I recommend this thesis for acceptance by the Honors Program
of Ball State University for graduation with honors)
'~'
if 1 iiua ~<I. uddL
__
7 Thesis A ~ser
Department of Poll tical Science
June 1, 1971
-'
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Int ,},oollct:i,on.
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It is safA to say jf there Here not so
many circuitous routes taken to skirt
the intent of the antitrust lA.Hs--the
maintennnce of a competitive society,
l.ve l d hear less complaints about the obscurities nnd misi:1.terpret-'1tions of our
antitrust laws. The burglar ,vouldn't
have to 1-Jorry about the complexities of
a Yale lock if he didn't intend to break
through in the first plA.ce.
--H)nanuel Celler
Justification of Confusion
Introduction
In the face of Mounting criticisms from many sid'3s, corporate psychophants still laud the benign effects of our society's modern industrial
organhation--giantism.
They explain that since the theoretically abstract
and real:Lstically impossible economic model of pure or perfect competition
has never existed
jt,
cannot then be a goal worthy of attainment.
Instead,
they arfue pragmatically that ours is A.n irriustrial structure of imperfect
comp8tit~"on vThich succeeds
must be soocl.
(1vi+,ness our living standards) and therefor"" i.t
Tn fact, one member of the defense of bigness in business,
ar:;:ruinp: in "old fashioned" terminology so as not to offeril anyone, 1vrites
that "competition" behleen the giants
j
s of such a mar:ni tude A.nd carried
1
on w:ith such vigor as not to warrant concertl."
But by "competition" he
apparently refers to advertisim;, r;ro"t<rth, p01.ver advantar;e, or some other
form of nonbeneficial competition.
He certainly does not address himself
to price competition, tho primary benefit of the free-market system.
On the contrary, it is just hecause of the direct relationship behveen indust,r-ial concentration and the ability to administer price and to
1Sumner H. Slichter, "In Defense of Bie;ness in Business," Nonopoly
Power and Economic Performance. Revised :<:l::iition; iliwin tr:ansf:i.eld, ed.
(New York: H. (v. Nortor. and Company, Inc., 19(8), pp. 13-18.
2
avojd price competition that criticism has arisen.
And it is because of
this and our traditjonal belief in pure competitjon that Congress some
thrE~e
ani one-half dAcades afY,o enacted legislation to help insure price
competition, the Robinson-Patman Price Discrimination Law.
inception, however, arises a contradiction:
From it.s very
the lee:islatj.on regulates o.
portion of the tr8.nS<l.ction market in a free economy.
Further, as an ex-
ample, consider a small firm ,{hich sells a major portion of its output to
one 18rg':;) buyer.
Tho buyer is in a posjtion to threaten to plJrchase from
the small firm' s competitor if the dependpnt seller does not lower hj s
price.
The uroblel11 here is one of de.'!ree.
The two f-Lrms should be allo1-Ted
to bartez, over the price, but should the sm.'lll firm be allov18d to become
a satellite of the lar(';e firm as has been the observed result in cases
similar to this?2
It is this matter of deg:ree arrl, as Convressman Celler
pointed out, businessmen's attempts to use their power to an exaGgerated
der;ree that have helped to turn the Robinson-Patman Arnerrlment to the Clayton Act =.nto the confused, uncertaj n, and contradictory status it holds
today.
It
j
s to an understandinr,: of the ;;rice
my attention in tMs paper.
discrimin~l.tion
la'd that I turn
In the first two parts of this effort, I Doint
out that there is a real need for such a laT;f am the legislative intention
as interpreted by the courts and commentators.
In the fourth part, I at-
tempt to frame the interpretations of the various sections of the RobinsonPatman Act.
I then finish 1-ritlr som8 conclusions concGrning the corporate
worshippers about whom T b8o:an am concernjnf! this Act.
cluded in appendices
.'l
COPy
of the antitrust lavJs as they read today and
2Cortvin Edl'J"aros, "The iarp:e Conglomerate Firm: A Critical Appraisal,"
Revised Ed:iti oJ'!; &lwin Fansf-i elc1,
(:,l e1{ York: 'ri. H. Horton and Commny, Inc., lQ6<'3), D. 120.
Mon~olY_.o!,ower_ and EcoD_omi~ Performa:l]~.
"d.
T have also in-
a Jj st of court case:> researched for t.his naper, all for the ccr:venj ence
of t.h8
r(~ader.
i.. ..~
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has also been shol-TYl that administrative bip:n8ss of corpor<'lte r;j_ants adds
nothinp.: to sod ety' s 1.:re1fp.re.
It
Table j.
In fact, ono economist he s trierl to prove
Evtdenc0 of Bigness
A. Percent of Tot.a1 Sales
Made by Four Largest TJnjt,ed Statr~s
Fj.rms in 2,a,ch Jrdustry, 1962.
8.
Relative Irrroortance of the Larrest
First Quarter
.
Nan~acturinr: Cor~)orat.ions,
19f)8.
-------------------t------------------------Industry
Concentrat,ion
Ratio
Notor Vehicles
Tobacco
PetroleuT1 Refini ng
Rubber
Aircraft
Dairy Prod1.lcts
Alcoholic Beverages
Primary =-ron am steel
80.2
70.9
50.3
h8.1
4'1.3
h2.9
41.4
40.2
Asset Size
Number of
Corpora ti?E§.
$1,000 million and over
78
$250 million to Sl,OOO million
194
$100 million to ~) 250 million
257
$ 50 million to ~) 100 million 284
(~
\!'
25 million to ,q' 50 million 507
$ 10 million to .:)
25 million 1!117
Total
2,437
All Sizes
Approximately 200,000
)
Sources:
A.
Fdwin Hansfj e1d, 8d., MQ-nopoly Power and -Economic Performance,
Revised ~'diti.on. (New York: ,('<T. H. Eorton am Company, Inc.,
1968), p. x.
B.
Federal Trade Commission, Annual Report of the Federal Trade Commission for the Fiscal Year Emed ,June 30,- 1968. C:Ta-shinr:ton,
D.C.: Government Printinr: Office, 1968). p. 40.
that monopoly imuced resource misallocation in Unitec States manufacturi.ng
t
in the late twenties resulted in the loss of consumer welfare of just a
little more than one-tenth of one percent of national income.s
A similar
study in 19sL~ by David Schl'lartzmall concluded that "monopoly profits Here
11.2 percent of total yariable cost
a~gre8:ated
over all monopolistj_c irrlus-
C$LJ.J. 6 billjon), l,rhich comes to $4.9 billion, or 1. 6 percent of the
tries
4lva ltor Adams, "~nother Vie,,; of the }~evJ Industrial state," Honopo1,y
~ am 2conomic Perfo.r~~.E2.'
Revised Fdition j FrlvTiIl Hansfield, ed.
(UeH York: rITe H. I,lorton arrl Compc'l ny, Inc., 196:~), pp. 135-136.
t;
'Arnold Earberger, "Tho "ielfare Loss From Honopoly," Reprint, Price
Theory
Action, 2d "d., ed. by Donald Hatson (Bostoll: Eour:hton-l'TiffHn
Co., 19 .), p. 187.
&i
6
l 'l ncome. ,,6
·
na t ,].ona~
Tn anothpr study of thA economy made since \riorld
~'!ar
II, ';Ii 11 iam Leonard says,
Postwar 0xperience has demonstrated that firms in concentrated
irdustries hold:l.n ct substantial market shares have the pow'er to
maintain tar~et rates of profit over a period of years. I. !nere
pri~e leadership or other collusive practices exist, prices in
these inclustr;es l,'l.['; dur-' n~ a per50d of sharp :inflation caused
by excess ar-grerate derland, yet advance in periods of decljnim~
ciem.9.rrl and u~erutjlized capacity. 7
A
con(~ludes
T'-1r. Leon,9.rd then
half of
industrj~l
this arp;umont 1-}':i th a beIievable proof that one-
prico :increases and one-third consumer price increases
have re,snlted from the pricinp- policies of the st,eel :)Bp;opoly.
again to
Geor~e
StiGler, he summa.rizes
th('~
Referrj np"
"Case A(':ainst Big Business" in
this way:
1.
?
~.
3i,,; businesses often possess ani u.se monopoly p01'Jer.
Big businesses weaken the political support for a private-enterprise system.
Bir; businesses t:1.re not 8ppreciably more effj cient or
..
th
d·
.
b
'
R
ent ernrlSlnr:an
mOJ.um-Slze
w:anesses.'
Nor,O)
specif'~_cally,
a q'lite simnle economic aY'.a1ysis 'tvith the aid of
a graph (on pase 7) revea1 further unpleasant effects on the economy of
monopoly control.
It is readily evident that monopoly pOever results l n
hir;her pl'ices, reduced output, and "dead ",eicht loss" or "t..relfare loss."
By a little c(1Dsi.deration, it sh01Jld also become eV:2_dent that there is a
redistribution of income to the mor,opol;T owners, a misallocation of resources because of the restricted OlltPUt, and that the
hir~her
costs of
6
David SchvTartzman, "The Effect of !V[onopoly on Price," Reprint, Price
Theory in Action, ?d. ed., ed. by DonaJd :!atson (Roston: Houp;hto':l-1'liff1in
Co., 196<?), p. 181.
7VJilliam L-eonard, BusinesD Size, ~Iarket Pm'Jer~rl Pllblic Polj £:l
T1101"1as Y. CrovwJJ Company, 19 69), p. 177.
(HevT York:
SSt·
, ':l'_': 1 er,
7
of thp "1.:3S1]e noin"t a
disD"r~o-in~ f'~ flo-ron'
at l"o:t1onoly
D01'reI'.
,--
'·'rl
,.-
-1"'1
, T)-- -"P
'xn
. D
is the ]rl!ltter of mon0DO 1 i stj c nri cj no: Doliei es t
has been put. f0rtr that mark0t pOloJpr nnd price
inducempnts to b8C0mp vPl"tienl1y inteo:rated.
made a sbJdy of
.'1
fi rm that
ha.~
F-i.rst of' '.\ 11,
d:'lscrinrin~t.ion
~.l.most
every
!=lre stroM:
In fact., one commentator has
tahnl to nroducjnr
'<l
np.rt of each of jts
9Kurt 1'J. Rothschild, "Price Thpo1"v I'l rd (1 i p:opoly," Irrlustrial Cr(,-aniz~ti.on ~lnd Public Policv: Selected R.eadinr::s, ed. bv vIet-ner Si.che"i (PAT;
York: ·H~)up'ht~-n-Niff1inCo;p.;ny-;J:9b7), p.~. S8e,' also, any p:d nciples
textbook hy such authors a.s Pal]l Samuelson, Daniel Suits, Campbell HcDonne11, ete.
inputs Just for the :,ake of the' deriv0d hClrrr.t1ininp; po·wer.
power ani Drice fixinv, if:. l
S
to
And as to
arr"118d that the results ·'"l.re restriction on
:innovat:i::m or sta?:naUon (contrary to the ,,-romerful reports of technolo2"ical
be!l·~fjts
afford t"
f'
_ orces.
of res0arch a:-rl developm8nt Hhich only biC busi nesses can
corduct), reduction in consu..rner choic8, and iJ11lflunity from Market
11
All of those criticisms
hint~tt,
directly ':"Ir indirectly, the
hro relev'ant effects of mono]Joly povrer a'1Cl pricA d::i sc'riminatio:1:
lessenin',: of competition or tcrdency to create
A.
a) the
mono'~oly, and b) injury
to or destruction or prevention of competition "rith e-ither th8 r:;rantor or
J
recipienc
0
f th e b enp f,its
0
f
.
. . . t·lon."1 ?.
pricQ d lSCrJ,mTna.
These are tho effects of our modern industrial organ:i7,ation which the
price discrimination la,,1 ha.s attempted to alleviate.
ninth
di~;trict
An
\~xample
from the
circuit court ,mi",ht help clarify the tvpe of injury the 1mV'
is tryinr; to prevent:
"discrimina.ti on in the price of p-asoline sold to
competj, nc' taxi,cab or truck flpots could have t.he effect of
petition with the purchaser recejyi nr" the lower price.
injurin~
com-
Cr injury could
result from the difference in price of machinery or other equipment sold
to competinR; firms for use in the product jon of other goods.,,13
In other
words, price n.iscrimj nation from volu.lne or qua.nitity discounts in the sale
of v,asoljne or machinery could result in injury to competition either on
10Ccrwin D. T:Dvraros, "Vertical Inter;ration and. tbe Honopoly Problem,"
Ind.ustrial Drranization am PUblic Policy: Selected Headjn~s, ed. by
Herner Si chel (NeVi York: Hou'3hton-Nifflin Company, 1967), pp. 177-17 8 •
11~'Jalter S. Erickson, "2:conomics of Price Fixinc:, II Antitrust la't-J and
&onomjcs Rev-jew Vol. 2, No. 3 (Spring 19 69), p. 105.
