JULY 1939
STATION BULLETIN 365
Composition, Rating,
and Conservation of
Willamette Valley
Soils
Oregon State System of Higher Education
Agricultural Experiment Station
Oregon State College
Corvallis
With Cooperation of WPA Project OP 465-94-3-2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Introduction
Organization
Soil Origin and Development
Definitions
Willamette Valley Soil Groups
Reclamation Needs
Physical Characteristics
Elements of Soil Fertility
Base Exchange Characteristics
Soil Colloid Composition
Available Phosphorus
Soil Organic Matter
The Soil Factor in Rating Agricultural Value, Stone Method
Productivity Rating, Marbut Method
Losses and Gains in Plant Foods
Maintaining Soil Fertility
Choice of Fertilizers
Results of Fertilizer Experiments
A Program of Permanent Soil Fertility and Soil Conservation
References
References
5
S
5
8
8
14
14
16
24
24
25
25
25
28
29
35
35
36
37
SUMMARY
1. This bulletin summarizes studies made on the soil
chemistry and fertilizer requirements of soil types of the
Willamette Valley area and reports the data on composition and rating of these soils. It is planned to report results of soil-fertility-building experiments in a separate
suits
bulletin.
The physical and chemical characteristics and reclamation needs of the soil types included are shown.
Soils of Willamette Valley are of three groups:
(1) The recent stream-bottom soils, usually unleached and adequately supplied with lime.
(2) The mature alluvial valley-filling soils, moderately acid and somewhat deficient in lime.
(3) The old residual hill lands, generally distinctly acid and low in lime.
There is a deficiency of sulphur in many of the
basaltic soils of the valley. Peat land is relatively rich in
this element.
There appears to be a general relationship between
total supply of sulphur and sulphate-supplying power.
Most soils with less than 350 pounds sulphur to the plow
depth of an acre respond to suiphates
sulphates when applied to leg=
Soils low in total nitrogen are usually
usually low
low in
in ninitrate-supplying power and give definite response to nitrogenous fertilizers.
The ratio of potash to calcium increases with soil
age; that is, soils lose calcium faster than they do potash.
The magnesium content is generally about half as much
as the total lime content.
The phosphate-supplying power of these soils is
lower in the acid hill lands.
Analyses of old cropped or eroded soils when compared to native sod land show definite reduction in plant
nutrients and increase in acidity.
A productivity rating for the soils of the area is
given.
11. A
A preliminary
preliminary fertility
fertility balance
balance sheet
sheet for
for the
the valley
valley
is shown.
12. Suggestions for conservation of soil fertility are
given, including preliminary notes on minor element
needs.
=
Composition, Rating, and Conservation of Willarnette
Willamette Valley Soils
By W. L. POWERS, J. S. JONES, and C. V. Ruzesc
RuzEic
INTRODUCTION
soil supports all life and is a basic source of wealth. Maintenance of
THE
soil fertility
feitflity is perhaps our greatest material problem. Soils vary greatly
in
in productiveness.
productiveness. A
A soil
soil survey,
survey, aa land
land classification,
classification, aa chemical
chemical invoice,
invoice, and
and
fertilizer trials are essential for any comprehensive plan of soil improvement,
land use, and maintenance. During the past two decades, a soil survey and a
chemical invoice of the Willamette Valley have been made. Reclamation and
soil-fertility investigations
investigations have
have been
been carried
carried on
on in
in this
thisvalley
valleyfor
formore
morethan
thanaa
quarter of a century. Compilation and analysis of data for this report have
been aided by Emergency Relief Administration Project No. S-F2-3g and
more recently
recently by
by WPA
WPA Project
ProjectOP
OP465-94-3-2
465-94-3-2, and
and was
was suggested
suggested by
by Dr.
Dr.
Jacob G. Lipman for the National Resources Board.
Organization
The work here reported is an important phase of Oregon soil and soilwater investigations as provided for by legislative appropriation biennially
since 1918. The soil survey in which C. V. Ruzek pioneered was made by the
Oregon State Agricultural
Agricultural Experiment
Experiment Station,
Station, Soils
Soils Department,
Department,inincooperacooperation with the U. S. Bureau of Chemistry and Soils. The U. S. Bureau of Agricultural Engineering has cooperated in some drainage surveys and the U. S.
Geological Survey has collaborated in ground-water studies.
Experiment Station workers have served as an advisory and correlative
agency. Supervision of the compilation and analysis of data has been by Dr.
W. L. Powers in cooperation with Professor J. S. Jones. Professor E. F.
Torgerson has given special attention to the soil survey and Professor C. V.
Ruzek
Ruzek has
has collaborated
collaborated in
in soil-survey
soil-survey and
and soil-fertility
soil-fertility studies.
studies. In the main
the chemical work has been
been done
done in
in the
the Department
Department of
ofAgricultural
AgriculturalChemChemistry.
istry. Some
Some two
two dozen
dozen public-spirited
public-spirited farmers
farmers and
and numerous
numerous county
county agents
agents
have cooperated in fertilizer trials away from the central experiment station
farms.
Soil origin and development
A mature soil with smooth topography is a natural, active body, having
characteristics different from the parent material, and is the result of the
climate and related vegetation
vegetation under
under which
which itit has
has matured.
matured.AAmature
maturesoil
soil
profile has a layered arrangement with some fine colloidal material carried
out of the surface, or A-horizon, into the zone of accumulation in the subsoil,
or B-horizon. Below this is the raw parent material, or C-horizon.
The parent material from which Willamette Valley soils developed is predominantly basaltic. Certain of these soils are still youthful and reflect parental
3
6
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT
EXPERIMENT STATION
STATION BULLETIN
BULLETIN 365
Unleached basaltic
basaltic material
material is
is naturally
naturally well
well supplied
supplied with
with
characteristics. Unleached
potassium,
potassium, calcium,
calcium, and
and other
other bases.
bases. Sulphur
Sulphur was
was perhaps
perhaps largely
largely volatilized
volatilized
when the dark lavas welled out, for the igneous basaltic soils are deficient in
that
that element.
element. In
In amount,
amount, soil
soil nitrogen
nitrogen and
and organic
organic matter
matter vary
vary with
with moisture
moisture
LEGEND
PRECIPITATION SCALE
-- ABOVE
ABOt8080
INCHES
70-80 INCHES
60-70
06O
80-60
o:oi
40-50
40-SO
BELOW 40 INCHES
-_ _LINES
LINESOFEQUAL
0FEQUAL PRECIPITATION
PRECIPtTATION
6
CLIMOGRAPH
FOR ALBANY OREG.
RAINFALL ZONES
FIG. 7-A
MA
MAM.A.S0.N.D
J AS. ON. 0
NORMAL MONTHLY
PRECIPITATION AND
TEMPERATURE.
FIG. 7-B
TA
SOURCES OF
US
BUREAU
US. WEATHER
WEATHER BUREAJJ
WILLAMETTE VALLEY PROJECT
CLIMATE
U.S. ENGINEERS OFFICE PORTL.AND OREG.
OREGON STATE PLANNING BOARD
W.P.A. WORK
WORK PROJECT
PROJECT 489-131-A.
489-Cal-A.
OCTOBER
0CT0ER
936
I36
212
H 212
F-I
Figure 1. Precipitation and temperature in the Willarnette
Willamette Valley.
FIG. 7
Valley
\\7Iaette
7
7
groups.
soil
2.
Figur-
Figure 2. \Villaniette Valley soil groups.
8
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 365
conditions and past treatment. Phosphorus availability is lessened where colloidal iron and aluminum obtain, or in a climatic zone favorable to "lateritic"
barns.
red loams.
Willamette Valley soils developed under a mild, subhumid climate with
some forty inches annual
annual precipitation
precipitation (Figure
(Figure .1)
1) largely by chemical processes of weathering and are generally noncalcareous, faintly to definitely acid,
and of rather heavy texture. The well-drained brown valley floor soils are
associated with oak and other
other deciduous
deciduous trees,
trees, and
and the
thealternate
alternatewet
wetand
anddry
dry
periods with periodic upward leaching cause even distribution of iron oxide
and characteristically even-colored brown (or grey-brown) earth.
Definitions
The
The soil
soil survey
survey classifies
classifies soils
soils into
into groups,
groups, series,
series, classes,
classes, and
and types.
types. A
A
soil SERIES includes soils similar in respect to: (1) origin, (2) topography, (3)
color, (4) profile characteristics, (5) drainage, and (6) agricultural value.
Each soil series has its own characteristics and limitations.
Soil
Soil TEXTURE
TEXTURE refers
refers to
to the
the average
average or
or effective
effective degree
degree of
of fineness
fineness of
of the
the
soil, while soil STRUCTURE refers to the grouping of individual particles into
kernels, crumbs, or clods.
Soil CLASS includes all soils of similar texture.
The soil TYPE is the unit of classification and includes soils similar in texture and profile characteristics. Its name has two parts based on (a) series
characteristics, and (b) texture or degree of fineness. Example: (a) Dayton
SERIES, (b) silt loam CLASS - Dayton silt loam soil TYPE. A SOIL SERIES may
include as many as 14 different types.
Soil GROUPS and subgroups include soils of like general origin, physiography,
graphy, drainage,
drainage, and
and profile
profile characteristics.
characteristics.
Willamette Valley soil groups
Willarnette Valley soil groups and subgroups are:
Willamette
1. Recent alluvial stream bottoms.
subsoil coarser
coarser than
than the
the
First-bottom;
viz., Newberg
Newbergseries,
series, subsoil
First-bottom; viz.,
surface soil.
Second-bottom; viz., Chehalis series, subsoil heavier than the
surface soil.
2. Old valley-filling soils on main valley floor.
Well
Well drained; viz., Willamette series.
Poorly drained; viz., Dayton series, mottled pale subsoils.
3.
3. Residual "Red Hill" lands.
On primary basaltic rocks; viz., Olympic series.
On secondary sandstone and shale; viz., Melbourne series.
A key to Willarnette
Willamette soil series, their areas, and reclamation needs is given
in Table 1. The subject is more fully treated in Station Circular 90 (14).*
The position and chief profile characteristics of major soil series are
shown in Figure 3.
Numbers in italics refer to references appended.
Table 1. AREAS
VALLEY SCLS
SOILSAND
ANDTHEIR
THEIRRECLAMATIoN
RECLAMATIONNEEDs
Ngsns
AREAS OF
OF WILLAMETTE
WLLAMETTE VALLEY
Characteristics
Series
Lime
S oilLimel Reclaim- surveyed
require- Reclaimments
areas
ments
ability?
A cre.
cres
RECENT GROUP:
RECENT
Gaoup: Friable
Friablesoils
soilson
onfriable
friablesubsoils
subsoils
First
bottom: Formed
Formed in
in .ruñft
swift water, coarser
Fir.t bottom:
co1zr.ersubseil.s
Newberg: Brown on coarser brown subsoil
Camas: Brown on brown basaltic gravels in subsoils
Columbia: 'Riverbank
Columbia:
Riverbankland"
land" brown
brown on
on brown
brown subsoil
subsoil
Sauvie: Dark brownish-gray or gray-brown mottled
subsoil
Riverwash
e
ii
E
cii
I
I
99,008
36,736
10,816
d
ii
24,192
14,080
E
Total,
Total, First
First Bottom
Bottom
184,832
Second bottom: Formed
backwater, with
Formed in
n bizckwizter,
withheasAer
heiñer
subsosis
uboil
Chehalis: Brown soil on finer mellow yellow-brown
subsoil
Cove:
Cove: "Black
Black sticky." Black on drab subsoil
Wapato: "Ash
Wapato:
Ash swale"
swale" land. Dark brown on faintly
mottled subsoil
Whiteson: "Bottom
Whiteson:
Bottomland"-White
land-White land
Toutle: Gray on slate gray
Peat and muck: "Beaverdam."
Black soil
soil on
on dark
dark
Beaverdm" Black
browt subsoil
browxa
subsoil
Total, Second Bottom
Total, Recent Group
....
..
e
1I
...
I
d
Ii
218,715
29,440
29,440
i
202,752
8,960
3,840
D
D
I
-...
....
I
Di
DI
e
j
5,888
469,595
654,427
OLD VALLEY
Maturesoils
soilswith
with compact
compact subsoils
suhsoils
VALLEY FILLING:
FLLNG: Mature
Soils
withüood
gooddrizinizije
drainage
Soil with
Willarnette:
Willamette: Brown on firm yellow-brown subsoil
Hillsboro
Hilisboro: Brown on yellow-brown friable sandy
sandy
subsoil
Salem: Brown on light brown gravelly subsoil
Powell
Powell: Reddish-brown
friable yellow-brown
yellow-brown
Reddish-brown on friable
lightly mottled
Sifton:
Sifton: "Loose
Loose land." Dark (sooty) brown on graybrown
brown gravelly
Salkurn:
Salkum: Brown on red-brown compact heavy-textured
--
Ii
351,680
--
iI
iI
12,224
12,224
59,584
i
i
46,912
ci
ci
--
e
e
Total, Soils with good drainage
Soils
with
poor or impeded drainage
Soi1.
drizinaje and
and mottled
mottled subsoil
Amity: Gray-brown on gray mottled subsoil
Dayton Light gray on drab, compact mottled drab
Dayton:
506,688
L
subsoil
Grand Ronde: Pale brown on yellow-brown subsoil
Clackamas: Dark brown on dark brown to gray-brown
subsoil
Concord: Brownish-gray
Brownish-giay on brown mottled subsoiL_fl.
subsoiL_.
