ECCO Version 4: Second Release
G. Forget1 , J.-M. Campin1 , P. Heimbach1,2,3 , C. N. Hill1 , R.
M. Ponte4 , and C. Wunsch5
1
Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
MA 02139 USA; 2 Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin,
Austin, TX 78712, USA; 3 Jackson School of Geosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
78712, USA; 4 Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc., Lexington MA 02421 USA; 5 Dept. of Earth
and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
March 31, 2016
The purpose of this note is twofold: (1) document the second release of ECCO version 4 state estimates (ECCO
v4-r2); (2) provide a citable identifier to distinguish it from the previous release (ECCO v4-r1; Forget et al 2015).
Access ECCO v4-r2: online access is free and unrestricted via http://ecco-group.org/ ; at the time of writing
the ECCO v4-r2 files are accessed via ftp://mit.ecco-group.org/ecco_for_las/version_4/release2/ and
http://mit.ecco-group.org/opendap/ecco_for_las/version_4/release2/contents.html
Software Used for ECCO v4-r2: the state estimate output files (provided online) and its depiction (provided
below) were produced using the ‘checkpoint64u’ versions of the general circulation model (MITgcm and ECCO v4
settings) and Matlab analysis toolboxes (gcmfaces and MITprof).
Solution History: the 1992-2011 solution documented here (ECCO v4-r2) is a minor update to the original ECCO
v4 solution documented by Forget et al 2015 (ECCO v4-r1). As compared with ECCO v4-r1 (see Forget et al 2015
for details and notations) ECCO v4-r2 benefits from a few additional corrections in the model settings:
1. Inclusion of geothermal heating at the sea floor in MITgcm and ECCO v4 settings.
2. Inclusion of Kgm and Kσ interpolation to C-grid velocity points in MITgcm and ECCO v4 settings.
3. Re-inclusion of targeted bottom viscosity in ECCO v4 settings.
4. Re-inclusion of estimated wind stress adjustments over 2000-2011 in ECCO v4 settings.
5. Re-adjustment of ECCO v4 global mean precipitation (homogeneously) to match the AVISO global mean
sea level time series (http://www.aviso.altimetry.fr/).
Contents Included Below: the gcmfaces ‘standard analysis’ (introduced in Forget et al. 2015) appended below for
ECCO v4-r2 depicts routinely monitored characteristics of ECCO solutions. It allows for direct comparison with the
published ECCO v4-r1 standard analysis (doi:10.5194/gmd-8-3071-2015-supplement).
References: Forget, G., J.-M. Campin, P. Heimbach, C. N. Hill, R. M. Ponte, and C. Wunsch, 2015: ECCO version
4: an integrated framework for non-linear inverse modeling and global ocean state estimation. Geoscientific Model
Development, 8, 3071-3104, doi:10.5194/gmd-8-3071-2015 (http://www.geosci-model-dev.net/8/3071/2015/)
Contact Us: ecco-support@mit.edu (http://mailman.mit.edu/mailman/listinfo/ecco-support)
Table of contents
fit to data
fit to in situ data
fit to altimeter data (RADS)
fit to sst data
fit to seaice data
volume, heat and salt transports
barotropic streamfunction
meridional streamfunction
meridional streamfunction (time series)
meridional heat transport
meridional freshwater transport
meridional salt transport
meridional transports (time series)
transects transport
mean and variance maps
sea surface height
3D state variables
air-sea heat flux
air-sea freshwater flux
surface wind stress
global, zonal, regional averages
zonal mean tendencies
equatorial sections
global mean properties
zonal mean properties
zonal mean properties (surface)
seaice time series
mixed layer depth fields
budgets : volume, heat and salt (top to bottom)
budgets : volume, heat and salt (100m to bottom)
fit to in situ data
Figure : Time mean misfit (model-data) for in situ profiles, at various
depths (rows), for T (left; in K) and S (right; in psu).
