptiCs
f am 011 s
rteYJet if,d. 8
'-'
"enen and
t:3
;:1 811"t.AJ.
re-Garc1ation
. . .".
r:-
~.!)
IJ)
10
thoui~h
of
students irFlicatec]
~enetic
en~ineerin~,
clia[,;l1osis (Table
in
r!?ro~ni?;inc;
Jj,
ttle }(no"vrlede;e froTi hia:h school
cOlillseling, screening, or, prenatal
II), they cOl1sistAntly responded correctly
defi.:nJ,t10ns of these terns in
ages thc:m the 1 g7 7 surve:r group.
hi~r,hpr
iJeY'cent-
Further verifyine; this
sl1;:;e:estion Has the hie;h percentage who
reC()r:D~, ?;ed
definitions
of cloYling (50;~ of the high school ,,'roup ·'l,nrl 85SS of the colle8e
e;rou:p), armiocentesis (3·1·~<
OT
the hi,r:h school stuc1ents and 74;<
of the colleC;A stl1dents), artificial insemination (71 ~'; of
the hiS11 school ar::d 94[,£ of the college stud eY)ts), and
genetic 8urcrerv (6r);~ of thf:' hi9:h scnool ;4no 77?< ('If thp colleze
student::").
in
thr~
These percentaces are hil!her them those obtained
1977 survey.
These tonics have all been disCl.lSsed
extensive1y in the news medi;4 in recent years, which could
:D0ssibly account for the hi::her 1)ercentae;8 of r0cog'Ylition
found iy, the p(1)H18,tio11 currently surveyed.
'Ilio:::t of the 8tnnpnts fror,1 both survey groups (1 g77 a:(1,0
1981 ~ rE!calJ.ed. stuovin,rr ahont 1'1i tosis and mei.osi, s in thpir
,
v
"-/
hig'lJ. SC1,'l('lol lJiolor"y cla~se8 (TablA II).
uhich are included in a11
high percentage
eli tinnal, h::lSics.
knoVlledE~e
indic~eA
~s
th8
be~inni 11~
the
biolocY courses
l~owlArt~e
~lesti0nR
These ,'1.7'e subjects
;:ij1
el the
retained of the tra-
c0ncernin~
Rcientific
of hlUlJan 3:enAtics beco;le more s:0ecific, however,
OnJ.y 20;\ of the
1] i~}1
schoo 1. stuclents \'Tere able to irl enti fy
deo y yrihoYJ,llCleic nci,rl as hei'YlJ; synonYT:1nUA \'ri th :3en8s
8Ylcl
just
11
<5S~
rAcogYlizp(l r:ihoYll1cleic 8,cid as bpinc: the resu18.tor of
Only 13% correctly defined "eene poollY.
protein synthesis.
The college students han.
correct anS1;[ers:
8
245" c0rr Actly a"1sociated :0Nr\ vJi th the zenes;
36% reco::;nized RNA 88 the
and,
41S'~
sl i.ghtly hie;her pe!'centage of
re~u18tor
of prot.ein synthp.sis;
kne;"l the defiuit.ion of "eene pool."
iJ:hEl studeYlt.s from bot.h cnrrpntly surveyed nODulation8
also 1,vpre 8sJeed Questi,ol1 s th8,t
re~uirpd
to explc=dn the
the~J
f'leche:nisl'1 of t:rel1smission from !,aY.'ents to offsD"Y>:i,nc; (If t.hree
n,-enetic dj8ease8.
They rl:i d unt have to
f8miliar \'Ii +;h the
1)f>
specific diseases hlvol vea: eno 1 l:=h i"forrlJatioY'.
to C1J18':ier COl'T'2CtJ.,7 i;:>
til'~
-J:::!;::
:nl'ovided
basic princi 91e8 VTere 1)Jh)'-'T'stood.
The results,Tere 8.·3 :;:ollOVG ~
1 )iVhe:t1 ::l.sked to e:,:~) 18 i:r t:he 5,;~he1.'i t8.l1ce of tllP
hi~h
sC}lool stud ents RY'ld 52;< of tl1P colle (~0
;::-~tudent.s
auto-
an8':!erec1
corL'Pctly.
2)
Only 13S~ of tl~ e l-'i.~h
:'?:i"Ol'2."' COlllc1
0~::plaj.r.
