Development of an Herbicide Properties Tool to Communicate Physiochemical
Properties of Pesticide Active Ingredients
by
JamieMerritt
ATHESIS
submittedto
OregonStateUniversity
UniversityHonorsCollege
inpartialfulfillmentof
therequirementsforthe
degreeof
HonorsBaccalaureateofScienceinEnvironmentalSciences
(HonorsScholar)
HonorsBaccalaureateofArtsinInternationalStudies
(HonorsScholar)
PresentedFebruary25,2016
CommencementJune2016
i
ii
ANABSTRACTOFTHETHESISOF
Jamie Merritt for the degree of Honors Baccalaureate of Science in Environmental
Sciences and Honors Baccalaureate of Arts in International Studies presented on
February 25, 2016.Title:Development of an Herbicide Properties Tool to Communicate
Physiochemical Properties of Pesticide Active Ingredients .
Abstract approved: ______________________________________________________
DaveStone
TheNationalPesticideInformationCenter(NPIC)isacooperativeagreementbetween
OregonStateUniversityandtheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgencythatofferssciencebasedinformationaboutpesticidesandrelatedtopicstothegeneralpublic,medical
personnel,applicators,researchers,andregulators.TheHerbicidePropertiesToolproject
isthecreationofanupdatedversionofapopulardatabaseprovidedbyNPIC.Usingmainly
primarysourceEPAdocuments,Icompiledphysiochemicaldatafor228herbicideactive
ingredientsthatwillfeedintoaneasilyunderstandabledatabase.Thepurposeofthe
databaseisnotonlytoupdatethepreviousversionwithnewactiveingredientsbutalsoto
providemoreinformationaboutthedataforthegeneralpublictounderstandwithouta
sciencebackground.Foreachactiveingredient,thedatabasewilldisplaydataforwater
solubility,vaporpressure,soilhalf-life,sorptioncoefficient,andhydrolysishalf-life.A
groundwaterubiquityscoreandmovementratingwerecalculatedforeachactive
ingredienttoallowcomparisonsbetweentwoormoreherbicideproducts.
KeyWords:herbicides,pesticides,NPIC,database,tool,physiochemicalproperties,
groundwaterubiquityscore,groundwatermovement
Correspondinge-mailaddress:merritja@oregonstate.edu
iii
©CopyrightbyJamieMerritt
February25,2016
AllRightsReserved
iv
Development of an Herbicide Properties Tool to Communicate Physiochemical
Properties of Pesticide Active Ingredients
by
JamieMerritt
ATHESIS
submittedto
OregonStateUniversity
UniversityHonorsCollege
inpartialfulfillmentof
therequirementsforthe
degreeof
HonorsBaccalaureateofScienceinEnvironmentalSciences
(HonorsScholar)
HonorsBaccalaureateofArtsinInternationalStudies
(HonorsScholar)
PresentedFebruary25,2016
CommencementJune2016
v
HonorsBaccalaureateofScienceinEnvironmentalSciencesandHonors
BaccalaureateofArtsinInternationalStudiesprojectofJamieMerrittpresentedon
February25,2016.
APPROVED:
DaveStone,Mentor,representingEnvironmentalandMolecularToxicology
KaciBuhl,CommitteeMember,representingNationalPesticideInformationCenter
JeffreyJenkins,CommitteeMember,representingEnvironmentalandMolecular
Toxicology
KerryThomas,HeadAdvisor,InternationalDegreeProgram
ToniDoolen,Dean,UniversityHonorsCollege
IunderstandthatmyprojectwillbecomepartofthepermanentcollectionofOregon
StateUniversity,UniversityHonorsCollege.Mysignaturebelowauthorizesrelease
ofmyprojecttoanyreaderuponrequest.
