Br
J:UIIIib.U A. LADlS
A lt1II'IAWm PAna SCBa'.r'J.".D i'O !HI lfD1KIS C(gCn.
II' PRr.rIAJ., JUrlILUGI'l'
(I S
~
J'Oft aBA:IAI.A'J!It16. VIm . . .
ll.ALL ftATJI BN:JIDS
aouam
Mt8:D, IDIAI'A
-
JtIIB,
1.",
........... ..................................... .
.................................................. ..
D1tro4uct:1on
~
,.,
,.
1
3
Soc31a1. PI'oblaals ........................................... .
6
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
11
Polltical ProblAma ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
23
~0I'III81I0e ................................................ .
25
ObIItaol.ea to Alliance SUCcns ............................. .
-
Coaaluaion ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
••••••••••••••••••••••••
B. Tabulation of .A:t4 'b7
tlUte4 states to Latin
.-rica u.a4er t.llII All' __ t~ ~
Between Ifal'Oh 3.. 1961 ml ,ebz\J.aJ'y 28, 1962
11b!1~bJ
• • • • It •
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
37
rel.aUoDah1p With Latin AIDer1ca.
will lJad.lb~ be our last.
noth1Dg lett up:I1 'Which
DO
tor
paJeJ'
hel».
18 to make a 8Ul"Ve7 at the Alii aDC9
I ho,pe to show What the COll41tiona are that the
..... at people ir1 Lstin
Win be
18 it ou:r lateet, but 1t
to 1.ra,proft. '.ale taUn .taer1ce.ns 11111 have
purpose at tlda
PI'Ogreas.
~
1r the .All1aDce tails, there v:Ul be
choice 'bu.t to tum el.ae1Ibe:re tor
?be
it
lfOt
~
~ca
rItWIt have help.
to d1scuaa not
~
In cm1er to do th1a
the ;probl.8me
or
latin
.A1IIeJ'1ca, but al.ao tbe probl.eaa the All1a.nce :La encounter1ns .. it
tria to real1ae ita
-
aoals. A diacuas10n of What progreu
baa 'been
2
ma4e 4ur1Ds the f1rat
rear
vU1 be 1uclu4e4 to 8hOIf' that the All1..".
hal . t With aome succes. aDd. that
tIlO8t ~
v.W. 'be.
-
tacton
tu. aDd. patience are two
of the
in 4etezom1Di'Q8 Just hOW aucctl88tul. the Alliance
III
mt 1n
1.959,
1960J
t.he :tnWt'-AJDIr1C81l ~t lank . . . .tabl1Itbel,
the Act at
Bogota
established a
4eYeJ.o.pment program in latin AJaer1ca.
lCem1ec\Y pro:poaed
need
Then in HD'Ch, 1961. ~14eDt
the Al 11 ance tor P:rogresa.
In AU8U*t CIt the . . .
year, the ebU'ter at the All iance vas rat1tied at
SollIe have canecl the AlHance a pros:rarlt
othen a PJ."OS.I!'8Dl
tor a conoentntec1
~or eoOllOlllSc~.
PUnta 4e1
ate. 2
tor social ....lopnent,
I teQ4 to
~
With
1'eo4Oft "'ooso, howaYw, 'libel be HP, "Wl:thout aoc1al 3_t1o.
--
which v1l1 v1n the supjjlCIl"t
at
go tar, aD4 Vitbcut economic
meaD
the
~,
devel".nt,
eco:namic 48W1opnent cannot
aoc1a1 justice can
~
sba:r1u8 ~."3
'l!le AJli anee has several. apeett1c palB.
lOIial aa4 t1DaD.cial
reeourees must be mobil :lIN to 1r1creue per cap1ta 1Dcome trout leu
tbaa
1. percent per
allIlllm
to 2.5 percent.
At the same time, thia
inCl!'USed walth must be distributed more equ.1tab~ aJI'lOIl& the d1tte...
ent social claasee.
'.D»C lC'0l'm is Siven high
pr1Q'rl:~1
coun'tr1ea do not even have a tax collection qstem.
are quite hiah in Latin AaWrica, and the A.1.liance
by assuming a ndnilmJm or
-
sa years
of
t.oo. *V'
Il.l.iteraq rates
r~
to lower them
pri.ma.rY 8Chool1ng tor every
ehilA.
...,:Le
I.Dll
Riper .cllIoat1Cll v.Ul be p-ov1de4 to turn oart tbIt tnt,."
._1eI
to CIJ.1!'r'1' tOft&l'4 the _tift
Hrl1tar.Y COP4it1oa8 are to
~
'be ~.
,...._.
lItal:t;h
1'be eGOIKII1ea r4 these
couatr1eIa IIIfIt ... 41ven1tie4 to 4eereaae ~ CD . . 01' two
~
_ _ to oc_oUt1es.
~ have
tiJ:lal ..neB of
to
aa V11nl
the
asriwltural. 818tem ill Latin Alaerica. Foo4 :production and. Ai.Vi. .
t10n have to be :J.neNaaed.
~
syataa of la;nd temrre needs to be
4ba1:Ip4." also, 80 'thet. the land Y.1ll 'be he14
!be All1 . . .
the JU"t of tba
p.nont1ea,
'b7 thee. VIlo
tor Prosrus will. iDvolve J.ona-nmae
x.t1aa~ean
8IJ8lIl'V ~
na:t1ou.
~
work 1t.4
pl&nllina
OD
surt aet up tar. . . aDl
lJt&'b1l1ty, eetra'bl1ah 'the ~17 tor
vital .octal cheinSe, at1'na&l&te private act1v11;" and 1n1t1ative.. aid
prov14e tor a rBdtJUl1 national «tIon.
i tat share,
too. We must hel» FOYide
masnitude euttic1eut to make this
Economic:: intesration Which is a
and
s:reat.er
'.l.he tbite4 S'tate& . .t do
~
~
~
o£ a ecope 4Qc.\
»laD a aUCCCtN.
step taIM:td larpr DUketa
couwetitive oPJOl"tuni1;y JJlWIt
be~.
Two paop1ea
lUIt \lDderetawl each other betoN they can trul3' work topther
etf'"t1v~.
III order that the th1ted StatAts anA Latin America I'IV
w:tderstaud each other's Yaluas and
ws::r at
l1h bet'ter, our cul.tUl"al
eXCll&np progam must 'be ~.5
Each one
-
at
the above iOQl.G was set
~
to cClUbat. a apec1t14
5
social. or economic problem that ex1ata in Latin
next two aectiorus at
th1fj papitr
MeJ'ica~.
v:tll be dJm)te4 to eapl.a1.n1ns
!l!le
".t
1ibat these pro'blems are that must be aolve4 1n ordA!r far 'i;he AllianCe
to ach1eve ita
--
aoalB.
Latin AJ:lerica has one of the highest population gr<wth rates
in the world.
At the 'beginning of the twentieth century the popula..
tion of the !atin American countries numbered. 8J?Prox1mateiy
43,000,000, by 1950 this figure had risen to 154,000,000, 6 by 1957 it
was ~ox1mate~ 175,000,000, 7 and. by 1960 it was estimated at
192,000,000. The rate
of population growth has reached 2 .. 7 percent
annuall.y# as contrasted with
1.5 percent in 1930. 8 In 1900, lAtin
AJ:Derica contained 2.7 percent of the earth ta inhe.bita,nts, by 19S0
this had increased to
in still another
wa:r..
6.3 percent. To emphasise this l?Opttlation boan
between 1920 and. 1950 the population
Latin JIlnerican countries inoreue4
13 percent as canpared.
or
the
'With
35 per..
cent in the world. as a whole.. 23 percent in the Soviet Un1.Ot1, and
43 percent in the Uni ted Sta~~s. 9
/YJ we shall see, th18 poJL1lation
ex:,pl.oe1on p1a.yB an ilnportant role in many at Latin AmeriCa fS other
problems.
Since the land cannot stq)pOrt this growth in popula.tion, more
6IQnn 8mith, "Population Trends in Latin America," South
Alari. (Lft'18 Banke, e41tozo), p. 100.
...
7!hCIIU ~ 8II1tb,. ~nt loc1!1 ~ a~ I'r!b~
La;in __1st, Monograph 1, p. •
-
8
Tad Baul.c, !f!!
Bo. l.1IO, p. 14.
Trenda ~
9x,un SIICS:th, !?I.. !!!..,
Lat19 Alllric&, HeaUine
p. 100.
!!
series,
7
-
an4 IIlON
JIIGPle
&l"e
rap14l¥, perhaps too
nth
a populat1on
Ur'baII SsatlO1l 18 tak:Sl18 plaoe
SOlng to the olty.
rap~.
or onr
In
1900 theN were oa:Qr ten 01t1"
lOO,OOO 111 Latin .AIIer1ca, &D4 no Latin-
.AJDer1can olV . . .aong the t1tteen larpat in tbe vorlA.
hOWnr, then were
tcur
Lat1D-~oan
e1tiu In the
"DOe Abw, 110 4e Jueiro, MIX1eo C1t,y, . .
'lh1a . ._ m1sI'atl0D
In 1950,
to.P t1tteezu
Sao Paulo.lO
to the 01t1ea 18 reault1D& 1D
~
hou811J8# health, 88Il1tat1on, trazusport&U., aDd e4u0at:t.on.
. . 40 not want to
up.