I(roup ::l.l'ld ~,7oj of colleGe
081100 1 .
the inlieri t3!lcr~
(\f'
fj1ay :::ach8
(;i,~e.qRP,
c:'1userl by :=1.n 8. ut,()sonal recessi Vp .>:::en8 ..
:5)
Or'ly
fnl1!'
01,:.t or r;o (7~~) of the 1)j0"h
8C 11001
stl.l.dents
and 27;\ of' the 0.()]Jec;p studr>:nts could e;cnlajn tllp t:rqmnIi.ssi,rm
of :re·'" /rn"'een colorhJ.ln(1Yles 8,
j,rh ~
ell 1.s dur:~ to ar' '(-linl(prJ
reces.siYe sene.
The data Dresenteri
a gPYlsral
he~e
incre::l$egrlO11~
-------_._-
hj p'b
8u~gest
8011001
th~t
the~e hRS
been
and colle:I8 students in
their awareness of hUfIPl' r:.:en o tic8 lcnm·rledge and topicp as
cOr1nareo to three years
8Z0.
j·Ia·'1Y 81:'e88 of thp. subject of
huncm £::;enetics are controversial and have been pu1Jlicly
discusseo in thp n8\'18 nerii8 i.n recent years.
r;01..11d this
covera["e in the ne '.'!s rJpdia account for the hetrrh+.en':3d
~
~
al'!areness of
h1FTlO.n
genetics tonics?
It is a nossihili ty.
rrher(3 sti 11 exists ~ hOHever, i'Il1orpYlce concernin:! many of
tht=!
~Jasic
diseases.
if faced
conce=t;rts
:nertainin~
:.i1J.at tY:ge of decisions
~ith
~osAtbility
the
Its voters, on vrhat kn01'rled:;e
on
to hm,18n Geneti CP4 anrl rrei1e tic
reco~1inant ~R~
H011J
d these ptudents nake
of genetically
~'Tould
+.hey (lase
research, for instance?
~efective
thei~c
children?
decisions
It is obvious
that the::;e 3.:re current, relevant issues ".'Thich deserve
Eoral/Ethical ReA:0onses
TabJe III is a summary of the percentage vIho aGreed or
stronely a~reed to each of the 16 moral/ethical issues from
both the 1981 and 1977 survey Groups.
~1i2ll.
Abortion is undoubtedly one of the most
contJ:'oversial issues in the United states today ;::mc. one that
~
will not only be
2.
-.
i/eroonal, 110ral decision but also an i 8Aue
that may very well he decided at the
~lolls.
rrhe survey
~)J.8
--..
II=!~.
:':ercent8, . .~e of res1')onr ents \'Tho a0'ree r1
Or:' strm1~ly aereeel to each of 1 b
y~.otlue lar1 en issnes.
)}8t8. fron prp8ent
st'ndy c()T'l]1oserJ to studies rl one in 1977-78.
. -. -_ .. ,----~ .
nioethical Issues
--.--
-------~------------------.-~~----
___._ _ _ _ _ . _.
___~_
. -Co\\'ege
__
1<)77-78
j. t'et:u8 s11011.1 r1 be aborted 5.1' bv nedical
test in the second tJ:'i.:,eter of~ nregnEll1CV
lt 5.8 sho,'m to be c~ovr',,'el v::;enetical1"'iT
clefective (i.e., tlw ellil~l "lOuld rlie ~rior
tn itn fourth ·hirth,clay).
,17
::2.
Illl e cipvel(1)j.1l0' lTlli'l"n fy'n;t Co}}cr:ntlo n t:o
1:lirth oh0111(1 h8ve the saEle ::,:,j.Zhts Wl.I 1 er
til e 1::1\1 as rl OOS a ;)lunilJl i y ) !",'"1.nt fron tllp
mm'1(mt of birth.
[:)0.4
3.
·~c5elltific 1"8 :le~.rch (lesigYlerl to rl evelo::! the
1~~0~Dert3c and skills necessary fn~ ~roducin~
hl1Y'l8.:r1S ui tn SIJccial o.1lili ties 0)" physical,
-;-,]ental, and. b"'?havi.oral trai +'8 8 1--'0' lrl
enc(mr2,~ed .qn,l 8u]>~")orted.
4.
