39
-
AGREEMENT TERMS ANO CONOITIONS
SEC,JI='I1'Y INT£R£ST rlflllo'o VCJ ~V\CI:I' the E~1 sn.It' 'e",&!r wrtf': Se ...' ul"l'lu all .mounts ou. s...., ..... .""f"!deo< "I.v@' ~ pee,. 'uAj
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WARR.AHT"Y CAFID IS IN uEI..' ~ 41..:..
OTHER WARF\AH"'IES eXPRESSED OR IMPLIED INCl'.A>tfIG BUT "'«)T <..IMfTEC' TO THE IMPliED WAMANTES CJF MES:U:HANi ....BlLI'".., AMJ
::IPoIESS FOR" F'ARTICUlAR PURPOSE
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F~ ~q REi..ATED TO 1'"HE EOUIPMENT ~ .1-4E QPERA'l'll'ItG SYSTEa-tS OR ANT .-.f'P!..ICATIQt.I 5Of="TWARE EVE'" iF SELLER ......5 9££N
-oVlSES ~ -;H[ POSSI8IlrTV OF ANY SIJC'"' DAMAGES !~a.tJOl'«3 Bl,.'T NOT i..LM!TEO TO lOSS OF :>AT ... ~OSS 0;. ~£v£""vE .. :)55 JF
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FULcl.L rrs On-ER I:IESPON~8IL.!'!"1ES I"tEctew-.. SEUERS i..1 ....8IlfT'f FOR :>.u..AGES I=OP A.NY C .... USE WHATSCE\l'ER ~ExCl,",$I~ OF
~R~ tNJUFrY OR PAOPeR'n' OAMAGES) SI-W..L BE UhMTED TO TfoE TOT'" PUACI'1ASE PRICE P,uJ FOR riot( EOUIPWENi SELlER
SHALl. ~T BE L1AaE FOR N4"t DELAY OR FAflURE TO PERFORU ITS OB.IGATONS HEREUNDER DUE TO AN" CAUSE BEvONO IT:
'"'fA~f CONTRCl. NO ACTION REG .... R:X.ESS Of t=OAM M,A"f BE 8RCHJGHT UORE '"HAN ONE -I. YEAR Af'T£R TJotE CltUSE .~ .CTI()N
,lAS ARISEN
5
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TION
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SEDES AU. F'R0P05AL~..t.HO OT~FI :OMM\."'tICATIONS RELATfItIG ro THE SUaJECT MAnER IY- THIS AGREEMENi '-NC ':~SrITUTES
., ENTlqerv C#- 4GREEMENT
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•
40
-
AGRE£MENT fOR PURCHASE OF PROFESSIONAL SERVICES
The followlng agreement between Computer Associates,
Incorporated, located in Cumberland, R.I., hereinafter referred
to as Seller, and Any Company, hereinafter referred to as
Purchaser, for the purchase of professional computer software
services shall become effective on the date indicated b~low,
upon the acceptance of this agreement by both parties.
Professional Services and Software Price
Desiq"n, implementation and operator training of the following
application software modules on Purchaser's computer at the main
office of Any Company located in Any Town, USA.
Module Price
I\pplicition
Sales Order Processing
Inventory Management
Accounts Receivable
Sales Accounting
Purchase/Work Order ProceSSing
Manufacturing Cost Accounting
Accounts Payable
Payroll
General Ledger
$ 5,500.00
4,000.00
2,000.00
2,500.00
4,500.00
4,000.00
2,000.00
2,000.00
:Z,DDO.OO
Total Price
$28,700.00
Computer Associates agrees to provide professional services for
installation of the computer software system, including training
~nd any reasonable modifications requested.
Accepted By:
ANY COMPANY
By: ____________________
Tltle: _____________________
Date: ______________________
,
Accepted By:
COMPUTER ASSOCIATES, INC.
By: ____________________
Title: ___________________
Date: ____________________
41
-
AGREEMENT FOR
PURCHAS~
-
OF lROFESSIONAL SERVICES
age
-
Computer Associates, Incorporated agrees to provide and Any
Company agrees to purchase the services outlined on page one of
this a<;lreement in accordance with the following terms and
conditions and subject to the following method of operation.
ADDITIONAL TERMS AND CONDITIONS
1.
Any programming or services not described in this Agreement
may be subject to additional charge according to the
Seller's then currently applicable rates.
2.
Computer Associates warrants that the application software
being furnished hereunder is and will be accurate and
reliable and will accomplish the results set forth in the
design specifications.
Computer Associates fully warrants
all applications software for a period of one calendar year
from the date of acceptance of programming and in this
regard will at its expense rectify any and all program
qefects during this warranty period.
3.
However, the amounts to be paid to the Seller under this
agreement do not include any assumption of risk, and the
Seller disclaims any and all liability for incidental or
consequential damages ar is ing out of the deli very, use or
operation of the programs provided herein.
4.
If the Purchaser, after approval of the specifications,
without the written consent of the Seller makes any material
modification to the programming or any mater ial deviations
from the operating instructions, all warranties applicable
to the program or programs which have been modified or from
which there has been a deviation shall cease immediately.
5.
Any change(s) in the scope of work to be performed as
contained herein after approval of the specifications could
resul t in increased appl ication software costs to the
Purchaser.
6.
Data Security through adequate backups of the system
programs and data files is the sole responslbility of
Purchaser, as such, the Seller disclaims any and all
liability for loss of a,Pplications programs or data files
due to the inadequate malntenance of the backup procedure.
ANY COMPANY
COMPUTER ASSOCIATES, INC.
42
-
AGREEMENT fOR PURCHASE Of PROfESSIONAL SERVICES
- Page 3 -
7.
Purchaser acknowledges that Seller expressly reserves the
entire right and title to any program mater ial used to
develop a data processing system for the Purchaser and that
Seller has the exclusive right to distribute such material
to anyone, excluding Purchaser's proprietary data files.
8.
Seller hereby grants to the Purchaser a non-exclusive right
to use such program materlal but shall not give Purchaser
the right to produce the program for others.
For the
purposes of this paragraph, Purchaser shall lnclude, but not
by way of limitation, any parent, subsidiary, affiliated
company, or the like.
9.
The Purchaser acknowledges that all programs and any
documentation or other information relating thereto are and
continue to be the proprietary property of Seller and all
documentation, tapes, and disk packs shall be so designated
and Purchaser shall take every reasonable precaut ion,
consistent with its normal operating policies and practices,
to protect such proprietary nature •
•
·1
10. Seller agrees that within sixty (60) days of contract
acceptance a systell design speCification containing data
file definitions, report formats and C.R.T. formats,
developed cooperatively by the parties after consultation,
will be complete.
The system des ign spec if icat ion sha 11
inc~ude a final total price and an implementation schedule.
At 1&nytime prior to the acceptance of the system design
specification, Purchaser shall have the right to delete any
of the modules listed in the introductory section of the
agreement and receive a credit for the appropr iate module
price.
If at that time either party terminates the
contract, Seller shall turn over the system design
specification to the Purchaser upon receipt of payment of
the termination fee which shall be equal to the total hours
expended by Seller at an hourly rate of $50 per hour, plus
all travel and accomodation expenses, but not more than
$8,610.
If either party fails to accept the design within Sixty (60)
days of complet ion, this contract shall be deemed to have
been terminated.
If both parties accept the design
specifications in writing within Sixty (60) days after
completion, the contract shall proceed through the
implementation and operating training phases.
-
ANY COMPANY
COMPUTER ASSOCIATES,
INC.
43
-
AGREEMENT fOR PURCHASE OF PROfESSIONAL SERVICES
- Page 4 11.
Invoice Schedule - Purchaser agrees to remit to
Computer Associates, Incorporated the amount(s) due at
each stage of completion of thlS agreement within ten
(10) days of receipt of invoice.
S 8,610 at the start of the project
40' of each module'S price
demonstration of applications.
upon
satisfactory
30'
upon
satisfactory
of each module's
implementation.
price
In the event that any program fails to operate to
Purchaser'S satisfaction at a mutually scheduled Preliminary
Acceptance Test, Seller shall have a reasonable time [no
longer than ninety (90) days) to cor rect any deficiency
existing at the time of such test. If such deficiencies are
not corrected within such reasonable period, Purchaser shall
have the right to terminate the agreement and shall be
obliged to make no further payment.
Travel and accommodation expenses shall be borne by Seller
durlnq the period until the completion of the system design
specification.
Thereafter, reasonable travel and
accommodation expenses incurred in conjunction with the
implementation of this data processing system are to be
invoiced on a monthly basis.
ANY COMPANY
COMPUTER ASSOCIATES, INC.
-
44
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bigelow, Robert P. and Susan H. Nycum. Your Computer and the Law.
Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1975. Pages 109124, 213-231.
Datapro, Feature Report. How to Negotiate Computer Contracts.
Jersey: Datapro Research Corporation, August 1977.
Delran. New
Falk. Howard. Handbook of Computer Applications for the Small or MediumSized Business. Radnor, Pennsylvania: Chilton Book Company, 1983.
Pages 240-277.
Garris, John M.• and E. Earl Burch. "Small Businesses and Computer Panic."
Journal of Small Business Management (July 1983), 19-24.
Heintz, Timothy J. "On Acquiring Computer Services For a Small Business."
Journal of Small Business Management (July 1981). 1-7.
Hilliard, Brooks L. "Pitfalls to Avoid When Evaluating a Computer System."
Computers in Accounting (March/April 1986), 39-45.