~
8to»
at
WhUe
the *"ement to the c1ti_, it . .t be aloVe4
18 M84e4 to oreate city Jobs, U bu1ld homes, &tI4 prov14e
city semon. To sa1D this time we lIWIt lIaJro've the lot at the
p80Jle
on the la41 we must N4uoe the 418»arlty betwen rural an4
urban lite.
IecU8tribut1on ot laD4 18 d.e8ptratel¥ needAI4 (this top1c
1Ii1l. be ocmm4 ~ later), 'but 1t cannot 40 the job alcJDe.
Crecl1t,
ec1uoat1on, teelm1cal. a4Y1ce, maobiner;y, electr1c1ty, DeW markets 8IId
roa4a IIlWIt 'be 8uppl.ie4,
aleo. 12
10'l'bcIaaa Iqnn SII:lth, fl..
!!!.,
p. 100.
UOftat1ne 30'b8 in the 01ty tor the ;poor tU'l8" 1_ even Jm'e
41ft'1cul.t 111 Latin __loa -u.n 1n the tW.te4 States. III the tJD1te4
statu, the r10h clon't re,pro4uoe tbMD8el'N8 1n D1IDfDera larae enouah
to ovr;y OIl the work pertor.4 'tv' the P'8"iOUS pnentl0D. The
tal1Md statea' eeoDCIIG" 111 &lao srov1D8 at • rate 1arp eQDugh to
create new aa1 wU~ JOB! t1oaa. Th18 s1'N8 othera the ohanCe
to 1IOYe up the eooncm1c aoal.e. In Latin -.nea, bCJIMYer, the upr
ola88 re,pro4uoe in m.beN .. large, it DOt larger, thaD the loIer
clae8. More ot their chU41ren a\lJT1Ye. also. 1'h18 _ _ there are
110ft oh1l4ren than
pzw14e4 b7 the ol4er ___t1oD. In Latin
.AIIIer1oa 1D8tea4 at the JOOr OhS1c1ren baY1n& the ehanoe to work up,
as in the tlI.:lted ata....., the r1ch ebU4ren are -iDS paaba4 401m.
'l'baue ~ SII1th, !I.' !!1" p. 12.
"oM
~ MDacoao, ''8oa1&1
Chartp a4 the Alllace, " The
.Alliance tor~l PI'obl.8llla aDIl P!:r!J!CtlV88 (John
ill_I"),,.- •
-
c.
Dreier,
8
.-
M1ll1ans or uev hou8ea are neec18d in Latin
ADeI'1ca.
Recent
estimates l.1at twnty-millian 4wllinp out f4 tb1rv-one aiU10n as
ttnon estimatea that the ccmatrucUon 1D4ustry is at preaent
Jaer1CaD
pro4ue1D&
onq
~th1rd
the maber of hOusing lmita • •\ted
annual. 1nerea8e in population.
tor the
'fbere 18, therefore, no mar&1n at aU
tar zreplae1Ds the abacb, teate, aD4 ..... in Vh1ch 80 many hl.IDII.N4a
of thoUaa4s of per8OD8
now aiat. 13
the 01t1., th1s Jl"Obl8Ia 18
All more 8DIl DIOft p8Ol)1e orowd lnto
'beoca1na acre
MIIV" 41ft1aul.t an4 ea;pena1.,..
IIa88\U"e8
the health of the fA,tin-/4IIeJ"1oan pJOple.
~
-
acute th....
are u.eeeua:r:r to iIrprov'e
It v1U 1D.Yol.,.. the sate-
Of vater and milk eupplJ.e., IIUOh .... w:tc1asprea4 aeneral.
edueation, obangea in diet, ehanges in the oare 8Dl hed1ns of
e b i)4rer1, and. aau1'ta17 1If»rcW.....ma.lJt. ta41eal oare 18 ver.r ~
A 'bU:r born in Latin .IIIJm'iea 18
q:uate.
as one born 1n the tllite4 Statea.
4-1/5 tu.. .. l.1kel.y
latin ~ baa
100,000 J80PleJ ". in tile ttUte4 sta'tea haTe
135.15
to 41e
54 4ocrton ...
All alJa cOD41t10118
becOl8 worse f:rcIa the :nap14 uzIbaD, . .t1on, health &DIll aanitation
Pl"O~
1Da'eUe.
The e4tloat1aaa1 878taa 18 1n 411"e Deed of i1IpoYaraent.
1l11't:erac7 rate in latin ....1oa ia
Arl'8Dt1Da, ChUe, ud
hImt WJ.teft.oy
-
t1t'U&WV, aDd the
ratea as low
l3cl.al'8nce O.
43 percent.
Sentor,
88 20
C~th
J8rMnt at their
NfUbUea,
of Puerto R1eo
JOJUlat1on.
-aoc1al a4 100000000e Priorit l .
..-loa," ~ AOtiou, ». 19.
1~ Ipn 1II:1:t.b, ~. ~., :p. ~.
l5sem.or,
~ three
!?R- Cit., p. 19.
!be
At
in Latin
9
the other end of the sca1.e are Haiti,
cent) at.d. Bolivia,
~
problems.
~
69
90 percent; Guatemala, 7P per-
:percent.1.6
health meaau.ree and Ul"ban1aat1on create t!IId.ucat1onal
W1th 1Dtant 1IortalJ:tq rates decllniztg, a greater
IAtin-AlIU'ican ch1l4ren will reuh 8ehool.
aae
each year than ever
'bIrtare. '.l'here are a.l.most as DI8I\Y children of school
AllU'1ca u
growth
last
'IJJIq
there &'l"e adu.1:ts fit worJ.c1ng • •17
rate can be sloftd
~ 88
doWn, tl:lia
as-
in Latin
If' the population
latter p!'Obl.em 1s one which v.Ul
long as it takes the present generation to SJ"O¥ up.
take lonpr than that to solve the school.
lcms
~n
s~"
however.
It
Ala
as people lIdg:rate to the cities in such numbers, it will be
a.lmost iI;1odible to prov1.4e enough 8chools and teachers to take ca:te
:lot
~
are
t.1'lene too
tev
8Ohool8 aad too
tw teachers, but
relat1vel¥ little progress has been .... in gea:r1Qs the 8choola to
the aoluticm
at local, ftt81,onal, and. natiOD&l pro'bl.em8.
Too 11tt1e
has been c10De to IIfIke the el.aaaroaa work 1I88a1 Q&ful in the lives
the people, also.
or
the teacl'lerII
crt
'lhe apell ot aaropean Clas8ic1sm 8till hol4I . .t
8!'.lthra1le4.1.8
A poor edueat10Ml ~ 18 'both • 8001&1 and ecODCllll1e p-oblem.
All
l.c:as
as J8o.ple are 1U11;eftte. thtq V1U be a bu.rden on acc1ety.
A penon who 18 tmm eem1-11terata w.Ul haVe a l1m1ted
16Ib14., ,. 18.
11....., """1&1
-
eaz'J11DB
Cbanp . . the &1 11 . . .: , . 100.
l.8&eD1or.. !!2. !!!i-, p. 19-
ea;pao1ty •
10
-
He v1ll not be able
to provide a better lif'e tar his children or to
help his parents uhen they can DO longer support t.b.era8elves.
burden
or sUJl.POl"t
I:t this same child is edu-
,,-lll tall on society.
eated.. his inccme-ea.l"tlin6 capacity riU be much greater.
able to reduce the bu.r&tn on sOCiev.
ecOllOl:l11c 4evelopment
~
,-
Be will be
Be will. have contributed to
raisinS natiODal. ou.tput. Be will be a better
01t1Jsen and ma-Y wen beocae a
-
'.rhe
CODIIltw:f t;y
leac1.er .19
'!'he mailrt.enance in a mmtber
at 1Atin-Jtmarlcan
Coun"t;.r106
of
ine:t:r1cient and o,p:preBeive systemIJ of land tenu:re militates against
an 1ncrea.se in etr;ricultu.'t'eJ. cutput and an
stanc1a1'd
at living.
~t
In Lat1D /trQe:'ica approKima"te4r
in
~~he
genora.l
SO percent at
the
lat1tua41o and retl.ecta the organilation at society in Spain and
Portusal at the time of col,oajsat1cm. 'lh1s pattem. , .
.~
on native cul:turea 1:h.rOuIb 1arse land cn&nta.
1bo hac1eD:1a, BD4 the plantation systeme are two :f'orma
latitUll410 pattern.
tor Uvestock
!1'be former
arl4 cereal.
_aws that the le.:D4 is uaual.l¥ used
capital inveet.loent 18 ve1'7 lovJl as 18 the
labor appl1ecl per un:!.t of lac4 area.
The
OWDer 1&
ab8entee type, and the labor 18 pl"OV'14e4 by
eyatem).
Tbe
at
*!!P9 syatem
very otten
at
the
tenant tanaen; (colono
18 aeoeral.l¥ ve17 1nef't1c1ent, with
aut.p.tt per man and labor \lIl!t ft17 low.
!he other form of ;gtitun41o. the plantat1011" usualJ.y aho'llB
hiSh capit-al i cat1cm
and stricter labor orpn1sation and controls.
..
a result, output per land unit is general..4r h1sh Q1l4 ta:nn ettiCieJlC3
18 a'bon average.