:~oci.ety
'.fiJI on!? C1,'ly mrmd8te the lJ.se of
8ci.811tii'ic kl"o','lledt~e to ]JrnducG the individuals
'ri th certain JYlh8ri ted traits that wiJl enp.bIe
thoRe indivi~u~ls to ~rovidc 0xccBtio~~11y
::lll::,prior :Je"vi0e to society.
:;;~J.
s.
/~
1•
. niolo-SY - - Cotlege
'.::eachers
1977-1f)
1980-81
H"
,
.. J.!!11
Scheol
1QSO-81
An.9:<
39. )~~
3(-).6
(1°,.9
?~.2
?9.0
3CJ.7
21).0
L16.4
r:;
2;1,. '3
31.5
It 1 .1
con~C'le ShOl).!Jl 1'8vn the Y'i?~ht to ;:TO
"2]>errl 1)',·".\··11 onrl 0110088 s:norIl th~.t 'ITould
l~e li1~01v to rei V8 t;'ei:,.' lC~~f1.1 o:Pfr)!)ri.·'l2:
c e·l?t~ctj_!'-l () 0 G i . rr;~l (! }18,118~CtAIl5. s ~ci c s •
~?7
53.3
:) 1;. • :;
:'3.~)
leal procedl1~'~8[] c·.ho1. 1 1cl. b-:
used .to "'co'C) ;·'li."'iTC) r<) llJO";-", " '5.th 88rio'-lsly
de 1J i}. 1. t;l,JI~i:n :~' ::.lj.~l~; l~ t ~\~ c;d (;. o:f en -t r; or lJ i. 8 r~rt8 e s •
27.6
12.G
19.6
51 .:;-:;
.....
__
...J
,
C)e!
•
_<
I
"
f"S4.
y<
v
......
or:
to
G.
""1'1"ie,1
0.
~;;vtl'8,nrci. i l1a':~'le(;
.-I.
',.)'-1
7.
I~;,'~' C011Ul!:; ~1"3' ?!:j T)r;"C8 11 t; (o:I(;-cmt-ofPn1Jl?) 011011 c:e n f :n·t'nrl u~i:'i:: :""1 '~pv'?;->l~r (' pf Goti
ch.1.1c1, thpv
~
r'r)f)1 1 l,c1
-"ot
11"vt::> <",Y'y
r'-:.iJr;T''-:'Y).
C).
ve
,1
;1·1 • ;:;
"1 2. ()
30.11.
G.
High 81
Oollege
(]1e:::lCners
77-78
77-78
\ r'18 Y'~"i pel c0urle shnl,l ' 11i'1vr; +,1) '3 1"i:-;'h+ to
iilOd e1"n GC icntifi. ~ tE'c1molo?;y to cJ etect
+'11(0 8PX n'f:' t'hc il' 11y-,hnr-n child in the secon(l
tI'.i,l~P'Gte!:' nf T'lY'e r ":I,,011C-V and ahort it j f the
child i:; not
the 0'C:7 the cOl.1~)le prefers.
~-. 3~ ~
8.2;<
3. 3
J'']clividu;::;18 "'iJOrll lIl-Cn SCV0i"p. inherited
nhvsica] and/or mpnt;::;l. ~(0~pct8 that could
1:1ct~le 1)een rl ~tr;(!tcd_ -~)T'ioJ7 to lliT'tll s]loulll
have the rir-ht to 81.H~ t 1lei!:' nnrents for
21lowinc; tbG] to 1)(; born.
4.3
3.5
2.2
5.4
83.8
95.4
95.7
89.3
70.1
92.8
69.6
66.0
1~.n
68.2
2.2
21.0
t
;(~Jl)J~o
~II
:~;o~:!..t.
l' ~~c
CollP:';o'::
P,()-Pi
~
80-81
101
10. 7;;~
of
q.
10.
?l)vsici8.DS ll~"Te t;he refll1011sibilitv of
in:forrninc; t;1i()l,Y' D3.tient's (:Dros~)ecti ve
~·r
)t;I?!'.-r, :l:~,l.i(!nl. :~~i·~·covcri. oG
(/eneticn c0111cJ affect thE'
,'reJl- i )81nc; 0:;: their yet-to-be-1Jo~,~n chi] l~ren.
n,':1'?Ttt,S)
;),(1\."
reloted to hUr
'p
';:)11.
tax' OJ.JJ1Y'S s'hnlJl,el
11.T."(>(1 eral.
:'Pf,e8rc11
:i,rl ,~'>rlical
118
usee; to Sm:rp01,'t
n'(~11ptics.