1215 U.S.C.A. 13, Robinson-Patman Amendment to the Clayton Act, 1936.
13Tri-Val1ey Pac~ing Association, DIrt 7225. 'rrade RefS. Rep. Para. 15,
893 (19 6 2) remanded, 'Prade Reg. Rep., 1964 'Prade Cas., Para. 71, 059 (9th
Cir. ~1arch In, 1961+).
9
the sell~~r' s side of the market (primary line of commerce) or on the buyer's
side of the markAt (secondary linA of commerce).
Finally, there
~s
bigr;pss -in our econony
above all othor
pric~np"
onA other type of pricinp: formula 1irhich derives from
a_roo
vJh:ich deserves exclusive s08cial mention, because
policies it succinctJy points out the need for a
price discrimination lavT.
That is tho price discrimi nation inherent in
the basi:')cr-point pridnr': system.
It is injurious to
it is an attempt to fix and maintain pri.ces and
of oppression" to dorJinate Heaker ri.vals.
~_t
i~ompetition
because
ca'') be an "instrument
The econom:ic consequences of
basine--pJint pricinp, includp. price fi.:x:inr;, price disc:rimimtion, wastes
in distributi.on, concentration of control, retardatio::1 of p:rovrth in the
number of competitors, and distortion in location of eapacity.14
Thl1:3 it was that as our business community bep;an to g;ro1-! larq;e in
absolute terms
am
to intensify concentrat; on of povler, and as the effects
of size bo",:an to be felt and observed, that Convress took to task enactment of :revulatory lngislat"ion to if not prevent, the:'l ,:It least alleviate,
the injuries of pricn discrimin8,tion.
1'+
.
Frltz i-la,chlun, The Sasing-Point Syst~m
ton Com~tny, 1949), pp. 23 and 51.
(Phi1ade1Dhia:
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amonr thA sever.?l states, or vJith foreirm nations, is decl.ar8d
to be illegal. •• (Smpl)asis added.)
Section 2. T~very Derson who shall monopolj"~, 01' attempt to
1'lcnopoli7.8, or (' "mb~ ne or conspi.re Hi th a ny ot:>"leJ~ person or
per~30ns, to monoDolize al"Y p<.1.rt of the trade or (~01'lmerC8
amOlW the several st;:>tes, or vri th forci<:,;n nat;0n::;, sha~l be
rlcr·med ["uilty of a T']"isdemeanor • • • (c.:mphasis added.)"'
~~ot8
f::ir:')t th'3 1Jrr18r;;C01'e(~ vTOrcls of the text.
Hhich CO"wross Ha,'ted to p1'ev('nt.
These t'Jere the nractices
These also are +,he effects of bjo:ness
as discU:3sed in ChaD+Jor r'nc) of this p"lper.
And note, too, t.hat it is not
unlmdul for a firm to ho a T'lOnopc1y, but or:1y to ~2.E2lize., for tho
Supreme ':::o111't has sa·'.rl that "mAre size" is not illeC"a1. 3
And f;nally
notr: that. not aJJ. rest.raints ; n trade 'l.re :i l1epal, nor should
~n
As decio '?d
be.
,Sta ma!'d Ci] Company v. Unit8d staJ,es, Lj. only "unreasonahle"
restr.?j nts violate
ve lO1Jed tho
t~8y
~111e
t1-K'
Sh('r"'ltl.)'J
of {eason
b~r
A~t.
In ot}'or
"'TOro S.
Uti?
SlJ'preme Court d 8-
,,rIll.Cft to arm! the linl) behr80n varyinr! dec,:rees
of restraint of trado.
!t Has this
sa!'10
case in addit:on to one in'TOJvj n''" tho tobacco i n-
dustry T:Thidl focl'sod Dublic at;t,:mt.i.on onC'8
~rr,<J.jn
(m antitrust "rith the
reVf~lati on of nllmRrO'lS o.nticompet:itive pr~ctjces, includinc;:
a) acquir-
i.no: stock ()f allep;edly i.mependeni:. companies throup-h holdin" comp<'3.nies,
b) Elxclllsive deal:inO'c; to "t~e 1m" Droducts, and c) local price-cl1tt:lno:
ca"1pa:i 0"115
foIl
01-7
f"J)
either desi:.rny
cOJ":1.petitors or .<1.+. le;l.st force them to
1·,,,",<)kp1'
t:,
the dictates 0f the t!'usts.·
'['his
vTaS
in 1911.
i='ut cal l
5
f0r ac~
tion hecame iouder 1lDti 1. Con0"ress !lcted i.n IG1,Lj. lvi+,h tho Clayton Act () and
?l'l TI.S.C.A.
1
r::
:c
Sr>r.tions 1. anrJ
?,
26 stat.• 20g.
Un:it0r:l StAtes v. TT'1ited stat,IC's c:tee 1
NM1e, ~cit..!..f' p. 185
~S
U.S.r.!\. 11,lP Stat. '730
(~orDoration,
2<::1. P.S.
hL~7
(1 Q 20.).
read in ·rJart as follm-Ts:
Th2t it shall hf' lJnl:,mfnl for anv n8r-son 8nf!!3?,pd in cO!mnerce,
in the C01]rS8 o:f' such. commerce, d.ther directly or j ndirectly,
to discriminnte in 1)Y'1C8 hetHeen different p1Jrch~sers of commoditjp::.:, l·r hich cOnL"'1od:i.tips 8rp sold for l1se, conslJmnti0Y1, or
r'7s'" Ie. . •T;Jhor(~ the ",ff'ect of S11C:, eli scrimina ti on m'l.;Y be to
suhstantialIYT;ss~~-C;-;,;p;tIFj:"on or t.end to create a monopol:,:
in "lny lino of Cornl'lerC(~:
Provirlo_cl, thDt nothi n'" h:'rr::jn ('ontn-;Y]ed S1:1I11]. P:':'0"C'llt d:i scr;mimti on in nrice hobreen ':11Jrchasers of commodjtl.8s on a.cco~mt of diffr~rences i.'1 tho >'Tade,
ql1~}_jty, or qua1t.;ty of the commodity sold, or that makes on}.y
dup allowance fll' differf'nces :in t,1Je cost of soIlinG or transport.at;on, or discr:irrination j Y! price jn the same or d-ifferent
commooi ties mad'? :in ("ooel faith to me8t comneti tion • • •
(::'}1phasj S add od • )
.Just as tho Court adrlcCI
8.
q'11e of H.8"lS011 to tho Sherman Act, Con",ress,
by :.ncludj llC" tlJat porti on 1·r1--j1ch T have lmdorscored, addpd
in elj sti..n0"IJj sh h8tHo'3n v!'l.ry:i
11~
cloo-ree;:; of pri.c8
2.
dis'~riminati
meter by F},ich
on.
J-ioreover,
'mav he' i.Y! the quaJ.i.fyinrr el'3use introdlJcerl an e}.e::nent of pr'Jph8cy into
the matter; they Fere i
11 !3
se·''lse a
P1ortf'"a~,.o
tak8Y' ont a0;ainst the expected
8xpf"rtise of the (Fed8ral Trade] Cornmission.,,8
As already melltioneo a.bove, COYlR;reSS in
lQlL~
Trade Ccmmission Act vhj eh not only established
ay]
also passed the Federal
"exDr~rt"
comf'1ission
but at the same tim", declared that
Unfa i.r :r'~ethods of competition in commerce, a.nd l:.nfair or
decepti 8 aets or prnctjces in commerce, 'ire declared unla',,·f1.11 •.
0
:'That Con".ress attempted to .<lcc ompl:i.sh pjU, this nieCE of ler::is1ation is
bes-:'
SUl'lTmea
up b~T ths C011rt:
" •• • it Has the object of the Federal Trade
------------
71~; U.S.C.A.. 41,32 stat. 717
1'[,,,,,
- ,-_ .......
1_-"",
~
OPe
t
.' ... ,
Cl
n. 1 "7
,-. •
91~ (1.S.C.i'\. 45, 3P Stat. 719
Comnj
SS~:-ln
~.ncj ui.,",:,~y
Act to roach not JrlsreJ7 in thp"ir fruit:] on 'but oJ.so :in their
combinations ';l];.C'l co,)ld load to those C'.nd other tr[>..(l.o rD-
, es~!""
,,:to
r·2n.L8.
straints and
'.1Yr'1
Snr>t,5 on 1"), (~ 1, Tt sh~ 11 he unJ8Hful for <' ny n0r~~on ~,n(~~ ("ed
i n eommpr("~, 8-ither c1jrectl~r or' i. miJ"Pctly. to discrjmi nnte
jn pr-ice bpt,r.TE'eY' d:; ff'8j"pnt rn:rchasers of (,nmJYocii ties of' 1i\-(8
o-j"ac18:tm oll::lli.tv, :,.TfIAre 0it.h'0r or 'J'l" of' the pJrc!v'tses invo]ved i" Sl'n'" (~~.scY'~""~)1et·ion p.re in co:rrrr:'ercp, Fher8 ."'ll0r,
comnoo:i t:i<;s <'l.re sole: for 11.S0, conslun''''-\·.; Oll, or 1'o:;n.'.o. , •
and ,.;her;' th8 eff0ct nf s~'ch eli sc'.:'irr"n".tior. 111D.;{ 1)8 sllbstantia.:.ly t.r JOSS8''-' cn)1mpt,-H,j on or t0rrl to creR.t8 3. 1'J1nl1onoly
in ccny l'inA of ('oP'moY'ce, or to inlll""',"', deEtroy, or nrovp,nt
cornnctition T,Titt- :0.".,,, Df"rS0Y1 Hh() oitJ~8r p·pc.nts or kn0F:;rr'TT
r0cpjV8S the hArof~t of such d~scri~~nntin~, or with customcTS of eith~r of thnp':
~:.:::ided, mha.t rotb.yw l''',,2'P~ '-, contained sha1] prevent dj fferE,ntia.ls '1:},lC 1 mr:.ke onl~l OlJe aJ.J.m·!2.l1cP for c2:~ffer9nces in
t'rts cost of nlCl. nnfactl1re, saJJ;, or doJi V8rV Y'PSll1t5. n'" fl~())'''
the diffori nr m2thoe s or (?l~ant:i ties :ir ':-Thich sl'ch c'-'mmocU tj 05 are +.n s~lch Dltrchasers S01d or deJ ~ve1~ec :
11)H"
h"
- .as.Jon
1+57, h66
(loLl,]),
('rlrr'''''''J,-ors
"" t
Jl?
u.s.
Pr.?yidp2.!. ho~, r'hat the :';'ederal 'T'radA CO!llI11:ission may,
ctft?r due :i_ynros":'i.'7ation pm he~rin'~ t,", p,11 j nter'2sted -:Jarties, fiy ari! <'Jsl-:.ah1:ish (Jl:antit;r limits, anc1 r0vis8 thA same
P.S ~t fims l1P'c')Ssar~!', as to p'1!:'t:i_cuJ!3.r CO~1l11rdi.ti8s or clasS8S of coml'1or)i t,~;GS, ;·r}lSr(? it f j nels thtl-t:. av'?'-U_abJ_s !"JrCr'l,,8rS
r as to reYilor d:i_ffRY'8ntials
i r' -r(":)t0~ cnJa_nl~:i tic;, arC:' so
on .;cco'_mt trvorf30f ll'1jllst.l_~T rliscri l11inlltory or nr:->motiv8 of
mon8poly ~n any l--i.ne of CClr'n:srr;c ••
Anc1 lJrrwided fvrther, 'T'hat nothinr: hnrein container sh'11J
;;;-~:~~r,t persons enra"ed in sell:ir[-r roods, Hares, or merd;2-ncliSr? j n com'-lPrce frC''n seJ_ect:inf'; the:ir om--I customers
·lr. -')ona fi.d" trans2.ctioYJs a;1C not, ir> restraint of t:r:ldo:
.!\r>d provided flll't1,,~r, 'T'h::'.t Ylothin~ herein conta:ined shall
:Or~:;:~~1t pr5~e "C1,-';:;:'-r;'s from time to tl.l'1e ,,,herein reSDonse to
chancrin--- corrltt-i OY1S Aff,"ct:i.n-o: tho market fer or :themarket.ab-jJ.ity of the "ooels cO!lcernsd, sl)ch :J_s but. not liY1i-teo to
acbJD.l or irrmil".(~nt j·:=;toriorntioYl of "'.~rjsha1JJe c'oods, 01)soles-:::ence of sea,;ona.l ,...ooels, di:otress sales 1.1mr"r ceurt ~)ro­
cess, or sales ~'_n ,",:oocl fa_~th -i_n riiscontinuanc0 of bndness
in t.he r"oods concflrnod.