JamieMerritt,Author
vi
TABLEOFCONTENTS
Page
1
Introduction……………………………………………………………………….…………………………1
2
Methods…….……………………………………………………………………………….…………………4
2.1
ChoosingActiveIngredients………………………………………………………….……4
2.2
ChoosingProperties…………………………………….……………………………….……4
2.3
CollectingData…………………………….………………………………………………….…5
2.4
CitingData…………………………………………………………………………………………7
2.5
DesigningtheDatabase………………………………………………………………………7
3
Results…………………………………………………………………………………………...……………8
4
Discussion…………………………………………………………………………….…………….………10
References…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………15
Appendices……………………………………...……………………………………………………………...….………17
AppendixA(PropertyDescriptionsandFactsheets)……………….………………….……17
AppendixB(DatabaseVisuals)………………………………………………………………….……18
vii
Table LISTOFTABLES
Page
1. (QualitativebenchmarksforSelectedPhysical/ChemicalProperties).….…….19
2. (MovementScoreBasedontheGUSValue)………………………………………….……20
viii
Development of an Herbicide Properties Tool to Communicate Physiochemical
Properties of Pesticide Active Ingredients
INTRODUCTION
Pestcontrolapplicators,agriculturalworkers,andotheroccupationalpesticideusersmust
understandtheeffectsoftheirpesticidesbeforeuse.Otherswhousepesticidesmaywantto
comparetwoormorepesticidesinordertochoosetheoptionthatposestheleastriskto
groundwater.Informationaboutdifferentpesticidesisdifficulttofindfromaproductlabel
orwebsite.However,theU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)requireseach
pesticideproductthatisdistributed,used,orsoldintheU.S.toberegisteredthrougha
scientificandlegalprocedureundertheFederalInsecticide,Fungicide,andRodenticideAct
(FIFRA)1.Thisactpassedin1996requiresallapplicantstoshowthatusingthepesticide
“willnotgenerallycauseunreasonableadverseeffectsontheenvironment.”FIFRAdefines
theterm“unreasonableadverseeffectsontheenvironment''tomean:''(1)any
unreasonablerisktomanortheenvironment,takingintoaccounttheeconomic,social,and
environmentalcostsandbenefitsoftheuseofanypesticide,or(2)ahumandietaryrisk
fromresiduesthatresultfromauseofapesticideinoronanyfoodinconsistentwiththe
standardundersection408oftheFederalFood,Drug,andCosmeticAct.''Acompanymust
submitanapplicationwhenregisteringanewpesticideactiveingredient,anewproduct,or
addinganewusetoanexistingproduct.TheevaluationprocessbytheEnvironmentalFate
andEffectsDivision(EFED)oftheEPAlooksforthefollowingrisks:2
-
Aggregaterisks
-
Occupationalrisks
-
Potentialforgroundwatercontamination
-
Riskstoendangeredandthreatenedspecies
1
-
Potentialforendocrine-disruption
Afterevaluation,theEPApublishesaRegistrationEligibilityDecision(RED)foranyoneto
accessthroughafederaldatabase.3Thesedocumentsaddresstheneedforpesticide
informationbutaredifficulttofind.
TheNationalPesticideInformationCenter(NPIC)4isacooperativeagreement
betweenOregonStateUniversityandtheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgencythatoffers
science-basedinformationaboutpesticidesandrelatedtopicstothegeneralpublic,medical
personnel,applicators,researchers,andregulators.Since1999,NPIChashostedaPesticide
PropertyDatabase(PPD)5ontheirwebsitetoaddresstheneedofactiveingredient
information.Thisdatabaseincludesalistofactiveingredientswiththeircorrespondingsoil
half-life,watersolubility,sorptioncoefficient,andmovementratingorgroundwater
ubiquityscore(GUS).TheGUSisaderivedvaluethatallowsuserstocomparethe
groundwatermovementofactiveingredients.6Thisdatabasehasbeenapopularfeatureon
theNPICwebsiteandhasbeenviewedover33,000timesineightyearsonthesite.
Professionalapplicatorsandeducatorshaverequestedanupdatethatwouldaddnewactive
ingredients.Inaddition,non-professionalusersareinneedofamoreconvenientand
understandableresourceforpesticideinformation.
Inordertomeettheseneeds,anewdatabasewillbecreatedandaccessiblethrough
theNPICwebsite.TheNPICHerbicidePropertiesToolisdesignedtoprovideuserswith
usefuldatainordertoanalyzethepotentialgroundwaterandsurfacewatermovementof
pesticideactiveingredients.Thegoalofthisprojectistocreateauniqueresourcethatis
visuallyappealingandeasilyaccessibleandunderstandable.Itwillbeflexiblydesignedfor
desktopandmobiledevices,andthoroughlyreferenced.Similardatabasesareavailableand
meettheneedfortechnicalinformation.7However,thesesimilardatabasesaregenerally
moredifficulttonavigateandunderstandwithoutasciencebackground.TheNPIC
2
HerbicidePropertiesToolisinteractivewithlinkstodefinitionsandexplanationsthat
targetthe8thgradereadinglevel.Aprofessionalresourcewillnowbeaccessibletothe
generalpublicaswell.