mean cost for T: 1.71 (median: 0.536)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
6000
1995 2000 2005 2010
8
6
4
2
0
depth (in m)
depth (in m)
fit to in situ data
mean cost for S: 1.8 (median: 0.578)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
6000
1995 2000 2005 2010
pdf
5
0.5
2
0
0.2
0.4
normalized misfit
normalized misfit
0.3
0
0.3
0
0.2
0.1
0
latitude
4
0.5
0.4
−50
6
pdf
5
−5
8
50
0
0.1
−5
−50
0
latitude
50
0
Figure : Cost function (top) for in situ profiles, as a function of depth
and time. Distribution of normalized misfits (bottom) as a function of
latitude. For T (left) and S (right).
fit to in situ data
normalized misfit
atlExt_25N90N_misDisT
5
pacExt_25N90N_misDisT
5
0.4
0.3
0
−5
2000
2010
0.2
0.1
0.1
0
normalized misfit
−5
2000
2010
0.3
2000
2010
0.3
0.1
0.1
−5
2000
2010
0.4
0.2
2000
2010
0
0.2
0.1
−5
2000
2010
0.3
0.2
0.1
−5
2000
2010
0.3
0.2
2000
2010
0
indExt_90S25S_misDisT
5
0.4
0.3
0
0.2
0.1
−5
0
0.4
0
0.4
0
0.1
−5
0
pacExt_90S25S_misDisT
5
0.3
0.3
0.4
0
0.2
0
0.4
0
indExt_25S25N_misDisT
5
0.2
atlExt_90S25S_misDisT
5
0
0
pacExt_25S25N_misDisT
5
0.4
−5
normalized misfit
0.3
0
0.2
atlExt_25S25N_misDisT
5
0
arct_25N90N_misDisT
5
0.4
0
0.1
−5
2000
2010
0
Figure : Distribution of normalized misfits per basin (panel) as a function
of latitude, for T
fit to in situ data
normalized misfit
atlExt_25N90N_misDisS
5
pacExt_25N90N_misDisS
5
0.4
0.3
0
−5
2000
2010
0.2
0.1
0.1
0
normalized misfit
−5
2000
2010
0.3
2000
2010
0.3
0.1
0.1
−5
2000
2010
0.4
0.2
2000
2010
0
0.2
0.1
−5
2000
2010
0.3
0.2
0.1
−5
2000
2010
0.3
0.2
2000
2010
0
indExt_90S25S_misDisS
5
0.4
0.3
0
0.2
0.1
−5
0
0.4
0
0.4
0
0.1
−5
0
pacExt_90S25S_misDisS
5
0.3
0.3
0.4
0
0.2
0
0.4
0
indExt_25S25N_misDisS
5
0.2
atlExt_90S25S_misDisS
5
0
0
pacExt_25S25N_misDisS
5
0.4
−5
normalized misfit
0.3
0
0.2
atlExt_25S25N_misDisS
5
0
arct_25N90N_misDisS
5
0.4
0
0.1
−5
2000
2010
0
Figure : Distribution of normalized misfits per basin (panel) as a function
of latitude, for S
fit to altimeter data (RADS)
Figure : mean dynamic topography prior uncertainty (cm)
fit to altimeter data (RADS)
Figure : log(prior error variance) – sea level anomaly (m2 ) – large
space/time scales
fit to altimeter data (RADS)
Figure : log(prior error variance) – sea level anomaly (m2 ) – pointwise
fit to altimeter data (RADS)
Figure : mean dynamic topography misfit (cm)
fit to altimeter data (RADS)
Figure : modeled-observed log(variance) – sea level anomaly (m2 ) – large
space/time scales
fit to altimeter data (RADS)
Figure : modeled-observed log(variance) – sea level anomaly (m2 ) –
pointwise
fit to altimeter data (RADS)
Figure : modeled-observed cost – mean dynamic topography
fit to altimeter data (RADS)
Figure : modeled-observed cost – sea level anomaly
– large space/time scales
fit to altimeter data (RADS)
Figure : modeled-observed cost – sea level anomaly – pointwise
fit to altimeter data (RADS)
Figure : observed log(variance) – sea level anomaly (m2 ) – large
space/time scales
fit to altimeter data (RADS)
Figure : observed log(variance) – sea level anomaly (m2 ) – pointwise
fit to altimeter data (RADS)
Figure : modeled log(variance) – sea level anomaly (m2 ) – large
space/time scales