Holcomb : rown to gray-brown on gray-drab mottled
subsoil
Veneta: Light yellow-brown on yellow-brown to dull
yellow compact mottled
mottled subsoil
subsoil
Courtney: Brown to black on gray-brown to bluishgray subsoil mottled
mottled with
with iron
iron Stains
stains
Total, Soils with poor
poor or
or impeded
impeded drainage
drainage and
and
mottled subsoil
Total, Old Valley Filling
--
di
277,568
277,568
e
D
di
183,296
5,760
di
D
31,232
29,148
--
D
52,032
e
d
18,368
18,368
D
13,504
--
-
HILL Ggoup:
HELL
GROUP:Residual
Residual soils
soils
From sedimentary
.edmenfary rock.
rocks
10,496
10,496
25,792
subsoil
610,908
1,1 17,596
L
Melbourne: Brown on yellow-brown mottled subsoiL.
subsoiL,
Sites: Red to reddish-brown on red to yellow-red
subsoil subsotl
Carlton: Light brown to gray-brown on light brown to
gray-brown mottled subsoil
377,956
E
e di
39,680
76608
76,608
494,144
Totsl,
From sedimentary
serlimentary rocks
-rotl, From
9
Table 1. (COntinued)
(Continued) AREAS
AREAS OF
OF \V1LLAMETTE
\VILLAMETTE VALLEY
VALLEYSOILS
5oLs AND
ANDTHEIR
THEIR RECLAMATION
RECLAMATION NEEDS
NEEDS
Series
Lime
require.
require-
Characteristics
S oil-
Reclaim- surveyed
Reclaim.
areas
ability?
men ts
From ifjneosis
basaltic rock.
iJneous basaltic
rocks
A cres
cre.
L
Olympic: Brown to rusty-brown with brown subsoiL
Aiken: Red to reddish-brown on red subsoil
Viola: Brown to grayish-brown on yellow-brown
yellow.brown
mottled upper subsoil
subsoil with
with deeper
deeper gray
gray heavy
heavy
compact subsoil
Cascade: Brown on yellow-brown to pale yellow
subsoil
Polk: Chocolate-brown to red-brown on red-brown to
red subsoil
Waldo: Dull to dark brown on light to reddish-brown
mottled. (Heavy subsoil phase Olympic)
Total, From igneous basaltic rocks
Total, Hill Group
698,304
283,264
D
26,428
85,760
30,912
1,280
1,280
1,125948
1,125,948
1620,092
1,620,092
Miscellaneou.
Miscellaneous
Rough stony land
Rough broken and stony land
Rough mountainous land
5,440
5,44°
140,032
1,455,680
Total, Miscellaneous
1,601,152
1,601,152
Total, Hill Group and Miscellaneous
3,221,244
RE CAH T U LATO N
RECAPITOLATTON:
Recent
Recent
654,427
1,117,596
3,221,244
3221,244
Old Valley Filling
Hill and Miscellaneous
GRAND TOTAL
4,993,267
Lime requirements: Lhigh; lmediuni.
lmedium.
tf Reclaimability
Ddrainage
Ddrainage poor.
iirrigability fair.
ddraina8e fair.
fair.
ddrainae
Eerosive.
Iirrigability good.
1irrigability
cslightly erosive.
eslightly
MAJOR SOIL GROUPS OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY
RECEIff SEDIMENTARY
RECEI"ff
SEDIMENTARY
OLD SEDIMENTARY
RESIDUAL SOILS
LU
Ri
Z
LU
Ri
II-
=
o0I-
IU
a-
<
<
z
LU
Ri
Ri
>
0
8U
SO
0
I-
5--
I-
-
Ri
LU
Z
0i-
D
0
Z
Ri
5.
<
,
CR/. SR
O
CR
,nu°in,
RECENT SEDIMENT.
SEDIMENTS
-U
OLD
OLD SEDIMENTS
Figure 3. Major soil groups and types, \Villamette
\Villarnette Valley.
10
to
iib
SANDSTONE BASALTIC
SHALE
ROCK
BONNEVILLE
fl/fl,
LEG END
EXISTING INCORPORATED DRAINAGE DISTRICTS
(2 ERSTINS
EXISTING
ANRUCORPORATCO
UNUCORPORATED DRAINAGE
DRAINAGE O4STRICTS
DISTRICTS
10o
M
ORGANIZED
DISTRICT IMPONVEMENT
VEME
COLWANIES
C.W ME
0 GA ZED D
10
R
SCALE
ALE OF
OF MILES
MLE
63 AREAS NEEDING DRAINAGE
S ESTARLISRED
ESTABLISMEDSrOEMI
Srnrnl GAGING
GAGING STATIONS
STATIONS
A ADDITIONAL
AOOITONAL STREMI
SIRENS GAGING
GAGING STATIONS
STATIONS
RCcOMMEGOED
REcOMMEhOD
SOURCE OF DATA
STATE DRAINAGE MAP AS
REVISED B?
REVISED
B? OW,L.PCWERS
DWL.PRWER5
(OREGON AGTh.
AGTh.EXP.
STATION)
(OREGON
COP STATION)
WILLAMETTE VALLEY PROJECT
EXISTING AND PROPOSED
DRAINAGE PROJECTS
OREGON STATE PLANNING BOARD
A/PA.PDRECT
tPA.PJ(CT CR
ISP 26&6
26S6006
OTOER
OCTOBER
I36
1636
H227
and proposed drainage projects.
Figure 5. Existing arid
11
FIG.22
FlG.22
20
Figure 6. Wet and irrigable soil areas.
12
SO
E VIL
OIL LE
GO P45
UN C
0
-,
-'
LEGEND
t?CtStOR
SPRRRRARPRA0
...
IRRIGASLE
IRRIGAGLE AEAS
EAS
o
O
RIGATEO ARE*S
PRESENT
)fiEAS
PRESENT ORIGATEO
0
10
SCALE OF MILES
20
WILLAMETTE VALLEY
VALLEY PROJECT
PROJECT
TE
NUMGERS REFER TO TA8LE 24
IRRIGABLE LANDS AND
POTENTIAL RESER'/OIRS
SeU ACE OF
SOURCE
OFOATA
DATA
OREGON
OREGON STATE
STATE PLANNING
PLANNING BOARD
BOARD
o
RD
PROJECT
PROJECT0P
0P26526 NNPR
U.S ENGINEERS
U.SENCINECOS
CIiIC:
cEIc:PORTLASO
aOrLAN OREGON.
OREGON.
SCrAPER
Irrigable lands
lands and
and potential
potential reservoirs.
Figure 7.
Figure
7. Irrigable
13
H 226
FIG 21
14
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 365
The extent and occurrence of these soil types are shown on the generalized
soil map of the Valley (Figure 4 appended). (See also Figure 2.)
Nearly five million acres including all agricultural areas in the Willamette
ette Valley
Valley have
have been
been surveyed.
surveyed. The
The surveyed
surveyed area
area includes
includes approximately
approximately 64
64
per
per cent
cent soils
soils belonging
belonging to
to the
the hill
hill group,
group, 22
22 per
per cent
cent old
old valley
valley filling,
filling, and
and 14
14
per cent recent alluvial soils.
Reclamation needs
WET SOIL TYPES are
are found
found largely
largely in
in the
the two
two groups
groupslast
lastmentioned.
mentioned.They
They
total 4.66,030 acres having poor drainage and an additional 407,092 acres having
impeded
impeded drainage.
drainage. Approximately
Approximately three-fourths
three-fourths of
of aa million
million acres
acres still
still need
need
artificial
artificial drainage
drainage and
and one-fourth
one-fourth of
of aa million
million acres
acres is
is in
in need
need of
of community
community
or district outlet ditches. The chief wet soil series are : Dayton, 183,298 acres;
Amity, 277,568 acres; and Wapato, 202,752 acres. (3) Drainage projects are
shown in Figure 5. Forty improvement districts have recently incorporated to
sponsor U. S. Engineers' revetment or channel-clearing projects.
Good nUNGABLE
IRRIGABLEsoil
soiltypes
typesinclude
includea atotal
total of
of 740,000
740,000 acres. They are
chiefly Willamette series, 356,680 acres; Chehalis series, 218,715 acres; and the
smooth-lying heavier-textured half of Newberg series, 50,000 acres. Soils of
Wapato and Amity
Amity series
series and
andsimflar
simi'ar soils
soils of
of fair
fairirrigability
irrigabilitytotal
total419,394
4l9394
acres (7). Limitations due to vegetative cover, topography, or inaccessibility
to water make it improbable that more than half a million acres will be irrigated in this valley in the next generation. Storage is necessary for extensive
irrigation.
irrigation. Ground
Ground water
water is
is obtainable
obtainable for
for areas
areas of
of bottom
bottom lands
lands and
and for
for old
old
valley filling between Chemawa and Aurora, and between Whiteson and Mount
Angel. Wet soils and good
good irrigable
irrigable land
land areas
areas are
are shown
shownin
inFigure
Figure6.6.Areas
Areas
the
the U.
U. S.
S. Engineers
Engineers find
find can
can be
be served
served by
by major
major storages
storages are
are shown
shown in
in Figure
Figure
7.
CLEARING is economically feasible for the best stream-bottom and valleyfloor soils. Areas of better soils including Chehalis, Newberg, Columbia, Wil-
lamette, Powell, and Hillsboro are now in brush and stumps; also areas of
fertile soils with impeded drainage such as Wapato, Sauvie, and Clackamas
need some clearing as well as drainage. Hardwood stumps decompose more
quickly than do those of conifers. Eventually some of the well-located deep
hill soils of smooth topography may be brought into cultivation by clearing.
Perhaps a quarter of a million acres of river-bottom and valley-floor lands and
a similar area of the better hill lands might be cleared eventually for agricultural use. Clearing has followed the line of least resistance and has been
carried on
on mainly
mainly as
asaaslack-time
slack-timeactivity.
activity. The market for farm wood lot
lot
products has been and will be a factor. Erosive soils shown in Figure 8 are
essentially the hill group of sandstone origin.
Physical characteristics
Favorable physical conditions must be maintained to insure high productiveness or fertilizer efficiency. Usable moisture capacity is the most important
physical property of soil.
soil. It ranges from the wilting
witting point to the moisture
equivalent or excess point. Soil water capacity and tilth are related to and
affected by the soil's content of organic matter. The predominating texture of
Willamette Valley soils is perhaps silty clay loam. The usable water capacity
of the surface foot of Willamette silty clay loam is nearly 2 inches based upon
L
EROSIVE SOILS
WILLAMETTEVALLE
WILLAMTEVALLE
L
/
()
Erosive areas
areas of
of Willaniette
Wilisniette Valley
Valley
Figure 8. Erosive
15
.1'
16
AGRICULTURAL
EXPERIMENTSTATION
STATIONBULLETIN
BULLETIN 365
365
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT
its
ts dry weight of 80 pounds per cubic foot, as shown in Table 2. Chehalis loam
has a usable water capacity of 1 inches for the first foot and weighs 84 pounds
per cubic foot. There are limitations as to useful soil depth in some hill soils,
such as shallow rock or clay-pan, that reduce water capacity of their soil profiles while some first bottom subsoils of lighter-textured types in the Newberg
series are droughty. Cove clay resists movement of moisture or penetration of
roots. Yet, the soils of the valley as a whole are fairly absorptive and retentive
of
of moisture.
moisture. The
The "red
worked when
when
red shot" hill soils are friable and can be worked
rather wet without injury, in spite of a colloidal clay content of up to 25 to 65
per
per cent.
ELEMENTS OF SOIL FERTILITY
Soil
Soil fertility
fertility is
is the
the crop-producing
crop-producing power
power of
of the
the soil.
soil. The
The total
total amounts
amounts of
of
plant-food elements contained
contained in
in the
the soil
soil may
may be
be considered
consideredas
as 'potential"
potential" fertility. The rate of availability or nutrient-supplying power of the soil depends
on physical conditions, season, soil reaction, forms in which elements are held
in the soil, bacterial activity, and other factors.
PHYSICAl.CHARACTERISTICS
CHARACTERISTICSOF
oFWILLAMETTE
WILLAMETTI VALLEY
Table 2. SoME
Soun PHYsIcAL
VALLEY SOILS
SoiLs
Soil
Soil series
series
Class
S. L.
Newberg
Newbeig
Newberg
Chehalis
Chehalis
Chehalts
Chehalis
Sifton
Sifton
F. S. L.
F. S. L.
L.
Si. C. L.
Gr. F. S. L.
S. L.
Willamette------Si. C. L.
Willamette------St.
Salem
C. L.
Wapato
S C.
S.
C. L.
Amity
Si. C. L.
Dayton
Si. C. L.
Cove
Cove
C
Olympic
Si. C. L.
L
Muck
Peat
Weight
per cubic
foot
Maximum
field water
capacity
Wilting
point
point
Excess
moisture
point
Pounds
Per cent
cent
Per
Per Cent
cent
Per cent
73.5
78.4
80.1
so:'
81.2
75.7
64.1
82.0
80.0
77.0
71.6
81.2
80.0
75.6
89.2
46.9
21.4
38.8
36.0
24.5
32.4
38.0
38.0
68.6
26.2
33:5
33.5
37.4
40.7
36.6
34.0
34.8
28.6
28.6
67.9
67.9
200.1
9.7
10.9
12.0
11.6
13.4
12.1
9.1
14.4
12.7
16.0
14.7
12.0
16.3
14.0
30.7
45.7
19.4
21.8
24.0
24.0
23.9
23.9
26.8
24.2
18.2
28.8
25.4
25.4
32.0
29.4
29.4
24.0
32.6
28.0
61.4
91.4
Moisture Useful soil
equivalent capacity
Per Cent
Per
cent
20.2
25.1
23.2
33.5
29.4
29.6
22.0
30.0
29.1
37.8
29.3
30.0
42.0
42.0
27.9
279
44.3
77.1
.Inche
.1nche.
1.37
1.64
1.85
1.81
1.95
1.95
1.26
1.44
1.44
1.88
2.20
2.30
1.85
2.37
2.40
2.77
2.77
1.88
F. S.
S.L.
L. = Fine
Finesandy
sandyloam.
loam.