(b) Unon nroof r'einr·: l'1ad8, at any hearhlr~ on a complaint lJnder th:'s soct~ on, that therE' h8.S been discrimination
inorice or ser'rices or facil:ities fnrnished, the burden of
reb-ut,tj.nr: the D)'ima fade case thus mads by sho1>!l nr r jusU_ficC'l-t.:ion shpll bn 'rpon th("~ person charrred vIith P. violation of
th:i::; spctior', and 12n18ss justification shall he affirmatively
ShOlTD, tbe Comm~_ssjor. is authori7.ed t,o issue an order termin8_t.:ino- thp discriminption:
Pro'Tided, h01-Jovnr, That, nothinr herei n contained sl'all prevent a s0110'1' r0butt--i y)0- U18 -nrima fade case thm5 madn bv
Sh01-l:i11c~ that hi., lOT'Ter Pl"ice or the f'urnislcinr of serv4cps
01" ~f'2J:!ilit·i e, to R, '.:'1 pure h-9 st';:r or :r)111'(~ hasp."!,s ',fa s mR.dJ3 j n cu)od
ft-_i ·:,h to r::oet a l' eOl,~l 1:' lO1>r price of a compet:aor, 0r the
SG1"'Tj ce~ 0r fac~li t j (:s fur'1ishF3d bv ~_ comr.c;d5tor.
(c) Tt, shp1l h~ lmlaFf',:J f'or" anv De~S0.n 8n;~a~·:ed "i11
commercp, t,o :pa;r or r--:r;o.Ft., or to receive or A CC81Jt, anythin Cl
of 'T~'.lHe 8.S a c(',-"missl ('n, brokeraere, or othrlr componsati.on,
or any al101-J2.ncF or discount in lieu thereof, ex(~e-r.t for
serv:!_ces l'endered in Gornectiol1 i'lith the sal.e or ~)11rchase of
[,,:oods, WIres, or merch2-n::lise, ei_th8r to t,he ot.her :part.y to
S11dl tra:--'s'!).ctj on or to an {In'C)nt, repr()c:entR.t5_'..r0, 01' other
jnt~~rm8d:iar:T thcrf')jn ~·Jh8re such -i.ntel'l'1edif'ry i.s ~lctin'2" for
thA or in heha].-f, ori_s s'lb,iC"c-r, to thr:> direct or l nd:~r8ct
clmtr p '_., of :l_ll:.' n~__rbT to sn~l~ tralls-!J-ction othnr than t 1,c
per,wY' by Uh0"1 ,UC~, ~or:nc1"\sat,-'i on ·is :;0 errant.ed OJ' w.id.
(d):rt sh21l 10", unl'''l"wfuJ_ for any nerson ",;n"a~'3d in
C0111r~erCe to pa.y or cOllt.r;J.ct for V-'e D2.vment of' anythin rr of
vaJl1'" to or for the hellOn t of a rl)_st()~0r of c:llCh person ih
trio CO'.lY',SP of' sl~ch Cn"">"P~(,~P f'.." compprE-;;J.tion or j n C(,lls:ioeration for -!J_r>y s0rvj cps f"'Y' faril:i.ti.ps furhlshed "by or throq+_
sur.h C 1.'stome}' j r cnnnoctj0n Fi+J, the rl'ocpssinf", harrll::inro:,
s2_1'~, or offprir'" for ;:::Cl 1e: of any procl,)cts or c0)11""'.C'd~tios
rev
1 c:
ma::lui'actl1rcd, s'JJd, or "ff'er,-:d for <;;:,10, l:y ~l.1cb (j"J.'s('ln, 1.1".,3J'!c;S S~lCl~ p::nrrnn'-t 01' cO'1f;'ichI'ati on -;s ::lv':vilahle on ::>1'oport.ioY1alJ_y 0C!1)DJ -':.'?rms t" a:U_ otJler cnstC'lYners (,!)111]J2tin'" 'i.n V:8
djstrj'!'mi:,-i on of such nrndl1cts or c(,II1n1(A"3it4E)s.
(e)
Tt sh,.,l1 h0 lJnla\oJ:ll11 for any Dorson to cJiscrim:i n~to
"in favoI' of on" D1Jr(~}:A.snr ac,p,jnst tlnoth3r purchaser or pnrchas'?rs of a cf)''IDlodity ~')o,],:,:ht for resAl"'" Hith or T,rithout
nro(~essi;>O', b7 (~oYj".:.rlictinr. to f\;rnish or furlri :3hi n",:, or hi
cont.r-ih:t~.)'lf1' t!) t.he f'urni r,hin:' of I any serv'; ('AS:Jr faci 15t:ips co".,nF'ct.0c H:ith thn procossil1:-', ha.ndlinr-, sa},c, or offerinr- for saJJ'! r,f S1'C'l eOY'1mcx:1jty so plJrchasfxl l1pon terms
'10+. Aecorci8r) t/) all rurc',lis0rs on pI'oDort:~_on21.1,.r pClnl +,Qrms.
(f) It shall he lJl'll:cJ:v;fl'~~ for any nor-son (~ilca[ed i.n
commerce, :in tl1 P c(mrse of s1.:c1-1. commerce, knoT:JiYl'~ly to -indue"" or rec:eiv0 2. riiscdni n".t:~on -~.n m'~ce T-Thieh is 'DY'ohib:lted
1?
..
1:'y -"Lh'1.S 080 t·;
, .. on. -'
r
.Section 130'. It sha 11 h8 unl~lHful for any pers::>n 8nrt !1[,;ed j n
comm8rC8, l n the course (If such cOPlY'lC'r'ce, to hn ::1. party to,
0)" ;3SSjst in, allY tNnsaction of sal n, or contraet to ~eI1,
whieh discriMinates to his knowledge !lr;ainst corrrDetitors of
th0 pvrchaser, .; n Ul~t, any d.; scount, rebate, a 11 01';"'!. nc 0 , or
advl')rtisinr:: sorvj C8 ch;:tr0't) is ",rant.ed to th2 purc:haser ovor
and ahove an:" disconnt, rehate, a1101'Tanco, or advertisinc:
serrice char::-:e ;:va-il;:ll)lA at th'3 time of such tra ''lsact'wn to
sa-id competitors :in Y'8SDC;Ct of a saln of r:oods o:f' Jik:'e o:rade,
<lua.lity, arrI quantjty: to s811, or contract to se1J, (:00c13
in any D'l.rt of iho T.;nitr)(j Stptc);:; at Dric8S lOHP'Y' than thoS8
p,,get8d by said nCY'sO]1 c::ls(),,7lcpre ~.n +,hp United S+,ates for
th'J DllI'pose 0f oAstroy1.llc cornp'3tit,ion, or elj"'1jnat~ n:t ;:1. compet:i.toI' in such nart of the TTnj_tocl States; 01", to s,?'l, or
contrAct to seJJ, co:ooc1s at llnrea.sl)nably lrM prices for t.he
DllY']J~1e of desi~:r'oyin0' cr:mpetition or c'jll1jnat~nr a compntjtor" .
n::rrm:0c! the .av9.ila1.')le
:]u'3tif~cat-;ons
for
'1
pr:ice discrimin::lt'lol1 bV
PIC;
131:; T:
~,
r
~,.J .'·f
I\.
e.;".
V2., he:
:t4Clair '!ilcox,
Stat. 1 522
"Sl1h:::t~nt~v8
Pr()vlsi.ons of the Ant:1trlJ.st Lac·;s," j/onopT<nit on, nd. by Slrrin "eDsfj,E'ld
196(~ , p . lr;n.
oJ.::~_PO~·T.?'!:'yrrJ _-=:cnnom:ig-.J~rf(lr)'l1~, R0"~ c;fVJ
("OF "{or',-:
-.T, T-. ~rorton :1'1r3 ':nmn,"'nv, inc.,
16
spActfica11y
'~sttnr
And Hh5]e th" ?roch cas?
thosn
!'.. Y"t:i
trust T.J3. T TS, St!1 r: 107
ch<.1.:"
rm8"1
(>hshi"I~tO':l,
.~.
i',.
'S,3. 1" 118S ,? !lrl :3. C1'AsterfioJd r!)p8Ylh,ir1~~1", cor;.: ('''o'I'''rnment Pr "lntl' v'c' "f'f'J'c"
lor~r:'\
n e 'r::.tC.
..Lo,t.).
..
'.
~
1 r~
, "orl8ral '1'rac1c' Comm'iss··,on v. Fred
3hq (:L96f;).
"O;T(T,
, .•
1..;_-::,
\
-"
,,--;,
"_"_'.:~,
"J
Tnc. et el., ?qO C.S. ~,1.!-1,
17
011+
of tn"
one:
J.n":'T,
10
b~T
nliEd
jmperfect c',mpet;i.tlon f'.nd 3.
d()SCr~pt10n
of OLlr economy.
Also,
it maKes no moral jlldr-8m9'lts of th9 m9.ttpr, and therefore is in line "rith
""(p
ar8 cO,,]'!i nced •
..
there ar r",: no 0vert0'1()s of bnsin:)ss bucca n80ri nC' in t]l(; [Section J 2 (11) ubrase
of thn.t :8rov j sion is mer81y ,-' nri 80 diff8rA'1cc." 3
th" ] er:a 1 d(~finition o.s devel(1)<?Q si.:1ce
J'111st 1,8 take]'"
;:ts
i"ha t
int0nd('d,
CorY'T(3SS
lJhereas this cert.a'inly
f~r
1936, it is
Ylot
one of the major sU-P:QOrt8:rs of the Robi nson-
Piltman Act defined it as much more th8.n that:
Tn its
~eanjn~
as simple :!:ngll.sh, a c1iscrirri.nation is
more than a mere d i.fferr::nce. Underlv-inr::: the P1.eanin'T, of thEe1
1Fr:i.tz I-Ia.chleys, "Charact.r'ristjcs an::l. 'Typos of Price Dj.scrjminations,"
In:::lustrial Ore'ani 2'.at.ion and Puhlic Folicy. ~8rner Sichel, ed.
(Roston:
Hour:hton:·n.fflin (;ompa ny, 19 67
f'. 3~O.
r;
2,.,
1", 1
/"
I:'ecra
Trade C'ommissior; v. CeMent Jl:stitute, )'33 U.S. vS3,721
(19 l +-<3).
1
"Federal Trade Cormn:issjon
'1.
Anheuser-T:>usch, 1nc. 363 F.::;. 536,5L~9
(1960).
Hod is the ide::!. that so::J() relDtionshi11 exists bet-vreen the
ml't.j (;8 to the rl-i.[;criminat-j())1 ,·Thich ed,j t1cs them to er;u!?-l
tr8~tmeY't, 'vher8b~r Vie d~ ffereDce 7ranteo to one casts somo
hur:Jen or djsad7anta~;o U[)0n th8 other. :rf the hm are comnotin": in t.he r',$2Je of the coods COnCf-1rnecJ, that relationsly~_p ex~_sts.
T\~:er-e, ~.ls(), the pri~e to one is so !_.O"hT a,S to
jnvo1v() a sa-cd. f'';ce (If SO'110 p2_rt nf the selJpY" s necessary
costs a.nr] profi.·':. as ·?oP"]-; "l0 t,,, that b 1 'siness, 'it 1 eaves that.
r'lefic"it jn8vjta')lv t.n 1v) !'lade 11D "i n h-i':rr:er pr-ic8s t,o his
oth"r cl1stomers; and thero, too, a rolations'hip m~~,r e:dst
upon '!!hjch to hs.ss t'no char'c:e of d:i_sr::Y':inination. l'lJt ,·,];0ro
110 S11c1, r()1~.tio'15hip c:r:i.sts, ';.rhere t.he C"ooel s arc sold in
c1-i fferf'1!'t r}lr~~8+'s and VV': c(lri!5t:i0J1S .qffectinC" these mar 1,ets
set dj'ff''''re::1t p:-ice l.cve1s for t'n~IT], the sale to d:.fferent
Cl1 stmll:J),'s at th'ls'" d-iff'er"'nt 11r-ic0S "T01Jld not c rn nstituto D
I
discrill'inat,:i on T~thir: thp. mOD nin(' of this hi1J .'~
2(a) does not reql!h'" a f5n:l-ilP that tho d:5scrirr::i.mtions in pr5_c0 have in
reach sl1ch di_scrimim.tio:1S 'in thn:i.r ~ ncj P1cncy,' h"forc' t,1"'",
nr-;t:i.tion is effr)(~ted."
6
r:onsP0,1:0ntJ.:'l, as tr0 lau
110H
>'P.)"lT'
to cc:rn-
rOAds t1-:e C'Immissjon
L'
'C0nO'reSSPlan TTt-'>'?rback, Con["re_~sional_RC2S2rd_, ·!o1. 80, Ft. 9, p. oln6,
as aUote,:1 in Corl'Tin 'j. 'TrJr:Tards, ",110 Price Discriminp.tiOll lt1.1-1 n\ashin~ton,
D.C.: ThE: ~~r00l~j n'~s Instituts, 19'sC)) , rm.30-3r:--------..
-
Staley Ff'r::. Co. v. F00eraJ r"rade CommissioYl, lJc.: F.2d I_!_C;'~ (7th
6Col"n Products ?ef-;'ninr: ro. v. 1;'ederal Trade Commissjon, 32/.).
(19L!j) •
u.s.