fit to altimeter data (RADS)
Figure : modeled log(variance) – sea level anomaly (m2 ) – pointwise
fit to sst data
Figure : modeled-Reynolds rms – sea surface temperature (K)
fit to sst data
Figure : modeled-REMSS rms – sea surface temperature (K)
fit to sst data
Figure : ECCO and Reynolds zonal mean sst anomalies (K)
fit to sst data
Figure : ECCO and REMSS zonal mean sst anomalies (K)
fit to seaice data
Figure : modeled-observed rms – sea ice concentration
fit to seaice data
Figure : observed std – sea ice concentration
fit to seaice data
Figure : modelled std – sea ice concentration
fit to seaice data
Figure : ECCO (left) and NSIDC (right, gsfc bootstrap) ice
concentration in March (top) and September (bottom).
fit to seaice data
Figure : ECCO (left) and NSIDC (right, gsfc bootstrap) ice
concentration in March (top) and September (bottom).
fit to seaice data
13
x 10
13
Northern Hemisphere
2
1.8
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.2
m2
m2
2
1
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
1995
2000
2005
2010
Southern Hemisphere
1
0.8
0
x 10
0
1995
2000
2005
2010
Figure : ECCO (blue) and NSIDC (red, gsfc bootstrap) ice concentration
in March and September in Northern Hemisphere (left) and Southern
Hemisphere (right)
fit to seaice data
12
5
x 10
11
Entire Southern Ocean
4
2
20E to 90E
2
1
1
0
6
x 10
3
3
m2
m2
4
1995
2000
11
90E to 160E
x 10
2005
0
2010
1995
11
15
2000
2005
2010
160E to −130E
m2
10
m2
4
x 10
2
5
0
1995
11
6
x 10
2000
2005
0
2010
−130E to −62E
2
2000
−62E to 20E
2005
1995
2000
2010
1.5
m2
m2
4
2
0
1995
12
x 10
1
0.5
1995
2000
2005
2010
0
2005
2010
Figure : ECCO (blue) and NSIDC (red, gsfc bootstrap) ice concentration
in March per Southern Ocean sector
fit to seaice data
13
1.7
x 10
12
Entire Southern Ocean
4
3.5
1.6
3
1.55
1.5
2
1995
2000
12
90E to 160E
x 10
2005
2.5
2010
4.5
2000
2005
2010
160E to −130E
m2
m2
x 10
4
1.6
3.5
1.4
1.2
1995
12
x 10
2000
2005
3
2010
−130E to −62E
7
1995
2000
12
−62E to 20E
1995
2000
x 10
2005
2010
6.5
m2
m2
2
1.5
1
1995
12
1.8
2.5
20E to 90E
m2
m2
1.65
x 10
6
5.5
1995
2000
2005
2010
5
2005
2010
Figure : ECCO (blue) and NSIDC (red, gsfc bootstrap) ice concentration
in September per Southern Ocean sector
barotropic streamfunction
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – barotropic streamfunction (Sv)
barotropic streamfunction
Figure : 1992-2011 standard deviation – barotropic streamfunction (Sv)
meridional streamfunction
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – overturning streamfunction (Sv)
meridional streamfunction
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – overturning streamfunction incl. GM (Sv)
meridional streamfunction
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – Atlantic overturning streamfunction (Sv)
meridional streamfunction
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – Pac+Ind overturning streamfunction (Sv)
meridional streamfunction
Figure : 1992-2011 standard deviation – overturning streamfunction (Sv)
meridional streamfunction
Figure : 1992-2011 standard deviation – Atlantic overturning
streamfunction (Sv)
meridional streamfunction (time series)
annual global overturning at ≈ 1000m depth (Sv)
20
25N
35N
45N
55N