CIIiboc17
~
lIoWe¥er, the plantation.
elaDentll, reaul.t in
~
and' fPIII18rate e001al. oOD\U.tions Which eau
-
sa well. .. the bM1euda,
.1"iatr1but1on of 1nocae,
0Dl¥ be a..cnbed _
-
~.oo
Lat1t\md1.O, in eit..>:ter torm,
U$~ wsUl'pS
the land
s~
laTp 01ties. 1'h1a forces pro4uctiOll at toodstutts tor the u.tban
J)OR\llation tartl:ler and tartbel' ava.,y tl:'OJI the centers
'l'l11a leads to tbe wertaxatiQl
at the
tr~rtatiQl
aame time people in the cities are IJ'tiCV1ns, ma.t\Y
ar
CGIlSumption.2l.
systca.
At.l~
tanuerr:s tI1WJt
watch
t.be1r crags rot 'because they cauoot be moved. 22
i"-
~J -
name 4enotea, is the oppoe1te of' latif"t1il4io.
DuriQi the Colon1 aJ period la.nd grants were O1"ten bestowed on members
af eonquering arrru.ea &134, at
t1meG, on people fJt the loWer class.
In more recent t.imes baaeateac1s have been given or sold to colonists
Ybo aettJ.ed in trontior resiona in tl.\Ueh the aame wa;y tllat.tbe t1n1te4
states sranted l.a.n4 to t'rolltiGr settlers.
are,
of
COUX'H,
the
result
of
SOmi
8~ oc~,
at tb.e
m:1nute
tvma
"squattil18.. tr which
mati or .., not have been contirll4ed lApll¥. a3
-
1'.be ~ problet1 is • aaJor onc.
cent or all t8l.1l8 are in UCJ.it8
of
less
thaD 20
situat1QD. 18 tho same hl the other countrtea:
~
In CNlLt""a CJ1 par-
l~ .. a4
The
PIiU'U au4 Equador,
percents Dar.dnilaU Republ1c, 95 per.:l8DtJ V__uela. 88 pereerrt.s
a:a4 the »r1vate sectar of the .MeXican ta:rm eeoncll\Y, 88 percent.
fa...
~ P. CU'l"OU, "'!he
1!'f.!1..
Jaam !!! C>
e41tor ) PI'
•
l.at1D
-
~
Ipn SII1th,
22I!!:!.,
p. 3J..
LaM Retorra Issue 1ft lAtin ~ca.t tt
I
(.Albert o. JI1.nObJIaD,
."'Ii!',
!I. !!l., p. 26.
!?'i.. ~•.t p. l66.
~ heOtaft eqwala 2.~ . . . . .
23carroll.,
III
CGl.cII'bla,
a. .
325,000
'ana
EYeD theM t1lr3' holtUnp U"e be1Dl t\D'"tber
avenp 2-1/2 heetarea.25
or
8Ub4:1ri4e4 . . . neult
a18t
OIl
Jlota
....u pl.ota
IIV'VaP 1/2 beotare aD1 uotlJft 500,000
the populat1on eQl.o8ioa_
ou:Qr a tw teet v1de.
*I\Y' people
'!be 0V1'lerS or occupants of tbeA
lea4 a baDI.-to-taouth aiatenoe.
Maqy
an at
't;he ~
at the aarket 8COIlOII\Y aD4 40 not l'Q'l'888Dt either a p.'04Ue1Da force
or farm
!I.'be:f
eOIII041t1es or an eftective demen4 tor 1n4U8trial. pJ"Oclucta.
PDtftll¥ lMk
DOt 0Dly laDt but othel" 1DprtII ~
JlL"OI1uM eft'..t1ve~ anA
f1'eqwtD~
ett1e14m~.
to
'.ftse1l"....u.;plot4s ot laD4
uha\18te4 8Zl4 ero41II8 troll ovv-eult1vatioue
an
ID4uatr1al
8V¥'1eea, Hboola,. roa4a, anA hoQitala ... praot1calq AOD...utent
in ......
-
Jl.aaUI4 ",. ~. 26
!he tollov1n,g chart
cl.ea.l"~
s1tuation wu in taUn AMrica
&.
ahcw Wl:8t the 1aD4 4iatnbut1on
fft ,..... agoi
......
3.7
8.4
23.0
64.2
100.0
25CUroll,
sm-
£!1.,p. l6,.
26rb14. I p. 166.
21~ on the reg1one.1
-
by' OSear Delgac10 in ~~
l. :re.t~ ~1a en La~, pnpu0e4 lIZ tbe &001ldii4
EconomCilgoe--a.el fa, Bogota, 19(,0, quoted in ~.; p. 165.
IJumm8l"y'
-
The !9!!1U~4. 18 tar ol4er thaD the bae1er.lf!a Ol' the plutat1on.
!he Inc.., _ . , and Mtea aU be14 land in ooUecrtift taah1oc, and
toI.q the 818tal
still .l1l'¥'1ves
in
ereas at native IM1an ',PCI,Pt4at1Gll.
~
1!WI a;yete of lancl-hcihUns 18 based on the aagregation of.'
t.nUea
Vbo together haYe
territor.r
of the
a el.a1m to a apee1t1c laJ:I4 ana.
~
eamaudv at tamUiea 18 Ie.med DOIl...trawJterab1e, lNt
the propr1etar:r rights at the aeve%'al tam1 1 1ea are recogn1lecl and
f/IN'fIr¥ 1Dcl1vidual. 18 tne to 41apJee CIt bi8 laDcl Wi thin tbe group.
JeICh
at the work
011
thea.
t8J'1118 :LI
;pertCll&'lDld col.l.ecttYe1;y
CIa
an ex-
ChanIe 'ba81a.28
Wh1le the gC!l!!!'a! 878-- 18 a eCllftbat better
-.
than eitbV
la~o OS'
1lla. 'l'b1.
~t
JlMmtal. toroea.
cre41t.
aDd. the
Mambera
m:1nU'\mI11o. it autt. . traa mar.t:Y ecoac:a1c
18 . . . . .i~ rigid anA inhibits develop-
at
the AIMl*m OOIIIImidacJa are unable
There are no 1nceDtivea
.,..taaa not
~.Ilt
t~
to obtain
ta.1.eDte4 or -.bitiows 1D&U:rl4u&l8.
CiODI1bwive to the
~
01 etteetive leadera
or SJ.'OUP aotion 1n bebe.lJ: at greateJ' prod.ucUvitq.
'bI' 1D1U:ri4ua"
1&1 not eaeouraaM.
~ 18
on a001olog1oa'L SI'O\UIII8.
ihe -.:La
~_t1n_tion
.,'"
tba:t
fNltural »opt] at:Lon Which 08JID0t, lie a'Da0r'be4 _
sector or ",. urban oeou;paUoDa, it ofterI
C&Jdtal 1aveatlllent
tor th1a
pe.n of the
agr1-
the . . . . . .1al.
per.,.
a
1IlOl'8 . . . . .
a.t1stactol7 W'I' at ute thaD tbat fit the ~"!!'!o .. l!!!!!!.• 2Il
26
-,
IbM., p. 167.
29n if.., p. 168.
ta'rIi1IIa
an4
15
-
The colono system is reminiscent of the teu4al1u
ot
the M1cl41e
The col.oao, or tenant tu.r, 18 pa14 in the teI90rary or
tra41 t1oaal. \I8\1truct
at a
parcel
at laD4 and eerta1D other
Jr1,'f'il.eges.
In return, the coloDo
, IlUSt serve a qec1tie4 number of claya on the
..tate and. tulfill other euatamary Auti.. , such as making available
.mbel"8
at
houaeho14.
h1a famUy
tor certain tales in
the f1el4
or in the owner' s
1!l1a 8Yl1tem 18 otten ccmbinac1 vith sharecropp1Dg or Vith
'teIIaDfIy on a cub rent 'ba81a.
'lhe oolono ayatc and. the hae1eD4a
tOl'm of lat1tuD41o are 1Dtertv1ne4 siDo. the oolono suppl1es DRlCh
at
.
the labor on the hat1. . . .
'!he aolono ayatem 18 regart.ed .. 1nett1oient arMl .. a poor
'bu18 tor eoOGClmic
--
~nt.
In the t1rat place, the oolono baa
no incentive to increase pro4uct1on. 30 Ria lite 18 no better one va;y
or 'the other.
baaioally
ODe
'.ftlen, too, the re1at1onah1p
at master
to serf.
at coloqo to
1"h18 type
8001&1., u well .. eCODOlll1e, 4enl.opDent.
at
system
l.aDd
owner 18
aer:L0U8~
hampel'S
It 18 'bas1cally oppoae4 to
such fundamentals of 81tber c1aaoeraoy or eooDOm1c dtmtlopDent ..
e4ucation tor the peop.le Who work the laD4, "they plow Just .. vell . .
it they cou14 rea4."
The
ha.!!rMlp1o,
or laD4 ower,
18
not intereated
in tarm-to-market roa.4a Wh1ch ~ local 4AmIl.opaentJ he 18 not
1ntereatecl in rural el.eetr1t1eat1on sina he oan l1&ht hi. !!!!
fP"!!'!4e
vi th • p.aol.1De motor J he baa hi. OVD private or public sources
at
cre41t so he c10ea not 'believe 1n cre41t tor the small tarmer. 31
3O~14., p. 170.
-.
3lsen1or,
!I- ~.,
p. 1.6.
Lan4 reform programa are d1rectlT related to education ancl
taxation pro'blaa J to increase asne\1l.tural ef'.tiCiencyI the t8.l'mlr.r
muet be e4ucateclJ to e4u.cate the t&1"llllU', schools muat be CODStructe4J
aD4 to OCl"18tru.ot sehOO1a, there IlU8t be in existence an efficient tee
system.