7.26
alarrn8d ':lany bl]sjnos~;:mrm
hCCO.11SC
only i.n rare cases has the Cnj ted Stat.As
adontedore'Ientiv8 In.c;, and each time it has, VOiCf351n onposi ti011 cry out
C;omrrl:i ssi ::m, and
orice
beC2_'1SG
of thp. rJ8fenses for rliscrinination aJ.INJed under
re~ulation,
A s3co11d i.mportp.nt D<crt of th8 Robj nsnn-Patrran Ibt "'hieh
cmdcr at;bek ~s C)8ct:ion 13 (h),
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narts, V-.e first
e.<>.se
it malmO' ont. a pri:rn'1_ facio casp, and Vee Y'esponc1ent then })as tho hurdpl)
7]L!.J1 F. 2d
378
V. \'nrt.on 3;ol+, Co"
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urn on the qllRSt:1 on of cloF'reo and ho" t.o dr,<l"T that,
thn
ns
Al)pend~y
A
A] l,:urrJ,nll"1' Company of !\mer:i.ca.
JL~8
F.2cJ L~lb (2d C-i,r, 19LyC:;)
'~!r'K'8' s
AMGrican G'J.Y1 CornpaY1Y v,
(5th
1~7 ~,2d 9JO
,Jui C8S, Tne,
Cir, 1 051)
Amerl,c:<1n Column a'!d :r,nmhr?r C0t'1T'a "",r v, Tln:i +",d SV:ttes
257 P,S, 177 (1 0 21)
Ameri.ear: Linc:eed (i.1, Cnrrrrx'l.l",V
T)njtec! St2t.0~
'T,
262 i},.S, ?7J (1923)
!\m0rica ':1 T01ja~cr; CoYYn~·a}l:.r r:-.t ,";11. 'T.
3.28 eftS. 7~1 (l9lf~6)
;·ln~
~rrlpr;ql q~r2.de
Anh0!Jsr:r-.. l311Scl" T:nc. v.
')6-: U,S, 5'36 (lo6n)
Jl.t~."'.nt8.
Tr:1dj ncr Corror8.t:i ():J
?~8 F,2d 365 (2d Ciro laS?)
C;t:1.te~
Con:rr]j ssion
;'~()r:J0rnl,
,.
i-,pd
'rrC'.c1e CnY'Lrnissjnn
Atlr.=;Sl1i.ldjn0' Pr()(l1,C't.s CO''lY)~rr,r v, Dj,C'.H/0nci ':)l(lcl~ p, (""".vel C0MP.',ll:Y
2.60 ~? 2d QS0 (l~()tJ~h C-:i 1:'. J0S?), CGrt.. d 0n5.od •
3"''2eh-::l1t Packi n~ Comnpny ",
? 57 lj, S 0 L/l} l (l9C~J)
·RindE~r1J.r)
i.T. Pat,,'br.:"!
-l~~hanC1'0,
,r.
'l'r8.(lo
C0111Jn:i
ss:i on
Jnc.
?h3 T~.< ?9}, (l Cl2~)
'Th,,' '"OM ~Y) Corrpn.nCT
'lP 1 '1. S b37 (196'6)
1;'(~rlcr<11
Fr,r] ~:raJ. Trad p CO)"lrr:is s'i on
0
E0nr'r '?:r!)ch
Q.
CO'l1n~.Y]v '1.
36~)".T,:3. 166 (1 0 6h) ,
D r01:Trl
,shoe COrlD8.ny, Inc
0
Fred!)!'!'.}
Y,
)?",c1
'T'r?,de COYl1Y'!i.s"ion
crCl J. 'Tr9de Cnmm-i c,s:i.on
)Q4 U,S, 316 (1966)
~('c,nY1eth
A.3urke et ?J .•
'l8Q U,S, l?n (1967)
v,
Clarence Fo:r0. 2nd Y)mc et a1-
!":ary Cart~'r PG-i nt COM.').'].'::' r't,
JP? ;',.3. L:.-6 (l06c;)
.."
r:., _' .•
'I.
Cern"''')+' :rrsti t.11te 'IT. Fr=>der"11 'T'rade rommi "'s:i on
'<')·1 TT. s. 6P 1 (l048)
r'.:ement.
1'1",
268 1T. S.
TIl.lfa,..t,11rers'
58?
Pr~t,"'ct iyc,
4.", ",()cj~ t, i on
'IT.
TTniteo StAtes
(19?C;)
CI)1p"'lte ;z~ Comp.'l ny v. United StA+PS
?~O D.S. 100 (1010)
Colur'1hj-'1
~,roPrlc.~
sting' Sy.,.t.8111
iT.
!\.M2.na Refrirer"t,i on
205 F.2d 17C; (?th eire J061), Cert. denied.
ColuJ'!h-i,g Steel ComlY! :r~.r
llh 1J • S. 40 C; ( 1 04P ,
'IT.
!Tn; ted states
r"ntainer CornorAt,ion of A1'1'er i c."1, p+, 21. v. Uniteri states
393
111 (1060)
u.s.
Corn Products Refini ncr ComTP)1v v. Feder-al
1?4 1T. s. '126 (19hS)
Tr~de
Commi ssian
Dean Foods CotnDA,ny et nL v. F8deral Trade COMmi ssion
'<8h U.S. S07 (1066)
Doctor ~ilps Medical Cnmpanv v.Tohn D. PRrk
??O n.S. lTi (1911)
~.
T. D11Pont De Nemours Com}J<"lny v.
JL~8 iT. S • RO 6 (J
Unib:~d
* Sons,
Comr::eny
States
9C;lj. )
S'lstern States Retail Lumber DeAlers
Assoc~_ation
v. United States
23h TT.S. 600 (1914)
Sastr 1.1,n Kodak Comp.-3.ny
'T.
SO'.1t'h.ern Photo Hateri2.1s Com1'8.ny
2'1"3 U.S. 359 (1927)
~X01J~.site ForFt 1::irassigre, Inc. v. Federal Trade Commissior
30i F.2rl h09 (B.C. C~t'. 1961), Cert.. denied.
Fash~on
'ri!O"1nators G'Ji Id v. "'ederal Trade r,ommission
JJ2 U.S. h5? (19hl)
Frankfort Dist.il1erje:; v. United 5t:?tes
324 U. s. 293 (191j.5)
Gaylord Shops. Inc. v. Pittsburrrh Hjraclc Tf;:ile Tovm
219 F'. S'lpp. L.oO ('.!. D. Fa 196J)
>
General Dynamics rorporation v. UYJited States
2SR F. Sl1PP. 36 (S.D."T.Y. 1966)
General T":otors Corporation et a1. v. United states
)84 U.S. 127 (1966)
.~
Country Shoppin;:: Center,
Gratz v. Federal Tr2de Commission
253 u.s. 421 (1920)
The Hanover Shoe, Tnc. v • United Shoe ?1achi nery Corpora tjon
392 u.S. 4RJ (196'<)
T-J:artley ~. Parker, Jnc. v. Florida SE'WeraQ"8 Corporation
307 F. ?d Q16 (5th r:i.r. 19 62)
Intl"rnat,ion::J 1 !1usiness
298 U.S. 131 (193 6 )
1'~A.ch~ l1AS
Corporation v. Un:1.ted states
Tntr'rnati.onal Salt Company v. United states
332 U.S. 392 (19 h 7)
Kiefer-Ste"rart v. Seap:ram & Sons
340 u.s. 211 (1951)
Hanceville Island Farms v. American Crystal Su?;ar Compr'lny
334 u.s. 219 (1948)
Haple FloorinC" Manu.-f'acturers r A.ssociation v • United states
26[< U.S. 563 (192S)
Fred Hey";r, Inc., et el. v. Federal Trade Commission
390 u. S. 341 (1968)
~jllinory
Creators' r-;'uild v. H'ederal Trade Commission
312 U.S. 469 (19L~1)
Hoore v. Head's Fine Bread Company, lor) F.2d 5L~r) (lOth. Ci.r. 10Sl), 20R F.2d
777 (lOth Cir. 191:)3), 3lJ.R U,S. 11S (195L~)
I'lorton SaIt Comnany ". Federal Trade Comm:ission
334 U,S. 37 (194R)Samuel H, rvToss, Inc. v. Federal Trade Commission
14R F.2d 378 (2d Cir. 19lJ.:;)
Notj.on P:Lcture Adverttsin!"'" Service Company v, FedAral Trade Commission
344 u.s. 392 (1953)
Hueller Company v. Federal Trade Cormnission
Trade Ref~. fle},). 1963 '1'rade Cas., Para. 70,280 (7th Cir. SepteP1ber 6,1963)
Nattonal Dairy Products Corporation v. United states, Trarle Reg. Rep. 1963
Trade Ca~;., Para. 70,869, on remand (\'T.D.Vo. June 13, 1963)
NeH York Great Atlanti.c &- Pacific Tea Co. v. United States
173 F .2d 79 (7th Cir. 19L~9)
Old Dearborn mstributinr; Company v. Sear;ram Distillers Corporation
229 U.S, 183 (1936)
Pabst Sre1-Jinp: Comnany et a1. v. United States
384 U.S. 546(1966) Paramount Pictures v. United States
334
u.s.
131 (1948)
Clyde A. Perkins v. Standard 01 Company of California
395 u.s. &+2 (19 69) am 90 S. ct. 1989 (1970)
Perma Life Yufflers.
392
u.s.
IJL~
In~..
et a1. v. Int8rnationa 1 Parts Corporation et a1.
(19 68)
The Procter &- Gamhle Company v. Federal Trade Coml11iss:i.0Y1
38 6 U.S. 568 (1967)
Ruberoid
Comr~ny
343
470 (195'2)
u.s.
v. Federal Trade Commi.ssion
SchvJeroma "lTI Brot'hers v. Salvert Di sti11ers Corpora tj on
314 u. S. JPh (1951)
ShreiTepo·~t Vacaronj I:anuf.1.ct.llrinr: Company v. F8d8ra] r~r,'lde Comm5.ssion
Trade Rerr. Hep., 1961 Trade C:1S., Fara. 70,850 (5th C-Lr. July lR, 19 6 3)
Sinclair Rofinincr Conpany iT. Federal Trade Commi ssi on
261 U.S. 463 (1923)
.
Soccny-Vacuum ("i.l Corrpany v. United Stat.es
310 u.S. 1.')0 (19 l j.O)
.
A.
c;:.
Staley
Vanufa~turinr:
Conpany
135 F.2cl 11-53 (7th Ch'. 19l.j·,), 32 /.1- D.S. 71.1-6 (1945)
Standard ?asrion Compa.ny '!. [.f:>-rrrC1.ne Houston Company
25R U,S. 346 (192?)
Standarrl ['i1 of California v • United States
337 u. s. 293 (191.1-9)
Stardard C:i 1 Company iT. United StCltes
221 U.S. 1 (1911)
Sta:ndard Cil Company
340
u.s.
'T.
Federal 'T'rade Commission
231 (1051)
stardard Brands, Inc. v. Federal 1'rade Commission
18Q F.2d 510 (2d
Student~ook
C~r. 19~1)
(:ompany iT. \'Jash5 nr:ton la'..;r Company
232 F.2rl 49 (J.C. Cir. 1955)
.
Sugar Institute iT. tTnited StatAs
207 D.S. 553 (1936)
Sun ('11 Comr:any v. Ff'd er2J Trade Commission
371 U.S. ')05 (i963)
Sunshine Biscuits, Inc. v. Federal
306 F.?d tiS (7th (~i"'. 1 06? \
Tr~rle
r.omrnission
Texaco, Tnc., et ale v. Federal 'Prade r()"rrni ss1.on
':l.O'J n,S, 22'3 (lo&S)
'P'rjeatre 'i~nterpriS8s, Tncnrpnr?tcd v. Paramount Film Distrijm.tinc- CorDorotion et ;3.1.
346 r.s. '=j':l.7 (l9S i./-)
'T'imes-Pj·~ayune
3'-~5
u. S.
PUb1ishin-; Company v. United States
591~ (1 0
53)
Tri-ValJ8y Packin<3 Assodation, Dkt, 7?2r:., Trade R.e~. Rep. Para. 1<;/'9:"' 0(62)
remanded, Tra.de R.e~. :tep. 100~ Trade C?.s., Para. 71,059 (9th Cjr. Ha:rer: 1P,
196'j· )
United Shoe l:achiner~l CorDnr[.li-.j on v. Unitod States, 258 D.S. hS1 CIa??),
110 F. SUpD. 295 (D. ;C~ass. 195'0) aff'd ncrcuriam lin u.s. 521 (1954)
391 U. S. ?i.J-h (J96n)
United States steel
251 U.S. !+47 (J920)
'T.
Un-it8d states
Uni"ers?.1-Fund1e CO}'Dor,<tti on
387 U.S. 2'.j.l.j- (1967)
Utah Pir") Cnmna.nv
386
u.s.
685~
11.
(19 67)
IT.