Hoeber. Ralph C. J. David Reitzel. Donald P. Lyden, Nathan J. Roberts. and
Gordon B. Severence. Contemporary Business Law: Principles and Cases.
McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1982. Pages 305 and 496.
Kuratko. Donald F. and Thomas M. Harris, "Small Business and Computers:
Practical Guidelines For An Effective Selection," Proceedings: Midwest
Business Administration Association, 1985, pp. 1-16.
March, William F. and Robert A. Spanner.
Datamation. August 1980.
"Sharpening Your Clause."
Murphy. Steven. and Harriet Buckman Stephenson. Small Business Computer
System Problems: A Look at the Present and Future. ETC. ETC. ETC.
Mylott III, Thomas R. Computer Law for Computer Professionals. Englewood
Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1984. Pages 209-231.
Petro, Louis W. "Minicomputer Systems for Small Business."
Small Business Management (July 1983), 1-6.
Journal of
Porochnia. Leonard. The Minicomputer: To Buy or Not to Buy? New York.
New York: National Association of Accountants, 1982. Pages 23-53.
Siegel. Wendy L. "Where to Get the Best Computer Training for Your Staff."
Computers in Accounting. (January/February 1986). pp. 28-33.
Skees, William D. Before You Invest in a Small Business Computer:
Essential Information for the First-Time Buyers. Belmont. California:
Lifetime Learning Publications, 1982. Pages 299-315.
45
Smith, Brian R. The Small Computer in Small Business: A Guide to
Selection and Use. Brattleboro. Vermont: The Stephen Greene Press.
1981. Pages 107-116.
Taylor, Raymond E. and David J. Meinhardt. "Defining Computer Information
Needs for Small Business: A Delphi Method." Journal of Small Business
Management (April 1985). pp. 3-9.
Volz. William H. and Larry G. Mumford. "Disclaiming Computer Warranties."
Proceedings of the Tri-State Regional Business Law Association.
Michigan. 1984.
Weist Stephen S. Computer Applications Guide for Accountants. Reston.
Virginia: Reston Publishing Company, Inc, 1984. Pages 266-277.
Wilcox, Russell E. Computer and Microcomputer Systems for Small
Businesses. Phoenix, Arizona: The Oryx Press. 1984. Pages 86-94,132139.150-160.209-224.
-
-
PART II:
COMPUTER ACQUISITION HANDBOOKS
(Designed as a guide for the small business)
DATABASE MANAGER SYSTEMS
Handbook A
Introduction
A-1
Features
A-2
Comparison Charts
A-4
Manufacturers
A-6
WORD PROCESSORS
Handbook B
Introduction
B-1
Features
B-2
Comparison Charts
B-5
Manufacturers
B-9
ELECTRONIC SPREADSHEETS
Handbook C
Introduction
C-1
Features
C-2
Comparison Charts
C-5
Manufacturers
C-9
MICROCOMPUTER SYSTEMS
Handbook D
Introduction
D-1
Features
D-2
Comparison Charts
D-5
Manufacturers
D-9
DOT MATRIX PRINTERS
Handbook E
Introduction
E-1
Features
E-2
Comparison Chart
E-4
Manufacturers
E-5
-
HANDBOOK A:
DATABASE MANAGER
SYSTEMS
A-l
.A database management system can best be explained by a
simple example.
system.
Consider a mailing list as a database
Each label is a record in the system, and each line
(the name, address, city, etc.) is a field in that record.
In its simplest form, this is all that is necessary.
If we
add fields for occupations and bills owed, we could then make
a set of labels for all the doctors that owe money.
The nice
feature of such a system is its capacity to store large
amounts of information, such as that stored in several file
cabinets, on one small disk.
Almost every large computer system in the world uses a
database management system.
Banks use them for handling
checking and savings accounts, the IRS uses them to track
those people who owe taxes, and many companies use them to
write their checks, etc.
It is estimated that the average
American is processed by a database more than 40 times a day.
Unfortunately, only about half of all microcomputers in the
world use some sort of database system.
In the following pages, several database management
systems are compared, with the features fully explained.
Packages marked with an asterisk (*) signify an integrated
package.
There is also a listing of the manufacturer's
addresses and phone numbers in case of further questions .
-
.
A-2
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FEATURES
RETAIL PRICE: This is the manufacturer's suggested retail price for a
one-time license. This means that you do not own the program, but merely
lease it under the conditions of the manufacturer. The price is usually
less for multiple copies or by purchasing through a mail-order.
REQUIRED SYSTEM: This refers to those operating systems on which the
software will run without modifications. The most popular system is
Microsoft's MS-DOS which is also the same as IBM PC-DOS.
RELATIONAL SET-UP: This is perhaps the most confusing, and yet important
feature of a database system. It refers to the programs capability to
relate information in one file with information in a different file.
For example, imagine a business in which a file were kept of the
daily customers, with each record being a customer. Assume we only had
two fields in each record, one for the name, and one for the amount
purchased on credit. Now assume that this business had another file of
more complete information on all of its customers, with fields for the
name, address, city, state, etc. At the end of a working day, a
relational database would be able to "relate" these two files, or combine
the information by matching the names in the two files. It would then be
easy to see each customer, where they lived, and how much they owed,
from one location.
If a database is not relational, then it can only work with one file
at a time. On the other hand, if a database is relational, then the
number of files with which the user can work at one time is listed.
PROGRAM LANGUAGE: A programming language allows the software to be
customized for the unique needs of a business. For example, it is
possible to generate special reports or to calculate payrolls with a few
keystrokes. If the business is not familiar with programming techniques,
it is rather simple to have software customized by outside consultants or
programmers. This is also a feature worth considering as a future
investment.
MEMORY REQUIRED: This is the minimum required memory that the hardware
of the computer will need in order to run the program. It is expressed
in thousands (K) of bytes. Each keystroke requires the equivalent of a
byte of memory.
RECORDS PER FILE: This is the maximum number of records that can be
contained in anyone file. For example, if each information for every
customer is kept in it's own record, then this is the number of customers
that can be worked with at anyone time. This number is often
theoretical and is based more on the amount of disk space available. In
1983 the maximum number of records commonly found in databases was
32,000.
FIELDS IN RECORD: This is the maximum number of fields of information
that a record can hold. For example, if the maximum number of fields
were 2, then we could only have the customers name and one other piece of
information per record.
-
A-3
CHARACTERS PER FIELD: This is the maximum number of characters per field
of information. For example, the number of characters in a customer's
name.
IMPORT/EXPORT: This feature is important only if the business will be
working with information from another program. "Importing" refers to the
bringing in of data, while "exporting" is the sending out. For example,
if a business wishes to incorporate a mailing list from another business
which uses a different database system, they would "import" the
information. Or, if they wanted to transfer their mailing list to their
word processing program, they would "export" the data. This is also an
important feature if a business foresees switching from their present
database system to another one, and does not want to have to enter all
the information again.
POSSIBLE NETWORK: Some of the more advanced database systems offer a
network or time-sharing capability. If a business is large enough to
need more than one microcomputer, and wants everyone to be able to work
with the same information, then this feature is vital. In addition, a
one computer business in which the owner does a lot of work at home, may
eventually want to buy a computer for home and connect them through the
phone, again sharing the same information.
ON-SCREEN HELP: This is a feature which is necessary for the novice
computer user. With an on-screen help utility, the person working with
the database can access a help screen at any point in the program, and
receive help for their particular position.
ON-SCREEN PAINTING: This feature
customized layout for his reports
capability, it is possible to set
information can be printed on the
enables the businessman to create a
and forms. For instance, with this
up a form in such a way that
lines of the business's checks.
SECURITY AVAILABLE: This is perhaps one of the most serious issues
involved in data processing today. In a business in which the customer
information is the life of the business, it is important to be able to
protect certain areas from employees, competitors, and common thieves.
For example, if there is no security in the program which prints an
employee's check, that employee could easily change the dollar amount to
be printed. Features to look for include passwords which allow only
certain people access to certain information, as well as a writeprotection feature which prohibits the accidental or intentional erasure
of the program and data.
-
COPY-PROTECTED: If a software package is copy protected, then it is
impossible for it to be copied. This is meant to protect the
manufacturer from illegal distribution of their merchandise, but can also
make it impossible for the business to back-up their own copy. Usually
when a program is copy-protected it comes with it's own back-up copy and
an agreement to replace damaged disks if mailed to the manufacturer with
a fee.
FIRST INSTALLED: This is not the announcement date of the program, but
the date the product was first sold commercially. Old products that have
not be upgraded are probably not a worthwhile investment.
A-4
~ ::::=================i:::======i=====:=========:====== ====:=::=======:=;===:======:====:======:====:==:===~= ===========::
:: RE-A!L :
~: PRICE
II
II
, !
I,
: RELATIONAL : ?~OGRA~
~E~ORY
RECCRDS; FIELDS IN : CHARACTERS ::
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-
A-6
DATABASE SYSTEM MANUFACTURERS
Business Filevision
Telos Software Products
3420 Ocean Park Boulevard
Santa Monica, CA 90405
(213)450-2424
Microsoft File
Microsoft Corp.
10700 Northup Way
Bellevue, WA 98004
(206)828-8080
CIP
Concentric Data Systems, Inc.
18 Lyman Street
Westboro, MA 01581
(617)366-1122
Nutshell
Leading Edge Software Products
21 Highland Circle
Needham, MA 02194
(617)449-4655
Condor 3
Condor Computer Corp.
P.O. Box 8318
2051 South State Street
Ann Arbor, MI 48104
(313)769-3988
(313)769-3999
Oracle
Oracle Corp.