'lbe seneral problem of ec1ucation baa al.ready been d1scUS8adS
nov :1t Will be treate4 as 1t 111 related to lan4 reform aDd taxes.
'!'he relat:1onahip between more effioient pro4uctiv1ty and
cation i8 a very clear one.
aware
soil.
~
.au-
!he agricult\l1'al. worker mwst be ma4e
the moiIAtrn and etticient ways
ot getting a l1viDg from
the
S1mpl.y retl1stributing the l.aDcl to increase inoent1ve wiU not
solve the problem.
Inn when the farmer baa the incentive to raise
land. pro4uotiv1ty, he w:Ul. still be helpllHa tmlesa he halt the
knovle4ge
at
hoW to 40 ao.
'1h1s neoua1tatea
1DfIIQ'
new schools.
The raoae;y to bUild and support theae sChools v1ll have to CCDe
from taxu,
~_t
as it 40ea in the til1 ted. States.
maintaiDe4 in ""r:f COWlty or diatrict With the
Schoole ahoul4 be
f8O»le nt81dina
there makins aD annual contribution in o1'\'l.er to 'buU.4 aDd run th(tm.
This meana a paeral proJerty tax leYied. upm the value
at
the l.an4
anA other real proJerty vithin the l1mita of the county or district
.e:rYe4 'b7 the HhOOl..32
The property tu can ••rve a dual. pur,poae J bea14ea prov1cl1.ns
tuD4a tor e4ueation, it e8D help end lat1tun41o.
in two V8;Ys.
~s
eoul4 be 40De
rirat, a substantial exampt10n (abcwe a set IIIal1
m1n1mwll amount) ooul4 be a' 1 CMII4 on
ru...
aDI1 f a . aetual.l¥ oooupiecl
17
'by the1r owners.
For absentee landlords this vould mean a capital
levy. and they would eventual.l¥ be taxed out
ot existence. 33 Secon4,
it the property tax were sraAblated, it woul4 gre41Uv 1y force owners c4
large e8 tatee to either intensity culti vation or to 418JOSe of part
of their hol41ngs.
34
'fhe Latin-.llJDer1can countries need. more than Just a property
tax, howrer.
'rhey need.
an inoome tax system to provic1e the govern-
ment with IIOll&Y to carry out its t\mctions.
Jose J'1swmte, the
t~r
pres1c1ent of Costa Rica, believes, honver, that the Latin"'llIDer1can
tax eyetems are not sa bad as the tll1te4 States believee
AQCord.ing to him, ''rou
~h
~
to be.
.AJDericana disburse the bulk of your
personal taxee at a government office, based on your paychecks. We
pay at the store where our check 18 spent.
Whatever our reputation
sa tax eva4erB, and your reputation as tax _ciders, the atore is
certa1~ a place where no cne can cheat. "35 He belleves the main
difference to lie in what the Korth and SOUth .Araericana have lett
after taxes.
I certainl,y vould not argue this »oint vi th him, but
I think he ia overlooking the tact that a ,&lea tax hurts the JOGr
more than the waltby'. A graduated income tax voul4
certa11'll;y BAt-
crease the great spread betwHn the poor and the wealthy in that the
man making onl¥ $lOO a :tear woul.4 have more lett after taxe8 and the
man earning $100,000 voul4 haVe leas.
Eliminating the great space
33D>14., p_ 42.
-
34Carro1l, 21.- !!!-,
p- 191.
35Joa8 r1.fplereG, "'!'be AlliUM aDA Political aoala," The
Alliuce tor~82 ~ !!!! rerapct1.,.. (John C. Dre1er,
iUtoI"" p. •
18
-
between the lower and upper classes is one
at the goals at the All,! ance
for Progress.
M more and more people leave the tarm
to ind.ustr1aliae becomes even
mQl"e
the agricultural sector of the
urgent.
econ~
tor the oity, the need
The
~r
re1eaaed ~'"
muat be absoriMld.
Bv'en in
countries where industrialization is talt1ng place, 'haveYer,
ment i8 stiU high..
There are two
rate of population increase, and 2.
rMS0n8
~.
tor t.h1a: 1. the high
the nature of modern technology.
I 40 not believe the tirst point needs an::! further discussion.
'lbe
seooo4 point does need cl.u1.tieat1on, bOINVer.
Latin .America suffers tram a scareity of capital and an abuD1anoe
of manpower.
-
Yet, t.l],e production teehniques Yhich ,.. are intro4uo1ng
:f.n Iatin AJDerica are .ant tor advanced countriea where the con41t1ons
are just the reverse.
WI are mald.ng available tecbnOlogy Which is
geared to econom1se manpower and. expend 0&»1tal in large amounts .. 36
According to Raul Prebisch, a not«\ Latin-American economist,
the process of industrtallzation suffers from three main flaw Which
have wakened its contributions to improving the standard of livings
1.
All industrialisation activity is directed towards
the 4tautie market ..
2.
!he choice of 1D4uatr1es to be _tOll.heIl bas
been based more on circumstantial reaaons than
on oona14erat1oaa at _anemio )"iel4.
3. IDI1wJtrial.1aation
baa ta1le4
to
OYC'COM the
tenlal vu.l.narabil1ty of the Latin-American
COlII1tl'1_.:n
.
ex.
19
-
In regard to the t1Nt problaa, the COll8tant
~
of 1l14ua-
tr1al.1aat1on baa been that of 1m,port eubat1tut1onJ l1ttle or no
attention has been pe.1d to the ett1c1enc, of the export industries. 38
Just equalising the
be
~1a
on 1mport and export industries V1ll not
e1'JOU8h, hoWever.. The alYan0e4 eountri. vill have to lower their
proteotift wal.ls 80MVbat to t&oWtate 1UWOrta of certain 1ndustrial
goo4a troll 4fmtl.oping
greater cape1ty
countries, thereby giY1ng the. . COWltri. . a
to 1Dlport those goo4a
tor
Vh1ch there 18 & large
41tterenoe 'betwen the coat of importing them aDI1 1nduetr1.al1s1Dg to
;tr04uoe thel.
'!'be second flaw 18 lar&el¥ 4ue to the l.uk of • t&1'-alghte4
PreHure of c1nwDatanoe h&B had. IIllOh to 40 vJ. th the aboice
pollcy.
-
of 1D4uatl"1ea to be ••tabUlbed.
In t1mu at 1JQort 41tticul.t1ea 4ue
to a ecarcity of toreign currency or to the oouaequ8ncea of the ¥orl4
'lara, l'Utrictiona
Wft applied. where
v1thout u;eett1Dg the
~1ng
~
theee SOO4S then
8pI"aII8
they
_:re ....1e8t to
at the internal.
up-
In
~
eeoncrq.
1ntro4uce
IDdWItr1ea
1utances, it woul4
haft been better to 1mpoae dutiel on other goods since there . . not
aa
large
&
coat 41fterential
with reapeet to the intemat10aal
Mrket.39
The ccml:d.:aation of the t1rat two dAttecta lea4a to the th1r4.
Th. PNOU8 of import 8U.batitutiOD baa been carr1e4 to l\IOh •
that it hall not
8~
38:m.r....,
usree
the atructure at the Latin-A!lerican
gt. ~., p. 21.
~1aOh, ....CIlOIId.. _peete of the Al'1 aJ&Ce, If p. 32.
20
eooncm;y to Wit~taD4 externail f'luctuaticrs.s aad events.
ence in respect to import au'bstltution has
~allen
Slnce preter-
on c0D8Ul111r good.I
thia treD4 18 about to end 111 almost caaplste su'bstitution
regards
&8
such gooc1a in the mcxre In4u8tr1al a4vanced countries at Latin
AJDar1ca.
lJIport8 are thus confined to the raw materials a.n4
me41ate goods euential.
to cQ1 tal gooaa.
~
~O'r
ma:intain1:ng current economic actlvity and
':alia has b1'OU8ht about a new kind of vul.Den.lt1l.1ty •
rec1uoible margin of 1mpo1'ts baa 4iaap,pe&rec1.
cyol1ca1ly, 1nab1l1ty to ilQol't easential
etteet on
inter-
the growth
rate
When a;porta 4ecl1ne
soocla has an untavora'bl.e
aDd. ",,11 l.ea4a to
a cCIIltraet10n
of the
ecJOIICIII,Y .40
The t!d.ted Katioaa BcODOll1c CClllld.u1on
-
tar t.at1n
~rica
(PmaA)
plana i til 'baaic eaphaa18 on the U)'IIIDetry in the relationship 'between
the
"center.l" the great 1n4uatrial.1H4 countries, and the "ptripher.y, n
the ua4enleYel.0pe4 countriee.
from tn4e
phery.
~
the per1,be1"¥.
~1rst
pJ..ue, there 18 an uymmet2:7 between the income
4eDIan4 tor 1IIfOz'ta of the center
'lbe tOl'l8r ia bel1e'Ye4 to be
largely due to Jagells
tav,
~
to that of
conti~
decl1n1Dg
Which states that peroentage a;peu41tuN
the average a 4eoreasiug turlction of 1noarae.
on tood 18
OIl
latter is,
II&QIt ~,
4emonatntion eft"t.
J8O»le
their stU41ea, the ga1Ds
are not equally 41'V'1484 between the center 8D4 the perl.