I~onti YlAnta 1
Fn,deral Trade COmI'll ssi on
T1akinr: Company et a 1 •
Van Camp and 30ns v. American can Comp.-'lny
278 ~J.S. 2'-1-5 (1029)
Viv,;:!.Udou, Inc. v. Federal Tracte r:orr:mi ssion
5'+ F .2d 273 (2d Cir. 1931)
Von's Grocery Company et 1"1. 'I. TTnited States
384 U.S. 270 (1966)
:rJ:iJ.2.ard Dairy Corpon.tion v. ';ationaJ Dairy Products Corporation
BNA Ant-itrust ,Ye Trad·? Re,~. ReI'. p. '(-10 (May ?8, ] 96J) Cprt. denj ed.
A Surl1l'lal'Y of IrJportant Antitrust
Le~dsJ.a':'ian
P~.rl1. 1.
',\Tery contrC!.ct, cOFlbin8tion :in the form of trust or ot.11.e1'11 1.se,
or consp:Lr8.cy, in ro;;tr·'1 int of trac.8 or commerce amono; the several States,
or lJith fOl'e:i,,;n nat:i.0)1S, ·].s dGclared to bp 4l1er:rtl: Provided, Tl'Bt nothin~:
contained in sect jane: 1-7 of t.J,:is title shall render :iJJ~e::;al, cortracts or
an-rC8n1e;,ts n1"'C)scribinr r,liniY'11ll11 nricas for the resa 18 ·Jf a comt'lod.ity T;J11.ich
b~ars, o!" th2 1ane l or coY]tajne~ of H11.:ichbnars, the traclP1"18r V , brand, or
ClaY'lC of the nroducer 01' dl str";hntor of s11ch COY'lJ''lodtty rtnd T-ihj cD. is in fr'88
and ollen com~etition ~.;jth cOl'L"1ooitiGS of the S1.mo n;en()rpl clc:v,s prodc1('od
or distributed by ot)'or,s, Hhe!" contracts or ar<:reeJ11Jmts nf' tha.t clpscrirt:i.cm
CITe JAuf'.l as a1)nljo(~ to intl"'ast.ate trD-nsactions, U11t13r any statute, JaH,
or ])1.1b1-;'~ polic v )1m·: or herr,after in eff'ect l.n any St;:>.te, '1'orritory, or
the Distr5.ct of ColunhiD. :~n ".·,h'id1 sud1 resale is to D3 made, or to Hhich
the comm,x]jt;'l -i s to l)e trDn:onort0d for S1'C," rosale, a rrl the ma 1d 'Y" of such
contract s or .<l ~re8)'lOnt.s :o1,al 1 not hs ::J n l1nfl'!.::i.r meth(xJ of comn.... ti tion under
sectio", /JS of this t::.t,le: Provided further, That the precedi.nc: proviso
sha.11 not 1"'Jav", 1~Hfl11 anv cov,tr.?,c t nr arre'ement, nr07-id:i.'10' foY' the nstablis'-,me'1t or -rcaintena'1ce of 1"1'in~'nmm resale pric"'s on '<>'1:-' c01nmodity h8rn~n
j >1v()]:ved, beb:'voen manll:f'tlcturers, or beb'Teen "'Y'r.c1ucers, 01' netFPen \';:'!cle3'1 1.Ers, :)1' b8h-vr:;en brok':H's, or hnt,r.Tp,"Y1 f'actors, or h?bTE3en ret[-lilers, 01'
beh'enn 1"0 1" S ('·ns , f'-i T'" 15, or cnrnor".t j OIlS in C ormeti t.-i.o D ,.ri. th <"20h other.
0:very p0Y'son ,.,ho sha'l 1, lrp.1:-e PYI" ccntract or 8n[7·1."e :i n any combinat'101' or
coY]snir<:v:!y decJ.ar8c1 1,v soctions 1-7 of' tl"i.s tit.le to '~e j llerral shalJ [->8
d88wxl Vll.:~ It;T of' ,"l. 0:; ~dp,r;p~no:r, anel, on convict.:i nn t.hereof, sl,:).] 1 be p'mi,shEd b: r f;.ne not G'~(~("EKn'l~ f'-'.ft'r t}'ousand dollars, ot' by i.n1:r.or-i sOYmJent
not E"Yc0')dinr one yC<1.r, or (o:\r bott: s:Jid fllnish..ment.s, in U:8 (Hscretion of
the C0 1:r-r.•
farCl. 2.
~;very pors')n 1rTho shall Y'1On(,11)oJiz8, or attempt to monopolize, or
comh-i n8 ::11' conspire ujt.h '11"'.' other person or persons, to mor.oDo~j7,8 any
:><Jrt of the t:r8ci8 or ('0rnnerce 8.11l0:1[" th", s'?veral stato:;;, or H-iV, f'oreif':n
nations, shall he dO')WK] ~'ui 1t.~,r of n. yn:i. sdelTI P .?nor , '3.nd, (',n convietion thpr0of, sh;,J1 be pll:nished by fi.nn not. excoedinc fif'ty thoc.s8.n::l dollal's, or -::lY
int:'riso:rT11"l11t n0t. 0:~:ceedln'" 0'1C' ve.?r, or b;T h')th said punishrr,>C'];ts, 1 n tb~
discreti::H; of the cOl1rt..
3.
I~:venr contJ~a.ct,
cr;mr,ination :in form of trlJst or other1,-ej.se, or
in restra-int of trade or commerce j.n a:'1y Territory of the '}ni ted
states or of the Dj.std ct of CoJlunhi a, or j D restraint of trade or eomlrerce
11eb'een any ;;uch 'i'or2~itor~r aY](l another, or beb\Teen any s1}ch Territory or
P
r o :::--Y':itod.8S and a n:T state or StDtoD
or the District of Co111lT'bia, or ':-~i th
forEi'7l'1 na·t;.ons, or bohv8cn thr. District. of Columb:i.!l .9nd and state' or St:ltes
or fcrei"'~n nations, :'.$ r1eclarocl j 1J00:a1. ?very person "JIlo ~':1all make any
SllC r , contr!l.d or 8nr[!..c'·(' in R.n',' slwh combination ~r conspir<1.cy, shalJ. he'
deemed ~uilty of a m~sdemoanor, and, on cODvjction thereof, shall be punj.shed by fi'1E' not 8xC'oediYyr fifty tr_ousand doll!1rs, or by jmprjsonment not
excl';eciin:- one year, or bv hoth said punishMents, in tl1e dj scretion of t.he
court.
PArA.
cO'1spirA":~Y,
yarD. LI-. The sevf:ra] district coprts of the United States are i.nvestod
'i!-'ith 11lr; sdict:i on to Drevent and restrain v-iolations of sectior;s 1-7 of
this title; anci i t sha}_l he the duty of the several Urdted StA.tes at.torneys,
in their respective districts, und~r the direction of the Att.ornp',r GeneraJ,
to institut.e :)roc0edin,~s j " en.11ity tn DreV(~Ylt and rostr8:i n such violati or;s.
S11Ch proceediY)C7s may bp by vIaV of: DotitioI" setting forth the case Clncl prayin::: that SllCh violation shall be enjoined or other1rrise prohibj.ted. T,'men
th~ }Xlrties cormlainod of shall lia'f8 been duly notified of such petition
the court. she.ll proceed, as soon ::l.S f1ay be, to the hearing a.nd determinatior. of the case; and nencljnC" such p8t,it:i.on and before: final decree, the
court may at any tj:'18 mako sue}! temrorar:T restrainin:-o: order or !'r'ohjhit-i nn
as shall he d(~emed :jnst in the premi:oes.
Para. 5. l-Jhe1'18ver it shall ;:!.npoar to the court before Vlhi ch any proceedinp: lmcler s(~ction Lr- of this title mCl,y bp. penclin~, that, the ends of justice
reqnire that other p8rtj os sr-!01J1d be hronrht hef:orp the court, the court
may e8,'.lse thei" to be surnmoned, vhetl1et' they rosj dp. in the district in Hhich
the court is 'Jr:1d or not; and suhpoenas to that end mA.y be served :in any
djstrj,ct by the mars},al thereof.
Para. 6. Any property oHncrJ under anv contract or by any combi natj on, or
Dursuant to .9.ny consr:d.racy (and boi.nr" the sUl;jeet thm'eof) Yn8ntioncd in
section 1. of' this tHIe, and b8-in~ in the COl1rse of t:,t-8.nspnrtation from
one Stat.e to anothpr, or tn a forej(~n cGuntry, shall be f'()rfeited to the
ijnH,..::rJ St,atos, and mAV be) seized and condemned by like proceedino-s as
thos,c; lJrovided by laT!~ for the forfeiture, sei7,ure, aril cordermation of
property importeel into the TJnj j',f'?d Statos contra.ry to lmJ.
Par8.• 7. The "TO!'d "person", or "persons", \·rherever uEed in sections 1-7
of this title shall be clHernod to i.nclude corporations and. !lssociatjons
existino; under Ot' authori7,rxl hy t~e laFS of ('i.ther thF, United States, the
1aVls of ~ln::r of the '1\:-or1'j torjr-<" tr.e 1m'Js of any sta.te t or thA lac',s of any
forei7n country.
Para. 8.
:';;vory comb:i nat j,nn, c o'1spire.cy, tr1]st, c:.:rree r 1ent, or contract jr;
t,0 h"'l ('C'ntra:::-y to Dl'bl:i.C DnJ:icy, 1118(1',11, aYd void vrhen the sa.mf1
:i s )1'lade b,[ or het':meY' tHO or' more ,?ersons or corporat-i ons, eit.her of "Thor'l,
as a0'Ant or principal, j s enp'ar:ed iYl i111porti.n~ any ,!),rt~cle frnm any fo!'ei.pn
country ~~nto the TlnHerl. stat"s, and Hhen such cOl11bjnat:i_or~, conspiracy,
t.rust, a(~reerl'lent, 01' contr·"'.ct :is j.ntpnc1ed to operate tn restraint of 181'7ful tradr}, or froe comp0titjon in l!lHful trad8 or (~omrnerc(), or to increase
the mark,,,t 'Grice in d ny Dart. of tloe Pnjtod Stat8S of :ll1Y arbcle or 2,rtjc10s 1rrport p d or j.nt("med to be importAcJ. into thE' lTn5.terl stat.es, or of .,., n7
ma Y11LfacblrA into Y}lic h such :i r:1I' p rtpc1 ;1 rti«te 8ntcrs o;~ is 'intcY1chd to enter.
,:Vory pr.:rson H110 shaD. be on('a'~8c1 in the :importation of r;oods Or' any C0111modi,ty from any foroi.c~n c01altry in ·vi.olation of t.his s(jction, or Fho shaD
combir:e or ~ons1..":,jrn vi t)l p.l'1o+.'hC'1'" t.o violate the SC'.l'1Jn, is p:uilt.V of a m:isdemeanor, am on con-Jiction ther8oi' in 2ny conrt of t.h8 l.'nit.ed ;3tates sncl,
nr::r~;on shall be fined in "l SlJ'l1 not less than :51()(1 am r.ot exceedinc:$5,()()O,
and sh~:t 1.1 be f'11'Y't.h8r mmi",hed bv i.mpr5 sonment, i.n the discretion of tho
cPllrt, for R. term not lnss thR.~ t.hrA8 rronths nor exceeo-ir"'f tw'?lve mOYlths.
decla:re(~
Para. 12. "Ant:H,rust laFs," As used herein, inclu0es the Act entitled "An
Act to Drotnet trade 1.ro commerce po-pinst unla\vfl~l rest.raint,s ~.nd monopoJ1J~S,"
arJDr,wed .Tn}" seco"¥l, elP"htpcY' hl1m.Y'ed and ni netv: "'pc-t,lons seventv-three
to- "'mr(~,..,tv-sevf"n, -in(11)sj"",. nf a'" Pet "',ntit.lpd "/1.Vl I\('t. +0 redl1cP t!1x2.tion,
to DY'ovjdp revel1UC fa,... tJ-:P (',ovn-~n11'\ent, ani f'nr ot'l"r r,ur-nnsps, It of' Al1rrust
b·Ten"tir-s"'vent,l" pi c-l]t."en !-".' M r0d and ni l1pbr-f'cl'r:'" l ' Act entitlec1 ".".:n ~.~t
to p!~end sectinns S0'T8:ntv-thr""p a1-yl seve:nty-six of t1:s /l.c-t of Alwust bTe:ntv-seventh, e:i,.,ht.·:)';r) :'un:lrr.d and ninety-four, entitl"r. ';\1"1 A"t, to redi.lC8
taxation, to "'~Tridc; r0V2''''110 f0r the C-overn):l('nt, 81'Y} "'.,)1" other Dlu'Y',oses,'1t
~.nnroved H'phY'11 1 r'T tFP1ftl". nir"tpen hlliY:lred P~ t.hirt,r-r;Y';'-',..,,-l ,..,1"'0 this l'ct.