L. = Loam.
C.
C. = Clay.
Gr.
Si.
Gravelly.
Silty.
Silty.
A small part of the plant food in soil is water soluble and readily available.
The nutrient bases held in the so-called exchange form are supposedly available while liberation of nitrate, phosphate and sulphate is related to bacterial
activity and organic matter supply.
The total content in pounds of plant food, shown in Table 3 and Figure
9 has been computed
computed from
from analytical
analyticaldata
datatoto the average depth of profile layers for comparison. The depths are 0 to 7 inches, or nearly 2,000,000
pounds per acre foot, 7 to 17 inches, and 17 to 37 inches. (One-tenth per cent
of 2,000,000 pounds is 2,000 pounds and 1 per cent is 20,000 pounds.) Correction
for gravel in some types and for volume weight of peat has been necessary
for comparison. Good productive Oregon soils contain from .1 to .2 per cent
of nitrogen and phosphorus and from 1.5 to 2.5 per cent of potassium and
calcium.
IN WILLAMETTE
WILLAMETTEVALLEY
VALLEYSOIL
SOILPROFILES-O
PROFILES-OTO4O
FERTILITY IN
TO 408
OREGON
OREGON AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT
EXPERIMENT STATION
STATION
Departments of
of Agricultural
AgrcuiIuroI Chemistry and
and Soils
Soi's
Residuol or Hill Group
Residual
CARLTON
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438201
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393023
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312989
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8.
L41
L
EXPRESSES
IN PONO5
POUNDS
PER
ACREO7040
40øEPT
SEP78
EXPRESSED IN
PER
ACAE
Figuie 9. Composition
Figule
bars.
Composition bars.
'7
17
FERTLTY CONTENT
CONTENTPER
PER ACRE OF
OF WILLAMETTE
WLLAMETTE VALLEY
VALLEYSOIL
SOILSERIES
SERIES
Table 3. COMPARATIVE FERTILITY
Department of AgricuLtural
Agricultural Chemistry and Soils
Oregon Agricultural
Oregon
Agricultural Experiment Station
Station
Potassium
Pots
ssiurn
Depth
RECENTALLUVIAL
RECENT
ALLUVtAL
I
Calcium
Total
Total
Probable
Probab'e
error
Total
Pounds
Pound
Pounds
Pound
Pound
Pounds
Probable
error
Pounds
Pound
Magnesium
Total
Pounds
Pound
Probable
error
Pounds
Pound
Phosphorus
Phosphorus
Total
Pound.
Pounds
Nitrogen
Sulphur
Probable
error
Total
Probable
error
Pounds
Pound
Pound
Pounds
Pounds.
Poundt
I
Total
Pounds
Pound
THREE DEPTHS
Columbia
0-7
7-19
19-40
19-40
Camas°
Camas
0-77
0-
-
7-19
19-40
I'Tewb erg
Wewber
0-7
7-19
19-40
Chehcolis
Chehalis
0- 7
0-7
7-19
19-40
Wapato
0- 7
7-19
19-4 0
19-40
Whit e.on
Whiteson
20,800
1,740
3,119
5,140
38
105
200
1,200
2,130
3,527
12,523
1,372
3,052
5,134
240
560
934
2,502
5,488
9,238
41,121
68,447
15,651
1,918
4,300
7,103
423
1,448
1,448
2,867
'3,593
407
1,244
1,244
1,367
3,248
4,671
7,808
4,000
3,436
5,761
32,600
57,860
95,826
52,400
93,004
154,025
154,025
11,795
31,453
67,507
112,562
112,562
34,280
58,515
45,394
90,865
150,316
150,316
20,753
37,443
19,044
36,749
61,410
696
752
1,253
36,911
61,146
19,492
19,492
36,749
61,410
728
2,164
2,164
3,607
39,322
77,002
128,444
128,444
16,296
32,416
54,142
54,142
2,203
3,428
5,724
22,394
40,452
67,512
1,335
6,416
10,693
21,051
32,139
52,783
11,363
14,816
24,771
1,874
1,874
2,115
3,538
436
458
779
2,576
6,010
0-77
0-
29,550
69,373
125,669
15,650
38,599
64,349
5,800
9,352
15,615
1,224
1,539
2,570
823
323
5,805
2,704
4,568
0- 7
19,149
23,408
39,168
18,349
18,349
49,791
86,332
7,872
18,660
31,149
1,190
1,190
2,305
3,846
350
350
600
1,001
3,511
6,073
10,138
10,138
1,350
5,800
9,278
15,500
51,076
85,067
1,605
6,600
10,607
1,540
1,931
3,229
2,045
2,045
5,740
9,486
16,990
47,260
78,171
7-19
19-40
Cove
7-19
7-lg
19-400
19-4
Beaver Dam
0-7
7-19
19-40
Probable
error
Pound
Pounds
Table 3. (Continued)
(Continued)COMPARATIVE
COMPARATIVEFERTILITY
FERTLTY CONTENT PER
PER ACRE
ACREOF
OFWILLAMETTE
WLLAMETTE VALLEY
VALLEYSOIL
SOILSERIES
SERIES
Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soils
Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station
Potassium
Depth
MAtN VALLEY
MAIN
VALLEYFLOOR
FLooR
Total
Pounds
Pound.
Probable
error
Pound.
Pounds
Magnesium
Calcium
Total
Probable
error
Pound.
Pounds
Pound.
Pounds
19,080
45,720
75,943
2,059
2,059
Total
Pounds
Pound.
Phosphorus
Sulphur
Probable
Total
error
Pounds
Pounds
Pound.
Pound.
II
Nitrogen
Probable
error
Total
Pound.
Pounds
Pounds
Probable
error
Total
Pounds
Pound.
Pounds
Pound.
Pounds
Pound.
2,153
196
568
1,070
1,843
45
5,550
6,150
10,302
451
Probable
error
THREE DEPTHS
Clackamas
Clackama.t
0- 7
19,695
37,533
62,720
1,203
0- 7
26,267
37,635
62,854
1,757
11,675
21,556
21,556
35,975
1,405
0- 7
0-7
19,432
61,755
102,903
1,147
14,684
41,080
68,650
1,914
7-19
19-40
19-40
Holcomb
7-19
19-40
Salem
7-19
19-40
Grande Ronde
0- 7
7-i 9
7-19
19-40
Dayton
0- 7
7-19
19-40
Courtney
0- 7
7-19
19-40
Hilisboro
HilLthoro
0-. 7
07-19 ....
19-4 0
19-40
Willamette
Wllamette
0-7
0- 7
7-19
19-40
Amity
0- 7
7-19
19-40
4,500
12,187
24,800
49,600
82,962
24,896
46,204
77,267
77,267
20,259
1,675
4,626
7,770
10,423
31,688
52,410
8,697
28,461
1,304
47,374
7,593
5,497
9,014
15,047
604
1,850
2,406
4,019
337
584
536
896
48
4,095
3,338
5,585
292
9,515
985
2,090
4,058
6,755
142
451
451
157
58
3,822
4,061
6,796
348
5,798
9,746
9,746
724
3,300
5,500
5,003
18,300
30,481
476
2,125
5,269
8,947
10,600
28,580
47,514
I
4,480
4,480
385
1,424
2,373
1,233
1,708
3,129
6,060
6,707
11,268
441
100
204
340
319
486
679
24
24
55
92
2,909
2,264
3,620
12,366
30,597
51,045
13,733
31,871
31,871
53,174
53,174
6,366
15,907
15,907
26,536
1,883
3,377
5,638
513
1,040
1,805
5,410
6,218
10,389
28,730
27,466
48,965
8i72i
81,721
15,466
28,307
47,233
5,300
7,317
12,242
100
1,608
2,664
4,086
2,925
4,941
54,425
90,790
33,105
63,794
106,368
1,324
5,348
8,913
31,720
57,666
96,242
96,242
2,179
20,580
41,886
69,833
1,319
3,507
5,845
16,625
1,678
36,329
60,596
10,257
23,833
39,662
496
1,062
1,770
2,794
4,533
7,573
718
434
723
456
413
699
35
80
133
3,323
3,386
5,706
5,706
10,155
1,755
2,616
3,708
6,195
150
472
273
372
36
3,725
2,639
4,428
22,212
37,050
151
116
193
iii
111
347
578
578
181
Table 3. (Continued)
(Continued) COMPARATIVE
COMPARATIVEFERTILITY
FERTILITYCONTENT
CONTENTPER
PERACRE
ACREOF
os WILLAMETTE
WILLAMETTE VALLEY
VALLEYSOIL
SoIL SERIES
SERIES
Department of Agricultural
Agricultural Chem
Chem Stry
stry and Soils
Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station
Depth
HILL LAND
THREE DEPTHS
DEPTHS
Potassium
Potassium
Probable
Total
error
Pound.
Pounds Pounds
Calcium
Magnesium
Total
Probable
error
Pounds
Pound.
Pounds
Pound.
10,915
42,746
71,229
1,135
Total
Pounds
Pound.
Probable
Probable
error
Pounds
Pound.
Phosphorus
Total
Pounds
Sulphur
Probable
Probable
error
Pounds
Pound.
Total
Pounds
Pound.
I
Probable
Probable
error
:
Nitrogen
Probable
error
Total
Pound.
Pounds
Pounds
Pounds
Pound.
343
28
3,093
3,859
6,449
220
315
400
683
39
3,118
3,U8
2,594
4,345
268
535
66
169
282
5,025
4,940
8,260
613
836
1,393
1,393
Canton
0- 7
7-19
19-40
Melbourne
0-7
7-19
7-19
19-40
OlympIc
Olympic
0- 7
7-19
19-40
Viola
0- 7
7-19
19-40
Polk
0- 7
7-19
7-i 9
19-40
Aiken
0- 7
0- 7
.
1,764
...
8,667
21,148
35,268
901
1,752
3,280
3,280
5,661
5,661
106
27,615
27,615
57,817
57,817
96,438
1,953
9,260
9,260
17,306
28,878
1,931
5,323
11,211
19,326
981
1,618
2,089
3,482
138
16,609
30,640
51,135
983
3,393
5,655
11,769
26,724
44,573
1,179
3,440
5,793
5,243
15,454
25,880
318
1,720
2,867
2,619
3.391
5,667
281
614
1,023
983
782
1,291
...
23,950
32,500
54.377
54,377
8,850
38,347
63,708
4,350
14,910
24,776
10,040
19,101
31,880
11,000
15,937
26,603
9,200
12,551
21,296
13,420
23,520
39,259
7-19
19-40
Site.
Sites
7-19
19-40
38,055
38,055
64,216
107,027
13,327
28,875
48,145
999
6,035
13,088?
21,733
5,993
9,685
9,685
16,169
Camas cut 30 per cent
cent on
on account
account of
of gravel
gravel coOtent.
colitent.
755
4,334
5,813?
9,727
9,727
4,170
8,705
8,705
14,516
3,220
5,127
8,560
8,560
.
717
3,250
4,128
6,911
1,519
3,000
5,129
...
367
492
492
880
884
1,502
290
178
302
2,540
1,584
2,683
530
320
609
5,830
7,023
11,730
302
429
717
453
271
271
456
48
3,788
3,604
6,05 7
6,057
3,893
5,080
8,597
I
303
LIME REQUIREMENT
WILLAMETTE VALLEY SOILS
4
SOIL SERIES
LICE
REQUIREMENTININTONS
rosu
LIME REQUIREMENT
2
3
r
0
I
Recent Group
NEWBERG
CHE
HALlS
CHEHALIS
SAUVI
E
S
AU VIE
WA
PAlO
WAPATO
SEDGE PEAT
Old Volley
Volley FiIIInQ
FillIng
WILLAMETTE
SALEM
SALEM
AMITY
AMITY
DAYTON
DAY TO N
CL
ACKAM AS
CLACKAMAS
SIF
SIFTON
TO N
HOLCOMB
HO
LCOM B
V EN ETA
HIll Group
CARLTO
CAR
LION
N
MELBOURNE
SITES
VIOLA
OLYMPIC
AIKEN
WALDO
WALDO
Oregon Agr.
AQr.Eop.
Ep. Sta.
Oregon
Ste.
SOIL REACTION OR pH 8 PLANT GROWTH
ACID
STRONG
STRNG
4
45
4
S
MEDIUM
MEOIUM
55
ALKALINE
SLIGHT
S
6
NEUTRAL
6
6.5
7
3TONG
STRONG
MEOIUM
MEDIUM
SLIGHT
7.
7.0
8
&
1.5
9
9
95
ALFALFA
BARLEY
WHEAT
RED CLOVER
ALSIKE CLOVER
CLOVER
BEANS &
8 CORN
STRAWBERRY
CLOVER
STRAWBERRIES
LADINO CLOVER
CLOVER
COMMON VETCH
FREQUENT OCCURRENCE
FREGUENT
OccURRENcE &
&
OATS
GOOD
YIELDS
G000 VIELOS
RYE
RYE
cOMMONOCCURRONC!
COMMON
OccuAfNc! H&
LESS VIELOS
YIELDS
TIMOTHY
OraQon Agr.
Oregon
AQr. Eop.
Exp. Str
SIr
Figure 10. Lime requirement and reaction or pH determinations.
21
10
0
22
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 365
The probable error has been computed wherever a large number of chemi-
cal determinations were available for one type. The data for soil series, for
analyses are
are available,
available, have
have been
beentreated
treatedstatistically,
statistically,and
and
which eight or more analyses
the probable error is shown to be on the order of 5 to 15 per cent, or frequently
less than 1,000 pounds, plus or minus, on a 20,000-pound average based on a
score of determinations. The chemical invoice for the whole soil profile computed to a 40-inch depth is shown diagrammatically (Figure 9).
The soils shown in the lower part of the figure having smallest total supply
of plant food are of relatively mediocre productiveness, while the most pro-
ductive soils are those appearing at or near the top and are found to have a
relatively large total supply of plant nutrients.