2710 Sand Hill Road
Menlo Park, CA 94025
(415)854-7350
Data Edition
International Business Machines
Old Orchard Road
Armonk, NY 10504
(Contact local dealer)
dBase III
Ashton-Tate
10150 West Jefferson Boulevard
Culver City, CA 90230
(213)204-5570
Friday!
Ashton-Tate
10150 West Jefferson Boulevard
Culver City, CA 90230
(213)204-5570
Helix
Odesta Corp.
4084 Commercial Avenue
Northbrook, IL 60062
(800)323-5423
(312)498-5615
-
Knowledgeman 1.07
Micro Data Base Systems, Inc.
P.O. Box 248
Lafayette, IN 47902
(317)463-2581
Paradox
Ansa Software
1301 Shorewood Road
Suite 206
Belmont, CA 94002
(415)595-4469
PC-File III
Buttonware
P.O. Box 5786
Bellevue, WA 98006
(206)746-4296
PC/Focus
Information Builders, Inc.
1250 Broadway
New York, NY 10001
(212)736-4433
PFS:File
Software Publishing Corp.
1901 Landings Drive
Mountain View, CA 94043
(415)962-8910
Please
Hayes Microcomputer Products
P.O. Box 105203
Atlanta, GA 30348
(404)449-8791
A-7
Power-base (2.1)
PowerBase Systems, Inc
12 West 37th Street
New York, NY 10018
(212)947-3590
R:base 5000
Microrim, Inc.
3380 146th Place South East
Bellevue, WA 98007
(206)641-6619
Reflex
Borland International
4585 Scotts Valley Drive
Scotts Valley, CA 95066
(408)438-8400
Revelation
Cosmos, Inc.
19530 Pacific Highway, South
Suite 102
Seattle, WA 98188
(206)824-9942
Smart Data Manager
Innovative Software, Inc.
9300 West 110th Street
Suite 380
Overland Park, KS 66210
(913)383-1089
-
HANDBOOK B:
WORD PROCESSORS
-
B-1
Word processing was one of the first microcomputer
applications to first be accepted by the general public.
Since their first appearance, their popularity has grown
substantially.
Word processors offer three basic advantages over
typewriters.
Text can easily be corrected and altered
without correction fluid or retyping.
It can provide an easy
way to send multiple copies of the same document to various
customers in a personalized manner, and it automatically does
such features as centering and footnoting without manual
calculations.
These few advantages have led to the
estimation that a well-trained and well-organized word
processing organization can outperform a typing pool of a
similar size by 30 to 70 percent.
Such increased
productivity is priceless.
Various word processing packages offer a variety of
different features and capabilities.
While some businesses
may depend upon a feature, a different business may never
need it.
For this reason, it is important that each business
deci.de what is needed for their particular environment.
In the following pages the features of the most popular
word processors are compared.
Basic word processors as well
as fully featured packages are included.
Packages marked
with an asterisk (*) signify an integrated package.
There is
also a listing of the manufacturer's addresses and phone
numbers in case of further questions.
B-2
WORD PROCESSING FEATURES
RETAIL PRICE: This is the manufacturer's suggested retail price for a
one-time license. This means that you do not own the program, but merely
lease it under the conditions of the manufacturer. The price is usually
less for multiple copies or by purchasing through a mail-order.
REQUIRED SYSTEM: This refers to those operating systems on which
the software will run without modifications. The most popular system is
Microsoft's MS-DOS which is also the same as IBM PC-DOS.
MEMORY REQUIRED: This is the minimum required memory that the hardware
of the computer will need in order to run the program. It is expressed
in thousands (K) of bytes. Each keystroke requires the equivalent of a
byte of memory.
CHARACTERS PER SCREEN: This is the amount of text that can be viewed
from the screen at one time.
NUMBER OF WINDOWS: This refers to the number of documents that can be
viewed simultaneously. This feature is useful if the user wants to copy
sections of various documents from one to another.
BACKGROUND PRINTING: Especially in the case of long documents, it
is useful to be able to edit a document on the screen while another one
is being printed. This feature also helps in a workers productivity.
TYPE THROUGH: This feature refers to the programs ability to stop
a document that is being typed and allow the user to type a segment that
is then immediately printed to the document. When the user hits the
return key, the document continues to print. This feature is useful if
several documents need to be printed that only differ by a word or two.
PRINTER SUPPORT: Every printer responds to different codes, and as such
must be configured to work with individual packages. This feature
specifies the number of printers that the program can use. A number with
a plus means that the program offers the capability to customized the
program to use any printer.
KEYSTROKE STORAGE: In the process of working with a package, some
operations require repeated and lengthy combinations of keystrokes.
With this feature the user can "store" a series of keystrokes under one
keystroke combination, usually the ALT key in conjunction with one other
key. Then, whenever that operation is needed, the keystroke combination
is all that is needed. This feature is valuable in reducing mistakes and
improving productivity.
-
CURSOR MOVEMENT: In order for a word processor to be effective, the user
must be able to quickly move the cursor through the document. (The
cursor signifies the position on the page). Good cursor movement moves
up, down, right, left, back and forth a word or sentence at a time, up
and down a paragraph, screen or a page at a time, and to any page number
specified.
B-3
-
HYPHENATION: Some programs will automatically declare that a word
needs to be hyphenated at the end of a line and give the user the
option to position the hyphen. This feature can usually also be turned
"off" if the user does not want any words hyphenated.
CENTER, BOLD, AND UNDERLINE: Most word processors support all of
these features. The difference is in whether or not they are shown on
the screen or only on the print-outs.
SHOW PAGING: With this feature, the breaks for pages are shown on
the screen, and will automatically adjust with editing.
PAGE NUMBERS: Capabilities included with page numbering include
specifying where on the page the number will appear, as well as adjusting
the numbers used. For example, a paper with a title page and table of
contents should not have the first page of text starting as three.
WIDOW/ORPHAN: This feature will prevent a single line from being printed
at the top or bottom of a page.
SUBSCRIPTS AND SUPERSCRIPTS: This feature allows subscripts and
superscripts to be included in a document. Few word processors show this
feature on the screen.
TEXT MERGING: This advanced feature is especially useful for the
business environment. It allows a file of several records to be merged
with one document. For example, instead of typing the addresses of 50
customers on a document every time a letter needs to be mailed, the user
can type the addresses once. Then whenever a individualized letter needs
to be mailed, he can type an appropriate letter and "merge" the
addresses, producing 50 letters.
SPELLER: With a spelling option, documents can be checked for spelling
errors. Spellers only check for valid words, and can not check for
grammatical errors. Most spellers allow for the addition of words used
often, such as the name of a business or the name of the owner.
SORTING: In some instances it is necessary to sort information.
example, if a research paper is written, it may be useful to
alphabetically sort the bibliography.
For
SEARCH AND REPLACE: This feature allows the user to search for a
sequence of characters and replace them with a different sequence. In
the comparison chart, the number of characters allowed in such a search
are specified.
-
CALCULATIONS: This feature allows numbers to be incorporated into a
document and then will automatically do minor calculations with them.
This is useful if the numbers need to be periodically changed, as the
calculation feature should automatically update the figures.
MULTICOLUMN CAPABILITY: This feature allows documents to be written in
columner format and will usually automatically calculate the necessary
margins. This feature could be important for a business that produces a
newspaper of some sort.
.-
B-4
ENDNOTES AND FOOTNOTES: With this advanced feature notes can be
innnediately typed while in the body of the paper. The word processor
will then automatically calculate the extra margins and print the note in
its proper form either at the bottom of the page or at the end of the
paper. Note numbers are usually automatically adjusted throughout the
paper in the case of inserted or deleted references.
ON-SCREEN HELP: This is a feature which is necessary for the novice
computer user. With an on-screen help utility, the person working with
the word processor can access a help screen at any point in the program,
and receive help for their particular position.
IMPORT/EXPORT: This feature is important only if the business will be
working with information from another program. "Importing" refers to the
bringing in of text while "exporting" is the sending out. For example,
if a business wishes to incorporate a mailing list from their database
system, they would "import" the information.
POSSIBLE NETWORK: Some of the more advanced word processing packages
offer a network or time-sharing capability. If a business is large
enough to need more than one microcomputer, and wants everyone to be able
to work with the same information, then this feature is vital. In
addition, a one computer business in which the owner does a lot of work
at home, may eventually want to buy a computer for home and connect them
through the phone, again sharing the same information.
COPY-PROTECTED: If a software package is copy protected, then it is
impossible for it to be copied. This is meant to protect the
manufacturer from illegal distribution of their merchandise, but can also
make it impossible for the business to back-up their own copy. Usually
when a program is copy-protected it comes with it's own back-up copy and
an agreement to replace damaged disks if mailed to the manufacturer with
a fee.
SECURITY AVAILABLE:
In a business in which the confidential information
is the life of the business, it is important to be able to protect
certain areas from employees, competitors, and common thieves. Features
to look for include passwords which allow only certain people access to
certain information, as well as a write-protection feature which
prohibits the accidental or intentional erasure of the program and data.
TERM OF WARRANTY: This is simply the length of the product warranty from
the date of purchase.
TELEPHONE SUPPORT: With available telephone support, a user can talk
directly with someone knowledgeable about the software. This feature
often requires a fee in the range of $30 a month to $150 a year.
FIRST INSTALLED: This is not the announcement date of the program, but
the date the product was first sold commercially. Old products that have
not be upgraded are probably not a worthwhile investment.