12.
111r1 i virluals ,,1'0 have an i.nhe1"i ted fo:rm of
rnen-GFll retaT'rl i" tio11 o::c fl -fee hJe-!T1incledness II
sho'1.lcl bo stol'ilized.
13.
T:iolo(l'V t.~,q.C}18:rS h!'lve t110 responsi bi ljtv
of iJl:formi np th.eir studAnts nf C'eneti.~ ~
iTIfn~!T1ation that could affect f'uture deciRions
of these stuc1 ents rerrard
~,nf"
narriar-e and
u
_
hnvin.=:: 8, f;.:),miJ. 3T •
88.9
93.4
79.3
73.?
14.
:~ fetus s1101)lr1 be aborted i,f by n8(' ical tests
in the ;38C:O).l(J tr'ineRt.er of I'I'e,,!nancy it is
sJln'.,rn to ho,ve lIo~m11 R :~~y11clJ:'m'8, 'rl"ich resFl ts
ill physic;.:).l (1 eJects, T:18Tked T'lental rst8Y.'rl r;,tion ,
t:mil :;horteniYlr" of life oyueot.c))' CiT.
34.2
71.5
20.7
'3'3.9
1),.3
59.0
1 .2
21.4
_
15.
OJ
,()tatp (lJ")d/o:p ferier;-tl le~isl;Jt.ion ~t>re8cribiJ'lC'
uho is (J'OYlAttc811 v fi,t to rCDJ:'octuce sl-lOulcl
be cmact.erl (111(1 8Tlforced.
v
..... J
16.
_'..
';'eS;ja:t:'cJ.l on
n~lOulc1
~)e
__
1'(~cr)r ll'ill~~ltl)I'-;-\
Y'er~1118terl
in lX'1cte:eia
l'3rfec1.p.ral le,:::islation.
-l.
~
33.3
5g.0
29.3
37.5
15
results indicate t1!at both of the recently surveyed :':;TOl!.pS of
students f el t abortion t)e('ar'J8 nore of an o:;)tioYl aR t.he seve'Y'i t3 T
incre~tsed.
of the [Ipnetic defect
the hieh school students and
3:~
only 11 c~ of
For examnle:
of the collec;e frashmen iY1r1icaterl
they would a:3ree to the terr1in8,tion of a nrer:;nancy (i tem :~!8)
faL' the purposes of sex pre-selection.
'Ii th regarci to a fetus
shmm to have DOI'mls .synrJrorne (item 1r14), 347'~ of t1'le hieh
schonl seniol's and 21?\ of tr.e colles::e frnshmen i:rdicated
th.ey '.',Tould
8
0 ree to an abo!:'tion.
Oorrmare this to the 39;<
of the hi,,;h school stud ents and the
49:~
of the col1e,:e
stud(mt}3 "Tho would 8[';ree to an ~:tbortio:n (i ten 41) if the
child were shO'lm t.0 be seveTely ,Senetically Clefectj_ve (i.e.,
the child would die prior to its fOln. t11 bi-rt.hday).
1
ce~n:in,r:" PDV
case of :Ctbortinn, "11m-lever, no i1-;ore than
ei th'?:t' student STOU:')
o.~Teer!.
v'Ti th th8
in the 1977-72., survey (son iteIJl
there were no major
~ifferences
college students in
t}y~
of the colles::e anG
}1 and ;r14).
1977 rmcl 1981 surveys.
school
~rou~8
2.l'"(reel.~ent
iS~le
fro~
to ener:e
+'0
to
or
4-9:~
::1ho~ct,
4'or itern
;~l1
in the rpsnonscs of the
stude"!'.tE; beir_0' ;Jore In
see~e~
(~eci8~ 0 Y1
Oon-
.il.<!aill,
with the colleQe
VIi th te't'rninat il, r: a :r!I'e::;n3.ncy.
this ptudy (Ree ite8R #8
::1bortion,
110';[
8~d
!;~1
"
d ic1 the stucients
it 1
I
/
•
reFmond to the id ea of
sinply not to h8\T8 any
CI'OOS 1.:n0:
children (i tem ~1:7) if the couple
a severly d8 T ecti ve chil:]?
[13S
a 25;~ chance of ~lavil1,3
The stuc18nt' S 1:'e(1)On8e8 shOl;red
I i ttle sun-oort TOJ" forego inc parenthood under theRe
cirClJ]]stances.