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
Figure : annual global overturning at select latitudes at ≈ 1000m depth
meridional streamfunction (time series)
annual atlantic overturning at ≈ 1000m depth
20
25N
35N
45N
55N
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
Figure : annual Atlantic overturning at select latitudes at ≈ 1000m depth
(Sv)
meridional heat transport
Meridional Heat Transport (in PW)
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
−0.5
−1
global
Atlantic
Pacific+Indian
−1.5
−2
−80
−60
−40
−20
0
20
40
60
80
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – meridional heat transport (PW)
meridional heat transport
Meridional Heat Transport (in PW)
4
global
Atlantic
Pacific+Indian
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
−80
−60
−40
−20
0
20
40
60
80
Figure : 1992-2011 standard deviation – meridional heat transport (PW)
meridional freshwater transport
Meridional Freshwater Transport (in Sv)
2
global
Atlantic
Pacific+Indian
1.5
1
0.5
0
−0.5
−1
−1.5
−80
−60
−40
−20
0
20
40
60
80
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – meridional freshwater transport (Sv)
meridional freshwater transport
Meridional Freshwater Transport (in Sv)
2
global
Atlantic
Pacific+Indian
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
−80
−60
−40
−20
0
20
40
60
80
Figure : 1992-2011 standard deviation – meridional freshwater transport
(Sv)
meridional salt transport
Meridional Salt Transport (in psu.Sv)
50
global
Atlantic
Pacific+Indian
40
30
20
10
0
−10
−20
−30
−40
−50
−80
−60
−40
−20
0
20
40
60
80
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – meridional salt transport (psu.Sv)
meridional salt transport
Meridional Salt Transport (in psu.Sv)
60
global
Atlantic
Pacific+Indian
50
40
30
20
10
0
−80
−60
−40
−20
0
20
40
60
80
Figure : 1992-2011 standard deviation – meridional salt transport
(psu.Sv)
meridional transports (time series)
Figure : meridional heat transport (PW, annual mean)
meridional transports (time series)
Figure : meridional freshwater transport (Sv, annual mean)
meridional transports (time series)
Figure : meridional salt transport (psu.Sv, annual mean)
transects transport
Bering Strait (>0 to Arctic)
Davis Strait (>0 to Arctic)
3
2
1
(mean = 1.04 Sv)
0
1
−1
0
−2
−1
1995
2000
2005
2010
−3
Denmark Strait (>0 to Arctic)
−2
(mean = −5.95 Sv)
−4
−6
1995
2000
2005
2010
2
1995
2000
2005
2010
Iceland Faroe (>0 to Arctic)
8
6
4
2
0
Faroe Scotland (>0 to Arctic)
4
(mean = −1.5 Sv)
(mean = 4.54 Sv)
1995
2000
2005
2010
Scotland Norway (>0 to Arctic)
0.5
(mean = 1.72 Sv)
(mean = 0.05 Sv)
0
0
−2
−4
1995
2000
2005
2010
−0.5
1995
2000
2005
2010
Figure : volume transports entering the Arctic (Sv, annual mean)
transects transport
Florida Strait (>0 to Atlantic)
40
35
Florida Strait W1 (>0 to Atlantic)
40
(mean = 29.89 Sv)
35
30
30
25
25
20
1995
2000
2005
2010
20
Florida Strait E1 (>0 to Atlantic)
3
2
1995
2000
2005
2010
Florida Strait E2 (>0 to Atlantic)
2
(mean = 2.43 Sv)
0
1
−2
0
−4
−1
(mean = 28.57 Sv)
1995
2000
2005
2010
−6
(mean = −3.75 Sv)
1995
2000
2005
2010
Figure : volume transports entering the Atlantic (Sv, annual mean)
transects transport
Gibraltar Overturn (upper ocean transport towards Med.)