In the
elasticity
ACCOrd.1ns to
potential.J¥
extreme~
The
large because at the
This aqa that as the t1nan.eial ;poeition
or
Vi th DO'tb.1l\g i8 1IIIprcwec1, they v1l.l. want all the th1np they
,-
have alva¥8 ...11 otheJ'8
the peroel1'tap
»08.....
.,..u.ture
'l'hU8, as 1noome :ria.. 111 the center,
on 1II,porta tJ'OII the per1pherJ d.eCl1nea.
All 1Dcome r1a.. 1n the ptrlpheJ"1, hoVItVW, the pm:eutap of 1~
that
aoea tor
1111J(irt8 from the . .ter 1DOreuu.
!fhe lELA atuti" alao t0UD4 that pJ'Otaet101l ~a a 41ttel'lll'at
role ill 4e'f'elope4 aDd UDUrc1evelo,pe4 OOUlltr1eS.
In the 4eYelDpecl
center I 1t 1nterterea Vi th the al l ocat1on at resovoea. Re801.U'"C88
are vute4 p;'OClue1ng 1telae vh1ch coul4 be ptl'Oha8e4 . , . oheaply tram
other cOUIltrie..
tt Aut1.. were loverecl on these
coul4 then 'be allocated. to
1Dcreu1Da
the a;porte
1~,
l"Uoureee
at other
pro4uete.
Ir1 the periphery, hcMtver, because of 41qu1ae4 WleIIlJl.O,ymeDt 111 agri.
culture BD4 a natural. 1noreue in JOPUlatiOl1 that CaDDOt 'be a'be0rbe4
-
tbere, protect1001
or
1n4u8try 18
l'8flU1re4 tor
the al.1ocat1OD
at
reaourc... ltl Al:though the ICLA. atU41. 414 not prc4uee meantnatul
results I perl'lepl, clue to the 1noluH4 reoogn1t10n that tatill ......1ca
ea&mOt eoat1rlwt .. thiD68 ataDd
1lOV, the
All' . . . tor Progres•
.v
mMt vith more . . . . . in the.. areas.
Lat1Jl
~r1oa
can
110 lODger ~ OIl
her a;porte to
pz'OYi4e the
tuaaa to purohaH the th1Dp ahe Dtte48J vaU..,l8D1'J4d 1mport a\&bet1tute. vill have to be 1nteD81t1e4.
S1DOe aU tat1n-.Ame:r1c. repu'bl1c.
autter tram th1a . . . 111 ...., real expma1cu at the Lat1n-.-r1Ch111
eooacrq . .
cmlJ be acb1eve4 it 1n4uatr1al1aat1on 18
4upl.1eatec1 vithin
1"88Ouro.. &Del
-
tt.a. Th1a c1»p11cat1oD lea4a to
DIUIt 'be .t0ppe4.
4lH1raChllan, ~.
!!!.,
A
tatill-.AJler1can
p. 14-16.
DO l.oapr
nee4l... vaate
COIDOD Ma'l'lDet
of
seems
22
,-
to 'be the aaawr.
In
1960.
the Latin
t1011 (LAr.I!A) vas utabl1 l1he4.
AIIer108l1
The IDIIibera
at
hee !'ratle
.soo1a-
this Maoe1atlon are
Arpnt1Da, BrasU, ChUe, MIX1oo, PaJta.aWq', aa4
~.42
The LAF'.rA
1s 4et1n1tel3 a step 111 the r1aht 41zreetion, but mueh st1U rema1D8
to be cloDe. 43 1Ih1le theN oountriea cut the tar1ft's 8IlODS thaselvea
_
aYItI"aP of 2T percent on 2500 1tem8, 4Jl tbe 4ut1es 'lII1J08e4 by the
.A88OC1aUoo
OIl
1mporta fran other aou.ntr1.. . . extremely h1&h.
avere&1D8 over 100 pt1'CteD.t. 4,
1'bUe protection
har48h1pa em the other Lat1n-ArIIr108l1 oOUlltri.ea.
18
aD
:raw.
1,.,.. 1.ID4ue
What 1s ca1.lA4 tor
U8001at1oD Vb10h voul4 1Dclu4a all Lat1n-.-ncan :republ1ea.
A r.t1D AIIIJ'1oaD
ec-aa:a Mu'ket voul4 1'e4uoe protect1on
costs
an4
tmmt.ua11 :f taoWtate Latin-.Aab'1ean exports to the 1IlO8t aclv8DOe4
-
1D4Utr1al oountri88 of the vorl4.1M)
In ad41tioa to the two
tnea of
~
that have
~
beea UaeusH4, there 18 aDOther 8l'OUJ of pro'b1e8 Vh10h v1ll haft
a bear1D8
011
the social. aDd. eeoaa1. 4evelCJ.ljllDlllt of Latin AJnerioa.
~Ol "8oc1a1
4lpz..b1aeh,
"-eoao,
ChaDge &114 the
~ Mpeeta of the AlUance,· 1'- 35.
~ All 1!!!! t2! Pros!'!!8. !!!. ~ e! ao.le,
45p...'b1Hhl "J1oollClll1o AQeota
-
Alllanee," ,. 130-
461'W4., Ih 31.
at 'the Alliance," p. 35.
The political c11ttloultle. Vb1ch lAtin
the A1] S. . . tor PI'ogrea8 . . . to the
the AIIer1_ are 1118ZV'.
.,..ral.
~
Pl"88enta to
UD4el'8tan41 ug betwen
In the tint place.. the Latia-AWlriou
couratne. are ....1~ .t111 the type at aooiety that U1atec1 in
Europe and 'the taa1te4 States 'before the ID4uatrial Revolut1OD.
!here 18 an ellte r.ra:.lJu'.)r::l V at the top
or
the eooncaaS c scale aDd a
poor aa3or::lV at the bottom vith a relat1vel;y small. 1Id.44l. clan.
J)u:r1Da
-
I1OJ'mal t1mu
01'
When U ttle or
DO
m1nor1ty at the top ..,. well expz .._ the
III timea
JD01"8
at cbaDp or 0J'181a, hcMwer,
41aCODDeOte4 ..,tiCl.'t&111'
Bnm tbou&h
~
traa the
ohange 18 takSI'll place.. the
t ..l.1Dsa 011 their uatlaaa.
the elite beoamea more ara4
~hecl
maJorities.
las 10 to 2, years beb:Snd the mal....
they CGIlt1nue
to apeak tor their OOUIltr1ea in their relatioDS w1th the ou:ta14e
".. 47
war.....
!be YfIr1' p80lJle that Jonh
~o_
teu4 to th:1rik
t:roultl,.cl keN an turD1Jag out to 'be the people WhO
baekins the AlU...
aN
or ..
aotlvel1'
8eYeral fP'OUP8 Who aN aoaa14erec1 "too tar
left It 111 the taI11ietl State. but vbo aft
~
A»J02't1Dc the
Al"'" an the Lat1D -.r1oar&18ta (a II'OU.P ot ~),
:nrter.....1... AHoc1atloo tor DIaOCracy ad.
~,
the
cad. the PrieDc18
Of the taUte4
States or Latin /illlr1ca.
vorldng With theM fP'OVPI, the ma.1Ority
In8teaA of
or Korth
telkiac to
ani
.-r1eau haVe caa-
IJl\1D1catec1 v1th JeOPle who are inaet1" 1D poUt1_ or who -lore to
aaaU coue:rntlve parties.
oarmot be ox;peoted to car.r.y
TheH partl..,
out the
:re:tOl"DS
~
8J"8k'ns,
reecaaended in the
Al11 __ •48
AceOl"tiDs to Hr. P'1&Uerea,
perhaps the
at the Alliance tor Progress 18 to
The PVC"lIIIlIIIDt
or
maJOl" political
pl"Ol»laR
be t0UD4 in the ttl:l.tecl States.
thi.8 countI',Y (l.e. the lIUted
ltatu) taeea the an_ of s1mUltMeoull¥ leaI:h",
a contentec1 people at holle, Who teD4 to be conHl"V'atlYe . . . . . the.Y haft a sn«t c1eal to eoaM:rYe,
and " D'UI!ibe:r of -.lcoDtente4, all1ed:peo,pl.ea abroa4,
who tea4 to lie l'ft'Olu'Uoaar,y 'beeauIIe t.be.r have a
creat deal to ahaDge.
_1eu'"
J8OPl.e at the th1te4 statea aft auu
tovud. MOtbIr BID'ope, Vh1eh 18 CCfI-.-sable, AD4 DOt
to S1ater Latia .-r1ea, which 18 l.amerrta'bl.e. Th1I
OOUftt.r,y 1Iaber1.te4 the JtIa1'.b ~, a peat
c1e&l or the itlaliah poUt1eal v1I4om '" 1ntemal.
afta1N, 8D4 . . . of the BaslJIh ~ tor the
1J,pNl1 a1'da. Lat1Jl Allerlca iDher1ted the :tansuaae,
tba ob1Tal.rT u4 the IIDIU."Oll7 Of the Iber1aa
pen1n8ula, and s~9ot i te cU8trust tor the 11"1t1ah,
~
vb)
QMk BnS11ab.
IfOtr that the peJ.e of the Al] 1....... the CODIUt1ODI 1t 18
'tr11D8 to , . II\Y
cUacrua81D&
Vbat the
~
l!f!!.,
49lb14 •
-
bave been c1eal.t With, let us turn our attent10a to
.All1uoe _ _lJ.ahecl
p. 82.
in ita tU'at ;year.