I:(1terestin.zl~r,
infcmt does (lote"
... _
1
4
j~?1.
.,'.,,;"
"a+
v
,.~
-',
L1
This 5nd i catec, ~t lnast for some of the 8tu~e~ts,
(iteD #1).
develo!.iinS
I
1'3';< of thp hi.:-::h sc'hoo] students believed
-f~he
tech~l()loc~:J
to nrocluce 8upeJ:'i or individuals.
In reST)OYlSe to both issues, fe\'Ter college stllcle:,1tn theY' hie;!l
school studerts indicated
en~ir~eerint~
of hUrrJa:- genetic
is not
r'lY]
res~'n1,!.ciAd
i terns, 8uc;gesti'i1C:
::J
o]Jtion, onl_y
b
as 3uc;eesterJ in i
~he
te'~s
prospect
//3 ?,:'1d 1M
18.C 1,:
'!i th
111'10
of cnrrent
o~Jiniol1"
to both of these
\l101;Jled~;e
on the subject.
a lesser sC2,le, the stl.' (1 Ants 'Jere c.sl:::ed to res-')oYld tn the
',.-)
,j::~.)
~,
n08itive response.,
llYiJih?ly one; yet, Rluost one-fourt:l of the hiGh
school students
(In
~
3~:< 0:'-;>
t_.'hP)
t.
f-l.
0,
n2,J:'rlC'O
w nsn011.C'_
'
1"
COl1..t:-='
thp hip:h schoo1 students
(~id.
n.ave
the
17
QQ:~rnl:]en-t.
Ir:volve r lent.
·f~othSJ:'ou:'s
of students 'IIere
consistent in their o,infuns of the role the federal
shouJd :Jlay in
T1er 1 ic8l
'se r 'l8+.i cs.
that ta~ dollRrs (it~~ 11
~11(1
oYL1~T
e~"-'11nE'~lt
1
Olrt
of hot}1
.::r,J:'OU:]8
8.D;reeL~
) should be used to sunnert research
of 97 (1;j) of the coDJ:~c:e :-::eouJ! felt thc.=d:: GOv-
U ter~ }13)
:Pi t to ·YY'oduce.
cerni:n.: the
65:~
Over
~overnueTIt
llad t''le ri :.;ht to dec:iJle ,;,'rho is :=enetica.1.ly
TTnlike
the Fl.'=).
j ori ty opin iO::l expr:-essed
CO'l-
ai)ove nentj oned iSr'ues, the 8tHrl e1:its d i0 not
t>,'IO
seem to knml vrhrt-'c strl1l.(l to talc? em federal rSeu18tion of
recoTnbinp.nt 1)1:;\ rese8.rch (i ten '!/=13).
school
at ctll,
'Oeen
;~e''liors
an:l. A.6;< of the cGlle::'-e fresbr.:2i1 too= 1'1.0 position
i1'1dicatinr~ ::1.
1]i(1 ely
Iy! fact, 3CY< of t11e 11i:::h
lack of l:::'lovrleclGe on
::1
r::easure that has
discUf-iSed cr'1d cO:Dsidereri in Con ~ress for the T)8.st
So.!~i.8)-IIeclicaJ
Policies.
Contenporar:T r:jedicaJ. technolo.3",T
not only Hl10i;TS society to detect sOttle genetic (1 efects 8.ne1
devE:lo!! new tre8tr1 e:,ts; it also makes survival :DGssible fDr
many
0e!l~tically
defective people.
Iten #6 asks, "Should
extraordinaJ':'Y T·ledical proceuures be used to }:::eeu 8.1.i iTe newbornR \,r:!. th seri olwly debi1i tatin8' inherited (1 efects Gr
d iseCl.se'/tI
0ver 51;< ni
pf'fort 3h01.1.l(1 'he takeYl..
t~e
hir:'h srhool stue1 entR tllOU,'2;ht every
''lJ.1ic}1 is morc hn r1 ane'?
stud.ents may be renuj red to an3\'rer this
fuh:'re
;:<S
Cl1.v~stion
Sorne of these
:i n the TIP-ar
they 881::e decisions concerni:n[,; their own familieR.
18
The stuctents were more strongly
responSE~s
o~inionated
in their
as to 1ilhetheY' or not ind i vidu.::lls ,-,ho 118,ve iJlheri teG
forns of feeble-rail1dedness (item 1112) shoulci be sterilized.