Inanefforttoremainasreliableaspossible,primarysourcedatafromEPA
registrationdocumentsispredominantlyusedinthedatabase.Duringthisinitialphaseof
development,onlyherbicidesareunderobservation,excludingbiopesticides.Herbicides
wereselectedforpriorityevaluationinresponsetorequestsfrompesticideusersandthe
highestrate(s)ofdetectioninsurfacewater,comparedtootherpesticidetypes.Inthe
future,NPIChopestoexpandtheprojecttoincludeothertypesofpesticides.
3
METHODS
ChoosingActiveIngredients
Theactiveingredients(AIs)includedinourdatabasewerethosefoundinatleast
onepesticideproductlabeled“herbicide”inthePesticideProductInformationSystem
(PPIS)8.Thisgenerateda790-itemlist.IfthereweremultipleitemswiththesamePCCode,
theywereconsideredsynonymousandthemostpronounceableAInamewasselected.In
ordertoremovecancelled/bannedAIs,NPICsearchedforeachAIusingadatabase
developedbyNPICcalled“NPICPesticideResearchOnline”or“NPRO.”9WeexcludedAIs
withnoactivelyregisteredherbicideproducts.AIsrepresentedasdisinfectantsorusedto
killslimewereexcluded.ExamplesincludeAIsinpaintusedonboatbottomstocontrol
marineorganisms.AIsusedtokillmossand/orrootswereincluded.AIsthathadmany
differentversions,suchas2,4-Danddicamba,wereincludedwithallofthevariationswith
activelyregisteredproducts.Forexample,wesearchedforchemicalpropertiesforeight
uniquesaltsorestersof2,4-D.Thefinallistincludes229AIs,49ofwhichareesterorsalt
variationsoftheparentAI.
ChoosingProperties
Duringinitialcollection,weattemptedtofinddataforthefollowingproperties:
aerobicsoilmetabolismhalf-life,hydrolysishalf-life,logKow,anaerobicaquaticmetabolism
half-life,Koc,watersolubility,foliarhalf-life,pKa,andvaporpressure.
Aftersearchingforprimarydatasourcesaccordingtotheprotocoldescribedinthe
nextsection,thefollowingpropertieswerekeptinthetablebecausedatagapswere
acceptablylowandtheywereconsideredvitalinordertoconveyfateandtransport
informationtotheaudience:aerobicsoilmetabolismhalf-life,vaporpressure,Koc,water
4
solubility,andhydrolysishalf-life.Theadditionalfourpropertieswereremovedfromthe
tablebecauselittledatawerefound.
Inordertoprovideuserswithameanstocomparepotentialmovementandground
watercontamination,theGUSisdisplayedforeachAI.Eachchemical’spotentialis
categorizedlowtohigh.TheGUSiscalculatedforeachAIinthedatabase,followingthe
methodsandusingtheequationoutlinedbelow:6
GUS=log(soilhalflife)x(4-logKoc)
TheGUSisaconditionalvalueanddependentonsoiltypeandcircumstance.
Becauseofthis,thesoilhalf-lifeandKocvaluesarerecordedwithdifferentsoiltypes.The
threesoiltypesfoundaresandysoils,silty/loamsoils,andclaysoils.Otherfactorsthatmay
affecttheAIgroundwatermovementaretemperature,moisture,organicmattercontent,
pH,sunlight,andmicrobialactivity.10
Wewrotebriefexplanationsabouteachpropertyexplainingwhyitisimportantin
determininggroundwatersafetythatisviewablewhentheuserhoversovertheproperty
title.Inaddition,NPICfactsheetsforwatersolubilityandsoilhalf-lifearelinkedtothe
propertytitleinthedatabasebyclickingit.(AppendixA)
CollectingData
NPICchosetomainlyutilizeprimarysourcedatathroughtheHPT,meaningsources
thatpresentdatafromoriginalresearchandexperimentsarecited.Ifaprimarysourcewas
notfoundinitiallythensecondarysourcesweresearched.ForeachAI,theprocessof
collectingdatabeganwithsearchingfortheingredientintheNPICProductResearchOnline
Database(NPRO)torecordtheCASRegistrynumber.Next,weusedtheCASRegistry
5
NumbertosearchforeachAIinanEPAdatabasecalledChemSearch.11Fromthissite,we
foundidentificationnumbersthatallowedustolocatedata-richEPADocketsforeachAI.3
TheprimarysourcesofdatawereEPAdocumentsincludingRegistrationEligibility
Decisions(REDs)andEnvironmentalFateandEffectsDivisionRiskAssessments(EFED
RAs).Thesewereconsideredprimarybecausethesedataareexperimentallyderivedby
pesticideregistrantsandprovideddirectlytoEPA.WithintheEFEDRAs,mostofthe
physicalpropertydatacouldbefoundintheEnvironmentalFateandTransportsection.The
EFEDwasthemostcommonsourcetofindphysical/chemicalpropertiesforanAI.