The analyses (Table 4) and
and fertilizer
fertilizer experiments
experiments show
showthat
that:
There is a deficiency of sulphur in many of the basaltic soils of the
valley, and that peat land is relatively rich in this element.
There is a general relationship between total supply of sulphur and
sulphate-supplying power. Most soils with less than 350 pounds of
sulphur
sulphur respond
respondto
tosulphates
sulphates(Figure
(Figure11).
II).
Figure 11. Effect of sulphur on growth of clover on Chehalis loam,
loani, East College Farm.
Farni.
Soils low in total nitrogen include sandy lands and some wet soils.
These are usually low in nitrate-supplying power and
and give
give definite
definite
response to nitrogenous fertilizers.
The ratio of potash to lime increases with soil age; that is, soils lose
lime faster than they lose potash. The peat is low in potash.
23
WILLAMETTE VALLEY SOILS
GF.NETCSOIL
SOILPROFILE
PROFILESAMPLES
SAMPLES
Table 4.
Table
4. CHEMICAL
CHEMICALCHARACTERISTICS
CHARACTtRSTCS or
o GENETIC
Mature and Old Soils: Total Analyses.
County
Depth
Soil type
Dayton Si. L.
L
Dayton Si. L
L.
Dayton Si.
Si. L.
L
Willamette C.
Willamette
C. L.
L
Willamette C. L.
Willarnette
L
Willamette C. L.
L
Amity
Amity Si. C. L.
L
Amity Si.
Si. C. L.
L
Amity
Amity Si. C.
C. L.
L
Amity Si. L
Amity Si. L.
L
Amity Si. L.
L
Grande Ronde Si. C
Grande Ronde Si. C
C.
Holcomb Si. C. L
Holcomb Si. C. L
Holcomb Si. C. L
Carlton L.
Carlion
Carlton L.
Carlion
Cr1ton L.
Sites C. L.
Sites C. L.
Viola
Viola Si. C. L.
Viola Si. C. L.
Melbourne L.
Melbourne L.
Yamh ill
Yanihill
Marion
Marion
Marion
Yamhill
Marion
Marion
Mar ion
Lane
Marion
Lane
Dallas Si. L.
Dallas
Dallas Si.
Si. L.
L.
Dallas Si. L.
Washington..
Washington Aiken C. L.
Ailceri
Aiken C. L.
L.
Aiken Si. L.
Washington Aikeri
Washington.
Aiken Si. L.
Ailcen
Marion
Per
Per
Per
Per
Per
2.03
2.15
2.15
2.08
2.19
2.21
2.18
0- 4
0- 8
8-25
25-46
0-20
20-36
0- 1
1-11
I-Il
11-20
0- 8
8-10
14-29
0- 9
9-21
0-16
16-32
0-14
14-25
0-10
10-36
0- 8
I
nesium
00- 6
4-I I
4-li
11-32
8-20
20-32
0-15
0-IS
15-36
0-12
12-36
Mag-
cium
cent
6-12
12-26
calçai
sium
Inches
1nche.
0-10
10-24
24-36
Olympic C. L.
Olympic C. L.
Lane
PotasPotas.
1.81
1.61
1.61
1.80
1.80
1.67
158
1.36
1.21
1.21
1.24
1.21
1.40
1.44
1.98
1.94
1.60
- 528
.528
.589
1.18
.75
.837
.844
1.043
.963
.460
.450
.320
.47
.28
1.61
.59
cent
cent
.67
.78
1.46
.96
1.03
.81
.72
.75
.77
.99
.86
1.27
1.27
.25
.32
1.09
.80
.77
.92
.81
1.05
1.08
.248
.190
.59
1.02
2.58
258
.278
.87
87
.592
.380
.320
.310
.42
.36
36
.57
.21
cent
.23
.49
.76
.50
.515
.735
.640
640
.625
.675
.500
510
.750
.61
.75
.300
.295
.240
.575
.450
.665
.186
trace
.250
.390
.158
.188
.286
354
.230
.225
.295
.15
.09
.38
.19
J9
NitroPhos- Nitro.
gen
phorus
Per
cent
.028
.016
.075
.154
.137
.108
194
194
.175
.116
.172
.079
.068
.122
.082
.091
.087
.065
.089
070
.085
099
108
.710
.230
087
.062
.142
.074
.085
.060
062
.239
180
.074
.189
Per
cent
.110
.055
.029
.136
.077
.037
.267
.192
.052
.186
.009
.$$17
17
.340
.140
.335
.178
.082
.013
.006
.015
.107
.122
.149
.027
.185
.073
.211
.660
.178
.062
.030
.115
.045
.103
.050
Sulphur
Per
cent
.020
.017
.020
.056
.109
.024
.060
.060
.001
.035
.040
.028
.017
.137
.071
.045
.029
.055
.055
.021
.003
.019
.077
.012
.005
.032
.014
.015
.019
.004
.034
Lime requirement and reaction or pH determinations (Figure 10) indicate
that
that:
The recent well-drained river-bottom soils are nearly neutral and
usually do not respond to liming.
The old valley-filling soils are moderately acid, and after a generation
of cultivation lime usually pays its way, especially after drainage in the wet
subgroup of valley-floor soils, where an initial application of one and one-half
tons an acre has been found advisable.
The residual hill soils are distinctly acid and after cultivation
cultivation for
for aa
number of years, liming may be essential for successful growth of the best
soil-building legumes such as red clover. An initial application of two tons an
acre may be advisable, but should be based on the lime-requirement test.
Chehalis, Willamette, Newberg, Hilisboro,
Hillsboro,
Good clover soils include
include Chehalis,
Powell, and Wapato when drained. Fair clover soils include Carlton,
Canton, Amity
Amity
when drained,
when
drained,and
andClacicamas.
Clackamas. Soils in the doubtful class for clover include
Olympic, Melbourne, Holcomb, Cascade, and related series.
It is not necessary to neutralize all the acidity. A practical application of
lime is from 1 to 2 tons an acre. The old leached soils that are low in total
calcium are acid and low in available calcium, while the recent river-bottom
soils have a large total calcium supply. On soils well supplied with plant
foods, crops are more tolerant of acidity.
24
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 365
Base exchange characteristics
characteristics
The exchangeable bases are an important source of replenishment of
nutrients in the soil solution for crops.
Valley soils of high colloid content were found by Stephenson also to have
a relatively higher percentage
percentage of
of exchangeable
exchangeable or
or nearly
nearlyavailable
availablecalcium
calcium
(12).
and not
not extremely
extremely leached
leached or
or
(12). These soils are slightly to moderately acid and
aged,
aged, yet
yet are
are likeiy
likeiy to
to be
be found
found rather
rather low
low in
in replaceable
replaceable calcium
calcium (11).
(11).
The base exchange capacity of muck and soil organic matter has been
found by Powers to be high
high (5)
(5) ;; yet the degree of saturation for the valley
valley
mucks
mucks is low.
Figure 12.
Response of clover to superphosphate ad manure. Fifteenth crop
on Willamette
Willamette Silt
SiltLoam.
Loam.Checkgrain--clovercorn.
Checkgrainclovercorn.
Liming and maintenance of organic matter have been shown to conserve
soil base exchange capacity against degeneration (8).
Soil
Soil colloid Composition
composition
The content of colloidal or fine clay in several major soil-type profiles of
Willamette Valley was found by Stephenson to range from 22 per cent for
Chehalis "fine sandy loam" to 65 per cent in the zone of accumulation, or Bhorizon, of Cove clay (12). This fine jellylike material coats the coarser soil
particles and is important in retaining nutrients and moisture for plant roots.
It is the seat of base exchange. A large per cent of the total soil colloid calcium was found in exchange form in the recent soils. These soils and their
colloids were found to have a high retentive capacity for soluble phosphates.
Their retention by the separated colloid fraction was greater than for the soil
as a whole. Small differences
differences in
in the
the molecular
molecular ratio
ratio of
ofsilicon
silicondioxide
dioxidetotosesses-
WILLAMETTE VALLEY SOILS
25
quioxides of iron and aluminum were found in the different soil horizons. All
the soils were found to belong to the plastic or nonfriable group rather than to
the "lateri1ic"
"laterilic"* group although there was a slight lateritic tendency in Aiken
and Olympic series as determined by Stephenson.
Available phosphorus
A reliable quick test for available phosphate has been developed and used
extensively with the various soil types and series of the Willamette Valley.
The soils of nearly neutral reaction and good organic-matter content usually
show a good supply of available phosphate, or on the order of 100 to 125
pounds
pounds per
per acre.
acre. Availability of phosphate decreases with increase in soil
acidity, so that the acid red hill" soils commonly show a small amount of
available
available phosphate,
phosphate, frequently
frequently about
about 25
25 to
to 50
50 pounds
pounds an
an acre
acre to
to plow
plow depth.
depth.
The phosphate in these soils becomes tied up
tip with the iron and aluminum in
relatively insoluble compounds. Liming these soils causes precipitation of the
colloidal iron and aluminum compounds, and should precede the application of
soluble phosphate by an interval of time. Lime should be worked in before
phosphate is applied. The phosphate will then remain more available or will
form some slightly soluble or nearly available compounds with calcium. Decaying organic matter is helpful in maintaining the phosphate-supplying power
of the soil. Organic
Organic phosphates
phosphates penetrate
penetrate the
the soil
soil deeper
deeper before
before being
being fixed
fixed
and tend to remain in slightly soluble form. A fresh, fine precipitate of calcium
cium phosphate
phosphate in
in the
the presence
presenceof
ofdecaying
decayingorganic
organicmatter
mattershould
shouldbe
be aa source
source
of
of available
available phosphate.
phosphate. Maintaining
Maintaining aa favorable
favorable soil
soil reaction,
reaction, active
active decaying
decaying
organic
organic matter
matter and
and periodic
periodic applications
applications of
of soluble
soluble phosphate
phosphate are
are practical
practical
means of maintaining the phosphate supply of the soil.
Soil organic matter
The organic matter of many
many soils
soils in
in "vVillamette
vVillamette Valley
Valley has
has been
been deterdetermined. The soils of fairly heavy texture and dark color in the main valley
floor, such as Willamette silt loam, contain from 4 to 6 per cent. Other valleyfloor series, such as Dayton, contain from 3 to 4 per cent of organic matter.
The
cent, as
as in
in "vVapato
vVapato silt
The stream-bottom soils contain from 3 to 5 per cent,
silt loam,
loam,
and down to 2 per cent in Newberg sandy loam. Local peats run from 60 to
90 per cent in organic matter. The hill-group soils range in organic matter
from 3 to as much as 6 per
per Cent
cent or more in virgin Olympic silt loam and 1
per cent or less in eroded Melbourne loams.
The soil factor in rating agricultural value, Stone method
An Index for rating the soil factor in land classification has recently been
proposed by R. E. Stone. In this method, percentage values are made for
three factors: (A) Profile, (B)
(B)Texture,
Texture,and
and (C)
(C) Modifying
Modifying Conditions.
Conditions.
Then the rating is obtained by multiplying these three percentage ratings,
A x B x C, to get the rating or index for the soil. Arbitrary limits set up by
Stone for soil grades were followed (Calif. Sta. Bul. 556).
This method applied to the Willamette Valley soil types, for which the
answers are fairly well known,
known, and
and with
with corrections
corrections made
madein
insome
someCases
cases to
produce fairly reasonable
reasonable values,
values, gives
gives the
theratings
ratingspresented
presentedininTabLe
Table 5.
5. A
A
The term "lateritic" has been borrowed from the geologist and applied to old weathweath
ered soils that are high
high in
in aluminum
aluminum with
with iron
ironCrusts
crusts and little silica.
silica.
AGRICULTURAL
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT
EXPERIMENT STATION
STATION BULLETIN
BULLETIN 365
26
rating of 50 per cent puts the soil in a class that is considered marginal for
cultivation. This method of rating offers possibilities for comparing one valley
or project with another. Perhaps a logarithmic rather than an arithmetic
treatment should be developed.
Table 5.
S.