21;~
Of thE" 'hieh schoo] students,
agreed; and, only
?C~
of the
IJI the ePTly :part of tile century,
colJ ee;e stun ents a.;::reed.
ho\vever l' such 18.i/J8 I'rere en~.~ted 811d irYtplemented (:'Iilson, 197':)).
11ecently, court cases
COMe to the public eye.
he~('i ted
Do
eOJ:1~ernbJe;
hunan genetics have
tnd~vidu~ls
~orn
with severe in-
physical or wental rlefect ( item }~)) t11~,t cmld have been
rietecte(l urior to biY'th
.....
tile riaht to sue thei):' narents
h~.ve
~"'..I.
for allG1Ji.YI c: t:h.r: n to be horn (tort of '\,lronsflJ1. life)?
Both the high school seniors and the college freshnen felt
that defective ind i vi rl u('1,ls shoulrl not have tho.t l'i:=;ht.
that only 2;< of the co11e=e stl1.dents 8.nd 5::< of'
i~;l~
iilote
h5gh schoo]
seniors eouId acceut the concept of 8. tOJ:'t of \!J'011gful life.
r/Tost of the stud ents felt th8t, r:hysicial1 s (i tern
thei1~
T'18.t:i.nn that
~lhe
affeet
0) and
(i teT'i :!13) rl ° 118.ve the TPs:Qonsi.hil:L ty of
hiol()t:~T teachers
informin:r;
~!'1
p8,rents
~ol.lld
anr1
st1J()ents 8J'lOUt
affect dpr.isi.cns
,~e}1etic
:re8,grdijl~
infor-
fut1.l-r'e chilriren.
iSSUAS presented here 8j:'e those whicll CITe likely to
stude~ts
di~ectly
resronsi1)l.e voters.
anone hiCh sr.hool
2nd
- as
~otential
parent q 8nri as
It r.8n be inferred fr.on t1}p data th:lt
collp;'~e
stud ents there
h88
hee,'
8.
:o;ene1'a1
increase durine the D8st three years in their lmderstanding
19
of conce:::d:s IJertaiYlin;: to human e;e-netics.
uno erstanrl ill?;
~overage
"possi lil y be attriljut0d to
Ti2.Y
of -L8SUeS such
2.,S
~,lhere
';,!hic;~c
stud~nt;8
~-'lJ:,e?
,oj
rna~ori tv
nf
citic~e-n~
~_r;sues
r'
Data
t<~,U.:::11t
bl the sPcC'lldaTY
nw(t rler.'::Lde t S :;!Cl.rents
8,
11le-h 8chool edur.atio11'..
such as those cl is ~U~8 3(1 h0)'0 ret:..uj J::'e
+:0 Pi1::,loy critic81,
serious, P18tU'Y'8
-l)l~
i~he
Yote:"s "Jill h2vc no r]ore t1'18J1
Bioeth icc].l
about
11e8d for more brl.sic information
of hUT lr:-n c;"metics to
SChO(l}S, sirlce thr:>
a11,n
tech'~f)10C;Y
'dert" rlOt: :"lcin·'.tifj,r.ally knowledceahle..
fron tl'is survey i1,-,1 iCErb:;s
.in th':l
medjJ"
":ere stiJ 1 -!lany
in nlHan genetics ::"1,n6 relf).tcd
a:r~~8,8
~1ass
8.rtificial ill serlliYlP-tion, 8J!mio-
cent8sis, and genetic screenin::::;.
basic
The increasen
;~Y1oi·,lecJ~:e"hle
thinkij,~
ecisions - b0th socirl.lly alld
~eT'''lor
tn nakp
'::l.lly.
::'0
J.Iert0YJS" T. R. 192,0. You 8nc1 Your Genetic ql 1otient, :Part I ..
~~ Hoosier ~;cience Teacher.V(4\:119-12~.
vertens~
1J:1hE~
~. R. 1QSO.
You and Your ~enetic 1uotient, Part II.
Hoosier ;c:cience Teacher VI (1 ) : 1 R-?L1.
rrcnrlrix. 1978." A SU:r'VP',r of the
"Teeds of Inc] iana Seconrlary School
'P.j olo::~y/T!ifeSciencp ' 11 eachers.
~he Hoosier Science
~~Q..her IV (1 ): 5-12.