IfthedesireddatawasnotfoundwithinEPAdocuments,thenwesearchedan
internaldatabaseofAIdocumentscalledInfoBase.TheInfoBaseresourcesfrequently
includedinformationre:toxicologystudies,ecologicalriskassessments,andarchived
documentsnotreadilyavailableintheEPAdocket(s).
IfnodatawerefoundamongEPAdocumentsorNPIC’sInfoBase,thenSciFinder
databasewasqueried.UsingtheCASnumbertosearchforanAI,onlyprimarysourceswere
usedfromthisdatabase.Ifasecondarysourcewasfound,theinformationwastrackedback
totheoriginalsource.
Finally,ifunsuccessfulwiththeseonlinedatabases,datawereobtainedfromthe
10theditionofTheHerbicideHandbook.12Althoughthisisnotaprimarysource,itis
consideredareliablesecondarysourceusedonlytofillgaps.Roughlyelevenpercentofthe
datainthespreadsheetwasfoundintheHerbicideHandbook.
Limitationsaroseduringdatacollectionwhenarangeofdatawasavailable.Because
wecouldnotperformcalculationsonrangesofdata,themiddlevalueinarangewas
selectedtocalculatetheGUS.AnotherlimitationarosewhenperformingGUScalculations.
Insomecases,theKocvaluewouldbeavailableforsoilspecificdatawhiletheaerobicsoil
metabolismhalf-lifewouldonlybeavailableforunknownsoiltypesorviceversa.Inthese
6
situations,theunknownsoiltypevaluewasusedwiththesoilspecificvaluetocalculatea
soilspecificGUS.Becauseofthis,wehaveincludedtextinthedatabasestating,“TheGUS
valuewascalculatedusingthemostsoil-specificvaluesavailable.Ifthesoiltypewere
unknownforthehalf-lifeandKoc,theGUSvaluewouldappearwithan"unknownsoiltype"
heading.Ifoneorbothoftheproperties(half-life,Koc)werepublishedwithknownsoil
types,theGUSvaluewouldappearwithasoil-specificheading”.
CitingData
Withtheexceptionofcopyrightedmaterial,datafilesweresavedinPortableDigital
Format(pdf)withdestinationssettopertinentsectionsofeachdocument.Eachdestination
waslaterreferencedusingauniqueURLandreferencesweretrackedforeachchemical
propertyrecorded.
DesigningtheDatabase
Subjectmatterexperts,graphicartists,anddeveloperscollaboratedtocreateatwotiereduserinterface.Thefirsttierhastwooptions:thedefaultisalistofeachAIandthe
secondlookslikeasimpletableinordertomeettheexpectationsofloyalusersoftheOSU
PesticidePropertiesDatabase.ThesecondtierappearsafteranAIisclicked.Itincludes
qualitativedescriptorsforsomevalues,andgraphicanimationsforothers.Inaddition,a
referencelinkappearswitheachvalue.ImagesandanimationswerecreatedusingAdobe
Illustrator©.QualitativedescriptorswereassignedasdescribedinTable1.
7
RESULTS
Fivepropertiesweresufficientlyavailableandcriticalforassessingpotential
pesticidemovement,includingaerobicsoilmetabolism(indays),soilorganiccarbon-water
partitioningcoefficient(inmL/g,alsoknownasasoilsorptioncoefficient),hydrolysishalflife(indays),vaporpressure(inmmHg),andwatersolubility(inmg/L@25°C).