N RATNG
RAT[NGOF
OFAGRICULTURAL
AGRICULTURAL VALUE
VALUE
SoIL
SOIL FACTORS
FACTORS IN
WILLAMETTE VALLEY
WILLAMETTE
VALLEYGROUPS
Gsoups
Rating of soil factors
Soil
Soil series and soil type
Profile
Texture
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
85
80
80
90
90
100
100
100
95
90
85
90
100
100
100
iOO
100
Modifying
conditions
Soil
Soil
rating
rating
grades
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
1
80
64
69
RECENT ALLUVIAL
ALLUVrAL SoiLs
SoL5
GROUP
Gaout'
Chelialis
Cheh&is
Fine sandy loam
Loam
Silt loam
Clay loam
Silty clay loam
90
81
79
1
I
1
Newb
erg
Newberg
Fine sandy
Fine
sandyloam
loam
Loam
2
2
2
2
2
2
81
81
69
80
90
95
61
73
73
100
100
100
95
95
60
86
86
90
54
86
86
86
3
80
80
80
80
80
100
100
100
85
65
64
73
73
85
98
51
3
58
58
58
5I
51
2
2
2
80
75
75
85
100
100
90
70
90
63
59
65
85
65
100
100
90
85
62
65
59
40
40
35
30
4
4
92
74
97
76
55
50
70
3
3
75
100
90
90
70
40
2
4
75
95
45
32
4
90
100
75
60
60
50
54
3
80
30
30
4
Peat and Muck
(Undrained)
(Drained)
80
95
95
95
50
100
38
90
4
Cove
Clay
60
70
36
IS
15
5
Silt loam
Sandy loam
Silty clay loam
Clay loam
Columbia
CoIunbii
Fine sandy
saudy loam
Loam
Silt loam
Sandy loam
loani
85
85
1
1
1
Camas
Comas
Fine sandy loam
Loam
Silt loam
Clay loam
loam
Gravelly sandy loam
3
rVapato
1Vapato
Silt loam
Silt
loai
Silty
Silty clay loam
Clay
Drained silty clay loam
50
3
34
65
44
4
2
40
l'Vhiteso
is
Vhiteson
Silt loam
Silty clay
clay loam
loam
Silty
Clay loam
Sauvie
Silt loam
Silly
Silty clay loam
Drained silly
silty clay loam
loam
Clay
Toutle
Sandy loam
Bu4ington
Burlington
Fine sandy loans
loam
Clay
60
60
60
75
80
4
1
'l'able 5. (Continued)
(Continued) SOIL
SOIL FACTORS
FACTORSSN
IN RATSNG
RATING OP
oP AGRSCULTURAL
AGRICULTURAL VALUE
WSLLAMETTE VALLEY
VALLEY GROUPS
GROUPS
WILLAMETTE
Rating of Soil
soil factors
Soil Series
series and Soil
soil type
Profile
Texture
Texture
Modifying
Modifying
conditions
rating
95
90
90
100
100
90
90
89
88
86
80
71
2
75
70
100
100
90
73
73
79
55
50
3
too
100
100
95
95
75
75
78
78
80
85
85
59
75
100
100
90
85
70
50
50
45
45
100
100
90
70
64
60
60
60
90
70
70
90
60
Soil
Soil
grades
MAIN VALLEY FLOOR GROUP
Wiflamette
Willamette
Loam
Silt loam
Silty clay
cby loam
Amity
LoaLn
Loam
Silty clay loam
Hiltsboro
HilLthoro
Loam
Loam
Salem
Fine sandy loam
Silty clay loam
Clay loam
Loam
80
80
80
Gravelly loam
Dayton
Loam
Silt loam
-
Silty clay loam
Clay
Grande Ronde
SUty clay
Silty
clay loam
Clay
Powell
Silt loam
Silt
loam
52/ ton
Si/ton
Gravelly sandy
sandy loam
kam
Sandy loam
Gravelly fine sandy
loam
Loam
I
10
62
63
63
3
2
60
2
61
2
58
54
2
3
32
4
30
25
4
20
4
4
65
71
35
4
30
4
100
lOU
90
81
1
65
95
77
70
30
40
4
60
75
75
65
70
70
100
100
95
85
50
55
3
3
55
55
90
70
70
81
81
91
81
40
3
55
95
55
55
50
55
100
100
90
85
64
67
41
30
19
19
4
4
4
60
5
55
60
60
100
90
85
48
47
49
29
23
25
4
4
4
65
65
70
75
75
90
85
62
70
95
36
42
39
4
55
60
60
100
85
35
41
21
21
4
4
60
60
85
59
30
4
60
65
90
3
Clackamnas
Ckzckamas
Silty
Silty clay loam
Clay
Gravelly loam
Gravelly clay loam
60
60
35
34
31
31
4
4
4
Concord
Silt loam
Silty clay loam
Clay loam
35
Holcomb
Silt loam
SUt
Silty clay loam
Clay loam
Salkum
Salkum
Silty clay loam
Clay loam
Gravelly clay loam
Veneta
Ven
eta
Loam
Clay loam
Courtney
Clay loam
Gravelly silty clay
loam
Loam
27
3
4
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 365
28
Table
Table 5.
S. (Continued)
(Continued)SOIL
SOILFACTOCS
FACTORSINNRATING
RATINGOF
o' AGRICULTURAL.
AGRICULTUPAL VALUE
VALUE
\lrLLAMETTE VALLEY
\rILLAMETTE
VALLEY GnouFs
Gnours
Rating of soil factors
Soil series and soil type
Profile
Texture
Silty clay loam
Clay loam
70
70
65
60
100
90
Silty clay loam
Silty clay loam
70
90
50
70
90
70
SO
50
50
SO
90
85
65
70
65
65
65
100
100
90
85
65
60
60
75
70
75
Soil
Modifying
conditions
condLtlons
rating
Soil
grades
HELLGROUP
HILL
Gnou
Olympic
Loam
Clay
Aiken
(shallow)
Clay
Viola
Silty clay loam
Clay loam
Melbourne
Shallow phase
Loam
Silty clay loam
Clay loam
Clay
Sites
Site.
Loam
Silty clay loam
Clay
Carlton
Canton
Silt loam
56
56
44
38
3
3
3
90
57
3
76
95
34
34
47
4
58
65
26
28
4
55
80
75
80
90
36
56
44
44
41
4
3
3
3
3
100
90
70
71
46
42
3
3
38
4
76
79
89
95
57
50
57
47
3
50
50
3
3
85
70
70
80
89
80
90
78
90
4
3
4
Clay
Cascade
70
100
90
85
70
Silt loam
Clay loam
Polk
Loam
Silty clay
clay loam
loam
Silty
70
70
70
100
85
71
84
70
65
100
90
70
70
49
3
41
3
SO
50
85
66
28
28
4
Silty clay loam
Clay loam
Waldo
Clay loam
I
3
3
3
Productivity rating, Marbut method
along
A productivity rating of soils of Willamette Valley was prepared along
lines proposed by the late
late Dr.
Dr. C.
C. F.
F. Marbut
Marbut and
and isis presented
presentedin
n Table 6. This
rating for several index crops ranges from 10 downward, 10 being the highest
possible rating.
The general agricultural value
value is
is rated
rated with
with 11 as
as the
the highest
highestvalue.
value.TexTex-
tural types of a series are grouped
grouped into
into (1)
(1) heavier
heavier and
and (2)
(2)lighter
lightergroups.
groups.
By this rating, as with the
the chemical
chemical invoice,
invoice, members
membersof
ofChehalis
Chehalisand
andWillamWillambetween
The spread
spread between
ette series stand at the top
top of
of their
their respective
respective groups.
groups. The
the best and the poorest soils might be increased for contrast. This is held to
be more comprehensive than the Stone rating, which deals only with the
soil factors.
WILLAMETTE VALLEY SOILS
29
Losses and gains in plant foods
A PERMANENT SOIL-FERTILITY PROGRAM may be aided by a study of gains
and losses of plant foods from soils and the preparation of a balance sheet.
Losscs
LossEsOF
OFSOIL
SOILFERTILITY
FERTILITYor
ormisplacement
misplacementmay
mayoccur
occurthrough
through(1)
(1)removal
removal
by crops, (2) sale of livestock and their products, (3) erosion by water and
wind, (4) drainage and leaching, and (5) fire or destructive decomposition.
Plant food in staple crops is given in Table 7 (and Table 8 appended).
GAINS IN SOIL FERTILITY may occur: (1) by plowing under legumes and
other organic residues, including forest litter, (2) by growing and using
crops for livestock feeding and returning the manure to the soil, (3) by the
purchase of feedstuffs and fertilizers, including fish products, (4) by additions
in precipitation and atmospheric or meteoric dust, (5) by additions in irrigation water, including sewage irrigation, (6) by upward leaching, and (7) by
forest litter. Plant food in fertilizers is given in Table 8.
A PRELIMINARY NUTRIENT BALANCE SHEET for the Willamette Valley has
been made (Table 9). This indicates a net annual loss of more than 29,000
tons of nitrogen and a heavy loss of potassium sulphur, calcium, and magnesium, ranging from 2,500 to 106,000 tons a year. The annual loss is from 2
to 17 times the amounts of different nutrients returned to the land.
Chemical analyses of several of our oldest cultivated or eroded soils have
been made and compared to adjacent virgin land. Nitrogen, calcium, and
sulphur decreases of as much
much as
as 50
50 per
per cent
cent were
were found
foundwhile
whilelime
limerequirerequirement has increased about
to
ton an acre.
PRODUCTIVITY
RATING
WILLAMETTE
VALLEYSon.sMARBUT
SoiLaMARRUTMETHOD
METHOD
Table
RATING
WLLAMETTE
VALLEY
Table6.6.PRODUCTVTY
(Soil with highest productivity equals 10 and highest general agricultural value equals 1)
Soil type or group
Area
Wheat
Walnuts
St raw-
Potatoes
toes
Clover
Alfalfa
8
8
8
8
6
9
7.5
7
8
7
7
5S
7
5
5
S
5
S
4
7
8
7
7
7
6
8
7
5
5
5
6
88
7.5
5
7
7
77
6
9
8
7
8
99
8
8
8
6
8
8
6
5S
7.5
5
55
5
7
Oats
Vetch
Vetch
Apples
Apples
Prunes
berries
General
agricultural
Pasture Forest value
A cres
VALLEY FLOOR
FLooR
VALLEY
Willainette ltanis
Willamette
lams
Willarnette, Si. L.; Si. C. L
Willamette,
Amity, Loams
Amity, Si. C. L.
Hilisboro,
Hillsboro, F. S.; L.
Salem, F. S. L.; L; Gr. L
Salem, C. L.; Si. C. L.
Dayton, L.; Si. L.
Dayton, Si. C. L.; C.
Powell,
Powell, Si.
Si. L.
Salkum, C. L.; Gr. C.
C. L.;
L.;
Si. C. L.
Concord, Si. L.; C. L.;
Si.C.L.
Courtney, C. L.; Gr. Si. C.
Sifton S. L.; Gr. S.
5. L.; Gr.
V. 1. S. L.; Gr. L.
Clackamas, Gr. L.; Gr.
Gr. C.
C. LL
Clackamas, Si. C. L.; C.
Grande Ronde, C. L. Si. C. L
Holcomb, Si. L.; C. L.;
Si. C. L.
Veneta, L.; C. L.
Total
Total
135,168
216,512
159,424
118,144
12,224
33,416
23,168
125,696
57,600
46,912
25,792
29,148
13,504
10,49i
l0,49i
22,59;
22,59:
8
7
6
6
7
8
6
...--.
8
6
55
8
7.5
6
5
8
8
7
8
11
7
8
3
77
77
4
9
8
1
8
8
1
3
8
8
---...
2
6
7
8
7
7
8
8
8
9
9
8
I6
10
1
6
8
6
6
7
6
6
7
88
8
8
3
6.5
--...
5
5
6
8
6
....
6
5
6
7
7
6
---..-.
4
6
8
.-----7
S
5
6
5
7
8
...
7
6
.
6
---..-.
77
6
5
6
6
5
6
55
7
5
5
55
55
..-.
4
5
5
7
6
6
4
4
5
5
4
4
5
5
4
5
--
6
7
9
9
9
9
8
8
A
A
11
9
9
A
1
9
.-..
7
7
6
7
6
8,64..
5,760
5
5
32,032
18,368
4
5
5
....
5
--
6
5
7
1,117,596
1,1
17,596
RECENT SoiLs
Son.s
Chehalis, F:
F. S. L.; L.
Chehalis, Si. L.; C. L.;
Si. C. L.
Chehalis, Irr. and Fert., Si. L.;
C. L.; Si. C. L.
Newberg,
; SS L.
Newberg,F.F:S.S.L.L.;
L.: L
L
Newberg, Si. L.; Si. C. L.;
F. S. L., etc.; Si. L.; Si. C. L.
Columbia, F. S.
Columbia, S. L.; L.; Si. L.
Columbia.
Camas, F. S.; Gr. S. L.
1
34,980
183,735
62,272
36,736
4,672
6,144
20,544
9
9
10
10
7
7
77
7
7
8
66
8
7
7
j
9
9
10
8
10
9
6
9
7
9
88
9
8
7
9
8
77
8
8
9
8
7
8
8
9
88
8
9
7
8
8
88
8
7
7
7
B
8
8
8
9
8
8
6
8
88
7
.--..--
S
5
8
66
8
6
3
7
8
6
8
9
8
6
7
8
7
2
3
B
11
...-
3
Table6.6.(Continued)
(Continued)
Table
PRODUCTIVITY
RATING
WILLAMETTE
PRODUCTVTY
RATING
WLLAMETTEVALLEY
VALLEYSOILSMARBUT
SOLSMARBUTMETHOD
METHOD
(Soil with highest productivity equals JO and highest general agricultural
agrkultural value
valueequals
equals1)
1)
Soil type or group
Camas, L.; Si. L.; C. L.
Wapato, SL
Si. L.
Wapato, Si. C.; C.
Sauvie,Si.L.;CLSiCL
SaUVIe,SI.L.;C.L.SI.C.L.
Sauvie Drained; SL
Sauvte
St. L; C. L.;
Si. a. L.
Whiteson,
Whiteson, Si.
SL L.;
L.; S.
S. C.;
C.;
SL C. L.
Si.
Cove, C.
ToutleS.
Burlington,
Burlington, F. C.
MuckandPeat
Muck and Peat and
and Drained
Drained
Total
Total
Area
Area
16,192
19,776
182,976
24,192
....
8,960
29,440
3,840
676
5,888
Wheat
Oats
8
8
7
6
..
...
.
...
PotaPotatoes
Clover
Alfalfa
Vetch
Apples
Apples
Prunes
77
8
.
8
....
6
5S
5S
7
...
6
..
....
....
..--
...
....
----
-.--
----
----
----
8
9
....
.
6
....
...
....
5S
...
10
10
10
8
9
..-...
6
6
-...
..
.--.
--..
5S
--..
...
6
.--.
10
8
..-.
.--.
9
-.--_
7
...-..8
654,427
....
...
....
.....
222,592
222,592
476,712
279,744
3,520
26,432
73,088
304,768
25,644
14,016
7
6
9
..
..6
8
6
8
..
5S
.
7
7
7
---.
....
...
Wal-
nuts
.I1
....
Strawberries Pasture Forest
7
......
..
....
..
..
...
...
.
.
..
S
---....
C
D
tural
value
2
5
6
---....
8
7
99
.
...
...
66
2
4
7
...
5
....
8
----.-.
B
9
2
5
----
7
...
.
7
6
General
GeneraJ
agricul.
agikul.
---.
....