1.1
(mean = 0.73 Sv)
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Figure : Gibraltar Overturn (Sv, annual mean)
transects transport
Drake Passage (>0 westward)
180
Madagascar Antarctica (>0 westward)
200
(mean = 155.12 Sv)
(mean = 180.01 Sv)
160
180
140
160
120
1995
2000
2005
2010
140
Madagascar Channel (>0 westward)
−10
2000
2005
2010
Australia Antarctica (>0 westward)
200
(mean = −23.86 Sv)
(mean = 171.35 Sv)
−20
180
−30
160
−40
1995
1995
2000
2005
2010
140
1995
2000
2005
2010
Figure : ACC volume transports (Sv, annual mean)
transects transport
Indonesian Throughflow (>0 toward Indian Ocean)
25
(mean = 15.53 Sv)
20
15
10
5
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Figure : Indonesian Throughflow (Sv, annual mean)
sea surface height
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – sea surface height (EXCLUDING ice, in m)
sea surface height
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – sea surface height (INCLUDING ice, in m)
sea surface height
Figure : 1992-2011 standard deviation – sea surface height (EXCLUDING
ice, in m)
sea surface height
Figure : 1992-2011 standard deviation – sea surface height (INCLUDING
ice, in m)
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – temperature (in degC) at 5m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 standard deviation – temperature (in degC) at 5m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – temperature (in degC) at 105m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 standard deviation – temperature (in degC) at 105m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – temperature (in degC) at 300m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 standard deviation – temperature (in degC) at 300m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – temperature (in degC) at 910m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 standard deviation – temperature (in degC) at 910m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – temperature (in degC) at 1914m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 standard deviation – temperature (in degC) at 1914m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – temperature (in degC) at 3581m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 standard deviation – temperature (in degC) at 3581m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – salinity (in psu) at 5m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 standard deviation – salinity (in psu) at 5m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – salinity (in psu) at 105m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 standard deviation – salinity (in psu) at 105m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – salinity (in psu) at 300m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 standard deviation – salinity (in psu) at 300m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – salinity (in psu) at 910m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 standard deviation – salinity (in psu) at 910m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – salinity (in psu) at 1914m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 standard deviation – salinity (in psu) at 1914m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – salinity (in psu) at 3581m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 standard deviation – salinity (in psu) at 3581m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – vertical velocity (in mm/year) at 15m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 standard deviation – vertical velocity (in mm/year) at
15m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – vertical velocity (in mm/year) at 105m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 standard deviation – vertical velocity (in mm/year) at
105m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – vertical velocity (in mm/year) at 300m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 standard deviation – vertical velocity (in mm/year) at
300m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – vertical velocity (in mm/year) at 910m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 standard deviation – vertical velocity (in mm/year) at
910m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – vertical velocity (in mm/year) at 1914m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 standard deviation – vertical velocity (in mm/year) at
1914m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – vertical velocity (in mm/year) at 3581m
3D state variables
Figure : 1992-2011 standard deviation – vertical velocity (in mm/year) at
3581m
air-sea heat flux
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – QNET to ocean+ice (W/m2 )
air-sea heat flux
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – QNET to ocean (W/m2 )
air-sea heat flux
Figure : 1992-2011 standard deviation – QNET to ocean+ice (W/m2 )
air-sea heat flux
Figure : 1992-2011 standard deviation – QNET to ocean (W/m2 )
air-sea freshwater flux