AccordingtoEPAdocuments,thesaltandesterformsofparentactiveingredients
degradequicklytoformtheparentacidinmostenvironmentalconditions.Consequently,
thesaltandesterformscanbelumpedtotheparentacidandallreportedphysiochemical
propertiesrelatetoeveryformoftheingredient.AnexampleofanEPAexplanationofthe
lumpingofsaltsandesterisasfollows:“Thelaboratorybridgingdataindicatethatunder
mostenvironmentalconditions,2,4-Destersand2,4-Daminesaltswilldegraderapidlyto
form2,4-Dacid.”13Whenacompound’ssaltsandesterswerelumpedwiththeparent
ingredient,therewere180AIs.Whentheywereevaluatedseparately,therewere228AIs.
Ofthe180herbicideingredients,eachofthefourprioritizedpropertieswasfound
for116activeingredients.Atleastonedatumpointwasnotfoundforsixty-fouractive
ingredients.Outofthe180AIs,aerobicsoilmetabolismhalf-lifedatawerenotfoundfor
17%,Kocdatawerenotfoundfor31%,vaporpressuredatawerenotfoundfor7%,
hydrolysishalf-lifedatawerenotfoundfor34%,andwatersolubilitydatawerenotfound
for6%.Thesepercentagesreflectthedatanotfoundfromprimarysourcesandtheother
resourcesusedfordatacollectionafterathoroughsearch.
Becausesoilhalf-lifeandKocvaluesaredifferentunderdifferentconditions,we
lookedatthreedifferentsoiltypesforthesetwopropertiesincludingsandy,silty/loam,and
claysoils.Whenthesoilhalf-lifeorKocvaluewasnotspecifictoasoiltype,thedatawere
8
categorizedforunknownsoiltype.Soilspecificdatawerefoundfor37%oftheactive
ingredients.
TheGUSwascalculatedforeachsoiltypeorunknownsoiltypewitheachAI.AGUS
wascalculatedfor63%oftheAIs.AGUSwasnotcalculatedifeitherthesoilhalf-lifeorKoc
wasnotfoundforanAI.BasedontheGUSvalue,weassignedeachAIamovementscore
basedoncriteriainTable2.ThemovementscoreallowsuserstocomparetheGUSoftwoor
moreAIs.Italsoeliminatesapurelynumericalrepresentationofthegroundwater
movementandallowsthosewithoutscienceknowledgetounderstand.
9
DISCUSSION
InternationalPesticidePolicy
TheUnitedStateshasverydifferentpolicyregardingpesticidesincomparisonto
othernations.Inthelastfiftyyears,pesticideuseintheU.S.hasincreasedfrom196million
poundsofactiveingredientto516millionpounds.Thisincreasecanbeattributedtoan
increaseinthetotalplantedacreageofcorn,wheat,andsoybeans.14Withagrowinguseof
pesticides,therehasalsobeenanincreaseinpushbackfromsocietytowardstheincreased
andpotentialforharmtohumanhealthandtheenvironment.Sincethe1960’s,theU.S.has
implementednumerousregulatoryactionstowardpesticidesafetysuchasFIFRA,theFood
QualityProtectionActof199615,theEPAregistrationprocess,andstricterlabelingrules.16
Evenwiththenewpolicies,theU.S.remainsatopagriculturalcountryandcontinuestouse
manytypesofpesticides.Whiletoxicityisvariablewhenitcomestopesticides,ifthe
benefitsoutweightherisksthenthepesticidewillmostlikelybeused.
CanadafollowssimilarstandardsastheU.S.Itstrictlyregulatespesticidesthrough
thePestManagementRegulatoryAgency(PMRA).17PMRAregistersallpesticides,
reevaluateseachAIcurrentlyonthemarketeveryfifteenyears,andpromotessustainable
pestmanagement.ThescreeningprocessforeachAIisextremelydetailedtoensure
accurateandstandardizedsubmissions.However,unlessthereissubstantialevidenceof
riskofanAI,thepesticideisregisteredforuse,muchliketheU.S.policy.18
U.S.andCanadahavebeenscrutinizedfortheirnationalregistrationofsome
pesticidesthathavebeenbannedorwithdrawninothernationsduetohealthor
environmentalconcerns.19TheEuropeanUnion(EU)inparticularbansmanymore
pesticidesthantheU.S.orCanada.ThenumberofbannedorseverelyrestrictedAIsinthe
EUis168whileitis65intheU.S.20In2001,theEuropeanCommissionimplementedthe
10
WhitePaperstrategyforchemicalusewiththemainobjectivetoguaranteehighlevel
protectionforhumanandenvironmentalhealth.Thisinitiativesetupanapproachtophase
outallharmfulsubstancesandreplacethemwithprogressive,sustainablealternatives.21In
2007,thenewEUchemicalsregulationwasimplementedtoregulate,evaluate,authorize,
andrestrictchemicals(REACH)accordingtotheWhitePaperstrategy.22Ingeneral,theEU
isstricterwithpesticiderestrictionthantheU.S.andCanada.