7
--..
.-..
7
1
10
10
...
4
4
4
A
A
A
3
.
6
--...C
C
C
5
1
RESIDUAL
HILL SOILS
RE5flUAL HELL
SoILs
Olympic,
Olympic, Loams
Loams and
and Si.
Si. LL
Olympic, C.
C. L.;
L.; Si.
Si. C.
C. L.
L.;; C
Aiken, C.
C. L.;
L.; SL
Si. C. L
Aken,
Aiken,SLC.L.;Shaflow
Aiken, St. C. L.; Shallow
Viola,C.L.;5i.C.L.
Viola,C.L.;Si.C.L.
Melbourne,
Me'bourne, L.
Melbourne, C. L.; Si. C. L.; C.
Sites, L.
Sites, SL
Si. C. L.; C.
Melbourne
Canton, Si. L.; C. L.
Carlton,
Carlton, Si. C. L. C.
Cascade, Si.
Cascade,
Si.L.;
L.; d.
d. L.
L.
Polk, L.
Polk, Si. C. L.
Waldo, C. L.
Rough Stony
Stony Land
Land (Yamhill
(YamhIl
Cotintyonly)
Countyonly)
High broken and Stony
Rough
Rough Mountainous
Mountainous
Total
Total
26,792
50,816
85,760
20,416
10,496
1,280
1,280
5,440
S,440
140,032
1,455,680
1,4SS,680
14,080
3,221,244
.-..
8
9
6
8
5
7
6
8
7
5
9
8
8
8
7
88
7
7
6
5
...
.....
3
4
9
.
...
7
9
7
6
5
77
7
6
..
..
-.-...
--.
..
:.
7
6
i
5S
.
....
.
..
...
5
8
4
7.S
7.5
6
7
5
8
9
8
7
6
..
...
5
S
5
....
---.
---.-.-
7
8
8
4
6
5
6
5
4
8
6
8
6
8
3
4
4
4
7
8
7
8
6
3
5
88
6
77
6
7
8
6
8
7
8
4
4
6
4
...
....
...-..
7
6
6
7
......
5
6
--.-
4
.
88
8
S
9
7
..7
----
...
7
6
7
6
7
6
....
....
..--
3
.
..
....
44
.
I
C
C
C
B
B
4
3
4
5
4
4
3
4
4
3
B
.-.-
4
77
88
9
6
I
.
..
.
..
.....
....
4
....
.-....
.
V
J
..--
..-..
V.
.
.....
.
....
....
....
.
...
---..
..
....
.
..
.---
..
..
V.
..
7
....
D
....
3
2
.....
...
..
.
B
10
Table 7.7.FEETTLITY
INCioFs
Caoi's
Table
FERTLTY REMOVED
1EMovEo N
Data based on Bear unless otherwise noted
Crop
Annual croPs
crops
Alfalfa, 4 tons
Clover, 4 tons
fField pea hay, 4 tons
Wheat, 50 bushels
Wheat
Wheat straw, 2 tons
Oats, 50 bushels
POat
Oat straw, 2 tons
fBarley, 50 bushels
OBarley
straw, ll tons
Barley straw,
Apples, 300 bushels
Beans, Navy, 20 bushels
Beets,
Beets, sugar,
sugar, 10
10 tons
tons
Cabbages, 10 tons
Corn, shelled, 40 bushels
Corn, fodder, 10 tons
Mangels, 20 tons
Potatoes
Potatoes, 200
200 bushels
bushels
3-year Rotation
Wheat, 50 bushels; straw,
2
gen
Phosphorus
PotasPotassium
slum
Pounds
Pounds
Pounds
41
15
15
18.0
14.0
19.0
11.0
2.0
6.4
6.5
9.4
2.3
S
1.3
185
166
177
50
50
14
28
32
r
7
83
13
32
22.0
14.0
7.6
7.6
6.0
7.5
3.2
3.2
5.0
2.3
3.3
Mag-
n es
ii
esium
kim
Pound.
Pounds
82.0
91.0
77.0
1.5
10.5
1.6
18.0
0.5
8.0
2.7
2.7
2.4
6.0
8.0
0.2
94.0
8.0
1.2
1.2
30.0
22.0
15.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
4.0
0.6
7.0
22.0
1.8
1.4
1.4
2.3
176
108
38
5.8
20.0
12.0
6.0
34
8
344
176
32
12.0
3.4
34.0
12.0
3.6
64
166
38
13.0
14.0
6.0
6.0
56
56
136
32
13.5
14.0
3.6
3.6
12.0
91.0
1.2
7.2
268
33.0
224
31.1
104.2
36.2
31
tons
62
136
124
16
16
40
Sulphur Calcium
Pouid. Pounds
Pounds
16
16
14
54
43
52
38
Clover, 4 tons
Potatoes, 200 bushels
TOTAL,
TOTAL, PLANT
PLANTFOOD
Foon
REMoVED,33Yeaiis
1.ssoveo,
YEtRs
Nitro-
4.4
8.0
4.0
Bear, Theori
Theor and Practice
Practice in
inthe
theUse
U.eof
of Fertilszers.
Fertilizer..
t Oregon
Oregon Agricultural
Agricultural Experiment
Experiment Station Bulletin 197.
Morrison, Feeds
Feed. and
and Feeding,
Feeding, 20th
20th Ed.
Ed.
32
2.5
2.2
18.0
16.0
7.2
Table
8.FERTLTY
Table 8.
FERTILITY
REMOvED
REMOVES
NiN
CROPS
CROPSPER
PERTON
TON OF
OP PRODUCT
PRODUCT
(Supplemental Data)
Source
Crop
Legume.
Legumes
Sweet clover (hay)
Alsike clover (hay)
White clover (hay)
Vetch (hay)
Cow pea (hay)
Vetch seed
Field peas seed
Soybeans
Cow peas
Red clover seed
Aflalfa seed
Alialfa
of
data
Nui'nbe,
Nu,'nbe,
1
6
2
Red raspberries
Strawberries
3.80
4.60
5.20
5.80
5.00
12.00
12.00
8.00
11.80
9.20
13.20
13.20
4.86
4,86
'3.20
"3.20
1800
1808
1814
1868
42.00
45.20
39.40
38.00
37.40
50.80
8.60
7.60
7.40
5.80
6.40
11.00
3.60
3.40
3,40
1.20
'2.80
"2.80
"5.20
5.20
"3.20
3.20
1760
1760
318
26.60
6.00
3.40
1.21)
1.20
292
464
262
480
286
294
362
294
252
306
342
332
200
4.00
3.40
1,60
1.60
1.00
1.00
2.40
2,40
2.40
3.00
4A0
4.40
1.20
6.00
3.20
4.00
3.00
.40
.40
.40
.20
.40
.40
.60
.60
.14
1.00
1.00
248
258
120
260
238
I
(1) 1804
t804
1772
1754
1860
1860
6
2
5
Spring wheat
"Durum
Durum wheat
Rye, threshed
Buckwheat
Millett seed, hog
Sunflower seed
(1) 1796
(1) 1796
2
2&3
2
2&3
2
2
2
2
4
2
4
2
2
Sulphur
44.80
38.40
46.00
43.60
71.20
74.00
74.00
76.20
76.20
126.20
70.80
60.00
43.80
43.80
1840
1780
1760
1836
1808
1808
1820 I
1810
1
1
6
Phosphorus
Potassium
MagMag.
Calcium nesiuro
nesiuni
Pounds
Pound. Pounds
Pounds Pound.
Pounds Pounds
Pound. Pounds
Pound. Pounds
Pound. Pounds
Pound.
1
Cereiz1.
Cereals
Cereal Hizy
Cereizl
Hay
Oats
Corn silage
Fruits
and berrie.
berries
Fruit. iznd
Apricots
Cherries
Peaches
Pears
Plums
Quinces
Grapes
Blackberries
Cranberries
Currants
Logan berries
Loganberries
Dry
Bry
weight Nitro
per
perton
ton [_en
Leen
(4)
(3)
4)
3)
4)
4)
4)
4)
4)
4)
4)
4)
33.20
28.80
33.20
36.60
15.60
14.20
20.60
38.20
28.00
23.00
37.40
19.00
15.20
24.40
17.20
36.20
8.80
8.60
10.80
5.40
.60
2,20
2.20
8.60
13.20
.80
.80
.20
" .60
.60
"220
'2.20
"2.20
'2.20
.40
21.80
6.00
4.40
1.40
3.20
1.20
" .20
.20
5.00
3.40
'3.40
v.40
".40
3.40
3.40
1.60
3.40
3.40
4.00
2.60
4.00
1.20
1.20
1.40
"1.80
l.80
6.40
"2.49
2.40
2.00
8.20
4.80
"4.20
4.20
3.20
.24
" .40
.40
v.40
".40
"3.60
3.60
19.60
2.60
4.40
4.20
1.40
4.20
2.00
" .20
.20
" .60
.60
25.20
4.14
2.00
v.60
.60
.40
2.00
1.20
1.80
"trace
trace
.40
40
".40
v.40
".14
.60
v.60
' .80
.14
.J4
"1.20
l.20
"14.20
l4.20
.80
.60
" .80
.80
" .40
.40
4.20
4.20
"1.40
l.40
"2.00
2.00
* .40
5,20
5.20
3.20
.80
1.00
1.60
1.20
3.60
160
3.80
.60
.80
.40
.40
.80
.80
1.20
1.20
1.80
.60
.60
.40
1.20
.60
.80
1.60
1.60
2.60
1.20
1.20
.80
.60
.80
3.00
.40
1.70
1,70
"1.00
1.00
4.20
8.40
8.00
4.50
4.50
.60
.60
1.20
.20
.40
.40
.20
(3) 1250
7.00
5.20
3.80
5.60
5.00
12.20
2.20
2.00
6.80
2.80
3.80
5.00
23.00
5.20
4.40
3.40
(3) 1922
68.00
1,40
1.40
1926
1840
1840
50.00
53.20
1.00
.40
40
(4)
5.00
5.00
.80
".811
1.00
" .40
.40
I7egetizbIe.
Vegetables
Dry onions
Green onions
Asparagus (young
shoots)
Beets (common)
Carrots
Cauliflower (head)..
(head)
Celery
Sweet corn (green)
Cucumbers
Rhubarb (stems)
6
3
2&3
1&3
l&3
1
2&3
(1)
(3)
154
120
756
378
112
154
154
116
68
332
496
630
190
190
2.40
12.40
"5.00
5.00
3.80
3.80
6.00
15.60
15.60
6.00
7.00
7.00
10.40
7.40
7.60
7.60
7.40
5.00
5.00
"8.40
8.4O
.80
3.60
3.60
.80
1,40
1.40
3.00
.80
.20
l&3
256
256
10.00
1.80
.20
1&3
Threshed flax
1
1872
75.20
13,20
1.00
13.20
Tobacco (stalks) ..
2
"1600
l600
74.00
6.40
"9.20
6.40
9.20
Hops (air dry)
I1 & 2
1876
20.00
5.20
Mint (oil)
.
800
1.80
7.00
7.00
Source of Data
No.
No.1I Morrison,
Morrison, Feeds and Feeding.
No. 2 Van Slyke.
No. 3 Bronson.
No.44U.
No.
U. S.
S. Department
Department of
of Agriculture
Agriculture Circular No. 50.
5 O.S.C. Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 197.
No. S
No. 6 Bear-1938.
2.80
11.60
74.00
23.00
10.80
Spinach
Tomatoes
Lettuce
Parsnips
Green peas
Sweet potatoes
Turnips
Watermelons
Watermelons
Nut.
Nuts
"Almonds
'Almonds
"Filberts
and
Ftlberts and
hazelnuts
"Walnuts
Walnuts
Mi.cel1aneou. items
item
Miscellaneous
2
1
2&3
2&3
22
(3)
3
2&3
l&3
1&3
11&3
&3
2
1
1
l&3
2&4
(3)
(3)
Milk
1
..
" Miscellaneous
Miscellaneous
33
33
'i.00
l.00
"1.20
l.20
.80
.40
.20
20
"1.00
l.00
"1.40
l.40
.40
1.40
".20
.20
"1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
.20
.80
1.20
1.20
" .60
.60
.60
1.20
.80
2.40
5.00
12.80
v.20
".20
i
1.00
1.00
.20
.20
1.00
1.00
1.00
.40
.20
7.20
Table
Table9.9.FERTILITY
FERTLTY RETURNED
RF?rURNEDINnFERTILIZERS
FERTLZER5
Fertility restored per
per ton
ton (Approximate)
(Approximate)
Material
Fresh farm manure
Barnyard manure
Calcium nitrate
Sodium nitrate
Ammonium sulphate
Calcium cyanamid
Superphosphate (18% P201)
P206)
Treble phosphate (45%)
Amrnonium phosphate (AmmoAmmonium
Phos A) (16-20)
P205)
Basic slag (16% P206)
Potassium sulphate
Potassium chloride
Gypsum
Crude sulphur
Wood ashes
"Complete"
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
phorus
Potassium
Sulphur
Pounds
Pounds
Pounds
Pounds
Pounds
Pounds
Pounds
10
10
10
10
310
310
400
440
8
8
3
33
Neutral
Neutral
Alkaline
Alkaline
Acid
Alkaline
Neutral
Neutral
Acid
5
5
482
216
157
157
393
320
Acid
Alkaline
Alkaline
175
175
140
140
960
960
87
60
Neutral
Neutral
Neutral
Neutral
Neutral
368
360
1,980
Acid
Alkaline
100
100
166
10
(3-10-10)
Residual
reaction
reaction
Table
Table 10.
10. ANNUAL
ANNUALPLANT-NUTRIENT
PLANTNUTRTENTDEFIcIENcY,
DEFCENCY, WILLAMETTE
WLLAMETTE WATERsHED
WATERSHED
Preliminary Balance Sheet
PS
N
I. Plant
P1aa food lost annually
Crops harvested (and milk, eggs,
honey)
River water, erosion and leaching..