B-5
}:===::======:===::======.=::=====:==~:====::========:= =========:::==========:===:=====:::==========:======== =~=========:i
11
, 1
i: RETAIL :
11
11
:: PRICE
!'!EI!ORY : CHARACTERS: I OF : BACKGROUND ~ -'m : ?RH.f:ER ::
: REQUIRED : PER SCREEN : ~[SDDW5: PRINTING : ·~RQU6H : SUPPORT ::
REQUIRED
SYSTE'I
: :=========================: :========:===============1==========:==:=========:==== =====:::======:===':========~=========::
$75
~O
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:281<
2~ X 80
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2
11
11
11
II
; :-------------------------: ;--------;---------------:----------:------------:---- -----;------------~---------:---------:;
11
11
23 l 78
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:PARAL~EL ::
25bK
NO
11
?FS: ~RITE
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::-------------------------: :--------:---------------~----------;------------:---- -----;------------:---------:---------:;
11
11
I
I'!ICROSOFT WORD
11
11
,~ACiNiDSH
19 X 75
12BK
4
1!CST
NO
! !
!--------;---------------:----------:------------:---------;------------:---------;---------':
~-------------------------i
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$195
1\
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NA
256K
2
YES
)jO
60+
II
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~-------------------------! ~--------:---------------~----------:------------:---------:------------~---------:---------: ~
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SI'!ART WO~D PROCESSOR II II S295 ! ~S/PC-DOS 2.0 : 2SbK
25
:-------------------------! :--------:---------------~----------:------------;---------:------------~---------;---------~:
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22 I 90
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!!=====:===================i i===========i=========!===========:===========:======:===:===========:======::===::
: AVAILABLE : TER" OF : iELEPHONE
:: ON-SCREEN : I~PORT/ : COpy
PROTECTED
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HELP
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II
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l-------------------------: :---________ :_________ :___________ :___________
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~-------------------------:
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::=:~.=====.=:=z::a==a=====::==:====:===:==.==a===:::==:=::==:!:===:=:====~====:===:=;:=====2====::=:==:=====::
•
B-9
-
-
WORD PROCESSOR MANUFACTURERS
Aura
BPI Systems, Inc.
3001 Bee CAves Road
Austin, TX 78746
(512)328-5400
PFS:Write
Software Publishing Corp.
1901 Landings Drive
Mountain View, CA 94043
(415)962-8910
Displaywrite
International Business Machines
P.O. Box 1328, ##4558
Boca Raton, FL 33432
(305)998-2000
Samna
Samna Corp.
2700 Northeast Expressway, #C-1200
Atlanta, BA 30345
(404)321-5006
LEWP
Leading Edge Products, Inc.
21 Highland Circle
Needham Heights, MA 02194
(617)828-8150
(800)343-3436
Smart Word Processor
Innovative Software, Inc.
9300 West 110th Street
Suite 380
Overland Park, KS 66210
(913)345-2424
MicroSoft Word
Microsoft Corp.
10700 Northup Way, P.O. Box 97200
Bellevue, WA 98004
(206)828-8080
Volkswriter
Lifetree Software, Inc.
411 Pacific Street, Suite 315
Monterey, CA 93940
(408)373-4718
MultiMate Advantage
MultiMate International Corp.
52 Oakland Avenue North
East Hartford, CT 06108
(203)522-2116
Word Perfect
Satellite Software International
266 West Center Street
Orem, UT 84057
(801)224-4000
(800)321-5906
Office Writer
Office Solutions, Inc.
4708 Odana Road
Madison, WI 53719
(608)274-5047
(800)228-0747
Words Edition
International Business Machines
P.O. Box 1328, ##4558
Boca Raton, FL 33432
(305)998-2000
Open Access
Software Products International
10240 Sorrento Valley Road
San Diego, CA 92121
(619)450-1526
WordS tar 2000
MicroPro International
33 San Pablo Avenue
San Rafael, CA 94903
(415)499-1200
PC-Write
Quicksoft
219 First N., #224
Seattle, WA 98109
(206)282-0452
XYWrite
XYQuest, Inc.
P.O. Box 372
Bedford, MA 01730
(617)275-4439
-
HANDBOOK C:
ELECTRONIC SPREADSHEETS
C-1
The electronic spreadsheet is perhaps the single cause for
introducing microcomputers into the business world.
Until the
computerization of accounting practices, every projection, business plan
and cost/benefit analysis had to be calculated by hand.
With the
spreadsheet, it is possible to easily figure several "what if"
situations.
It improves accuracy as well as saves time by reducing the
repetitive calculations.
For example, imagine a business manager that must submit a
five-year forecast based on projections, assumptions, and educated
guesses.
He must include categories including sales, overhead and
operating costs, interest rates, and the cost of materials for repeat
business.
Imagine, too, that after long hours of calculator key
punching, the manager presents his report to the controller, who then
asks for a projection if the repeat business accounts for 80 percent of
the sales instead of 75 percent.
With an electronic spreadsheet the new
report could be generated with a few key strokes and no mathematical
errors.
By hand, the entire form must be recalculated several times.
During the past three years the spreadsheet industry has been
dominated by Lotus' 123.
Not only has 123 been the best selling
spreadsheet package, but it has also been the best selling microcomputer
program with sales approaching one million packages.
In the following pages, several spreadsheet packages are compared,
with the features fully explained.
signify an integrated package.
Packages marked with an asterisk (*)
There is also a listing of the
manufacturer's addresses and phone numbers in case of further questions.
-
C-2
ELECTRONIC SPREADSHEET FEATURES
RETAIL PRICE: This is the manufacturer's suggested retail price for a
one-time license. This means that you do not own the program, but merely
lease it under the conditions of the manufacturer. The price is usually
less for multiple copies or by purchasing through a mail-order.
REQUIRED SYSTEM: This refers to those operating systems on which the
software will run without modifications. The most popular system is
Microsoft's MS-DOS which is also the same as IBM PC-DOS.
MEMORY REQUIRED: This is the minimum required memory that the hardware
of the computer will need in order to run the program. It is expressed
in thousands (K) of bytes. Each keystroke requires the equivalent of a
byte of memory.
PROGRAM MACROS:
In the process of working with a package, some
operations require repeated and lengthy combinations of keystrokes.
With this feature the user can "store" a series of keystrokes under one
keystroke combination, usually the ALT key in conjunction with one other
key. Then, whenever that operation is needed, the keystroke combination
is all that is needed. This feature is valuable in reducing mistakes and
improving productivity.
INTERACTIVE MACROS: Interactive macros are macros that can pause in the
middle of an operation for input from the user before it continues.
IF-THEN ELSE PROGRAMMING: Every spreadsheet package has the capability
to perform simple calculations such as addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division. The more advanced packages include such
conditional statements as if-then else.
MAXIMUM ROWS, COLUMNS, AND CELLS: A spreadsheet is made up of a matrix
of rows and columns. The intersection of a row and a column is called a
cell. Each cell has a unique number. For example, rows are usually
designated by numbers while columns are labeled with letters of the
alphabet. Therefore, the intersection of the tenth row and fifth column
would be cell E10.
The total size of the spreadsheet is usually much more than first
appears on the screen. The size of a single file is determined by the
number of cells (rows times columns), and the available memory. For
example Lotus 123 has 8192 rows and 256 columns for a total of 2097,152
available cells. However, as can be seen in the comparison chart, the
maximum number of cells that can be filled is 1100,000 cells. This
number varies according to the systems memory capabilities.
SPLIT SCREENS: A spreadsheet file is often too big to fit on one
screen. By using the cursor keys, the window (or screen) can be moved
throughout the spreadsheet in order to view any part of it. Oftentimes
it will be necessary to compare cells that are to distant from each
other to fit on the same screen. Some spreadsheet packages allow the
spreadsheet to be split into two or more parts that can be moved
separately so that the two cells can be seen at the same time.
-
C-3
For example, imagine that a report has been created with headings
in the first few rows. The information for each column, however,
extends well beyond the 25 rows or so that show on the screen. By
splitting the spreadsheet, it is possible to keep the headings in view
while moving down the columns of information.
FILES PER SCREEN: This feature is very similar to the split screen
concept, with the exception that it allows two or more spreadsheet files
to be viewed at the same time.
GRAPHIC CAPABILITY: It is now quite common for spreadsheet packages to
be able to create graphs from numbers within the spreadsheet file. If
the package allows dynamic linkage to the spreadsheet, the graph
appearance will change with the change of figures within the file.
VARIABLES PER GRAPH:
be graphed.
This is the maximum number of variables that can
PROTECTION AVAILABLE: If a spreadsheet model contains a great deal of
formulas in an intricate format, the ability to IIprotectll them from
accidental erasure or alterations can be a valuable editing tool. When
a spreadsheet is set up for a business, the programmer often uses this
feature to protect the set-up from a novice. If the spreadsheet needs
to be altered, the area or entire spreadsheet can be unprotected,
changed, and then reprotected.
SORTING BY FIELDS: Some spreadsheet applications allow the information
to be sorted in ascending or descending order. Sorts can be done
quickly to organize a row, column, range of data or the entire file.
For example, if the spreadsheet is used to keep an up-to-date listing of
product costs and pricing, the products could be organized by their cost
value or sales value, and then back again.
SEARCH AND REPLACE: This is a relatively new spreadsheet function,
which allows the user to search and replace a value within the
spreadsheet file. For example, imagine that a five-year projection was
created using a 15 percent interest rate, before it was discovered that
the actual rate is 15.5. Without a global search and replace, the rates
would need to be manually altered. With the function, they could be
corrected with a few keystrokes.