Incomparisontothesedevelopedcountries,developingcountriesusemore
pesticidesinordertoreducepest-inducedfoodlosses.Theirpoliciestendtobelessstrict
becausefoodproductionisconsideredessentialforeconomicdevelopmentandgeneral
stability.Aspopulationscontinuetoriseinthesecountriesandingeneral,Ianticipate
pesticideusetoincreaseimmenselyindevelopingcountriesinthefuture.
Althougheachcountryhasadifferentsetofrulesandregulationssettowards
pesticidesandotherchemicals,thisHerbicidePropertiesToolwillbeusefultoanyone
aroundtheworldlookingforphysiochemicaldataofactiveingredients.LookingatNPIC
userstatisticsfrom2015,16%ofthepeopleaccessingtheNPICwebpagesduringtheyear
werefromoutsideoftheU.S.Thetopsixnations,otherthantheU.S.thataccessedthissite
sinceitslauncheightyearsagohavebeenCanada,India,GreatBritain,Australia,Mexico,
andChina.Thisdatabasecanbeusedbyanyoneworldwide.Duetotherisingpopulationin
everycountry,agriculturewillremainaverysignificantaspectofhumanculture,which
meanspesticideswillremainanimportanttopicaswell.
Impact
Areliableandcrediblesourceofactiveingredientpropertiesthatenable
comparisonbetweenchemicalshasbeendevelopedbasedontheworkofthisthesis.The
11
researchwasnecessarybecausetherepreviouslywasnoresourcethatcompileddatafrom
primarysourceEPAdocumentsatthislevelofdetail.Thistooladdsconveniencetothe
searchforphysiochemicaldata.Inaddition,non-professionalpesticideuserswereinneed
ofaresourcethatexplainsmoreabouttheirproductsthanjustnumberslackinguseful
context.Thisdatabasewillincludeexplanationsofhoweachpieceofdatawascollected,
whatthenumbermeans,andavisualrepresentationofwhatthepropertyindicates.For
example,thewatersolubilitycolumnforeachAIwilldisplaythevaluealongwithanimage
ofhowmuchofthechemicalmixeswithwaterandhowmuchremainsasaprecipitate.By
gatheringallofthedataintoonedatabase,theviewerswillalsobeabletocomparethe
differentAIsiftheywishtopickonewithlessofanenvironmentalimpact.
ApartfrominformingtheuserofphysiochemicalvaluesofAIs,thisresourcemay
alsoservetoremindpesticideusersthatallchemicalscanaffectenvironment.This
databasemaylendtothatopinionanddisplaythatpesticidesnotonlyaffectthetargetbut
thesurroundingenvironmentaswell.Somescenariosthatmaybenefitfromlearningabout
thephysiochemicalpropertiesofpesticidesarewhenausergethisorherdrinkingwater
fromawell,whenanimalsspendalotoftimeoutsidenearapesticidespray,orwhentwo
agriculturesitesareclosetoeachother.Ifapesticideishighlysolubleinwaterorhasalong
soilhalf-life,itcanmoreeasilyjointhegroundwaterstreamandcollectinwellsorother
sourcesofwater.Dependingonthepesticide,long-termingestionofchemicalsinwater,
whichmayoccurifawellbecomescontaminated,cancauselong-termhealtheffectssuchas
cancerororgandamage.23Similarly,ifapesticideisusednearahomeoryard,anyanimals
thatspendextendedamountsoftimeoutsidecouldbeeffected.Inthissituation,ifthe
pesticideactiveingredienthasahighvaporization,thechemicalcouldremaininthe
surroundingairforlongerthanexpected.Pesticidesmoveeasilythroughtheairandwater,
causingproblemswhentwoormoreagriculturalsitesaresituatedneareachother.For
12
example,anorganicfarmmayrejecttheuseofpesticideswhiletheneighboringfarmsprays
pesticidesoften.Understandinghowthatspecificpesticidemovesandhowlongitremains
intheenvironmentisbeneficialforbothpartiesinordertopreventthemovementoftheAI
fromonefarmtotheother.