EertenR,.
fil.
R., a-rrl J.
f}eYleti~R
::I.•
1<~(,i11cpt.tom'lJ
I,=erte 11 S, ~~. ?., cT. Pc. 'lTpl'1r1 rix:-, and T,. W. Henril:pen. 1q79.
T',ioloSY Teachei::'S: Genetics Tiiducatio-na1 Needs mId
T~81ater1 V""lJ,1)e :'::tpJ10PS.
rphe ,Jour:q.§!;l .Qf Hered.i.t~T 7():
161-16 f) .
1'.'i1so:1., s. n., T. :{. lcerte,1S, "md J. p. Hencl:t~':i.::'T. 1Q7:-'i.
Hunan Genetic 3n::ineerine;: l~ Survey of Student
1[,,1u(.> (::tances. The iJ~1erican :Siolo!'",! Teacher 37 (9) :
52~-527.
--_..
---
21
StU0 ents inclu0 eri thr0e
PJU tio:n:::>.1
lluestio11 Q under
CIUAGt5011
identicn l to tlle onep'i VAl] to thp colle2'e stun ents ; therefore,
only t}le first
1)8,0'8
--
'--'
0
1'"
the hi;3h
be included in this appendix.
~,c}l()ol
ouestioY)nc:dre vrill
FaDe : _________
Section:
Date:
Eajo:r:
-------
----------------------------------
"8io 199 - Honors SyrJpOsiLr;:l
n~=tl1 ~3tate University
1980-81
3.
H2.ve
Y01'.
tal::831 ::1 }li:.o;h
fem::11e
---sf!hool biolo'.,.y course ___ ,ves
_ _no
If you rave ta::e:1 ~"1.i:ll school l'd Illo(,"y, hill! T'1n~'. f!la3Sr001' ti.lle
(Eel. the ir'.strlwto:r (i8vote -Co t~le 8uhject of ~'(~'r,icG? (:S8st sstin.)
no ti):e at all
-----'1-2' }wurs
-3-5
1,OUY.'S
---6-10 hours
--11-15 hour8
16-20 hours
]'101'8 thpTl 20 hours
--~
If V0 1 1 rL8.i,re ta}~el1 hi,'31' schoo1 bj oloey, hOI'! ;'luc'h cl:::mroQrn tine di (1
'1-;11e~ ilJ8t~cnctor devote to the sub~ect of hunar. ~cY1etics? (J3e s t 8stin.)
---
'5.
___n.o time c.t all
1 r.01Jr
_ _ _ 2 honrs
3-~' hours
Flore than S hours
---,
----h.
In the i'ollol'rinr: Ii st chec'~ those tonics th8 t yov studiecl in
school biollle;y.
___m.itosis
___meiosis
___ r~eNleli8:n inheritance--3: 1 r,qti ()
___J.1ey.d.eli 'J.n inheri t8.nce--9 ~ 3::3: 1 ratio
___nrooahili ty principles
_ _ _nUTJaJ') ~;enetic disea.ses
___·ple.nt f':( anim81 aenetics
_ __..o:eneti c cOlmE,~lir\["
____Ge::--etie screening ~ (for diseases)
___ sex-lirl:cecJ genotic defects
____ger'etic enginee1_~i112~
___nucleic acids j_Y1 protein synthese
~_recombinant DEi\.
___ ehtics of hUIT8n cenetics
___prenatal (~ia:::llosis of genetic diseaf3A
_ _ _'3enes 8.nrl enVirOYlT1ent
__--'f.;l::mes, race 8:nci IQ
___hL::tory of cenetics
___ faLous aeneti c'Lsts
___S8Yles Rnd ment8l retard.'1ti_on
____
specify____________________________________________
0ttle~,
h.:1.L::h
School Senior Survey
~~ip'l
IY)dl~::()aT)oli8 Publie Schools
,.
A.
General
1.
2.
Jae~zround
~;Jhat ','!a~:
1981
Infonation
a~:e
at your lRst birthc.1 ay?
female
1:,That is vovr seY? _ _ _ _r:l8,1 e
your
----
2a.
2c.
curpicnlum? ___yep
-
no
',P'lat i:=: your c1888 rank?
""res
_ _-...In
...