Stock slaughtered
(sheep, hogs,
s1ughtered (sheep,
cattle, poultry)
Wool and mohair
Straw burning and misplacement
TOTAL Loss (Willamette Counties)
II. Fertility gains
gains'
Nitrogen fixed (cover crop)
(clover and alfalfa)
Manures returned to land
Precipitation
25,000 acres irrigated
Fertilizers
Forest litter additions
TOTAL GAtNS
TOTAL
GAN5
NET LOSS
L055 OTt
OR MISPLACEMENT
MISPLACEMENT...........
ions
Tons
16,399
16,399
16,909
16,909
666
2281
228
P
5
K
Tons
Tons
Tons
1,900
1,900
2,510
2510
186
186
4,316
364
38,518
4,960
310
133
133
5,949
1,000
2,406
4
57
57
57
Ca
Mg
Tons
Tons
9,323
88,373
2,504
124,901
124,901
32,993
56
350
39
100,322
30,146 100,322
127,755
34,098
4,129
1,200
1,200
6,616
6,616
18,139
18,139
1,236
63
27
175
270
3,150
500
937
28,900
43
266
1,066
2,570
94
71
1,800
9,253
2,463
5,419
6,885
21559
21,559
1,807
29,265
2,497
24,727
93,437
106196
106,196
32,291
Legume residues, manures, precipitation, 25,000 acres irrigated, fertilizers, and forest
titter
litter additions.
WILLAMETTE VALLEY SOILS
35
MAINTAINING SOIL FERTILITY
Two systems of farming have been relied upon in America to maintain
soil productiveness: (1) livestock farming with crops fed out on the farm and
the manures returned to the land, where plant nutrients in feeds and fertilizers
purchased offset fertility removed in animal and animal products; and (2)
legume residues and mineral
minerat fertilizers with grain or seed farming.
Conservation of soil water and control of erosion is necessary for permanently profitable agriculture in the Willamette Valley. Soil reaction should
be controlled to support protecting cover in erosion control. Productiveness of
Willamette Valley soils is often limited because of lack of drainage in certain
areas or because of moisture deficiency in others, which supplemental irrigation would supply.
Maintenance of soil organic matter on the general farm is aided by crop
rotation with legumes, use of crop residues, green manuring crops, and utilization of straw and barnyard fertilizer. Cover cropping should be an important
feature in the maintenance of orchard soil fertility. Crop rotation is an economic means of soil conservation.
Choice of fertilizers
NITROGEN carriers are especially important for leafy growth and intensive
horticultural crops. Nitrogen has increased the protein content of mixed pastures,
tures, stimulated
stimulated young
young grain
grain on
on land
land with
with impeded
impeded drainage,
drainage, and
and aided
aided the
the
decomposition of grain straw.
straw. From
From 80
80 to
to 200
200 pounds
poundsan
anacre
acreisisaacustomary
customary
rate of
of use
use of
of common
common nitrogen
nitrogen carriers
carriers for
for field
field crops.
crops.
rate
PHOSPHORUS
PHOSPHORUS tends
tends to
to increase
increase root
root growth
growth and
and hardiness,
hardiness, to
to improve
improve
Phosphorus has inquality, to hasten
hasten maturity,
maturity, and
andto
toincrease
increaseseed
seedyield.
yield. Phosphorus
creased resistance to freezing
freezing of
of cane
cane fruit
fruit and
and broccoli
broccoliand
andaheaving
"heavingout"
out"of
of
Superphosphate
clover. Clover may be grazed closer on phosphated plats. Superphosphate
contains about 9 per cent of sulphur. Ammonium phosphate supplies nitrogen
bestto
toreduce
reduce acidity
acidity by
by liming
liming before
before
and phosphorus. On acid soil it isisbest
adding soluble phosphate. Rock phosphate becomes available very slowly,
especially if it contains fluorine.
fluorine. Its availability is increased by fine grinding
and use with decaying organic matter. Phosphated manure after liming helps
worn hill land or older grain
grain land
land in
in the
the Valley,
Valley, also
also legumes
legumesin
inpasture
pasturemixmixtures or for seed. One hundred twenty-five pounds of treble phosphate or 300
pounds of superphosphate an acre is a suitable rate for use in general farming.
POTASSIUM
may improve
improveplant
plantvigor
vigorand
andresistance
resistance to disease. It is
POTASSIUM may
regarded as essential to stem formation and translocation of starch. Potassium is usually needed on peat soils or sandy soils in humid climates. Potassium sulphate supplies sulphur as well as potash. Wood ashes contain 3 or 4
per cent potassium carbonate
carbonate and
and 25
25 to
to 30
30 per
per cent
cent lime.
lime.Potassium
Potassiumpays
payswell
well
on Western Oregon peat. Available potassium is limited in Powell and Newberg soils series.
SULPHUR
SULPETURisisan
anessential
essentialelement
elementand
andincreases
increasesprotein
proteincontent
content of
of legumes,
legumes,
especially with basaltic soils. Sulphur in the form of sulphate of lime, called
landplaster, is safer to use on acid soils. Sulphur is an essential nutrient and
itit tends
tends to
to bring
bring and
and hold
hold nutrient
nutrient bases
bases such
such as
as calcium
calcium and
and potassium
potassium in
in the
the
soil solution.
36
AGRICULTURAL
STATION BULLETIN
BULLETIN 365
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
CALCIUM is an essential element and in the form of lime improves acid
soils for legumes, and the activity of legume bacteria increases nutrient value
of forage. It performs many helpful functions in the soil and also in the
plant.
THE 'SARER"
RARER" ELEMENTS, so-called, in addition to the ten formerly so-called
essential nutrients, may be needed for maximum production. Manganese, applied as a sulphate at the rate of 40 pounds an acre, has increased the yield of
tomatoes, peas, and beets on Western Oregon peat soils. Iodine, applied as
potassium iodide at the rate of four pounds an acre, has increased growth of
alfalfa and head lettuce on some Western Oregon soils. Tin in the sulphate
form has increased beet yield on Lake Labish. Boron is essential in traces
and has corrected 'yellow
yellow top" of alfalfa, canker"
canker" of
of beets,
beets, and
and stem
stem 'crack"
crack"
of celery on certain soils of the Willamette Valley. Fifteen to 30 pounds of
borax may be mixed with the phosphate or other fertilizer to be applied to an
acre early in the season. Zinc in the sulphate form has increased berry yields
on Powell soils in this year's trials.
For Western Oregon soils basic residue fertilizers are to be preferred.
Some ratio experiments here
here indicate
indicate that
that for
for general
general purposes
purposesfertilizer
fertilizerhas'ha'ing a ratio of one of nitrogen to three of phosphoric acid to two of potash is
in good proportion. Efficiency of fertilizers is increased
increased ifif applied
applied with a
fertilizer drill or fertilizer attachment on the planter, which will place the
material in bands some two
two inches
inches at
at the
the side
side of
of the
the seed.
seed.
RESULTS OF FERTILIZER EXPERIMENTS
During the past quarter century the Experiment Station Soils Department
has maintained from two to three dozen field fertilizer trials in the Willamette Valley. Trials on the College-controlled land during the past decade have
been supplemented by tests in cooperation with public-spirited farmers. The
experiments of long duration have been summarized in mimeograph form
from time to time and it is planned to report them in a separate bulletin later.
Bulletins have been issued on the management of the recent stream-bottom
soils or Chehalis series
series;; on
on the
the utilization
utilization of soils of the Willamette series of
the main valley soils and the management of red hill soils. Results of drainage and irrigation studies have been separately reported. The Experiment Station Soils Department is attempting to serve as a central agency for correlating
soil-fertility trials. It seems important that permanent and economic methods
of soil maintenance be developed for the great soil types of the Valley and
State before these soils are depleted of their native fertility for it is far cheaper
to maintain good soil than to restore exhausted land.
It is believed the Experiment Station can best serve the farmers and industries concerned by working out the areas where different plant food elements
are needed, encouraging the use of those elements that are found to pay as
far as trials reach a demonstration stage and discouraging use of materials
not
not needed.
needed. For
For these
these trials
trials pure
pure materials
materials of
of known
known and
and constant
constant composition
composition
are very helpful.
WILLAMETTE VALLEY SOILS
37
A PROGRAM OF PERMANENT SOIL FERTILITY AND
SOIL CONSERVATION
A program of land and water use may well include:
Completion of the soil survey, especially of agricultural areas and a
land classification based thereon.
Extension of a program of soil analyses and fertilizer research based
on the soil survey.
A study of water control by irrigation or drainage, to prevent erosion
and secure efficient soil moisture use.
An invoice of soil organic matter.
Utilizationofofland
ltilization
landproducts
productsand
and "waste
"waste materials
materials on the farm so that
they may become the raw materials of industry."
Use good lands first and return marginal lands to pasture, reforestation,
industrial, or recreational use, and allow fertility to accumulate until
there is a more definite demand for other higher use.
Drainage areas necessary for future water supply should be protected
against destruction of immature
immature timber
timber and
and vegetation.
vegetation.
A program of deferred, regulated grazing on the public domain.
Efficient land use should lessen cartage, and afford more protection for
local markets and for local growers.
Use of land for recreational purposes will become of increasing importance. Let us provide a balanced land-use program for farm, forest,
grazing, industrial, and recreational purposes. Such a program should
permit utilization of all our lands most profitably.
REFERENCES
Powers, W. L.,
Ruzek, C. V., and
Stephenson, R. E.
Soils of Willamette Series and Their Utilization.
Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin
240.
1928
Powers, W. L.
1930
Powers, W. L.
1931
1931
Powers, W. L., and
Ruzek, C. V.
Chemical Characteristics of Peat and Muck Soils
in Northwestern United States.
Proc. Second Int'l. Cong. Sl.
SI. Sci. 6: 246 (Also
mimeographs by Oreg. Agr. Exp. Sta.)
Drainage and Improvement of Wet Land.
Oregon Agr. Experiment
Experiment Station
Station Cir.
Cir. 102.
102.
Care, Use and Economic Value of Farm Manure.
Ore. Agr. Exp. Sta. Circ. 105.
1931
Powers, W. L.,
1932
Powers, W. L., and
Ruzek, C. V.
1932
Characteristics of Dispersable Organic Colloids in
Peats. J. Agr. Res. 44: 97.
Soils of Chehalis Series and Their Utilization.
Ore.
Ore. Agr.
Agr. Exp.
Exp. Sta,
Sta. Bul.
Bul. 299.
299.
38
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT
EXPERIMENT STATION
STATION BULLETIN
BULLETIN 365
Powers, W. L.
1932
Twenty-five
Years of
of Supplemental Irrigation
Twenty-five Years
Investigations in Willamette Valley. Ore. Agr.
Exp. Sta. Bul. 302.
Powers, W. L.
1934
Powers, W. L.
1935
Ruzek, C. V.
1932
Stephenson, R. E.
1927
Stephenson, R. E.
1929
1929
Preservation
Preservation of
of Soils
Soils Against
Against Degeneration.
Degeneration.
Soil Science 37: 333.
Productive Land
to Productive
Relation to
Soil Fertility in Relation
Value. Ore. Agr. Exp. Sta. Circ. 113.
The "Red Hill" Soils of Western Oregon. Ore.
Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 303.
Replaceable Bases in Some Oregon Soils. Soil
Science 24: 57.
Colloidal Properties of Willamette Valley Soils.
Soil Science 28: 235.
Stephenson, R. E., and Liming Western Oregon Soils. Ore. Agr. Exp.
Powers, W. L.
Sta. Circ. 132.
1934
14. Torgerson, E. F., and
Powers, W. L.
1928
Meaning and Use of Willamette Soil Survey. Ore.
Agr. Exp. Sta. Circ. 90.
OREGON STATE BOARD OF HIGHER EDUCATION
Edward C. Pease
F. E. Callister
Beatrice Walton Sackett
C. A. Brand
E. C. Sammons
Robert W RuhI
Ruhi
Edgar William
\Villiam Smith
Willard L. Marks
Herman Oliver
Hunter Ed.
Frederick M. Hunter,
Ed. D.,
D., LL.D
LL.D
The Dalles
Albany
Marsh/eld
Marsh/leld
Ro.seburg
Roseburg
Portland
Medford
Portland
Albany
John Day
Chancellor of Higher Education
STAFF OF AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
Staff members marked are United States Department of Agriculture
snvestsgators
nvestgators stationed
stationed in
in Oregon
Oregon
Geo. W.
Ceo.
W. Peavy,
Peavy M.S.F.,
M.S.F. SoD.,
Sc.D. LL.D
LLD
Wm. A. Schoertfeld,
Schoenfeld, B.S.A., M.B.A
R. S. Besse, M.S
Esther McKinney
Margaret
argaret Hurst
Hurst, B.S
B.S
President of the State College
Director
Director
Vice Director
Director
Vice
Accountant
Secretary
Division of Agricultural Economics
Agr'l. Economist; In Charge, Division of Agri. Economics
Agricultural
Agricultural Economics
W. H. Dreesen, Ph.D
Agricultural Economics
Agricultural
Economks
Farm Management
D. C.
C. Mumford,
Mumford, M.S
Economist in Charge
Charge
G.
G. W.
W. Kuhlman Ph.D
Associate Economist
W.