WORKSHEET LINKAGE: This is a powerful feature that allows several
spreadsheets to be linked together, so that the user can update
information only once and have it changed in all related files.
LINK FORMRrrAS TO OTHER WORKSHEETS: This feature is similar to worksheet
linkage in that it requires access to the information in other
spreadsheets. With this feature it is possible to include values found
in different spreadsheet files in a current formula. For example, if a
business owner keeps a spreadsheet file on the sales of each of his
employees, then he could find the total sales for the business by adding
the individual sales of each of his workers.
--
C-4
COPY RANGE TO DISK: With this feature, a range or specified area of a
spreadsheet file can be copied to the disk as a separate file, and then
combined with a third file. This feature reduces repetitive data entry
and therefore increases productivity.
AUTOMATIC RECALCULATION: This feature guarantees that the entire
spreadsheet is recalculated each time a new figure is entered. Usually
if recalculation is not automatic, it can be invoked with a single
keystroke. Most spreadsheets with automatic recalculation can be set
for manual recalculation. This is useful for a large spreadsheet with a
lot of involved calculations that take a lot of time.
ON-SCREEN HELP: This is a feature which is necessary for the novice
computer user. With an on-screen help utility, the person working with
the spreadsheet can access a help screen at any point in the program, and
receive help for their particular position.
IMPORT/EXPORT: This feature is important only if the business will be
working with information from another program. "Importing" refers to the
bringing in of data, while "exporting" is the sending out. This is also
an important feature if a business foresees switching from their present
spreadsheE~t system to another one, and does not want to have to enter all
the information again.
COPY-PROTECTED: If a software package is copy protected, then it is
impossible for it to be copied. This is meant to protect the
manufacturer from illegal distribution of their merchandise, but can also
make it impossible for the business to back-up their own copy. Usually
when a program is copy-protected it comes with it's own back-up copy and
an agreement to replace damaged disks if mailed to the manufacturer with
a fee.
TELEPHONE SUPPORT: With available telephone support, a user can talk
directly with someone knowledgeable about the software. This feature
often requires a fee in the range of $30 a month to $150 a year.
FIRST INSTALLED: This is not the announcement date of the program, but
the date the product was first sold commercially. Old products that have
not be upgraded are probably not a worthwhile investment.
-
C-5
: :=========================::=:======::===========: :==========! ;=======================:==:============;;
,,
"E"ORY :: PR06RA" i INTE~AcrIVE : IF-THEN ELSE: :
:: RETAIL :: REQUIRED
, ,
?~C6P.A~l'!ING
~ACROS
:: PRICE I: SYSTE" ;: ~EQUjRED :: ~ACROS
: ;=========================::========::===========: :==========: :====:====:~============:=====:=========: i
, ,
$48 :: ~S/PC-DOS :: 2SbK
YES
YES
NO
PC-CALC
: 1
; I
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II
II
\ \
i!-------------------------: l--------l:-----------: :----------: :---------I-------------:---------------:!, ,
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NO
PFS:PLAH
12BK "
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: i-------------------------: :--------: :-----------' :----------: l---------:-------------;---------------::
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12BK
"
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NO
NO
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:----------1 }---------;-------------:---------------::
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YES
S12K I: PENDING :
"
:l-------------------------i :--------::-----------: l----------:, l---------;-------------;---------------::
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! :-------------------------; :--------::-----------:
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YES
YES
YES
,,
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:l-------------------------::--------::-----------: :----------:, :---------i-------------:---------------;;
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11
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$395 :: "ACINTOSH ::
S12K
II
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YES
YES
,, ,,
: :-------------------------J :--------::-----------:!----------J :---------:-------------:---------------;:, ,
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II
"
S395 ::
~S/PC-DCS
::
2~bK
,,
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YES
YES
,,
;!-------------------------: l--------: l-----------: !----------: !---------:-------------:---------------~:, ,
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SUPER CALC 2.1
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9bK
II
"
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YES
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,,
: :-------------------------: :--------: :-----------: 1----------: :---------:-------------;---------------::
, , YES
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YES
LOTUS 123
2~bK
YES
II
II
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:----------! :---------I------~------:---------------:, 1,
:-------------------------~:-----~--::-----------:
, , S495 :: "51 PC-DOS ::
ABILITY
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2~6K
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",
YES
YES
YES
"
:-------------------------;:--------::-----------: :----------: :---------:-------------:---------------::
JAZZ
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~ACINTOSH
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:-------------------------l:--------:~-----------:
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"
YES
YES
YES
.,
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:----------:, :---------l-------------!---------------::
,
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S595 :: "S/PC-Oos ::
"
YES
YES
'IES
"
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1:-------------------------: :--------::-----------1 :----------l :---------:-------------~---------------::, ,
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~ICRO
PROPHET
II
"
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::
~S/?C-OOS
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NO
NO
YES
,,
::-------------------------::--------::-----------: :----------l :---------:-------------:---------------;:, ,
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II
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3201(
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YES
YES
,,
:!-------------------------::--------::-----------: :----------::---------:-------------:---------------::
,,
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~S-?C-OOS
::
192)(
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::-------------------------::--------: :-----------: :----------! ~---------:-------------;---------------::
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3B4K
:: "SiPC-OOS ::
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YES
YES
"
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::-------------------------::--------::-----------:
1----------: :---------l-------------:---------------::
,,
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(l)
II
"
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I.
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YES
NO
YES
II
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::-------------------------: :--------: :-----------: :----------! :---------:-------------:---------------::
," , $895
ENCORE
:: ~SJ?C-DOS :: 25bK "
YES
YES
"
: :==:==========::==zs======: :=::==a==!::2=====S===! :=:=z====~.:=:=s===:===:==:====================::=:==:
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C-6
-.
! :=========================: : ====::===:=========!===========!===========;:======== ==:===========:===========:;
:: ~AXI~U" : ~AX!~UI'I : I'IAXlI'IUI'I
:: ROWS : :OLUI'INS : CELLS
'. '.
II
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SCREEN
CAPABLITY: PER GRAPH ::
SCREENS
: :::=======================: :=========:=========:=========:=~===========:==:========:===========~===========:
PC-CALC
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8192
16,384
: eAR JNLY :
NO
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~
::
\ ;-------------------------~:---------:---------:------ -----:-----------l-----------;-----------:-----------::
NO
70
?~S:PLAN
255
17,850
NO
"
: :-------------------------:: ---------:---------:-----------!-----------!-----------!-----------:-----------:!
4095
8
i'!ULTi-PLAN
255 : 1044,225
"
~ ~-------------------------: :---------:---------:-----------!-----------i--------- --i-----------!-----------:;
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DYNAI1IC
!O-15
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250 : 2499,750
NO
""
II
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II
II
II
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II
I I
II
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II
II
; :-------------------------: l---------~---------:-----------:-----------:-----------~-----------:-----------::
PLANS+ EDITION
II
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255
: 2549,i45
DYNAI1IC
2
7
II
"
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~~-------------------------\:---------:---------:----- ------:-----------:-----------:-----------:-----------::
EXCEL
II
II
:: lb,384
~ ~-------------------------:
5l1ART S?READSHEET
II
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2Sb
: 4194,304 : NO LII1IT : NO
lI~IT
DY~Ai'!IC
\
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i---------:---------:-----------:-----------;-----------:-----------:-----------::
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9999
999
: 9989,001
25
25
DYNAl1iC
13
,
\
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i ~-------------------------:~---------:---------:------ -----!-----------:-----------:-----------:-----------: ~
SUPER CALC 2.1
II
II
II
9999
127
: 1269,873
10
2
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~ ~-------------------------: :---------:---------:-----------~-----------:--------- --:-----------:-----------::
LOTUS 123
II
II
II
II
9192
25b
: 1100,000
2
2
DY~AI1IC
II
II
:-------------------------::---------:---------:-----------:-----------:-----------:-----------:-----------::
~
ABILITY
II
II
DYNAI1IC
II
II
II
II
;:-------------------------::---------:---------:-----------!-----------:-----------l-----------:-----------::
JAZZ (l)
1\
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II
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BI92
256
: 2097,152 : UNlII1ITED :
UNLl~lTED:
DYNAI1IC
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; i-------------------------~!---------:---------:------ -----:-----------:-----------;-----------:-----------::
II
II
AURA
(t)
II
II
255
;)YNAI'IIC
63
II
II
~ :-------------------------~:---------!---------!------ -----:-----------:-----------:-----------:-----------::
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II
II
9000
13~
: 1215,000
NO
YES
4
II
II
: !-------------------------:~---------~---------:------ -----l-----------:-----------:-----------:-----------::
SYI1PHONY (t)
8192
256 : 2097,152 : UNll111TED : UNLII'IITED : OYNAl1IC
~ ;-------------------------:!---------:---------:-----------:-----------:-----------;-----------:-----------::
ENABLE (l)
255
255
: UNlII11TED : UNLJ111TED: DYNA~jC
"
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II
II
II
II
II
II
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: !-------------------------~~---------:---------1------ -----:-----------:-----------:-----------:-----------::
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: :UNlII1ITED:UNlII'IITEDl UNLll1ITED : UNLI"ITED : UNlII1ITED: DYNAI1!C
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~~-------------------------:~---------~---------:-----------;-----------:-----------:-----------1-----------::
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II
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256
768,000
4
DYNAl'lfC
32
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: :-------------------------:i---------~---------:------ -----;-----------:-----------:-----------;-----------::
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II
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1024
360
32,000
2
600
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: :::=:::==:=====:=2=:=:====~::.=:==2=2!:======az~========zz.i======:=.=:i==~=:======:===========!====::=====::
•
C-7
\
: :=========================: :============~===========:=:=======~========::=:===============!===========-::
:: PROTECTION : SORTIN6 : SEARCH! : )jORKSHEET : LINK FORI'!ULAS : COpy RANGE ,::,
TO OiHER ~S
:0 DISk
:: livAILABLE : BV FIELDS : RE?LACE: LINKAGE
II
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;===========:::==========:=========~===========:======z========:=========_:_:!