"r.o:nl"'p1"ce," .'lS 11scrl "bprell1, m8::>ns t.Y'POe or ~';"1mer('G ")'>'("'1r- the spver,<)l
Stat"'": ~Yd ~.rith fOY''''llf!l Y'~t.i(\~:" or bnh'pc;n th·~ District of r;olumbiA or
Any T"'rr~ tory of thp TTnit.ec] StCl tes "YD :1 1'1" ~t'lt", 'T'p.ry·-i torv , or for8i~n
~.'1t~ ",..., ("r h.':'b·TPp,n'1nir ~1::s111Dr nos';Ascd ('V)~ nr other f111"('I?~; 11nd'"r th8 .-im··; s,-i-i "t.'i nl1 r,f tl18 TTni tnn st.!'! tr)::, or hpt;·'pny, ., 1'1" SU('}' rns
ss; nn or n lA.ce ~ viJ
'''W ·:;t!3.t;o:: or 'Pnrrjtor1T of trlR TTnitpd States OJ' the Di~:t.r;ct of Col1Jm"b;;1
or A;']1T fr.rei~n n::JtjOY1, or 1·,rit.hi.'1 thn n;strict of Coll1 T!lhi::!. or an':,T Terri.tor"
or ar.y inS1JJar poss8ssion "1" o·~.h"!r "l~('e 1'mer the .illri.sci:ictioll of tr-o
Pnitnd Stat.es: Provj':locl, '1'h~.t nothlno- in this P.ct. c n y't:1inr:il sh;'111 ADf'lv
to the Fhib_nnin~Islarrfs.
"P
'Phe ':lord. "D8rso Y1 " or "nersnns" ,(·rherever used in this Act sr.'111 [>P,
dep"1ed to include corporations arr:l. 8SS0r]2tioYls exist.in". llmer 0r n.uthorized by t.he; ]A.FS o-f' either the Ilnited .States, the JANS of Any of t.he 1'errito'('ies, the la1·n; of any St-8.te, or the ]aHs of an:" forejG'Y1 countr,r.
P!J.r~.
J?. (D.) Tt shC'JJ. he lJYlla1,rflJl for a.ny p2rSOYl e11"·ap-·:::d in commerce,
the C01]1",,0 of S11c1' COrTI118rCe, ei.the'r directly or ineirGctly, to discriminate in ·orice bebJ3en differont plJrr hR.sers of cnrlmod:.t:ies of like
ar:loe i:'tne qURlity, \'lh3ro e·it.1vc;r 01" '<>.n~r (If the 1i~Jrchas(!8 :i.l1volvod :5n S1.'C 11
disc·d'rcinD.t:ioY) art:' :i,r COY'llT'crr"', T/,hp1~8 slJch ~n1'1'1:r"nr1.jt.:i?c: p,r(' s0lr:l for 11se,
cons'lJl1nt i.on, nl" resal e ,.;j U,j n the Fn:ited Statec or 9.ny T8J'rit.(lry ther"of
or t''l(' Dlst.rjrt of Cel umb-i R or an:,T :i nS111::>.!' 1.)035"'8S10'1 or other place
lmder thE' juri.sd:icti en of the "nitprJ ,st.D.tos, a.nel vrher(.) tlte effect. of such
dj.scri.l"lj natio'1 m37 bp s11[>stantip.lJy t.o less'em cornpetition or t.end t.o cre8te R. Y'lonopoJ.y in 3.ny 1 ino of r()11ll11crco, or to injure, destroy, or rrevent.
cornnet:itior 1"ith an~l ppl'Son ·HPO eit1,er c:rants or knOHj no;ly rece:iYRS the
rencf':ii:, of such (J-iscrim~n;1t.i on, or Fjth Cl1st0Tr18J"S of ():ither of them:
Provided, 'T'hat not'!-J:i.rr- ~0rein contaipwl shall I'reve:r,t r::1:iffercmtials 1,hi~h
wake only du~ Rllm-TC''-'ce f'or cl-i.f'f'?reYlces in th" c0St 0~' m'1!1l1f'actnr8, Selle,
or d,')l-i,v<c'ry r(--'!snltinr" from t},CI diff0rinC'; m,,;thods or q112.nt::t-j os in ·Hhich
such commodj~,ies ::>re to snch purchasers sold or deJiv~)r8d: Provided, h01.T~, Tht'.t the Federal 'rrad.c Commission m!ly, after du(') iYJvest~:~ation arr:l.
hparinr- t.o All interestpd parties, fix and 8stablish C1uantity l:imjts. ar:d
1'8'11;38 V'le sarin as j+ finis n",cnssa.ry, as to (lc'lr·t-,ir1111'l.r cOT'J!1oci-itj.es or
classes of commoditjps. ;"IhC're it finds thC'.t available p1JrchClSers i.n ~reat­
or (p.8ntities ar0 S0 f21rJ as t.0 Y'8mer diffor0'1t.ia'_s on account thereof
unj1.1·3tlv discriminater" or nrom0t-iv0 of )110noo0ly in a:ny line of r0Jnmerce;
a YJd the £'o1'8£':oino: sha :.1 theY) 110t be C0nstru0d to pormit differ<'lntials
based on di.ffnrences in quantit.ies .-.:reater than those so fixed am establish,,,d: 1I.n::l; 'orov;.ded fvrther, Th:lt. not.hing: herei.n contained shall nrevent
persons E'np'a~ed in sellinr(~oods, Harps, or .:n2rch2n.:l:i.~;e i.n commerce from
~]'1
sr:leetil1F their O1m cllstowc;rs :in hona fide transactions arrl not if) r8straint
of trade: And prov~.cl3d further, That noth:ino: herein contained shall prevent
nricn r.h3Ylf'"GS from ti'1lA to tim() ':!herein resnoY}se to cr.anrjnv conditions affoct'inp- th~ mark8t for Ol~ tho mar;<etability- of the p-ocds' co~cer]"led, sud' as
but 1'lot JimitGd to actual ori'11minent deterj.oration 'of p!'lr:ishable "oods,
obsolescr:nce of s?asonal 'ioods, distress sRles mKler court nrocess, or sales
in p;:C)od fa5th in discontinuance of bl1S:i noss in the ",oods conr.crned.
(b) Upon nroof 1-oinc' 'ilaOC, at .'lny he2.r:i.nr on a ccmmlaint undpr this
s8ction, -t-,1']at thero has been discriml.nat:ion in T'r:ice or SEH'vices or facili tie:; furn:i.slF3d, the burden of rebuttin,a; th .. prima-fade case thw:; m,3de
b,;T S~(JHiYl-' justif~c.?tion S11".11 be upon the person cilarr;ed H~tl., a vio]at·!.oYl
of t~:i.s section, am lmles:-; :iustif:ication sha]1 be affirrnat:i.vely sho1-1Yi,
the '-:;oPlmissj.on is ::'.uthoriz0d to -j SS'JO an order terr-linat:i ~'W thr: dis~rj,..,·~ nat:'Lon:
Provided, hOl'Tf'Vf~r, r~'hCl.t noth:i.nr: her':);>') contained shall prevent a
5"'1191' rr'butti.n;r th'" nri"13.--f'nd () C'l.~;0 thlls~'\adn hy shm·d.n'" that his 10"',"1'
nrl.c:~ or thl' f1Jrnishin'" of ~;e:»vic'~s or f'acill.ties to any DurcnaS'3r or !,urchas?rs '(crtl;:; mac1 C)i n....-ood f.3.:; th to meet. an equally 1m! pricn of a ('0mpnti t.or,
or the snrvl,r")S 0:>' fA ci1:i __U es fu:'~nish(~d hy a c()r1net-i t:)r.
(c) It sha11 1-'8 unlm·,fnl for any nerson en~ar'0d ~Ln cornrnerce, jn tho
of such ·:::OYTtll81'Ce, to p2.y or f'Tant, or t.o rec-oivE) or accept., '3.nyt,hj nnof vD.lue as a. commj ssion, 'orokfJraue, or other compens;l.tion, or 2. ny all0Hance or cliscountin ljpu t.hereof, 8XCGDt for snI"vlces rerderC)o in o"nnection '·ijVl t.r0 :3,'11e or purch.;:lse of !"'oocJs, Hares, or merchandise, either to
thp oth"Y' nArty to S101'[ tr01Y1,spcti0l'l or t.o 211 a;~eY1t.. rnnresE'ntative, or
other inb:=)rmerl jar-v tl,pre-i" ,.rhpre s1Jch :lntormP0l ~ry is act~ ncr 1 n ~n!1 ('+ f(,,1'
r:-1' in ophnlf, or j.s n,h.lect to the; (H rec+. r'" ..; Yldirnct cf)n+rol, of 2 Y1 Y narty
to :"l1ch trp ns'.'c-t -i on "t')-''-T D-Ian th" Y""r,c;on 'by 'Hhorl S1.1C 1, cnm-oensati_o:, is so
era Ylt.ed or tx'1.id..
CO'.lrs"~
(d) Tt sh::l.ll 1'8 unlaufrJ fer any nerson eng:ar:eo :Ln eommercp. to n<'V
or c011tract for th" r.aYlllc;nt nf an'rt1--,jn rr of valuE' to or for thp benefit of
a cllstOrrJpr of s11nl~ ;"rson 1 n thf' course of SUOll C0'11.l"lGrCe as c0l"1Densat.l.on
or ;.11 consiciera.tjoYl {'or a "y ser'r' C-'E; or f2.cilities fm'Yli.sh8d b v nr t!lrOl.1"h
SlIC~-' C1)stomer in connect-jon F'it-h t.h", r::rocessin"', hp.ndJincr, sale, or off'"Y'irc: for ~~ale of any nrodncts or commod5tir's rn,anufact.u'~ec1, soJd, or offer(~cl
for salp h~r snoh nE"rsr,n, nn1ess slJch p.2,:'!ne'!t OJ' (~ons:ir]eratj or' :is aV3:i,13>:)le
on prc'Scrt:1. nr;.Cllly eq'.lal tern,s to aJ.l ot},pr '?UstOTTl8:»r; comnrct,-l nr: jn thG clistr:Shuti on of such nrnd'1.C'ts or cOrrlrnodtt-i.ps.
(8) Jt S]')8.11 [1<" 11nla"f','1 Tor a,o.y person to d:i.scr:Lr--d,m.tn in favor of
pl1:Y'c ' ,ascr a,cra:i_nst 3Ylothc:r purc1-):ls81' or- T"Tcha::;P!'s of a cnnrnoditv 1JnUi~ht
for res".1s, Hi.t.h or F:iJ-)"011t nroces,:;:i.ro:, hv cOl1tract";n'~ to fnrnish or furnishinp·, 0r hy cOY1+.r-ibutinr,. to t'te furnish:iry,- of, al1;.rsel:""'rjc(~s or fadJ.ities cC'lnecV)d c-!jth -1:,110 nro('ossin!', h9.nd.l~.n,:,:, sale, or offerino: for s2.1i~
of s12ch eOl:l1r"_od:i.tv so fmrch2.c:ed l'pon terms not accorded tn all purchasers
on rrono:~tj orally eq1;al t.erms.
ann
(f) :rt. slla1l he nnlrl1,.:ful foY' any v,rsc'1 0Yl,,"ared in OCml'lerce, in the
0:" sncll CO]11Jr]C'1"ce, 'CYlOF-i n~ly t.o i muce or roce:i.'Jo a dj.scri.f'lin.1.t:ion
in pricr' Hhich is :'lrc\l1:iJ)ited by this sectj.o~l.
coursr~
for .f::t::l:l l·0-rsnY1 p'Y}~a~en ';y\ ('f)~_Yl'1eJ:c8, in
lJ.:J:rt:y to, O~ assj st :l.Y!, an~y t.ra.:ns'?ct. ior1 of s<?ln, or (!0nt.r~('+. to so}1, 1tTl1ic 11 dj sC'r:i_Y1.iY1~+ns to h5s kn01·J1ed cr s
3.fl"2.il~St Cf)1'1:y)t:it.o"s 0r' t1,0 D11"'ch;"lser, in th~+"
~:l'r d'i_scom~t, rr>b·"te, ".1l~H~';ce, nr .".d'IT(Yl:'t'i:;·i'1,,"s0';-r~c0 r>1~"rr'e ; S ,":r:c.>ltC'd t" th'" 1mrch"'sPY' C,Tor
~:ld ;1.1,0"r' any r1;~cOll"+", rphat~ • .<llm·!?Y1Cp., or ::crlverti,j.n!l" scrvico cho.r~e
Avai:Lab1" ~+, the +.:i1'1O of' Sl]C" tr::l'!s·'?cti r )l1 to s.;:jrj co""'n('t~;t.ors j Yl rc~pe('t
of '1 s·'?]c of' ··r-()ds of ljl.rp ~r<J,h, q1Jal-it:',', and ql1~.-ntit'T; to sr"JJ., or
ccrf~~~8,ct tn sc<tl, ,~0ois ~i.Yi %"":':7 n:1!st of t,!1P :Tnitprl. St,a+,~s e.t ~1~·tC0~ }o1'!er
tl~an t,~10~:0 c::,:n~t('rl. -l-::~,T ~,:J-.id ?,p~;:;'~n /":)}se1',.rhnre ir. thE' T!'(lj.tr::r1. .3tat p s f'Jr t)-I.e
f'JJ'!;;tiS8 of d83t:rrYTri.l1:;· C()i'J!"':0t~·1:'"j nrt, or eJjrnj np_t,~_r>;" a C('P1r~t4_t0r j_l1 snell
DcS.rt. of t1:1.<c f.1'1it8d C;+'3.tp~; or, to sell, or co",t.ract to s-s}l, concis ::l.t
1Yfl-np ;'1son<:bly In,:·' nric'"s for thp pl1rposr' of riRstrOy:ir rr CO'11DPtjt ioY' o'Y'
81~m~nat~1'p a comD0tjtor.