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – E-P-R from ocean+ice (mm/day)
air-sea freshwater flux
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – E-P-R from ocean (mm/day)
air-sea freshwater flux
Figure : 1992-2011 standard deviation – E-P-R to ocean+ice (W/m2 )
air-sea freshwater flux
Figure : 1992-2011 standard deviation – E-P-R to ocean (W/m2 )
surface wind stress
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – zonal wind stress (N/m2 )
surface wind stress
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – meridional wind stress (N/m2 )
surface wind stress
Figure : 1992-2011 standard deviation – tauZ (W/m2 )
surface wind stress
Figure : 1992-2011 standard deviation – tauM (W/m2 )
zonal mean tendencies
Figure : 1992-2011 , last year minus first year – zonal mean temperature
(degC; top) and salinity (psu; bottom)
equatorial sections
Figure : 1992-2011 mean – equator temperature (degC;top) and zonal
velocity (m/s;bottom)
global mean properties
Global Mean Sea level (m, uncorrected free surface)
0.2
monthly
annual mean
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Global Mean Temperature (degC)
3.61
monthly
annual mean
3.6
3.59
3.58
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Global Mean Salinity (psu)
34.727
monthly
annual mean
34.726
34.725
34.724
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Figure : global mean T (degC; top) and S (psu; bottom)
global mean properties
Figure : global mean temperature (K; top) and salinity (psu; bottom)
minus first year
zonal mean properties
Figure : mean temperature (top; K) and salinity (bottom; psu) minus
first year at lat ≈ -75
zonal mean properties
Figure : mean temperature (top; K) and salinity (bottom; psu) minus
first year at lat ≈ -65
zonal mean properties
Figure : mean temperature (top; K) and salinity (bottom; psu) minus
first year at lat ≈ -45
zonal mean properties
Figure : mean temperature (top; K) and salinity (bottom; psu) minus
first year at lat ≈ -25
zonal mean properties
Figure : mean temperature (top; K) and salinity (bottom; psu) minus
first year at lat ≈ 0
zonal mean properties
Figure : mean temperature (top; K) and salinity (bottom; psu) minus
first year at lat ≈ 25
zonal mean properties
Figure : mean temperature (top; K) and salinity (bottom; psu) minus
first year at lat ≈ 45
zonal mean properties
Figure : mean temperature (top; K) and salinity (bottom; psu) minus
first year at lat ≈ 65
zonal mean properties
Figure : mean temperature (top; K) and salinity (bottom; psu) minus
first year at lat ≈ 75
zonal mean properties (surface)
Figure : zonal mean temperature (degC; top) and salinity (psu; bottom)
minus first year (psu) at 5m depth
zonal mean properties (surface)
Figure : zonal mean SSH (m, uncorrected free surface) minus first year,
including ice (top) and below ice (bottom)
zonal mean properties (surface)
Figure : zonal mean ice concentration (no units) and mixed layer depth
(m)
seaice time series
Northern Hemisphere ice cover (in 1012m2)
20
monthly
annual mean
15
10
5
0
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Southern Hemisphere ice cover (in 1012m2)
25
monthly
annual mean
20
15
10
5
0
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Figure : sea ice cover (in 1012m2 ) in northern (top) and southern
(bottom) hemisphere
seaice time series
Northern Hemisphere ice volume (in 10 12m3)
50
monthly
annual mean
40
30
20
10
0
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Southern Hemisphere ice volume (in 1012m3)
15
monthly
annual mean
10
5
0
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Figure : sea ice volume (in 1012 m3 ) in northern (top) and southern
(bottom) hemisphere
seaice time series
Northern Hemisphere snow volume (in 1012m3)
5
monthly
annual mean
4
3
2
1
0
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Southern Hemisphere snow volume (in 1012m3)
4
monthly
annual mean
3
2
1
0
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Figure : snow volume (in 1012 m3 ) in northern (top) and southern
(bottom) hemisphere
seaice time series
Northern Hemisphere ice thickness (in m)
5
monthly
annual mean
4
3
2
1
0
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Southern Hemisphere ice thickness (in m)
2
monthly
annual mean
1.5
1
0.5
0
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Figure : sea ice thickness (in m) in northern (top) and southern (bottom)
hemisphere
seaice time series
Northern Hemisphere snow thickness (in m)
0.4
monthly
annual mean
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Southern Hemisphere snow thickness (in m)
0.25
monthly
annual mean
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Figure : snow thickness (in m) in northern (top) and southern (bottom)
hemisphere
mixed layer depth fields
Figure : 1992-2011 March mean – mixed layer depth per Kara formula
(m)
mixed layer depth fields
Figure : 1992-2011 March mean – mixed layer depth per Suga formula
(m)
mixed layer depth fields
Figure : 1992-2011 March mean – mixed layer depth per Boyer M.