Between Mlrch
3, 1961 aM Peb1"Ual7 28, 1962, the tlUted States
committed $1,029,576 to Latin America t.lDlfAa:r the Alliance tor Prog.re8S.50
Seventy-f'ive :percent ell that cQlJ!l1tment has not yet been dis'bUHe4
1
and maD\Y' of the projects 8.l"e 3uet beg1nn1ng.5
count1Dg projects
C'Ul"l'en~ under
wa,y and tunds
l68,000 homes; 15,000 miles at road; 620 water
hospitals &U4 health centers, and
ecapl.etec1.
-
:ar the aUDlD8r at
1963/'
~ cClDJrl.ttecl,
$~ &y'8tes,
360
17,250 clasarooms should have beeD
In aMition, acme 17,000 teehrdciana in the field of
agr1culture and 20,000 teachers and other education qec1aUeta v1U
have been trained and ::!{,OOO agr1cultural 10&D8 et.teoted.
~
It 18
that awroximatel.y 35,000,000 :people in Latill AJDerica vUl
have benet! ted tran All1rmee proJects. 52
~
Lat1n...,AJner1cen countries have und.ertaken the baaic
retOJla oalle4 tor in the Al' 1_. ODe of the areas ..-t 1rl ....
fit ntOftt 18 the land tem.u:e 8)"8tem.
retOl'll law 1D ex1stence~.
(1961),
Qua......l .
8evVal oat1oD8 have 1u4
!he8e are Dol1Y1& (1953) .. ColcIib:ta
(1953), MeXioo (1917) ..
w
Veneauela (1960).
In
""11, JJoVa4or, aD4 Peru. law ... unc1er l.egielat1ve oona14eratlO1l.
.t:r:.. ,.
P£E!'t
GaiDa,
- i n '&
5O!W\ SIUlA, !l'he lint 1'..- of the A!!'~ tor
CGll~, p.
mu-Y18VN~iOUii
-
-
51 Ib14., p. 1.
-r.-
:WO laD4 reform laVIJ have been draf'ted in Argentina (considered unneo..-
sary by the Oove1"lUDent), Ch1le, Coeta Rica, DcIrI1nican Republic (the
nee4 is
onq tor reeettlement ot rural populations), El. Salvador
(s\.ll"V'eT under va.,y), Bait!, lba4uraa (considered l.IIUleC.sar.y),
mcaraaua,
Panama, ParasUa.Y, and 'tJ'r'uSUaY.
In the l.ut year
new tax law bave
Colombia, El Salvador, Ecuador, and Peru.
been paned in Bolivia,
Several other nations have
laws in preparation: :Brazil (before Congress), Chile
(be~.ng
dratted.),
Costa Rica, Dominican Republic (studied), M.ucico, and Ven.uela.
other countr1es have not started workins on tax laws tor one reasOl\
or another:
Argentina (onl¥ better collections nee4ed) I Guatemala,
JIonduras (collections improving), Haiti, N1oaregua. Panama (no
i
-
problem), Par~, and
tTru8UaY.
The Alliance also aske countries to subm1t. lons-range 4evelop...
ment plans. Bolivia, Chile, alIA Colombia have submitted the requeate4
ten-year plans.
Argentina, Brasil, Dominican :Republic, It Salva40r,
GUatemal ., Hond'UJ'8.8, Panama, and Venquela have plana in advancte4
preparation.
MIX1eo,
Ifo plaDa haVe 'been DII4e by'
nearasua,
Costa :Rica, Ecuador, Haiti,
~, Peru, aDi ~.'3
Altbough the AU1ance bu IWt vith acae aUCCleR, it has also
encountered II¥ml' obstacles an4 a;pecta to enOOUDter DBIV' IM)re in
tr.Ti1l8 to acOCl9lJ.sh ita aoala.
».
-
60 .
5~ JbJo08O, P!op!!a B!2?l"'t ~ ~ AU1ance ~ P!op!!.,
53&1ulc, ~
'1l?J! !.!.E 0:: !!!. All ~-!!l £!!: !\r!fp!!81
~~,mdC~".~
Qa1u,
As bas been mentlona4 'betOft, the tzoceJJilous papul.at1on grovth
in LatiA .AJne2,"ica 18 one
ecoDOm1c progress.
or
the bige8t obstacles to social aD4
Programs geared to help solve the soc1al and.
eeonom1c probl.ems will not
to keep up nth the birth rate.
be able
!he situation w:UJ. resemble a 40s
tl71D8 t.o
ceRch :1.te tail aDd
either be:lDg able to bo14 on to it tor onl\Y a tfN m1IlUtea or nat
be:tns able to
haVe
-
DO
grab it at
all. yet, the Latin-American people vUl.
incentive to decl'ea8e this rate until tbe,y
Then the:! v.Ul. begin to cOl1li4er
tunities for better e4tu1ation.
whetbe%'
a _ , lila
t~
miSht
Me ~ 0ppor-
DOt
~
better
tor tbemeel.vea and. tor
their Children. 54
The All1 ance l.o8t sup:port in the Ul1tAd
Latin-American countries 1'8tuae4 to 80 betOII4
State.
¥beD 8fMtral.
~tiOD
Castro regime aDd excl.u4e CUba from the Orpn1zation of
States at Punta del. Eate 1n Jamla%'f,
is the
vs:t
revol.ut.iCID.
the '()Ute4 States
1962.
~iean
'l'he bailie ccatlict here
am Latin AJaerlca view4 Castro' 8
'!be th1te4 States
was sre
eaa.eerned vith vhetber CUba
vas to enJoy delrJ:>cratic treecJom or to again aut.ter
anawr turDII4 cut to
of the
be ~,
~.
It tbe
we were 1fOl"!l"1ed as to 'Ihetber it
woul4 be laUfPlD,OUB or be 4ca:fnate4 _
a
~1'"
atracont1neD.tal
PfMIr.
J)le
to our 1nveatmeata 111 CUba, the threatened a:propr1a't10D8
wen a IIOUJ"Ott of
0CGCeI'D to
us. VOUl4
~
be ha'adl.:t 1D
aoocm1aDce
v1th tnt.ematiODal custom or voul4 t.bq 'be outr1sht tbett8,
LaUD.
.Aller1ca t e maiD CODCC"D, bcJnTer, vu wbetber or DOt Cu1iro voul4
ean"1 out the prcm:18e4 loc1al. retOlW Vh1ch baA sa1De4 him the aupport
at
CubaDI and of the bem1apbere ~.
maJJY pro'blelllJ that arl.8e clue 'to lack
1'h18 1a jWlt 0118 of the
at UI14er8tan4Sac betwen
the
ttdte4 stat.. aDA Latirl .-rica u4 c1.\1e to 41ftereat va1uea. 55
....,.u.
~
1a araother
an.
vbere
our
41ttennt experi_ _ aDA
an caus1n8 trou'blA. A wr4 or term ma:r __ cme th1q ill
the UA1ted Matea . . aometh1D8
ent11"e:q
Tbl'ee sucb tcmas are 8oo1al.1sa, private
41ttel.ut in lAtin MI'1"1ca.
_~,
aD4 ..,10811.
In Latin .-r1ca, 8oc1.' i . . AeavibU a putecrt.l¥ aeoeptabJA aDd.
-.
c1elIloc:ratic vq of llf'e; private
_~
augeata aplcitat101l at
vorke1"a an4 reaou.rcetl, 'UIlCOWSc1oDable p&'Ot1u, rich
ClIIIDft'8
aDd JOOl'
vorlatw; Alm"ican to tb8 Latin .t.r1ean 1Delu4es anyone trOll tierra
4el ft,aq.o to the :Ber1DS 8tn.1t. 56
1'he problem of :hr• • di_ veraus plamdD6 18 a -.1or ODe, alao.
The 4eatitute __. . . . . . to be 1n8t11lAcl Y1th
,...,i. boJeJ tbAr3'
need to ... quiok tans1b1e ev14aDoe that the tlUte4 statea ftalJ¥
vanta to
'bUt
Ml»
them-
Latin Araer1_ nee4a 1cmg...~ pro.1ecte, also,
at tb8 present ahe lacka the tecbDic1aDa,
''»lute ~aeaboWr,
-
e~,
teaehers,
"The Ani . . . tor ~l H18tor10
Prob~ ant Penpeetivee (3olm C.
ROO'ta," 'I'M All1anoe tor PJ'OIN88:
Dreier, e41tor)" ,. 18-19.
p.
N'.
7"-
~coao, P£OE!!8 !«e!'! ~ !!!. Pi!!!P!! t£ J!!I!!!!,
.-
t1Dan01II&,
etc.,
to c&rr/ out t.be pro~ecrta. 51
'l'he vealtIW elaa8 in Lat1n
~
18 DOt f,Oil.1s to take ldDll;y
tt
to the 14ea of hav1.Qg their 1n\Y at ute 41tttv.rbe4..
t.be tlU ted
States triea to p b ~ t.be ~0l"IIS to Vb10b thtI1 93eCt, tl-a'
'IJVq
aoauae
or
thl thi ted States
~ . .t
their countries. 58
raedd1:lng in the internal aftairs at
be made to realize that i:t the .......
are not be~, tbIT will beeome tools of a oClllllUDist l.ea4er who
will, l.1ke Castro, take the
~
of the waltl:\Y with
AS Preaidant:getancoUrt at Veneauela put it,
t1QIl.
! ~
no~.