Far:? .
t"}1(';
l.?~
t
Tt snp11
-·iC
ll~lr:;:PfllJ
("Ol"-r~~'~ ("IT C'''y~ll crY'Y1:rtercp,
tn -!J8 P.
o
FR.r~.
Tt shr,.JJ 1- "e lm 1 "'":f-'1 f0r aI";! D0rson r;np:8crcd in cC'Yl':1erce, ion
of suC'h CO~Morco, to le~s8 or ~~~D a sale or c0~tract for sale
of ;~OOd_SI' \~T~r(?S, T:FJrC'!181"!cl.-i Sr;, Y11:3.C'l"5:10r~/, s1Jpnlj8s, or nt~:lf::-r (;0~·"Tr'l0di_tl.~S,
~'Tb,thr;r n1.t,c'nt"'d OJ' l':rH)at0:ltecl. f0r nsc~, ~oYlrmmnt.ion, or 1'05:.110 r:ithin U:p
:jyl~_+'er~ :::tt!tes 01" ,'?-n:'T 'P'err:ito~~" t'V;1'?of' 0'>' +he f'lostr'ic+, nf Cnl1J!'11:Jj·'1 or ,?:l:r
lpC:111'1.::, pOSSRC'sioy] 01' ot,1yt' 11];nc,...· 110dor trf' jl.lrisdi('t-io'·, of trn Fnitr:d
Stntcs, (11' f-i": fl. ",r~_ce c:h~r,,:C'd therpfor, o'Y' chscollnt -"rn"l, or rehate 1]1)on, s1:cr- pric0, on i.::hn cord;tion, [W r eer1fmt., or lmdp.r:3trtnc}~~n" th3.t the
lesses (Y" Dllrch2.sor thHrenf 21,a11 not 'JS0. or oe.<).1 -ion :~,he food s, ,·:ares,
merc h,g ndise t YrJ/J.C 1-1:i.r)8''Y, sllpnl i "S, or nt)y'Y' commcx:1.-it;p.·~ of a COl"'ret i+.or or
C()~lrtpti tnrs c·f th8 l0ssor or ~e lIe}', ~~:h.ern t00 eff0ct., of slJcl1 leRs8, salr.::
or CO:1t;"':lct foY' 3<'1.J.O of .':.;1)(,10 (onr1:ition, "'....T88 1'lRnt, or undcr"tand-i-n: m::>.y
th8
J)'"
COl~se
he to Sll;}~+,"J.nt.jal:Ly -P.SS0.1.1
Ilny J j n0 of comr;:r'rce,
C()!"'T'pt:it-;o-n
or
tC~1d
to
'~r0,:d~f:'
a.
Yl'10-nODOJy
-in
!\1'l:,' pprsnn i\Jho shp.J..l hA ~_r\4ur.prl ir. t"l_is h 11sin.-::'ss ox· prop8rt:. r h",r
a nyUll_Yl,r forhj ocklS:1 :in th8 antj.trust l,gHS 1'1.2Y sUP thcrcf0r in
any d-i.str:lct covrt 0'" tho Thited states in the cJi striet -111 ,v1:tich the deferrlant resides or j:, fouro or has an a3ent, 1,!ithouJ~ respect to the a110tmt
hl r::01''lt1~oyer~;~/, R.llct3hA.11 reCO'Tor threefold tt18 d"ma{~ps bv bim sustained,
and the r.ost. of S1.rit, inc1ucFnrr a :r'easona1:Jle attorney's fee.
Par.'}. Ie.;.
1"8:1501' of
Parc.. 15a. T·'}lOnp.ver the Fni.ted St.a tes is hereaftRY' j nJl.red j 1'1 its bus:incss
or propert.y hy r(').1.80l of Dn'rf....(inr- f'orhidd011 jon thp Dntitrl1st la,·n:; it. 1[lay
sue U-'c:refor i 1'1 t~8 'Jnited SbtF's r:1istrj~t rOllrt for . the district in 1·:h5ch
th~} def8mant resides or -i s f01~nC! or ha.s ap arrent, n-ith01Jt rp.spect to the
2mount :Sn controvers'[, and shall rAcover actnal d:3.m:J"es by :it sustained
and the cost of suit.
Par.<J.• 1<::1;. Any act~on to enfo:r'ce ccny c·"usn of ~cti on u:'1(18r sect~ons 1. r:;
or -1':10 cf this tit.le shall ]Y? for'?v",'" bDl'C'cci 1)nless commenced "ci tl'in f01.c:r'
YCRrs after +.1;e callS? of action ,"cerlled. ""n cal'.se OT 2.ct;i.on b2.rrpd under
ozi~,;tin'7 J.aF on the eff"ct;i.v"'iate of this sDctio:l c.rd sDct-ions lO::; :1.Y1('l
'1 (, cf tr-is t:i tIe 5 1121. 1 he' r'3vlv8r1 1W said sect.:;oDS.
P:lra. J.('.
(n.) A n_r:'11 ,j1..10""'1"'1'lt or d.eCY''?8 !lerctofoT'8 or })p.r"'·~ofter renc1errd
j:l <l-ny civ~il or cri.r··;nal Droc38d~D" br01.wht b:r or nn r~"l,:o.lf of t>,n Hnit.fxl
.Sta-:es ,'Indor the R.:lt1+,r 11st, 1 ~"'TS t,0 +,101") offect tl'lat. .'J cle:l'pndaYlt n.3.S 'IT'; oJ.~ted
said la"r:> s1,.la l l t,p nri_"C2 :f;!1.c'iJ' (,v,n encc 3,r-:c-i nst C;11~11 def8nO.'?r!t :iT any
."l.ct;:i.or 0r nroc8r·xlln'~ ',rOlln 'l,t 1:::7 an:' othsY' ~"),"rty 2,,,:,,inst sliell defE'nc1ant
1,_a11~) or t~):\T -l-\-,n~;
•
, - , J.
1 r.,"
t
'1
t-'Jon 1~.~""'~.
r:' ~
rd'
'n-i - +,._,'i __
t ._(~Cf
1 '"
~!"X':J(J1" S~,--'n..
:n~_L0(:'
:)\.,a,qs
U~T ("'·r S8C
'-' .... -l-'-'L_~~.J
l
as to aJ_1 '''att :t's ros;:)pct4Y':' ~lh:iclJ SD-id .~lJrl'"l11cnt or decreE' ,-cop c3 r::c ~Y'
"st,oq~,"l 2S ~:nt~'Tc~'n the. D-'1rt-i ·')s t'norcto: P:··()V-i~,'2:'l, 'T'hat th-iss.?ction shall
Y'nt n;:::n:'l to c011~c;pnt~'ilJC1'-'mel'~t:::: or chc1'8cs fmt()red 'hc-f'r'l"8 D:1V t8stiYPonv h'ls
1)e0"'1 +,a~<J:n or to .jud 0":Y)J?Ylts nY" rJ ~~cr':~0S sntp,re(~ j:n art·j ens lJndE.~r sr:ct-i on 1 c.lt::,
of tJllS tit.le.
1
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l'
l'
0
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',Tn8n0iT01~ FI.':1:7 c~ i.r~
J cr
cr~ar_nrl rD.J
1"',rocoF>(1~iYlr"
is -iYlstitlJtCC1.
l)~l
the
~-.)t,:,1 tps to ~r8\j ent, l~l'-: st-r~ -~ !1, or puni.~;}: Ir-1_o 1 ~ -I- ~ ('irIS sf .1.11~7 of tll0'
n1"+,i7,]",]12!-, l~,,::;, bl]t 1-"1(1t, ~nr>l"J';n~ C"r. nct:lon nmerc;'->,ct:if)Y, 1-',;,"1 ·:-:.f this t:it,l(-"
Dni-r, pc'
the :""Jnr-__i,n'" of Von St0t,11tro of l',-rcii-.-'Jt:i.ons -i yl l'Psnnct nf .~\f('~(',1r 1'1'5 V"ltp 'Y''; cht,
of' action ar:is:i.":l0" ny]rier said 1"1"'S .8,;'jc3 1.,p ~ed :i n ,::holH n;:-, 1 n 't:k'l1't , oY) aY';T ~2,t­
tel' eO)"1r:l!1lY! ci C'f iY) "~:i6 "rfv'''pd:in(1 "'haJJ hI'? sllsr.eYJr1,'·d ('1111'-i1"l"" t1.1P npYld.p~'c~T
D
tb,~rf~(';f
21'lC
·r~r ont? v~ar +.1·10~~E?::! :r-"'lt,n:"!
X)rr:=rj~~~.~~..t._b~~~:.~'y::.rf r,'}-at.. 1~Thp.n(rtT~~r t1'1P
1'UYlY'in"" OT th: stntU+0 ()T l-irn-i~'[1t.j.O>lS in 1'osnect of 8 Call~;(:; roT "'ct.:"nr, ::o.ris~.~r;, -i.}.r:d (-?]'-- sec·f-j on J5 of t 1'-~!. s +, i +.}.~ ~) SlJ.~r:r t~d f~';d }~·(:rel1Y1Clr:r, q:n~r o.cti 0Yl tn
0~-P'"",·~(~!~
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~.ltt~ l_y! t}l!>
t~J):Vl
("'~lJ;::C)
-r;r::.rlJ")c!
nf
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n-r ~11S't)Dr;.c-:-;
;:-;i.i:.ll1 })e ~::Jrp\J~;~~ l)'<');-"~"'·-::'ld 1.1.1~1.~.ss (!0PlJllRYlC0d 2itljeJ:*I
(Y"'l
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t1"l-i
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fOl~!'" :'r:-;"l.:rs rr'ft.'?J'"
t1!."
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(if
,~~c­
2.ccrli0c1 •
P~.!,",,!J. 0~,r
r~!l'7-; ~p\1'nrAl d~.~t,rict con.rts of tly:,! r\1~t8c1 3t,1.tns Clre in\"'r:'~3te;d
pith :lilr-'sr:lic-t-,-i"l~ t,n r'r'~v0nt, ~nrl. rp,,,,train violation" of t,Hs 1\0.t, anc: -it
S~.2 !_1 110 t,1.--,? clpt.: T of the; sC'vc··-rD 1 ~Tni.too !3t..at,,")s ~.ttnrn(:~.rs, 1 ~'l thnir rps!"~'c­
t,-hrp (ljd~r-ict:-;, ur.r:1r;,~· tlc n cl:i_:r·('~tj_or. of tho A'r,torno7 i"'''''18r.''t 1 , to in~;t~i_tutn
T)r()c;;pc1~ ~1CI"S i.n r:'i'11J~_t~.- to PY"(-"·\Tr.::·~t al1d rp,stl-A.in S11CJ--:' ·~rinlati()ns.
Sn.cl! rroC2()C1i.n~"~~ r:la~l;- ~'0 1>y 't-J.","r r-f :10t~4~ t.5.0 YI ~~;t.t~1..n1·~ :fort.. 1.! tlll-: case; Rnct ~'ra'1;r-i ,;!'.-- t.hilt
S1JC 1., ,rt oIat j O:-·~ ~ l~L~ l_l l)E~ 81...10-1 rnrJ (~r ot~0r":·~j ::;'~ 1JrO l,-jJ~)~ ted •
~ ?1"1"'::Y1 t}1 p n,':.1. rt.-i es
('OYl')-r]9,:i.l';f)d of ;::1-::':<11 j"pv'" hecr r:1-i;J'T ;'1ot~T'i.r.C~ of slwh Dr~t'--'t.io11, th" court
shall proceed, !1S sr)( n as ('1[1,- nrc, tG t,ro 1,r,)8.r:i 11'" D.nd cl r.;terni natj on ()f' +'11')
CP."Sf:'; a 1"...<1 ~)Gnclj~~ s'~!.("~~ r(~tit~J)!"', 2n·~ l-H?forn. ~j,naJ dr:=:;c~'1I8e, tJ~c court 1"12.:\;0-
o.t.