W. W.
W.Corton,
Gorton, kS
t.S
Research Assistant
H. L. Thomas, M.S
Associate Agricultural Economist Soil Conservation
Conservauon
J. C. Moore,
Moore, M.S
M5
State
State Land
LandPlanning
PlanninSpecialist,
Specialist, Division
Division of Land Utilization
Utilization
V. W. Baker, B.S Assistant Agricultural Economist, Division of Land Utilization
Division of Animal Industries
P. M. Brandt, A.M Dairy Husbaudman;
Husbandman; In Charge, Division of Animal Industries
Animal Hu.thandry
Husbandry
R. G. Johnson, B.S
Animal Husbandmari
Husbandman
0. M. Nelson, B.S
Animal Flusbandman
A. W. Oliver,
Oliver M.S
Assistant Animal
Animal 1-lusbandinan
Husbandinan
B. W. Rodenwold, M.S
Assistant Animal Husbandman
Husbandinan
Dairy
Dairy Husbandry
H. Wilster, Ph.D
Dairy Flusbandman
Husbandroan
Jones,Ph.D
Ph.D
II. 1.
R.R.Jones,
Associate Dairy I-Iusbandman
P. Ewalt, B.S
Assistant Dairy
Assistant
DairyHusbandman
Hubandman
Arless Spielrnan,
Spielman, B. S
Research Fellow (Dairy Husbandry)
Fish and Game Manaf;enient
Manaqernent
R. E. Dirnick,
Dimick, M.S
Wildlife
Wildlife Conservationist in Charge
F. P. Griffiths,
Ciiffiths, Ph.D
Assistant Conservationist
A. S. hinarsen, B.S
u.S
Associate Biologist, Bureau Biological Survey
Frank Groves, B.S
Research Assistant (Fish and Game
Came Management)
Poultry Husbandry
Husbaidry
H.
H. E.
E. Cosby
Cosby
Poultry Husbandman in Charge
a
F. L. Knowlton M.S
Poultry I-Iusbandman
Husbandirian
W. T. Cooney, .S
Research Assistant (Poultry Husbandry)
Veterinary Medicine
. N. Shaw, B.S., D.V.M
D.V.M
Veterinarian in Charge
E. M.
K.
M. Dickinson,
Dickinson, D.V.M.,
D.V.M.,M.S.
MS..
Associate Veterinarian
0. H. Muth MS., D.V.M Associate Veterinarian
R. W. Dougherty, D.V.M
Associate Veterinarian
A. S. Rosenwald, B.S., D.V.M
Assistant
Assistant Poultry Pathologist
0. L. Searcy, B.S
Technician
Techntcian
Roland Scott, D.V.M
D.V.M
Research Assistant (Veterinary Medicine)
C. R. Howarth, D.V.M
Research Assistant (Veterinary Medicine)
Marion Robbins, B.S
B.S
Technician in
Technician
in PouUry
Poultry Pathology
Pathology
Division of Plant Industries
a
C. R. Hyslop, B.S
G.
Agronomist; In Charge,
Charge, Division
Division of
of Plant
Plant Industries
Industries
Farm Crops
a
H. A. Schoth, M.S
Agronomist; Division of Forage Crops and Diseases
a
Associate Agronomist
D.
D. D.
D. Hill,
Hill, Ph.D
Ph.D
Assistant Agronornist
R. E. Fore, Ph.D
It.
Elton Nelson, B.S.
Aeiit, Division of Fiber Plant Investigations
Louisa A. Kanipe, B.S
Junior Botanist, Division of Seed Investigations
H. H.
I-I.
I-I.Rampton,
Rampton,M.S.Assistant
M.S.._Assistant
Agronomist;
Agronomist;Division
DivisionForeage
ForeageCrops
Cropsand
and Diseases
Diseases5
Assistant Agronomist
L. E. Harris
Harrk M.S
a
Assistant Agronomist
11. E. Finnelf, M.S
Research Assistant (Farm Crops)
A.
A. E.
E. Cross,
Gross, M.S
M.S
Food Industries
Horticulturist
Horticulturist in Charge
- C. H. Wiegarid,
Wiegand, B.S.A
Assistant Horticulturist
r. Onsdorff, I\1.S
a
-
E. L. Poster,
Potter, M.S
-
a
a
a
a
-
a
a
S
a
a
STATION STAFF(Continued)
Horticulture
HortjcuUure
Horticulturist
W. S.
S. Brown,
Brown,M.S..
MS.. D.Sc
DSc
Horticulturist
Horticulturist (Pomcilogy)
(Pomology)
H. Hartman,
Hartrnan, M.S
Horticulturist (Vegetable Crops)
A. G. B. Bouquet, M.S
C. E. Schuster, M.S.....Horticulturist,
M.S._Horticulturist, Div.
Div.Fruit
Fruitand
andVegetable
Vegetable Crops
Crops and
and Diseases
Diseases
Horticulturist (Plant Propagation)
W. P. Duruz, Ph.D
Ass't. Pomologist, Div.
Div. Fruit
Fruit and
and Veg.
Veg. Crops
Crops and
andDiseases
Diseases
G. F. Waldo, M.S
Assistant 1-Iorticultuiist
Horticulturist (Pomology)
(Pomology)
E. Hansen, M.S
Soil Science
Soil Scientist in Charge
W. L. Powers, Ph.D
Soil Scientist (Fertility)
C. V. Ruzek, M.S
M. B.
R. Lewis,
Lewis, C.E....._....Irrigation
C.E-----_IrrIgation and Drainage
Drainage Engr.,
Engr.,Bureau
BureauAgric.
Agric.Engineering
Engineern
Soil
Soil Scientist
Scientist
R. E. Stephenson Ph.D
Associate Soil Scientist (Soil Survey)
E. F. Torgerson .S
Research
Fellow
in Soils
fames Clement .ewis,
James
ewis, B.S
B.S
Agricultural Chemistry
Chemist in Charge
J. S. Jones, M.S.A
.Chemist (Insecticides and Fungicides)
R. H. Robinson, M.S
M.5
Chemist (Animal Nutrition)
J. B.
R. Haag, Ph.D
Jssociate Chemist
Jissociate
Chemist
D. E. Bullis, M.S
.Assistant
Assistant Chemist
M. B. Hatch, M.S
M.5
Assistant
Chemist
L.
L. D.
D. Wright, M.S
Agricultural Engineering
1?
fl
1
P.-i
Agricultural Engineer in Charge
Aericultural
F. E.
Price,
B.S
Associate Agricultural Engineer
Engmeer çFarm
(Farm Structures)
Structures)
H. R. Sinnard,
Sinnard,M.S
M.S
.Assistant
Agricultural Engineer
Jissistant Agricultural
C. I. Branton, B.S
Agricultural Engineer, Bureau Agricultural Engineering
W. M. Hurst, M.A
Bacteriology
Bacteriologistin
Bacteriolost
inCharge
Charge
G.
G. V.
V. Copson,
Copson, M.S
M.S
Associate Bacteriologist
J. E. Simmons, M.S
Associate Bacteriologist
W. B. Bollen, Ph.D
Research Assistant (Bacteriology)
C. P. Hegarty,
Hegarty, Ph.D
PhD
Entomology
Entomology
Entomologist in Charge
Charge
D. C. Mote Ph.D
Asso. Ento. (Div. Truck Crops and Garden Insects
J. C. Chamfwrlin,
Chamferlin, Ph.D
A. E. Bonn, B.S-----Junior
Entomologist(Div.
(Div.of
ofTruck
TruckCrops
Crops and
and Garden
Gar4en Insects
B.S Junior Entomologist
Associate Entomologist
H. A. Scullen, Ph.D
Assistant
Assistant Entomologisi
Entomologist
B. G. Thompson, M.S
Assistant
Assistant Entomologist
S. C. Jones, M.S
Assistant
Entomologist
K. W. Gray, M.S
Assistant Entomologist
W. D. Edwards, M.S
Assistant Entomologist
H.
H. E.
E. Morrison,
Morrison, M.S
M.S
Research Assistant (Entomology
foe Schuh,
Toe
Schuh, M.S
Research
Assistant
(Entomology
G. R. Ferguson, B.S
Home Economics
Home Economist
Maud
Maud Wilson,
Wilson, AM
AM
Plant Pathology
Plant
Pathologist
in Charge
C. E. Owens, Ph.D
Plant Pathologist
Plant
Patho!oist
S. M. Zeller Ph.D
5.
Plant
Pathologist
Plaot
Pathologist5
F. P. McWhorter,
McWhorter,Ph.D
PhD
Plant Pathologist
B. F. Dana, M.S
M.S-------Plant
Pathologist(Div.
(Div.Fruits
Fruitsand
andVeg.
Ve. Crops and Dseases)5
Diseases)
L
dissociate Plant
.Associate
Plant Pathologist
Pathologist (Insecticide Control Division
F. D. Bailey, M.S
P. W. Miller,
Miller, Ph.D--------.Assoc.
Ph.D-------.Assoc. Pathologist
Pathologist (Div.
(Div. of
of Fruit
Fruitand
andVeg.
Veg Crops
Crops and
and Dis.
Dis.
Agent (Division
(riivision of
of Drug
Drug and
and Related
Related Plants
Plants)
G. R.
R. 1-loerner,
Hoerner, M.S
Agent (Division of Drug
Drug and
ind Related Plants)
R. F. Grah, B.S
Associate Pathologist (Div. of Cereal Crops and Diseases)
R. Sprague,
Spraue, Ph.D
Ph.D
Research Assistant (Plant Pathology)
John Milbrath, Ph.D
Publications and News Service
Diiector of Information
Director
C. D. Byrne, M.S
Editor of Publications
E. T. Reed, B.S
Editor of Publications
Publications
I D. M. Goode, M.A
Associate
in News Service
f. C.
T.
C. Burtner,
Burtner, B.S
Branch Stations
Leroy Childs,
Childs, A.B...........Supt.
A.B-----Supt. Flood
HoodRiver
RiverBranch
BranchExperiment
ExperimentStation,
Station,Flood
Hood River
River
F. C. Reimer....Supermtendent
ReimerSuperintendent Southern
SouthernOregon
OregonBranch
BranchExperiment
ExperimentStation,
Station,Talent
Talent
D. E. Richards,
Richards,B.S......_.._...Supt.
B.S------__Supt. Eastern
Eastern Oregon
Oregon Livestock Br.
Br. Expt.
Expt.Sta.,
Sta. Union
Union
: H.
H. K. Dean,
Dean, B.S..._Supt.
B.S._Supt. Umatilla
Umatilla Br. Expt.
Expt. Sta.
Sta. (Div.
(Div.W.
W.Irrig.
Irri. Agri.),
Agri.), Hermston
Herniiston5
Superintendent
SuperintetadentHsrney
HarneyBranch
BranchExperiment
Experiment Station,
Station, Burns
Burns
Obil Shattuck,
Shattuck, M.S._
MS.
H. B.
B. Howell,
Howell,B.S..._....Supt.
B.S._Supt. John
John
Jacob
Jacob
Astor
AstorBranch
BranchExperiment
ExperimentStation,
Station, Astoria
Acting
Supt.
Squaw
Butte
Regional
Range
Experiment
Station
R. G. Johnson,
Johnson B.S
Supt. Pendleton Branch Station (Dry Land Ag.), Pendleton
G. A. Mitchelf,
Mitchell, B.S
Horticulturist, Hood River Br. Expt. Sta., Hood River
G. G. Brown, A.B., B.S
Arch Work,
Work, B.S..._Supt.
B.S._Supt. Medford
Medford Sta.
Sta. (Asso.
(Asso. Irrig. Engr., Div.
Div. of
of Irrig.),
Irrtg.), Medford5
Medford
Asso. Pomologist, Div.
Div. Fr.
Fr. &
& Veg.
Ve. Cr.
Cr.&&Dis.,
Dis.,Medford
Medford
E. S.
5. Degnian,
Deman, Ph.D
Ph.D
_.Junior Irrigation
B.S-------Junior
Irrigation Engineer
Engineer (Division ot
of Irrigation)1 Medford
- Bruce Allyn, B.S
Associate Entomologist, So. Ore. Br. Expt. Staiion,
Station, Talent
L. G.
G Gentner,
Gentner, M.5
M.S
(Div. Cereal
Cereal Crops
Crops and
and Dis.),
Dis), Pendleton5
Pendleton
J.. F.
F. Martin,
Martin, M.S Junior Agronomist, (Div.
MS _Superintendent
Station, Moro
Moro
M. M. Oveson, M.S
_Superintendent Sherman Branch Experiment Station,
Sta., Moro
Moio
It W.
R.
W. Henderson,
Henderson, B S Research Assistant, Sherman Branch Experiment Sta..
Asst. to
to Supt.
Supt. Harney
Harney Branch
Branch Experiment
Experiment Station,
Station, Burns
Burns
R. E. Hutchinson,
Hutchinson,M.S
M5 Asst.
Jr. Pathologist,
River
Kienholz, Ph.D-----------Jr.
Pathologist,Div.
Div.Fr.
Fr.&&Veg.
Veg.Cr.
Cr. &
& Dis.,
Dis., Hood River
J. R. Kmenholz,
Ph.D
R.6W.
R. 7 W.
R.5W.
I
R4W.
I
I
R.3W.
R.2 W.
RIW.
I
R.2E.
R.I E.
R.3E.
I
R6E
R.5E.
R.4 E
I
SOILMAP WILLAt,AETTE VALLEY
BASEDON DETAILED SOIL SUPVY
1. £ G C NO
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Scale in Miles
R.7W
R .6W.
R.5 W.
R .4W
I
R.3W.
R.2W.
I
R.IW.
I
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R.2E.
R.3E.
R.4 E.
R.5E.
R.5W.
RG
R 7w.
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R.3 W.
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R.2E.
R.3E.
I
I
R.4E.
R.5E
WI
SOILMAP WILLAMETTE VALLEY
BASEDON DTAPLE0 SOIL SURVEY
U.S BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY&SOI
OREGON AGRICULTUpL EXPERIMENT SrATION
3OUTIEN OiVISIOM
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RI ROu.H ROREN5TONY LAND
2
I
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0
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Scale in Miles
R8W
I
R.7W
I
R.6 W.
R.5W.
R.4W.
R.3W.
R.2W.
R.IW.
R.t E.
R.2 E.
R.3E
R.4E.
1
R.5E