formula (m)
mixed layer depth fields
Figure : 1992-2011 September mean – mixed layer depth per Kara
formula (m)
mixed layer depth fields
Figure : 1992-2011 September mean – mixed layer depth per Suga
formula (m)
mixed layer depth fields
Figure : 1992-2011 September mean – mixed layer depth per Boyer M.
formula (m)
budgets : volume, heat and salt (top to bottom)
Budget Global Mean Mass (incl. ice); in kg/m2; residual : 2.5e−12
100
content
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
bp
50
0
−50
−100
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Budget Northern Mean Mass (incl. ice); in kg/m2; residual : 4.1e−12
200
content
100
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
bp
0
−100
−200
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Budget Southern Mean Mass (incl. ice); in kg/m2; residual : 7.2e−12
100
content
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
bp
50
0
−50
−100
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Figure : 1992-2011 global (upper) north (mid) and south (lower), mass
budget (ocean+ice) in kg/m2 .
budgets : volume, heat and salt (top to bottom)
Budget Global Mean Mass (only ice); in kg/m2; residual : 7.7e−14
50
content
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
bp
0
−50
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Budget Northern Mean Mass (only ice); in kg/m2; residual : 1.7e−13
200
content
100
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
bp
0
−100
−200
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Budget Southern Mean Mass (only ice); in kg/m2; residual : 7.4e−14
100
content
50
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
bp
0
−50
−100
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Figure : 1992-2011 global (upper) north (mid) and south (lower), mass
budget (ice only) in kg/m2 .
budgets : volume, heat and salt (top to bottom)
Budget Global Mean Mass (only ocean); in kg/m2; residual : 2.2e−12
content
100
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
bp
0
−100
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Budget Northern Mean Mass (only ocean); in kg/m2; residual : 4.7e−12
400
content
200
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
bp
0
−200
−400
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Budget Southern Mean Mass (only ocean); in kg/m2; residual : 6.3e−12
100
content
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
bp
50
0
−50
−100
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Figure : 1992-2011 global (upper) north (mid) and south (lower), mass
budget (ocean only) in kg/m2 .
budgets : volume, heat and salt (top to bottom)
Budget Global Mean Ocean Heat (incl. ice); in J/m2; residual : 8.4e−04
8
4
x 10
content
2
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
0
−2
−4
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Budget Northern Mean Ocean Heat (incl. ice); in J/m2; residual : 7.3e−04
9
x 10
content
1
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
0
−1
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Budget Southern Mean Ocean Heat (incl. ice); in J/m2; residual : 9.2e−04
9
x 10
content
1
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
0
−1
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Figure : 1992-2011 global (upper) north (mid) and south (lower), heat
budget (ocean+ice) in J/m2 .
budgets : volume, heat and salt (top to bottom)
Budget Global Mean Ocean Heat (only ice); in J/m2; residual : 6.3e−06
7
2
x 10
content
1
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
0
−1
−2
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Budget Northern Mean Ocean Heat (only ice); in J/m2; residual : 7.8e−06
7
x 10
5
content
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
0
−5
1994
4
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Budget Southern Mean Ocean Heat (only ice); in J/m2; residual : 6.3e−06
7
x 10
content
2
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
0
−2
−4
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Figure : 1992-2011 global (upper) north (mid) and south (lower), heat
budget (ice only) in J/m2 .
budgets : volume, heat and salt (top to bottom)
Budget Global Mean Ocean Heat (only ocean); in J/m2; residual : 8.5e−04
8
4
x 10
content
2
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
0
−2
−4
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Budget Northern Mean Ocean Heat (only ocean); in J/m2; residual : 7.4e−04
9
x 10
content
1
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
0
−1
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Budget Southern Mean Ocean Heat (only ocean); in J/m2; residual : 9.3e−04
9
x 10
content
1
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
0
−1
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Figure : 1992-2011 global (upper) north (mid) and south (lower), heat
budget (ocean only) in J/m2 .