: i=:=======================:
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II
NO
YES
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YES
NO
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: ! -------------------------: : ------------: -----------: ---------; -----------: --------------- ~ -----'-------: ~
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1 :-------------------------! :------------:-----------:---------:-----------;---------------:------------:!
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NO
VES
l'IULTI-PlAH
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NO
NO
NO
II
II
'10
II
II
II
II
II
: :--------_ .. _--------------: : ------------: :----------: ---------! -----------: ---------------! ------------: ;
II
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II
II
YES
YES
NO
TWO-IiAY
YES
NO
II
II
: :-------------------------l :------------l-----------;---------:-----------J---------------:------------::, ,
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EDITION
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YES
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NO
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YES
YES
II
::-------------------------::------------:-----------;---------:-----------l---------------l------------::
YES
TWO-WAY
VES
YES
YES
YES
"
EXCEL
"
::-------------------------: :------------:-----------l---------l-----------l---------------:------------~
, , S~ART SPREADSHEET
YES
YES
i.O-WAY
YES
YES
YES
::-------------------------::------------:-----------:---------:-----------:---------------:------------:
,
ONE-WAY
NO
YES
YES
YES
~O
SUPER CALC 2.1
~ 1-------------------------: :------------:-----------i---------~-----------:---------------:------------!
NO
YES
YES
YES
NO
NO
LOTUS 123
," ,
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II
II
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II
II
II
II
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:~-------------------------::------------l-----------: ---------:-----------:---------------:------------t
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II
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YES
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::-------------------------: :------------:-----------:---------!-----------:---------------J------------~
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:1-------------------------::------------:-----------;---------;-----------:---------------J------------l:
II
II
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PROPHET
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NO
HO
YES
NO
NO
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::-------------------------1 :------------:-----------;---------:-----------:---------------:------------:
II
II
SYPIPHONY
(*)
II
II
YES
YES
YES
HID-WAY
YES
YES
YES
YES
: :-------------------------: :------------:-----------1---------:-----------;---------------:------------:
,
II
/
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(tl
II
II
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::-------------------------::------------:-----------:---------!-----------:---------------;------------:
II
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::-------------------------::------------:-----------:---------:-----------:---------------:------------:
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YES
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::-------------------------:;------------:-----------l---------:-----------:---------------:------------::
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/1
: :=za===:===_===========a==: :=s==========;:==========:=========:===========:====== ~=======a::=:a:==a •• 2=::
-
C-8
: :=====:=========::========; :===============:===2=======:=======-=:===========1===~=======;==:========: i
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I;
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TELEPHONE
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"
; :============;::===::=====: :::==~=====:====;=====:=====;=======z=l:=======:==;=== ==:=====:===========:;
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JUNE 84
.,
NO
BAD
YES
PC-CALC
"
; ;-------------------------: :---------------:-----------~---------:-----------:--- --------:-----------::
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11
.,
YES
YES
SEPT 34
YES
YES
"..
?FS:PLAN
: :-------------------------~ :---------------~-----------:---------l-----------:-----------:-----------i:
YES
NO
AUG 32 · .
YES
YES
~ULT!-PL~N
""
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11
"
II
II
· I
CRUNCH
II
II
YES
II
II
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YES
JUNE 8S
NO
,• I
: l-------------------------: :---------------i-----------l---------:-----------:-----------:-----------::
YES
: ~ARCH as
YES
:'lANS+ ED lTi ON
YES
NO
YES
: :-------------------------~ :---------------:-----------~---------:-----------~--- --------:-----------::
I.
II
II
II
II
II
EXCEL
,t 1,
YES
II
, I
YES
YES
SEPT 8S
NO
::-------------------------: :---------------l-----------:---------:-----------:-----------~-----------::
II
II
SPREADSHEET
S~ART
YES
II
"
YES
YES
NO
YES
SEPT 33
! I
"
: :-------------------------: :---------------:-----------:---------:-----------:-----------:-----------;:, ,
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,
liD\( 83
YES
OK
NO
SLPER :riLC 2.1
! 1-------------------------: !---------------:-----------~---------:-----------:--- --------!-----------::
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YES
YES
YES
YES
LOTUS 123
YES
JAM 83
"
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II
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: :-------------------------::---------------!---------- -:---------:-----------~-----------~-----------::
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YES
YES
: 'lARCH 3S
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: :-------------------------: :---------------:-----------!---------:-----------:-----------:-----------::
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II
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YES
NO
YES
YES
'fES
~AY
35
• I
:-------------------------: :---------------:----------~:---------:-----------:-----------;-----------::
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YES
YES
NO
JUNE 94
: :-------------------------~:---------------:---------- -:---------:-----------:-----------:-_._-------::
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NO
NO
9AD
YES
YES
JUNE 93 , ,
"
II
II
II
• !
,.: :-------------------------::---------------:-----------:---------:-----------:-----------}-----------::
,
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YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
JULY 84 ," '
.
II
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: :-------------------------: :---------------:-----------!---------:-----------:-----------:-----------::
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ENABLE (.)
II
II
: 1_________________________ :
I I
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YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
OCT 94
I'
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
AUG 94
11
, I
t.
:---------------:-----------!--------_: ___________ :___________ :___________ 1:
..
II
! :-------------------------::---------------:-----------:---------:-----------:-----------:-----------::
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"
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~CCE5S
(I)
II
II
NO
YES
YES
YES
FEB 94
II
: :-------------------------::---------------1-----------:---------:-----------:-----------:-----------:;
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YES
NO
BAD
YES
SEPT 93 ·, ,.
II
II
: :===========::=====:::===z: :=======:a=:=sz.!:=:==::===.:=.z=a2aa.!.:.=~=:====~:== ========:==========s;:
•
C-9
SPREADSHEET MANUFACTURERS
Ability
Xanaro Technologies, Inc.
321 Bloor Street East
Suite 815
Toronto, Ontario
Canada M4W IG9
(416)927-8369
Aura
BPI Systems, Inc.
3001 Bee CAves Road
Austin, TX 78746
(512)328-5400
Crunch
Paladin Software Corp.
3255 Scott Boulevard 7c
Santa Clara, CA 95054
(408)970-7300
Enable
The Software Group
Northway Ten Executive Park
Ballston Lake, NY 12019
(518)877-8600
Encore
Ferox Microsystems, Inc.
1701 North Fort Myer Drive
6th Floor
Arlington, VA 22209
(703)841-0800
Excel
Microsoft Corp.
10700 Northup Way
Bellevue, WA 98004
(206)828-8080
Framework
Ashton-Tate
10150 West Jefferson Boulevard
Culver City, CA 90230
(213)204-5570
-
Jazz
Lotus Development Corp.
161 First Street
Cambridge, MA 02142
(617)494-1270
Lotus 123
Lotus Development Corp.
161 First Street
Cambridge, MA 02142
(617)494-1270
MicroProphet
Via Computer, Inc.
7177 Construction Court
San Diego, CA 92121
(619)578-5356
(800)633-1883
Multi-Plan
Microsoft Corp.
10700 Northup Way, P.O. Box 97200
Bellevue, WA 98004
(206)828-8080
Open Access
Software Products International
10240 Sorrento Valley Road
San Diego, CA 92121
(619)450-1526
PC-Calc
Buttonware
P.O. Box 5786
Bellevue, WA 98006
(206)746-4296
(800)J-BUTTON
PFS-Plan
Software Publishing Corp.
1901 Landings Drive
Mountain View, CA 94043
(415)962-8910
Plans+ Edition
International Business Machines
Old Orchard Road
Armonk, NY 10504
(Contact local dealer)
Smart Spreadsheet
Innovative Software, Inc.
9300 West 110th Street
Suite 380
Overland Park, KS 66210
(913)345-2424
C-10
Super Calc
Computer Associates Micro Products
2195 Fortune Drive
San Jose, CA 95131
(408)942-1727
Symphony
Lotus Development Corp.
161 First Street
Cambridge, MA 02142
( 617)494-1270
-
-
HANDBOOK D:
MICROCOMPUTER SYSTEMS
-
D-l
-
The microcomputer, or personal computer, is designed
to be used by a single individual, or shared by a small
group, though it can also be connected to and have access to
data from a large system.
With modern technology, the
microcomputer is capable of performing almost everything that
the mainframe computers have traditionally been able to,
restricted only by its memory.
With its increasing popularity, microcomputers are
being seen today as a status symbol.
For this reason, many
personal computers needlessly adorn management offices.
For
those who understand computing, the portable computers are
being seen in much the same way as briefcases.
Computers
are not for everyone, and the decision to invest should be a
serious one.
If the right match is made between the needs
of the user and the machine capabilities, the relationship
can be a profitable and long-term one.
The computer systems compared in this handbook were
chosen because they can all be purchased and serviced through
local retail outlets.
It should also be mentioned, that
although the prices mentioned here were up-to-date at the
time of writing, they will probably change within a few
months due to the dynamics of the market.
Therefore, the
prices can merely be used as a comparison technique between
different models .
-
.