'!aT:. e. ~
nbna E!!!. salver ! !!! riCO$" .- "* must l:lel.» the POO1" 111
orae:r to
eave the rich. "59
'l'he poor families have some tears as to what the .All1ance DIV
-
mean
tar thea.. too. '!'he
most
teared
at the
most tmaVOid.abl.e cbanaes. 'nle exten4ed
and cae of the
tamil;r ot uncl.ee d
~
d18:t"tJption of t~ lite 18 ODe
aunts,
~
seocraPhiea.ll\Y intact
aD4
~bi]4zen
oatUlOt
in a s1nslA vw.aae, rural re&1on, or
cit7 neiShborbood unc1er the Pl'U_urea of a moGenl
eGOllOIJ;Y.
Job
opportunities v!U open up tor 1nd1vi4uals, not tor VholEl tamiU••
The talt that
f'~ ~
does not --.n that
will be
~
-
~e4
t~
in
v.Ul
live tu:rther apet
ties V1U be wakene4.
tnwz'ov1nS the
which can unite
neeees~
tal41l1.
tr~at:ton
ap.in.
MII.qy of
the peapla
anA OOIlIItU\licat:1on
.-
lot ~ the lilil'sical pz'OIi.'bni-Qr ~
tlu.'eateDec1 'tr:f econanic
who
pa1'eDta
now v:Ul
~,
boWver.
at tlUlil\r ute are
Pool' and unedu.ate4
be able to see their ch.il4:ren ecl\wate4 Y1ll have
a he:rd time retairrtns the reaptct of theM ehil4ren. b
ehi14l'en
1dlllmow more abcut the modem'MOrl4 anA mlI¥ feel tbem;selves to be
~lor
to their lxneduCatecl ;parents. Men Yil.l DOt
havina their t.rad.itional authority
as mch
IllIIin7
or
M
tr..e.r do.
The extended
chell enged. by
tw.q
1ts tradit10nal tunetions.
~1ate
women
spec,
LatiD....A1aer1can tamil.ies have
The role C1t p.rov14:i.ne insurance.,
.'1 zed instittttions.
DO
do not realise that this same
earn l18U'J;r
will sutter f'rom the losa tit
medieal. care, schoolins, aDd enterta1nment V1U pass
f'raD the f'ami:q to tld'e
WID
ea:atact
nth
th.ins ha;p;pens
:incrctas~
Sinee then Ji1OO1"
the outsl4e world,
~
among 1D1igrant tand) ,_
and W'OJ:"kel's' f'amilies vbose eh1l.4ren SO into the protessi':m8. 60 'rh18
J..aek of
~
8IDDIl8 the waltb:( &D4 the poor aI
to the
benefits to 'be derived from the AUiance-eponsored. reforms is caus:1.n&
trouble 1Iben it canes to
~t1J:as
theM lC'orms.
The requ.irement that countries that receive a1d practice selt..
he~
through basic retoms in land +..enure. ta1t le&1eJ.atlon and
i"i.Danc1al stab1li'l1" l'>.as placed the tllited states in a qu.anQaJ".Y.
d.o
we aD when,
rero:me,
eftn though
i te democratic
Wba't
a countr.Y has failed to tul..l¥ l:arr;r out
aovern;ment a in CI.a.Dpr of tall1Ds tt aid
not &1"'" Some . . that to pve aid w1'tbou't tt. requ1re4
1& like agreeing to blakaail.
!1'he
*'aatnt1an,
~
boWYer, teel8
:ia
that in 8,..:1al 0Mea pol.1tloa1 ....u.z.at1. . . . .t 'be .1'_4 to
Glltve1sh 1M1ateMe on
f\Il.fiU1aa tbe Alli_ obl1pt1ou to the
lettv.61
ADOther -.1or probl.a 18 tba pov1as
Mt.IV'
DfJt
~
401Da theiJ"
alovq. 10118
~
of C.......
. . . to feel 'that the tatin-.-.r1eaa eouIlt.r1ea
.hUe.
aN
1'be.Y tb1Dk
~
are
0CIIQariIls the All' . . . to:,
talei . . plaee too
~ v:ltb
!he:r
Plan, ..... the All,aDOe looka poor 1». th1a l.1s'ht.
entr, tluR 'the MIftball Plau ...
the IIU'IIba.U
t~,
zwt a l"OC'1DI ...... 1D _
how-
f!.ret
year.
.A1eo, ar.rope hal beeD 1D4uatrial i .... 'betoN the war aa4
~
re,pe..1r8.
lAta.u.nca baa IMMP' _ _ s.-..V1alil4d.
bel1eve ICI'. Mea.aeo puta 1t Vftl!T
auoe~ in
aft
the
~t
I
toll.o1rJ.Ds s'tate-
In ettect, B.a:8Je ., the -u. at the Ie1"IfhaU Plaa
... lJ.ke • VS"eekII4 av.taaobUe.. It hal. to be taJIa
1DtO the ~ ahot, When . . . 'I'C'T t1al1lllO...&1_
Wft va1t.1Ds. J.n v1t.b N::l!!M' 1t U a . . . of
~ bavS.DS to bu1l4 the autcaobila tNa the
tp"OWlI\ . , - IIDIl in a . . . ~t baa6ft4t1tb11tr 'the
~
toola .... t.n:t.awI _but ...
!be ........
~
that
at
CoIJpeea eleo teD4 to l1Dk the Alli_
bappm8 111 Latin .AJlU'iaa.
• 8ub8i.4S.ar.f of DltemaUoaal telAphoae _
1Dt:ro41a0e4 1D both . . . . of
p.oori.a1ca . . . . . .
~
Vb8Il
'lnadl~
~,
to aut
ott
'b1ll.a ....
aid. to l!Iftall.
a JVt of tbe :raretp Mautanee Mt
flit
--
~,
P!'Op!!!
'l'h1fI
1963- !be
~, '.ale ~ !!!!. or !!! All.'_ !!!: P!!I!!!! t
*_:wa,
... ~1i!lJ p. 4p. 60 •
~
0a1a8,
P!Jo!:t !!. !!!! All1 . . t!ll!OJ!!!!,
Mm:in:lstrat1on fought ap.5nat thiS p1"O'liaiOn, arguias that the . .1Sure
did not repreHIl't the poUey of the Bnaillan Goveruraent. 63 ....,.
~
feel, ho1IWeJ', that a
.,.,....-at Vh10h
baa
DO
ecIIlVol ewer
the po11c1ea of its states v1U 'be UDi'&b1e to 11.... up to the
of the
Al11....6JI.
Political 1natabU1t7 ... the tear
ettoJtts to ONate inveataent
\'he
proY1a~
mt17 at
Dft
mone.r to
at
~t1oD
we _iDS
_teh att101al. Ol1W Ita_ a14.
private capital. 18 at111 1'Um'ns at 1f'h&t is caoa.
s14e1-e4 an uuatiafacrto17 1eYel. !'he net 1afl.ov in 1961 ... ~
$200,000,000. 65
Latin .....1_ 18 a1IJo upae't abou1; the
-
statea to cla1m ita tuU ....... of ..u,t
~
it 40lil.
of
ODe
giftS the ~ the scent
t~
of the tI11te4
tor .".,. ..oeat t.h1IIs
or a
haD4-out".
~
of cooptzoat1on betWea the tante4 statal . . LaU. ~.66
!be Latin
~ aft
the All1an-
a potal
tor P:\"oI:N88 18 to
peapl., aDIl we . .t
p1rl
~
lIUIII"
..,....u_.
tbla tt
6lsa.J.e,~!E. !t 1l!! W~!!!I!! t!!: l!'!!I!!!!!l . .,
at.1i!~1!!,
!!!! ~ __,
p. 5·
64Itd4., 1" ~.
-
651W4., J. 1.
--
66a..ooao, l!!E!!. ~ !!!!!. AlB!!!! f!! l!'!!I!!!!!.
p. 63.
-
f
'!'be goals
at the Al.l.1.aMe ..,. . . .
~C
to
'to
1OIle.
the av'tI1"aP cit1sen who lcnowa relat1vel;r nothing abOut the a1tw&t1cm
that ea1ats 1a Latin A1ael1.oa toI&¥, 1t 1DIl7 seem eeJQ' C\CJIP to :tnCft8H
per capita 1DeQllBJ JUs tax .." l..ata4 retom law; iIuJu:l"e l:tx
:years of pr1mar.y IChool.J.ns
&welopaeDt plarmins.
tor
~
chU4; . . 1nat1tute nn1C11l&1
'rO the . . . .t 'Ibo reaJ:t1eB
entaUa, b.oveftr, the fP&lS
what a\loCh a
progNI
mer .,.,...:r too h1Sh to be aoeca.pli.b14
111 so I8ba:rt a t1me.
-,
Latin AlDlWiea's ~ have DOt ari.8eD 0ftl'D18bt. She baa
a.l..'Irqe lNttered f'.ran ~
greater
J)e'NeJ1tage
s.ne.reue
or houa1nS"
e4ucatica, and health.
'the
in poJUlat1ca. 1n the lut tfIV years _
the ra»14 tren4 toward 1.Il'baD1aaUon have ir.tten81fie4 the.. pJ.'O'blMa,
In ozder to slott VI l.Il"baId _t1on ~
lJOVe'¥er.
muat 'M tMkle4J the laD4 tem.1.'re . .'tal will
order to ~ IICXre peoJle to
houa1D8, achoola, an4 18D1taJ7
8.1!'8a.
at
00'I.1.'I"IM, the IlOrteY
haVe to . . . f1tCa 1CIIIIIIVbmt.
have
to be retOftlll4 in
stir en 'the 1aD4
_Ul"H
to prori.te
aae-ol4 JPtO""
UDtU
C8D 'be ~
au.