budgets : volume, heat and salt (top to bottom)
Budget Global Mean Ocean Salt (incl. ice); in g/m2; residual : 5.2e−07
−6
x 10
content
1
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
0
−1
1994
2
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Budget Northern Mean Ocean Salt (incl. ice); in g/m2; residual : 3.4e−07
4
x 10
content
1
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
0
−1
−2
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Budget Southern Mean Ocean Salt (incl. ice); in g/m2; residual : 6.6e−07
4
x 10
1
content
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
0.5
0
−0.5
−1
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Figure : 1992-2011 global (upper) north (mid) and south (lower), salt
budget (ocean+ice) in g/m2 .
budgets : volume, heat and salt (top to bottom)
Budget Global Mean Ocean Salt (only ice); in g/m2; residual : 1.1e−12
200
content
100
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
0
−100
−200
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Budget Northern Mean Ocean Salt (only ice); in g/m2; residual : 4.3e−12
content
500
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
0
−500
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Budget Southern Mean Ocean Salt (only ice); in g/m2; residual : 1.1e−12
400
content
200
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
0
−200
−400
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Figure : 1992-2011 global (upper) north (mid) and south (lower), salt
budget (ice only) in g/m2 .
budgets : volume, heat and salt (top to bottom)
Budget Global Mean Ocean Salt (only ocean); in g/m2; residual : 5.2e−07
200
content
100
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
0
−100
−200
1994
2
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Budget Northern Mean Ocean Salt (only ocean); in g/m2; residual : 3.4e−07
4
x 10
content
1
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
0
−1
−2
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Budget Southern Mean Ocean Salt (only ocean); in g/m2; residual : 6.6e−07
4
x 10
1
content
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
0.5
0
−0.5
−1
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Figure : 1992-2011 global (upper) north (mid) and south (lower), salt
budget (ocean only) in g/m2 .
budgets : volume, heat and salt (100m to bottom)
Budget Global Mean Mass (only ocean); in kg/m2; residual : 8.8e−12
100
content
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
bp
50
0
−50
−100
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Budget Northern Mean Mass (only ocean); in kg/m2; residual : 2.2e−11
400
content
200
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
bp
0
−200
−400
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Budget Southern Mean Mass (only ocean); in kg/m2; residual : 1.4e−11
100
content
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
bp
50
0
−50
−100
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Figure : 1992-2011 global (upper) north (mid) and south (lower), mass
budget (ocean only) in kg/m2 .
budgets : volume, heat and salt (100m to bottom)
Budget Global Mean Ocean Heat (only ocean); in J/m2; residual : 1.6e−05
8
2
x 10
content
1
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
0
−1
−2
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Budget Northern Mean Ocean Heat (only ocean); in J/m2; residual : 2.6e−05
8
x 10
5
content
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
0
−5
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Budget Southern Mean Ocean Heat (only ocean); in J/m2; residual : 1.0e−05
8
x 10
5
content
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
0
−5
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Figure : 1992-2011 global (upper) north (mid) and south (lower), heat
budget (ocean only) in J/m2 .
budgets : volume, heat and salt (100m to bottom)
Budget Global Mean Ocean Salt (only ocean); in g/m2; residual : 4.3e−09
4000
content
2000
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
0
−2000
−4000
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Budget Northern Mean Ocean Salt (only ocean); in g/m2; residual : 2.3e−08
4
x 10
content
1
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
0
−1
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Budget Southern Mean Ocean Salt (only ocean); in g/m2; residual : 1.0e−08
4
x 10
content
1
vert. div.
hor. div.
residual
0
−1
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Figure : 1992-2011 global (upper) north (mid) and south (lower), salt
budget (ocean only) in g/m2 .