Ihopethatuserswillbegintoutilizeintegratedpestmanagement(IPM)moreoften
thanbefore.Thisisamethodofpestmanagementthatminimizestheuseofpesticidesand
encouragessustainablepestmanagementstrategies.24Ofcoursepesticidesarenecessaryin
manysituation,whichiswhythisdatabasewillbeuseful;however,iftheycanbeavoided
thenIPMprovidespeoplewithalternatives.
UsageScenario
Thissectionwilloutlinehowausercanfindtheinformationtheyneedusingthe
database.AfterspeakingtoNPICPesticideSpecialists,theyhopethatuserswillaccessthis
databasewhenaskingquestionsregardingwhichpesticidetousewhencomparingtwoor
more,theuseofpesticidearoundawellorotherwatersource,andtofindspecific
physiochemicalvaluesforaspecificAI(thisscenarioisspecifictopesticidespecialists).A
potentialusermaycallNPICinsearchofthisinformationand,nowwiththedatabase,an
NPICspecialistwillreferhimorhertotheHerbicidePropertiesTool.Oncethere,theuser
willseealistofeachAI.Therewillbeanoptiontoviewatablesimilartothealready
existingPesticidePropertiesDatabaseontheNPICwebsitewithalistofeachAIand
columnsforeachphysiochemicalpropertyandtheGUScalculation.TheusercanclickanAI
nameineitherthelistortableviewtoexpanditsrow.Thisiswheretheexplanationsand
imageswillbeforeachpropertyaswellasthemovementratingforeachsoiltype.Someof
theimageswillbeingraphicsinterchangeableformat,orGIFs,torepresentmovement.The
13
differentsoiltypesandeachpropertyarecolor-coded.(AppendixB)Eachpieceofdatawill
haveaReferencelinknexttoitthat,whenclicked,issendstheusertotheprimarysource
PDFfileanddestinationwherewefoundit.
14
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Pesticide Product Information System (PPIS). (n.d.). Retrieved February 05, 2016, from
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14
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(2014, May). Pesticide Use in U.S. Agriculture: 21 Selected Crops, 1960-2008.
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15
Summary of the Food Quality Protection Act. (n.d.). Retrieved February 05, 2016,
from http://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/summary-food-quality-protection-act
16
Pesticide Labels. (n.d.). Retrieved February 05, 2016, from
http://www.epa.gov/pesticide-labels
17
Pesticides and Pest Management. (2016). Retrieved February 05, 2016, from
http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/cps-spc/pest/index-eng.php
18
The Regulations of Pesticides in Canada. (2009). Retrieved February 05, 2016, from
http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/cps-spc/pubs/pest/_fact-fiche/reg-pesticide/index-eng.php
16
19
An international comparison on Canada's action on pesticide regulation. (n.d.).
Retrieved February 05, 2016, from http://www.oagbvg.gc.ca/internet/English/pet_180_e_28916.html
20
Banned or Severely Restricted Pesticides (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency).
(n.d.). Retrieved February 05, 2016, from http://scorecard.goodguide.com/chemicalgroups/one-list.tcl?short_list_name=brpest
ECHA. (n.d.). Retrieved February 05, 2016, from
http://echa.europa.eu/web/guest/candidate-list-table
21
White Paper on the Strategy for a future Chemicals Policy. (n.d.). Retrieved February
05, 2016, from
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/archives/chemicals/reach/background/white_paper.htm
?uri=CELEX:52001DC0088
22
REACH - Chemicals - Environment - European Commission. (n.d.). Retrieved
February 05, 2016, from http://ec.europa.eu/environment/chemicals/reach/reach_en.htm
23
N. (n.d.). Pesticides in Drinking Water. Retrieved July, 2000, from
http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/drinkingwater.pdf
24
What is Integrated Pest Management (IPM)? (n.d.). Retrieved February 05, 2016, from
http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/GENERAL/whatisipm.html
17
APPENDICES
AppendixA:PropertyDescriptionsandFactsheets
PropertyDescriptions
•
WaterSolubility
Watersolubilityisameasurementofhoweasilyapesticidedissolvesinwater.Some
mixeasilyintowaterwhileothersremainseparate.