3oba,
ill the uzIban
theM . . . . .it188 w1U
'!be tldte4 ata.... W1U 40 ita abaN,
lNt the Lat1a-lJIaer1can naUcm v1U have to 4.0 tbe1n, too.
'bI':lIIp VJl the PfObl.a
....,...t.
-
prdal_
at tea retOl'll. M JOU can _, all. ot
are
Latin-
~.
lD t171n8 to solve
t!pc11D1 . . .
Th1a
LatiD·~·. ~,
the A1l1_ 18
at 1te ova. In 'the tint p1aoe, 1t 18 lJ.ft1ou1t tor
-
the people in the Un1 ted. States and Latin .America to work together
since so many ditterences in values and political beliefs keep them
trom understanding each other's situation.
neec1ed support
The
tor the Alliance both
in
ibis lea4s to a lack
or
Latin .America and at home.
rich in Latin America do not want their property and. privileges
disturbed.
'!he poor are afraid at What the Alliance vill mean to
their family structure and their wa;y
or lite.
In the United States.
impatience wi tIl A,1.l.1anee results is presenting a maJor problem.
Some
members ot Congress are hesitant about voting tunds to carry on the
program on the basiS of results so tar.
They forget that the AU.iance
is not :repairing, but actual.l.y bu1l4ing.
Many
members of Congress
are trying to link the Alliance to everything that happens in Latin
America.
They,
along vith others, are also maId OS the Alliance seem
like a charity program by demanding tull eredit for every decent thing
The UA1tecl states has put
the United States does in Latin America.
itself in a quandary by insist1Dg on reforms betore ai4. too.
What
40 we do when a democratic government must haV'e aid to sUO' in povv
and yet ~ not 1n.atitute4 the reqUired reforms!
has one aDSver. others have
The Administration
another.
When we cOGSicler that the A1l:Sanoe has only been 10 actual
ettec:t tor a little over one
year (sinoe the charter vas signed at
Punta del. late in ~t, 19(1), I bel1en the progress Dl8Ile 80
presents a more hopeful picture thaD
~
8eem to ....
tar
After all,
you caunot erase the mistakes of oenturies in Just one yec-.
MIDY
Un1 ted States Oi tisena oanDOt ocmpreheDll the 00tl4itiOlUl that ex1at
in Latin America toc1ay.
tt they 4i4, I
fUll
sure they voul.4 realise
35
that most at the people want reforms
be patient.
I belleve a statement
'by
am
will YOl"k
tor them. We must
Jose Figu.eres 'best
:reasons why the Alliance tor l'roSr'8SB must succeed.
.lUllS
up the
He 8a14 siJlrlly,
"It i8 one minute to midnight in Latin l!JJter1ca ••61
p. 1.
67Iblcoao, 'l\'le Alliance tor Progress: Its
-
-----
-
~ ana.
Goals ,
---.
--- -
-
~1De
Bolin..
Il'aaU
Cb:Ue
ColoIIbia
Coeta R1ca
Dc:Imil:l1ctan Repl\ll.1o
Bcualor
Bl. SalvaAoJo
OWltllllla
Ba1t1
lIoDI.'I.uJ'ea
MlXieo
I1craraaua
p--
Pvasvai1
leZ'U
UDite4 States
u.ruau.
, . . . .1&
.,
TABtJLA1'l0Jr (8 AID BY tJlWSD S'1'A'l!8 1'0 LA.TDl AMlRICA TJID1tR
TBI ALt.lAICI :roB PJtOCJR& B'I'l.VIII MARCH 3, 196J. .AID
rDRUAltY 28, 1962
*A1'SeDt1na
BolJ:ria
HBrdU
#Chile
Colomb1a
Costa R1ca
Dantini. . ~c
Eetaa40r
Bl. 8&1......
G\1ateN.la
Haiti
JIbD4v.raa
MeZ1eo
Ifioarasua
Panama
.-
~
Peru
~
' . . .u.e18
Central AJaer1ean :auk
Beg1ona1 u4 UD41atr1lNte4
Total
*!he AJ"pnt1ne tigure 40ee not 1DClu6t $150,000,000 in l.ocma
m1ttec1 in Pl'1Dc1ple in rebNaZ'Y, 1962.
**The Bru111en tisUre Aces not inclu4e the ret1nanc1ns of
1n earl1er debts.
#'fbe
CClll-
$304,800,000
Ch1lMD tigure 1DC1U4ea $lOO,OOO,OOO in special a14 tor
reccaatruotioa a.ttC' the
1960
~.
HO'l'E: A large part ot theae tun4s wve comm1tte4 'bef'ore the s1gn:hag
at the Alliance tor PJ'OgI'eu Charter on AUsWlt 17, 1961, _ _ tll1tec1
-..
States .14 vaa coDdJ.ti0De4 on dDme8t1c Latin-.Amlrical'l retOl"ll8.
:lnclu4ea the bulk at the ... utance to BruU.
1his
Dreier, John C., eel.
Per&pectivea.
2"::: Probl.elll
u4
Ii..., '""'@62.
i'he All1u.ce tor
1&'""'.10
iiiItIJa&.=i:
Ho;pld..ns
BaDke, taV'18, ed. SO\Rh . . .iCa. Pr1aoeton, Rev Jeney:
1'OatraD4 CCJIIpa'IV, IDO" 1:959.
H1r8Chman, Albert 0 ... ed. latin " , 1. . IN. . ,
lev York: '!'he TWntleth CentUl"T i'\inCt,' 1§6l..
R1J.P1, J. J'recl.
Latin .AlleZ'lca.
Pft8s, 1958.
Sm1th" 'l'bomas lpn.
.-nca.
Press"
I).
.am aDA
-
Van
C~ta.
tb1veraiV of M1cbigp
AIm. Al'bor:
CUr:rent Social 'tl'eD4a 8DIS. Problem8 in lAtin
Monosr'Qh i. Oi1iiiVUIis
Sep. . . ., 1957.
is'veraf6' otr1or1L
Saulc" Ta4. IteV T1"eD4a in Latin Jaer1ca, 81114U. Sen.. , 10. ll1o.
Hev York: poreiFPOiiC;Y M.ociaUon" March-April, 1960.
ward, Barbara.
The Rich lfationa &D4 the Poor lations.
w. v. lfortOi __c~.
..,1aea
liii.;-r~
tfeV York:
"erial. Ab.ea4 tor U. S. in Latin ..-lea," U. S. .... ... Wbr14
Report, LIl (APrU 9, 1962), 66-8. - - - Jjllon" J)O\lS.l.aa, "The JTee40m aDd. a1plty of Mm. fI Vital
XXVII (September 1, 1961). 674-676.
Gla4e,
wnu.•,
geeohee,
-SOCial BaOlr.va'rdDe88, Soc1al. Reform, aa4 Prod\lOtlYl\}'
AIIel'1ca," Inter• .AJgerlcan 1c000000c Mta1ra, XV (V1r&ter,
1961), 3-32.
in Latin
Jullen, ClaWle, "Latin .tae'l'1ea '. Booncm1e
Hovember, 1961), 374"376.
ruture, tt
Atlu, II
"Latin AlBerioa Makes Ita Choice," Bu81neas week (A\I8U8t 19, 1961),
~·36.
-
)1)80080,
'l'eo4oro, "P:rogeaa Report 011 the A1U . . . tor P:rqp'ea8,·
I!!. Is:! tiIaa MyM1De (AlJ8U8t 12, 1962), u ,. ·
~
"JIew u. S. '1T.Y 111 Latin AJaeriea," Bu1Deu . . . (AUaUat 5, 1961),
64-68.
Pre'biach, Raul., f'PUtt1Dg Latin .-rica on the ltoe4 to P.roIJ8riV, "
!l. @.. !!!!. ~ b"¥ 1!epJ't.. LI (AtlgUat lA, 1961.), 62-64.
Senior,
Cl~
0., "Social and JIIOoI1Qd 0 PnoI"itie. in Latin
Social ACtion, XXVIII (December, 1961), 14-20.
_nea,
Smith, Margaret Chase, "Tbe Con of CUr Tl'ou'ble in Latin .AMr10&,"
!l. §: JfeWB au4 World. ~, LII (~~ 9, 1962), 68.
SS\Il.o, Tail, ''IIov
!!!IMiDe
It'.
tr.P to Lat1ll . . .ioa,· ~ !leW YoK 'r1me8
(AUguat 3, 1961), U ~.
-
8au1e, 'l'e4, ItU. s. l'ore1p Polley :l.n Latin America, It
XlVIII (DeceIBber, 1961). 4-13.
,-
~1a!
MUon,
Frank, "'J.'he t1Uted statee 8DIl LaUn .AIlerica, n Pol1tloal
SCience QUart.erlb LUVl (JUDe, 19(1), l6J..18o.
~,
.1UH, LaDd,
anA Tra4e,"
.ft!!r1ca8
(JI,mIU'7, 1962), 17·18.
W1l8on, Robert (exterI81on or nmar1ca), • A11illJ'lQe 111 ~,.
Coatp."!!!icaal BecoId. CVIII (re'bz'\w':f 15, 1962), AlUO.
~
!!! 1m 1'1.-,
,~
.-'
March ]1,
1961.
II
,.•