,
L',
If 1l0',J. }1,:--l,ve t,qlce-n }li::-·~}l sC!1oo1 biolo';:,\r, 110 i ',r 11111Ch Cl~lB8T'oorll ti~:~e tJ.i(~
the~ instTllctor devoL;;: t.o the subject" of r;enetics';' (:',ive be0t estir].)
time at
---no
1-:2 hours
all
--3-'') hours
6-10 flours
--11·-15 1101J.rs
16,-20 hours
___more t~18,YJ. ?O hours
---
h
l.
If VOllhave takerl tIl d1. sc'l1ool bioloP'Y, hov1 L1uch classToou time did
t}!e" in~3trw:tor (:e70te to t}l'~ subject~ of hUI11an .:.enetj.c8? (3e:=:t est i f:18)
_ _ _no tipe at all
___ 1 hour
2 hours
___3-5 hO'.1TS
- - -T'ore than 5 QOllrS
---
6.
In the followiYW Iist
------
hj~~ school
- bi0io~v.
....
chec'~
those to!)icS
thcli~
:rou stud ici in
-)
nitos5s
- - - :nleiosi.s
_ _--'j.:cYldpli~)<n inheri tan(;e--3: 1 ratio
___llf:ndelian inheri tance--9: 3: 3: 1 ratio
_ _ _"D,robabili ty !;)rinci:ples
______huYlan Genetic dj seaSGS
_ _ _'Plant and animal genetics
_ _......L.r;enetic cOUY! selin r:
_ _~~enetic screeninc;' (for d:tseases)
_ _--'sex-lin;=eri ::::enettc defects
_ _--..:F:enetic engin8eri.n,rz:
_ _ _n,occlej.c 8,cj.OS in 'orotein synthesis
_____recornbinant Dr~\.
_ _ _ethics of hmnan ;o-enetics
_ _uI'cnatal (iiagnosis of c;enet:ic eli seaRe
_____
~e:nes and eT,vironment
~eDpq. race ~nd 10
- h i . s t o r y of cen2tir;s
_ _.....;;f:OtIn0US geneb,cists
---
_ _~!rrE:nes and mentoJ. 2:'otardation
______
~
v
other, s1Jeci fv
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _
2
7.
B.
In
hi,o-11 school biolop-y classes did you learn anythinc;
~f the folJn,...ril,R'crenetic or chronosonal diseases or
defects?'" (0.heck appropri,8t~ i tens. )
___-phenylketonuria (pYU)
cystic fibrosis
---rra"lr-Sachs disease
_ _ _Rh' factor in c orrroatibi Ii tv
- sicle cell aremia
'
- - -HWltin I:!'ton , 8 disp~se
--hOE10phi li2
- -cC'lC'rb lindness
muscular dystrophy
--Do'.,m I s Syndron8
-Tl1rner' s Svnri rOI,]8
----'Klinefelter'8 Syndrome
. spina bifida
'.
---cleft palate/lin
--diabetes Dell i. t~lS
_ _-"po lydactyly
___ s~Tndac tyly
- - -0ther, s!.leci fy
The following ~uestions pertain to terms and ideas discussed
in rA,....ent rnagazirlP 2.rticJ es that you may have read. ~he
artic] E'S appeaY'ec1 iY'. ~, ~Tational Geop;raphic, tsychology
Tod8.iT , ':loman' s Day, ano Saturday Review. Ta~<:e the short
non-credit (J.1XlZ to see hm'[ famil tar you are wit'b t:nese te1~T<18
8Jld ideas. Girc] e the letter preceding the best response.
1•
l'8oxyrj bOYlnc] eic aco] d is synnnyr'1ou.s with
,r01X:C
abou_~ ;::mv
a.
b.
Chr011'10so:ces •.
genes.
c.
RNA.
d.
the ~itochondria.
the nucleus.
The regulator of protein synthesis is callen
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
8..
b. adenosine trisphosphate (ATP).
ribonucleic acid (RNA).
c ..
d. gl1Jcose () nh08l')hate dehvdro "'enase (G6PD).
e. sodi un chlorirfe (HHCl).
3.
2.
U
3.
'-'
rrhe process ";y which ti.1P nucleus of a body cell of one
individuCll is int:roduced into an enucleated er;£!:, of the
S8~le epecies to produce an ind i vidua.l that is a "carbon
<:Opyll of the nucleus donor is calJed
a. recofnoinant ,,)NA ..
o. gene surgery.c. trans]ilantattcn.
d.
clonin~
e. transforTT1.8+'in:n
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