::1)1'7 t.~·f:n~:'
rna1-:s SllC 1,
to.P1;;(·'~~Dr-r,.
rr.-:..stra~~i_Ylinr\·
o:rde~
(Jr-
1""1rohih:~.+"-1"on 2.:-=
s1-l{.l~lJ
(1.00.r1Rd ,.-!l1st -l-r. t.}v' !)r·~:r~:_~ :-:C;,l~, ':,,~r:.,~~c-.;!('r ~..t sh,:11~~. 8_~)~J8::tr to tr18 ~~.l~_rt C~3.:-0 0 1"0 ;:·1'h,1.erl ,:?n;r s1.1ch
~-1:r0cc~{:d~"1'1~~ 111$.}r ~0 ncyy1~iYl.:-:-: t}..._~,+, t!-l(:: 0YY~1[) 0f tl'l~·tl~:~~ Y'C:qn-irn U·,nt 0t.h"r 118,rt.j()s sh.ollJc1 1,)(, r ,r011:::-r.t hpfor0 nlC) crmrt, t'10 C01:l't Jrny
ca nsc: tb.(='rl to l~p ,~1J:i:r'10y:sd.....';}t0t.:h ::-'r tr.c~;" rostd e j n t11r: (~,"~ stric-:-J J. n 1'TlriJ~ h t!18
C0lJl't l~ hold or r:ot, D'T SlJl:r()cn?~; to t\.}.st r::nd mo." ':;'3 ~)0rvcd ~n a:JY CI~.:-;­
trict h" t.he: m<1,rsha:L th-?:"l~of.
1)('
P8_r8.• i. r,!!.
'rho 1-TOr0 S d8f; :'led i 11 t'l--j S c::C':ct-loi- shn,l1. rla'!8 t''lP TolloH~.nO"
in'" c'Jh31"'. found j n S8('t~nnS 1"1.-46 Rnd .-'l!7_t:;P of tl;-is tl'~,lc, tn "r-it:
l'lpf),y)-
"Con>~8rc(''' mA.'?,l'1;' 0.O'11""orcc 2~~Oll~" thp spvC'r,3,l, Stcl,tr"s or "rjth fore:i.c-n
1'lations, o.r :5 11 2.n~T r;'('rrl_tor,;r 0f tlJe Tine tod Stat.,,",,, or :i.n t:l~? Djstrl.ct of
CO]1:111bja,. 0)" 1,otF00'(1 ay;y ,:;uch '''~'rr:;t()l''C avil. aY'othor, or bGt.Feel'" any such
'rf:';rr'i.t,0r~7 noo any St,ptc of forni~Yl nation, or lx')bv ,Pl' tre T)j.st,dct of Cr:~.ll"ll1:~_a ,<l,:1C3. any St.'lt? r.r 'r"1'1'~t.nrY 0r f01" c l-jc;n nat:j 0'1.
L
"r,0:~porat ion" s1''1.1.1 h") de8!1:ed to l:JC!.lJde an,r r:nmo::l.ny, trl1st., so-called
Yassachn:3ptts trllst, or assoe·;'l.t-ion, :incorrorCl.ted. 01' '~mjncorp()rater)_, 1:rhich
~.s cr'~an:L7,ec3. to carr'r on l';.1sh~0SS :for -i.ts mJl'1 ::;rofit or that of :Its Y1emo.~rs,
and ~_.ac::
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r.~nJ't~l
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t"'l,<-t
r'r a.S ·0r>;a.J..in
c0IJ11)(3.ny,
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l,l .. _ --:cor t)nrat,()J O~~ l.'.rri nc 0t')(lrate(~, u; tholJt sh9res of capit.2.1 n]" CD f'~ tal st.oc 1;or ~:crt,'if'ic2.t'Js of :iY;Tpros+" G~~r'(;r)t. partn8rshins, 1.rhich ~.s orc-ani7,pd to
carr~T on husi m~ss for l.tS NTf' nr0f-it. or that of :i ts :r!8r1br'rs.
D,n~y
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"';n"ur'entary ev4JoYlcs" -; nC],l](:1es alJ. docUfnents, napers, cCJ"r~;sponr1(mce,
book', nf ar:!cOllnt, and 'f'-inanC;2!':)lyl eo1'nor2te 1'econ::1s.
"'\rts t.o 1'o["'u1D+"" co""",<;",cH'C""" "1eans thp /l.et. ent:it.led liAr> Act to r();;'Lllatn COr-FeArce", apDl"oved F'8b1'nary 1h, J..887 , 8YJ.d alJ. .I\cts Drnendatorv +.hereof and slJ'f'plC:"1ent..?T" ther<=to ".Yld +,h"" C':ormllJ1l-icatjons Act of 1 0 ':>,l!- and r'1.1
~,cts a1118ro.ator'r th81'00 T a yd s'm:;] er:lontary treret.o ~
"A.nt:itrnst I\cts" mE)''?ns th(; Pct r:;nt5t,led "An :\ct to Drot-pet trade ,s.'1d
~or~IP1~:~Y'0(-; a.~n ~ nst l1r1 lR~'TflJ 1 restY'(1. j nt s ,?'.!1f.1 111()~J()nO Ji(~s", a l)~ro'\:IPd J1t1~l ?, J ~;q0 ;
.~lso c;eeti:-ns ?~-77, "f -"n Act nnt.-i t.] 'xl "t'll !\~t. t." r(~Chl~P taxation, to nl'Ov-i.or:: 1'<''''''1n<·, for thp Jovr)j'm~p:nt., Rf1d f0r rt.h81' .D1U'!'OSE'S" , I3nn1'nved An'1'ust
27, l.'<o[f.; ;:tIsn thf? f\e\-' pnt.-it1ed "An /\ct to a)']ond S8I'!t-i.rDS 7" ard 76 0f tr:e
Act "f f.!.n'1'lJst 27, lRCi.L, pntit.J.?d 'An I\.(~t to red'lce ta:v:ctior., to provj.de
reve:':U9 for t~y:; I",oyr:rmnent, 8n] fer ot,her !:)ll}~poses''', a~nro"8f.:1. Febrllar~r
J,2, 191'::; and 2.1.s0 t.1o"1:'et sl,t.it.Jnd "An Act t.o Sl1].JDJel'10nt ezlst~.YW 12Hs
G.0'2j·'12t 1."11J1.T-TfllJ. re.st.rD.';·'lt.r:"ni 1""ono.nol.:le~', n.rd T"r otJ'e1' f'lJl~)OSC:s", '''.:'nrovfx] CC'tchr>l~ 1 c:" ],Cl)l.
Para. 1.:,5.
(~) (1) \Trf.gir m<:,:thorls
0r d!?~r.:rYt.~:vc ,~~t-,~ or nr~.~i~~lrr-:·~ -jY':
of'
cnmnr:::t,-itj('ln i.n et\"'rn~n'C0, ,'1.~1 l1nfair
ar(:_; clpC"1:l""8d 'irila.'t'l:-(':"l.
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(~1 "oth'in-:- r:ontajnAd -ir t.h-;,:; ~p~t-i.O"1 nr in e"1:T nf th'l A"t:'Lt.r'lst
Acts ~?ha 11. rn'1d 0:r 11111 B-erflll ..c,. "',r r:c!1tr'lct.::; or D.~rp~m8nt.'; prC~Cl'i")inc~ mil1'lYr1llm nr 'd:.~ c)1)l~ted Tlrir~"'s, ('1:' rn0 11ir:i IF' r> 'T('''-drG to ent.lC;r :i,'1t.('I con+raets
or a "'-reempl"jt.') pr€scr:ib:'L"1'" r:1lniYj1 1 1Yf1 0'" st.j.plclR.t00 'Jl'~ ('0.", Tcr trp 1'8:"2,1"
of a cnJ1lTl1c)(Ft.7 Hr~ ch he:; l"S, nr H,p la1>01 01' C0"1tcll npr of' \.;}lj d: hp.s.l"s,
t.1:"'t':'2.c1F~-"Y\ark, bra ~ncl, or na""'p nf +1'8 '(1ror1]:c8r or rl:i.si-,ri,hCltor ('IT such
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the S8T'1<2 c':pner"ll (' l~.~ EO T':r0ci ncnd o:r (1 ~,strH'lr!~A,d 1)'" C't.hprs, Fre:r Cont.rAct.s
or .'l.r:;r80rY"1t,s ,.,f +,1-.3+ r-jncwr'i .,..,ti0n are ]o.,,{'1J} as "lnnljnr1 t.o -intrastnt,o
trans,!'ict-',OY',s l1fld01' 9.ry st2. t ,l,t. r , 1,<>.,:·!, o!, ;-::nhlie poll(::." nOF or beron.ftp}'
-i..Y1 Gffrc+. -in A'1Y Stat f" 'l'e"'ritory, or th~ D-i.str:i,ct of C01.11111hicl :in Fhic h
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and '·;cono'11j.c ro . . form::1'.,cp..
Rev:i,secl<:djt,j.on. '-,):-li+0d hv"ilHin :,ransfield.
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Frepa.:r·ed bv r~he
':ro(;;·~~jj-;-;;-0f -the S~';;;:;;:;~-;;;" Ec~ld Th~1"'-r'-th8 Alisn'i~ps of th0 :3ectjon
of !~~t:it,rl'st T~lT' of' t.11r' ':R'J v(lrk St.ate S2.r·AJ::-:s()~·i2.ti(J!1. ?"e~'T Yor~-<::
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1Q5(',.
Cox, ·lhm.rd F., :I"obp~·t S. "'elJY"eth, -'2]1(1 John 3. Schul'?"
'The ;';ader ?e*ort'
(';"1 +~hc Focl er.£l.l "'Irad p Corp·Y'. 1. s;::;j on.
'~'fP,~'T Yo:-rk:
Ttic<-'1ard f·,.f. Baron, 1 0 )9.
"dF!'.rds, Cor1.'5 n
n.
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cA,l.. Int.s(7ration aDO the ~'Lo'1onol:r Proh1em." Indus.::.
aryl r'(1)Jj2_!'o].is:::.~_._591ect0d .R.o!l<t~.nr's.
i"l:1ited hv
"eH ,rork: "011shto 1.1-:'iffli.n Comp2.ny, 10b7.
tri~.l Cr[~anizati.on
"!8rner <:;ichel.
qJHarcis, Corv:in. "'1"10 T:'rrr:, r;onr~lom(>rate Yirm: A CriticaJ Appraisal."
1.Tonopoly PmIer 1.rrl "'conmnic .P:?.::f2TTIlan£~_. :tev. eel .3:1:ited h;v F'ch6n
I'a"'sn."Jd.
;reF Y0rl:: !J. ;.-!.:7ort.on .'1nd Company, T1"C., 106:3.
The
T.:,.raJt.er B. "4~concmi~s of F-.r:iC0 Fixinr."
2rrl\cS Koviep. ,rol. -;), ;1 0 • 1 (,sprin rr , J,969) ,
~~r:iekson,
Federa} Trade COJT:mj 2sion. ~.nnu.al Report of the Federal Trade Commission
foY' the ~~s~al Y"'Ar '~ndpd Jlme ;0 , 12:'-B. HashiYlP'ton, D.C.: Goverr~­
;;;)t Fr~_nti:1<! rff~,ce, 19606,.
Ferc:uson, Jarrles ;:. "'Tyi.n;- Arranc:e'11ents l3.nrl -;::'ccjnrocity: An Economic AnalySif:."
InduC'tr:ia} C'r',:anization am Pu'J.)lic PoJic'!. ~id. by ~')erner Sichel.
NeF Yor\~;'0'117}~liffl.i.n r;OPlT121w-~-·19~'
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F. R.
R~:.::?~::!..
"R,:;dproc'>ty G.nd PuhJ-i.c F01ic:'," Ant'i trust LaN
VoL?, !'o. /1. (Snmmpr 196q), pp. 97-1 l _0.
.~,
:':conomj cs
Fl,111(.~r,
,TOr:h
'T'h.:;>mtJ
Consnirators.
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PWo-'!
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lo6?
Prr;ss, J,:c.,
C.'lIbra:i+.1--, ,]0)1"1 c(c:>1l10th.
"'T'h(? l'o1.' Tnclustd!3.1 State." 1,fO n C?IJOly POHer_2 nd
::-:Co:,:,omic Pe ... forma DCP. C'iP'T';.S0d :'d itj.or.
~:Cl i ted tv 7clHi n ~·lc:msf5.elc3.
';eH York:!. rT. i.Torton anj r:oy:~pany, !nc., 196F.
H!? rhr:r,,;or, ArYJo]d C.
Action. 2d ed.
"Tl,p ;:eJ£'·9.re T-Joss from l·]onoDoly." 'price Theory in
::;::dited b~T Donalfl S. at-so:'). "':lo:=:ton: ~';onf1'ht,o~l-V~ff-
l:in-Coffil):<'.nv, 1960.
':inshinrt.on, n. C • :
CambY':id c::r r :
:
'T'llrn8Y'. Anti.:tI.2Jst £.oJ:\£'y-=-~~Yj ~~conomjc and. L~
'~f'1 rvarcl Univorsi ty ?r,~ s s, loS9.
··uh1rrl''':J., Dr. ,Tohn Y.
",.lPT,lJr0 'lm. .Sir.::'1~i_fiean88 n:f I-1'-iJ~(' Fixi n"" Rinr:s"
Antitrl,,,t I,3X ;;·':CODOl"l:i.C :/pvj A'" V0 1. .::?, :"0 • '3 (.spr:i ncr J q 69), PT). 69- R2---:--
Fh~
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of
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T)iscriminat;:ion."
I'D i t".")d bv ;:0.)'''1P1' 5-i chel.
Pr;CI?
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