•
Soilhalf-life
Soilhalf-lifeisameasurementofhowlongittakesforacertainamountofa
pesticidetobereducedbyhalfwhileinsoil.
•
Sorptioncoefficient
Sorptioncoefficientisameasurementofhowwellapesticidewillbindtosoil
particlesandorganicmatter.
•
Hydrolysishalf-life
Hydrolysishalf-lifeisameasurementofhowlongittakesforacertainamountofa
pesticidetobereducedbyhalfwhileinwater.
•
Vaporpressure
Vaporpressureisameasurementofhowlikelyachemicalistomoveintotheairas
agas.
FactSheetsforHalf-LifeandWaterSolubility
http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/half-life.html
http://npic.orst.edu/envir/watersol.html
18
AppendixB:DatabaseVisuals
http://npic.orst.edu/HPT/index.html
ListView
TableView
19
WhenanAInameisclicked,thefollowingpopsup:
20
21
TABLES
Table1.QualitativebenchmarksforSelectedPhysical/ChemicalProperties
WaterSolubility
Source:Ney,Ronald,“FateandTransportofOrganicChemicalsintheEnvironment”1995;p.
10
<10ppm(mg/L)
(activeingredient)isnotverysolubleinwater.Itdoesn’tdissolve
verywell.
10-1000ppm
(activeingredient)ismoderatelysolubleinwater.
(mg/L)
>1000ppm(mg/L) (activeingredient)isverysolubleinwater.Itwilldissolveeasily.
VaporPressure
Source:Source:Ney,Ronald,“FateandTransportofOrganicChemicalsintheEnvironment”
1995;p.19
<0.000001mmHg (activeingredient)isnotverylikelytovolatilizeorbecomeavapor.
at25°C,also
expressed1.0X106
0.000001–0.01
Some(activeingredient)willvolatilizeorbecomeavapor;somewill
not.Increasingheatislikelytomakemorevapor.
mmHgat25°C
>0.01mmHgat
(activeingredient)easilybecomesavapor,especiallyas
temperaturesrise.
25°C
HydrolysisHalf-Life
Source:USEPADesignfortheEnvironmentProgram–Version2.0August2011;TableA2.
EnvironmentalToxicityandFate
(value)indays<16 (activeingredient)canbebrokendownquicklybywater.
(value)indays16Whenwaterispresent,theamountof(activeingredient)isreduced
180
by50%every(value)days.
“Stable”
(activeingredient)isnotbrokendownbywater.Thispropertyis
associatedwithlong-termgroundwatercontamination.
SorptionCoefficient(Koc)
Source:NeyJr.,R.E.FateandTransportofOrganicChemicalsintheEnvironment:APractical
Guide,2nded.;GovernmentInstitutes,Inc.:Rockville,MD,1995p.20.
<1000
(activeingredient)willnotbindtosoilparticles.
100–10,000
Some(activeingredient)willbindtosoilparticles,butnotallofit.
More(activeingredient)willbindtorichsoilcomparedtosandysoils.
>10,000
(activeingredient)willbindtosoilparticlesstrongly.Thisproperty
slowsdownorstopsmovementinsoil.
22
Table2.MovementScorebasedontheGUSvalue.
<0.1
0.1–2.0
2.0–3.0
3.0–4.0
>4.0
WhenonlyoneGUSiscalculated…
(activeingredient)isextremely ImageforextremelylowGUS–apply
unlikelytomoveinthesoil
colorfilterthatmatchessoiltype
profile.
(activeingredient)isunlikely
ImageforlowGUS–applycolorfilter
tomoveinthesoilprofile.
thatmatchessoiltype
(activeingredient)hasa
ImageformoderateGUS–applycolor
moderatepotentialtomovein filterthatmatchessoiltype
thesoilprofile.
(activeingredient)islikelyto
ImageforhighGUS–applycolorfilter
moveinthesoilprofile.
thatmatchessoiltype
(activeingredient)isvery
ImageforextremelyhighGUS–apply
likelytomoveinthesoil
colorfilterthatmatchessoiltype
profile.
23