D-2
SYSTEM FEATURES
RETAIL PRICES: Depending upon the configuration desired, there is a
broad range of suggested retail prices for each computer model. Shown
here are four popular configurations from which a comparison can be
made. The least expensive would be a system with two floppy disk drives
with either a monochrome or color monitor. The more expensive option is
a hard disk drive with only one floppy disk drive and either a monochrome
or color monitor. Disk drives and monitors are discussed later in this
handbook.
PROCESSOR CHIP: The microprocessor chips in a computer is the part of
the computer that actually executes commands. These chips are usually
made by only a few outside manufacturers. Each number signifies a
different product, and as such has different features. The higher
numbers indicate a better technology, though some software packages may
not be able to use these capabilities. Currently 68 percent of the
microcomputer systems use the Intel 8088 processor chip, though it is
expected that the Motorola MC68000 chip will eventually replace it.
PROCESSING SPEED: The speed with which a program can execute depends
upon two factors. The first is the speed with which it operates (cycle
time) and how much information it can manipulate at one time (word
length) .
CYCLE TIME: This is the amount of time it takes the microprocessor to
make one cycle, to get data or information from main memory, execute it,
and return for the next set of information. The cycle time is measured
in megahertz, an infinitesimal unit of time.
WORD LENGTH: This is directly related to cycle time, in that it refers
to the amount of information that can be manipulated within a cycle.
This information is measured in bits, with 8 bits equivalent to a
character.
STANDARD AND MAXIMUM MAIN MEMORY: The standard memory is the m1n1mum
amount of memory available with a computer's purchase. Most computer
systems offer at least 256K. Memory is measured in thousands (K) or
millions (M) of bytes, with one byte being equivalent to a character or
keystroke. Therefore, in a 256K system, 256,000 characters can be in
memory at one time. The maximum main memory is the most memory that can
inexpensively be added with memory chips. Usually more memory can be
added with additional hardware if there is room for another expansion
board (discussed later in this handbook).
-
NUMBER OF USERS SUPPORTED: This is the number of terminals that can be
hooked to one microcomputer and share its information and memory. A
terminal has no processor chip, and therefore can not "think" on its
own. A microcomputer that supports only one user at a time can more
appropriately be classified as a personal computer.
-
D-3
SOFTWARE INCLUDED: Most computer systems usually bundle, or include, a
disk with the operating system. The operating system is necessary for
any type of work involving microcomputer. It is most often used to
prepare, or format disks for use. Other software that could be bundled
with a system are language packages, which are used for programming, and
additional application packages, such as databases, word processors, and
spreadsheets.
EXPANSION SLOTS: Whenever a peripheral, such as a monitor or printer, is
added to a computer system, it is necessary to also include an interface
card, or an add-on board, that translates coding that is sent back and
forth between the system and peripheral. These boards are placed in
expansion slots within the system. The more expansion slots available
upon purchase, the more peripherals and expanded capabilities are
possible.
SERIAL AND PARALLEL INTERFACES: These are the number of interfaces that
are included with the basic system. Parallel interfaces usually support
printers while serial interfaces are most commonly used for phone modems
and networking, or connecting several computers.
TRANSMISSION SPEED: When one computer is connected to another, either
through a phone connection or more locally through cabling, it becomes
useful to know how fast information can be transmitted. The transmission
speed in measured in bits per second (BPS), with roughly 8 bits
equivalent to a character.
MASS STORAGE (FLOPPY AND HARD DISKS): There are two basic ways in which
information can be stored for use. They can be stored on removable
floppy diskettes, or they can be stored in permanent hard disk drives.
Both methods use disks, with the most popular size being 5.25 inches in
diameter. Floppy disks are available at most retail stores for a
nominal price; however, the user needs to know how many sides the
computer will read at once as well as with how much density the system
is capable of storing information on the disks. Choices in diskette
purchases are either single-sided (SS) or double-sided (DS), and anywhere
from single-density (SD) to quad-density (QD).
Because of the removable nature of the floppy diskettes, they are
limited to less storage space than the hard disk drives. Disk drive
capacities are expressed in either the thousands (K) or millions (M) of
bytes, with one byte roughly equaling a character. Popular floppy disk
drive capacities currently range from 360K to 1.2M, while hard disk
drives can range upward of 72M. Extra drives can be added to the basic
systems, with some units allowing up to 4 drives to reside within the
system. External disk drives are also available, and in some cases, are
the only option.
.-
KEYBOARDS: Every system comes with a keyboard, the instrument
responsible for relaying commands and keystrokes into the computer's
system. Features to be aware of when considering keyboards is the
total number of keys on the board, the number of keys that can be used
for special functions, and if a numerical keypad is included.
-
D-4
DISPLAYS (MONITORS): In many instances, the monitor, or video display,
is not included with the basic system configuration. There are usually
(though not always) two options: either a color or monochrome monitor.
Monochrome monitors are either green or amber on a black background.
The number of colors on the color monitor usually are in multiples of 8.
Screen sizes are measured diagonally, the same as televisions, and the
quality of the picture can be determined by the graphic resolution, or
the total number of dots that are available to be "lit up" on the screen.
TERM OF WARRANTY: This is the length of the warranty period, usually
beginning the date of the purchase.
FIRST INSTALLED: This is not the announcement date of the computer
system, but rather the date the product was first sold commercially.
products that have not been upgraded are probably not a worthwhile
investment.
Old
D-5
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D-9
-
COMPUTER SYSTEM MANUFACTURERS
Apple Computer, Inc.
20525 Mariani Avenue
Cupertine, CA 95014
(408)996-1010
AT&T Technologies Information
Systems, Inc.
1 Speedwell Avenue
Morrison, NJ 07960
(201)898-8000
Burroughs Corporation
1 Burroughs Place
Detroit, MI 48232
(313)972-7000
Compaq Computer Corporation
20555 FM 149
Houston, TX 77070
(713)370-7040
Hewlett-Packard Company
Personal Computer Group
3000 Hanover Streetad
Palo Alto, CA 94304
(415)857-1501
International Business Machines
Old Orchard Road
Armonk, NY 10504
(Contact local dealer)
Kaypro Corporation
533 Stevens Avenue
Solana Beach, CA 92075
(619)481-4300
NCR Corporation
1700 South Patterson Boulevard
Dayton, OH 45479
(513)445-5000
Tandy Corporation
1500 One Tandy Center
Fort Worth, TX 76102
(817)390-3700
-
Texas Instruments
13510 N. Central Expressway
P.O. Box 225012
Dallas, TX 75265
(214)995-3481
Zenith Data Systems
1000 Milwaukee Avenue
Glenview, IL 60025
(312)391-7000
-
HANDBOOK E:
DOT MATRIX PRINTERS
-
E-1
With the growing popularity of microcomputers, the
printer industry is expected to triple in the next few
years.
Printers account for approximately 25 percent of all
peripherals, and as such have led to the expanding market.
There are over 100 different printer manufacturers that each
sell many different printer models.
Even though there are countless numbers of printers,
they usually are distinguishable by their individual
features.
The printers compared in this handbook were chosen
because they can all be purchased and serviced through local
retail outlets.
It should also be mentioned, that although the prices
mentioned here were up-to-date at the time of writing, they
will probably change within a few months due to the dynamics
of the market.
Therefore, the prices can merely be used as
a comparison technique between different models.
E-2
,-
PRINTER FEATURES
AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES (DOT MATRIX VS. OTHERS): Printers can be
classified into two basic catagories: those that strike the paper
through a ribbon to produce the printed image, and those that do not.
According to these classifications a printer is either an impact or a
nonimpact printer.
Impact printers can be further divided into the daisywheel and dot
matrix technologies. The daisywheel printers produce a full character
at a time in much the same manner as a typewriter. Daisywheel printers
are restricted to one size of type per printing element and can not
produce graphic representations. The dot matrix printers are based upon
a printhead with several dots. The more dots the better the letter
quality. With improved technology, dot matrix printers can produce a
letter type of much the same quality as the daisywheels, without
restricting type size or graphics. Dot matrix printers are the most
popular printing option due to their quality, speed, versatility, and
cost.
The nonimpact group include ink-jets, thermal transfer, and laser
technologies. They all are based on the dot matrix principle. The
ink-jet printers shoot the ink at the paper to form various shapes.
Though this type of printer is ideal for color printing, there is still
some difficulty with smearing ink. Thermal transfer involves the
heating of the ribbon in the form of the desired character. This causes
the letter to transfer to the paper. Ribbons used for these printers
can only be used once. Laser printing is the newest technology and also
the fastest. With this technology an entire page can be printed
instantaneously. Nonimpact printers are usually much more expensive than
the impact printers, primarily due to the new technologies involved. As
more research is done, the prices of these printers should come down.
RETAIL PRICE: This is the manufacturer's suggested retail price for the
printer, as of this writing.
PRINT BUFFER: A print buffer allows the printer to store characters
transmitted to it by the computer before printing. This allows the
computer to send information to the buffer at a high speed, and then the
buffer passes the information along at a much slower rate. As the
buffer becomes empty, it must then retrieve another block of information
from the computer. The larger the buffer, the more time there is
between retrievals. This provides more time for the user to use the
computer for other purposes. Buffer size is usually expressed in
thousands (K) of bytes. Each keystroke requires the equivalent of a byte
of memory.
CARRIAGE
that can
paper up
paper up
,-
WIDTH: The width of the carriage signifies the size of paper
be used with the printer. A standard width (STD) supports
to 8.5 inches wide, while the wide carriage width will print on
to 14 inches wide.
.-
E-3
CHARACTERS PER LINE: This feature is directly related to the carriage
width with a few exceptions. This is the maximum amount of characters
per line that the printer can print. The size of print is also a
factor. For example, if the most characters a standard width printer
will support is 80, then the printer only supports pica print (10
characters per inch) and requires a half inch margin. Additionally, a
standard printer that supports condensed print (17 characters per inch)
should allow up to 144 characters with no margin.
PRINTER INTERFACE: There are two types of cables that can be used to
connect a printer to the computer system, either a parallel or serial
cable depending upon the port, or connection, required by the computer.
This is an important feature if the computer does not support one or the
other.
DRAFT CPS: This is the speed (characters per second) which the printer
can print draft mode print. Draft mode is once-over printing.
NLQ CPS: This is the same as draft cps except that the printing is in
the near letter quality (NLQ) mode. This mode requires that the
printhead print each line at least twice, slightly misaligning the line
so that the dots are better connected.
MATRIX SIZE: This is the number of dots that make up a character
matrix. For example, if a matrix is 9-by-7 then there are 9 dots across
and 7 dots down, for a total of 63 dots allowable per character. The
more dots possible the better the print quality. For the most part, a
matrix that contains 35 to 80 dots is of a draft quality, 80 to 100 dots
are near letter quality, and 100 dots or more is approaching a
true-letter quality.
PAPER FEED: Paper can be fed through the printer by either a traction
or friction feed. A friction feeder is much like a typewriter in that
it has two rollers that hold the paper and advance it as the printer
prints. With a tractor feed, special continuous paper can be purchased
that is divided into separate sheets by perforations and folded into a
zigzag pattern. The paper has a perforated strip of sprocket holes down
each side. The tractor feed, with its two revolving sprocket wheels,
catches these sprocket holes and propels the paper through the printer.
When the printout is finished, the user simply tears off these strips and
separates the pages.
SHEET FEEDER: Some printers can be fitted with an optional sheet
feeder. With this type of feeder, paper (such as letterheads) can be
automatically fed into the printer one after the other.
--
E-4
: :========:=:==:=::=:======~ :========!====::==~:===:==::======:===::==::===============:==:======:========~=:=====:::
.,, ,,,
:: RETAIL: PRINT :CARRIAGE:CHARACTERS: PRINTER :DRAFTl ~LQ : ~ATRIX : PAPER : SHEET
:: PRICE : BUFFER: .1DTH : PER LINE :lNTERFACE: CPS: CPS; SIZE
FEED : FEEDER ::
,
: !=========================:!========:========:======== i==========:==============================:========i== ======::
T
: 80 : 40
NO , ,
$268
STD
40-132
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8k
JKIDATA OKI~ATE 20
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: ;-------------------------:~--------~--------:--------~----------~---------:-----!-----~--------!--------:--------::
9x9
T,F : aPTION ::
40-137
5299 : 1 LINE : sa
P,S : 120 : 60
OK!DATA ~!CROLINE 182
: ! _________________________ :: ________ : ________ : ________ :----------:---------:-----1-----1--------:--------:--______ ::
, I
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C ITOH PROWRITER JR
II
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OK!DATA
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2K
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80
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: 105 : 25
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S499
40-137
P,S : 160 : 33 : 17xl7
1 :-------------------------:
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S329
II
II
: !-------------------------: :--------:--------:--------:----------:---------:-----!-----'--------:--------!--------::
EPSON FX-95
II
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II
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$549
8IC
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30-132 :P,S!opt) : IbO : 32 : 13x18
:~,
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: :-------------------------: :--------:--------:--------;----------:---------:-----!-----;--------;--------:--------::
BROTHER
II
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:: 5549
~-1509
4K
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136
S,P
9x12
: 180 : 45
F
: OPTION ::
;;-------------------------l l--------:--------~--------i----------:---------~-----:-----;--------;--------:--------:!
ISII ?ROPRINTER
II
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$549
!-------------------------\
:: C ITOH
PRO~RITER
Bk
STD
226
:P,S(opt) : 200 : 40
9x7
F, T
: OPTION ::
--------~--------!--------:----------:---------:-----!-----'--------:--------:--------~:
B5105
5629
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STD
90
P
: lao: 45 :
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NO
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STAR SR-I0
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$649
2K
STD
80-136 :P,S(optl : 200 \ SO : 17xl1
F,T
: OPTION ;:
i :-------------------------:,--------:--------:--------:----------:---------:-----:-----:--------:--------:--------; i
, , OKIDATA IIICROLINE 193
S699
Bk
WIDE
6B-233
F,T : DPiiON ::
P,S : 160 : 33 : 17x17
"
:, :-------------------------:
:--------:--------:--------:----------:---------:-----:-----:--------:--------:--------;:
,
~EC prNWRITER P2-3
5b99
3.5K
STD
P,S : 190 : 30 : ~lx18
F,T : OPTiON ::
80
II
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II
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: :-------------------------: :--------:--------~--------:----------:---------~-----:-----;--------1--------;--------;:
:: CENTRONICS HORIZON H80
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$699
3)(
STD
137
S,P
: 160 : 27 : 23x 16
F,T
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: :-------------------------:~--------:--------~--------:----------:---------:-----:-----:--------:--------:--------::
II
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II
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5749
11(
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90-132
P
: 144 : 60 : 24x34
F,T
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: :-------------------------! :--------:--------:--------!----------:---------:-----!-----:--------:--------:--------;:,
:: C ITOH PROWR1TER
15~OS
II
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5849
41(
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136
P
: lSO : 45 : lbxl6
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:: CENTRONICS HORIZON HI36:: $899
31(
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156
S,P
: 160 : 27 : 23x16
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: :-------------------------: :--------:--------~--------:----------:---------:-----:-----;--------:--------!--------: ~
II
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EPSON LQ-I000
:: S995
71(
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S,P
: 190 :
iF,T(opti: OPiiON ::
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! :-------------------------l :--------!--------:--------~----------:---------!-----:-----~--------:--------:--------:!
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NEC PINWRITER P3-3
:: 5999
3.51(
~IDE
136
P,S
: 180 : 30 : 21x18
F,T
: OPTiON ::
: :-------------------------~~--------~--------~--------:----------:---------i-----:-----:--------!--------:--------::
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BROTHER 2024L
:: $1295
IbK
W!DE : i36-272
P
: lbO : 80
: lBx24
F,T
: OPT10N ::
!-------------------------::--------:--------:--------:----------:---------:-----:-----:--------:--------:--------:;
:: C ITOH
?RO~RITER
24-Lg :: $1295
IbK
_IDE
13b
P
: 200 : 67 : 19x!3
F,T
liD
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: :-------------------------::--------:--------:--------:----------:---------l-----l-----:--------:--------l--------::
,
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CENTRONICS 250
:: $1295
2K
STD
136
S,P
: 160-2: 40
~x
18
F,T
: OPTiON::
: :-------------------------: :--------J--------:--------:----------:---------:-----:-----;--------:--------!--------::
, I
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STAR NB-15
:: t1449
16K
WIOE : 136-225 :P,S[opt) : 2S0 : 93 : 12x15
F, T
: OPTION ::
: :-------------------------: :--------l--------:--------;----------:---------:-----;-----~--------:--------!--------: ~
:: $1495
I
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41(
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S,P
: 160 : BO : 36x24
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CE~TRaNICS 240
i: $1495
lbK
tilDE
136
: O?TION :'
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-
: :-------------------------: :--------:--------.--------:----------:---------:-----:-----:--------:--------:--------::
EPSON LQ-1500
:: $1495
"
2K
WIDE : :36-272
S,P : :00 : 67 " 29~36 :F,T!op:): jPTJON :;
"
;, :-------------------------::--------:--------:--------:----------!---------:-----:-----:--------:--------:--------::
,
TOSHIBA P-3~1
:: 51599
4k
WIDE : 13b-22b :P,S(opt): 298 : 100 : 24x!1!I
F
: oJPTlON ::
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: ;-------------------------: :--------:--------:--------!--~-------:---------:-----:-----;--------1--------:--------::
CENTRONICS 351
:: S2195
2K
IHoE
132
S,P : 200 : 65
F, T : OPTION ::
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! :--------------___________ : :--------:--------:--------:-----4----:---------:-----: _____ :________ :________ ! ________ ::
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II
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OkIDATA
PAC£~ARK
2410 :: $2395
41(
WIDE
10-136
S,P
: 350 : 75 : Ilxl7
F, T
: OPT:DN ::
E-5
-
PRINTER MANUFACTURERS
Apple Computer, Inc.
20525 Mariani Avenue
Cupertino, CA 95014-2094
(408)996-1010
Brother International Corp.
8 Corporate Place
Piscataway, NJ 08854
(201)981-0300
Centronics Data Computer Corp.
1 Wall Street
Hudson, NH 03051
(603)883-0111
C. Itoh Electronics, Inc.
5301 Beethoven Street
Los Angeles, CA 90066
(213)306-66700
Epson America, Inc.
Computer Products Division
3415 Kashiwa Street
Torrance, CA 90505
(213)539-9041
Fujitsu America, Inc.
3055 Orchard Drive
San Jose, CA 95134-2017
(408)946-8777
International Business Machines
Old Orchard Road
Armonk, ~i 10504
(Contact local dealer)
NEC
1414 Massachusettes Avenue
Boxborough, MA 01709
( 617)264-8000
Okidata Corporation
532 Fellowhip Road
Mount Laurel, NJ 08054
(609)235-2600
Star Micronics, Inc
113 Oldfield Road
Irvine, CA 92714
(714)768-4340
Toshiba America, Inc.
2441 Michelle Drive
Tustin, CA 92680
(714)730-5000