A STUDY OF THE VARIATION OF THE ANTARCTIC
CIRCUMPOLAR CURRENT DURING A ONE YEAR PERIOD
by
JOHN L. BOWEN
B. S. , Northwestern University
(1966)
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT
OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE
DiEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE
at the
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
August 19, 1968
Signature of Author
_
Department of Oceanography,
August 19, 1968
Certified by
hesis Supervisor
Accepted by
WITHDiWAWN
MITBIRAlWE
QTSRARIES
CKairman, Departmental
Graduate Committee
A STUDY OF THE VARIATION OF THE ANTARCTIC
CIRCUMPOLAR CURRENT DURING A ONE YEAR PERIOD
by
John L. Bowen
Submitted to the Department of Meteorology on August 19,
1968, in partial fulfullment of the requirements for the degree
of Master of Science.
ABSTRACT
During a one year period in 1938 and 1939, the R. R. S.
Discovery made sixteen north-south hydrographic sections across
the Antarctic Circumpolar Current south of the African continent.
The distribution of temperature and salinity have been plotted for
all of the sections. The geostrophic volume transport has been
estimated for some of the sections. These sections show that the
Antarctic Circumpolar Current is devoid of large scale fluctuations
while nothing can be determined about the smaller scale ones.
Thesis Supervisor:
Henry M. Stommel
Title: Professor of Oceanography
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to thank Professor Henry M. Stommel for
suggesting this topic and for his helpful comments along the way.
I would especially like to thank Dr. G. E. R. Deacon who allowed
the data from the Discovery cruises to be used.
I would also
like to thank Mr. D. Halpern and Mr. A. Leetmaa who offered
their suggestions.
Lastly I thank my wife Deri who did the typing
and helped on the preparation of the figures.
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
Introduction
Description of Sections
Distribution of Properties
Geostrophic Volume Transports
Conclusions
Tables and Figures
Table 1.
Summarized List of Stations
Figure 1 - 4.
Figure 5.
Positions of stations
13
14-
17
Temperature at 2000 meters
for 00 longitude sections
Figure 6.r
Temperature at 2000 meters
for 20 0 E longitude sections
Figure 7 - 38.
Distribution of temperature
and salinity for sections
1-16
Table 2.
Calculated Geostrophic Volume
Transports
References
20 - 51
INTRODUCTION
For many years oceanographers have been forced to
piece together data from various cruises of various ships during
various times of the year and to make the assumption of steady
state in order to obtain some general understanding of the ocean.
Even in the few areas of the world where large scale operations
have been made, such as the Gulf Stream or the Kuroshio, the
knowledge of the time variation remains minimal.
The Antarctic is one place in which the piecemeal study
is quite evident because of its large area, distance from the
northern hemisphere, and hostile environment.
The cruises of
the Discovery II, the Meteor, and other ships were only intended to be preliminary studies of the unknown Southern. Ocean.
Their data, however, remains in use today because of the sparceness of supplimentary data.
Only in the recent surveys made by
the Eltanin, Ob, and "Deepfreeze" icebreakers have the beginnings of a comprehensive study been made.
But one or two ships
are not able to repeat cruises fast enough to cover the entire
Antarctic sufficiently well to determine its time variation.
large number of ships and other methods of data acquisition
A
must be employed to spend a great amount of tim.e studying the
Antarctic in order just to know as much about it as is known
about the Gulf Stream.
Before any large scale program is planned, however, it
is necessary to review the old data to define better the problem
that is faced and to possibly suggest what course of action is to
be taken.
One such block of old data which has nof been reviewed
is that taken by the Discovery II between April, 1938, and March,
1939, in which during the end of a circumpolar cruise and seven
repeated cruises south and west of the Cape of Good Hope, the
Antarctic Circumpolar Current was crossed completely or partially sixteen times.
Half of the crossings were made along 00
longitude, the other half along 200E longitude.
While stations
were neither taken at the same locations nor spaced very close
together, these sections give information as to the general
variability of the Circumpolar Cur.rent and the distribution of
properties.
I.
Descriptions of Sections
The two north-south sections (numbered 1 and 2) that
were made in April,
1938, were the last part of a circumpolar
cruise that the Discovery began in October,
section begins near 50 0 S,
1937.
The first
00 and runs due south to latitude 650S.
After zig-zagging eastward along the ice pack to longitude 20 0 E,
the ship headed due north to the South African coast making a
section crossing the Circumpolar Current.
After a two month stay in port the Discovery began in
July the first of seven repeated cruises in which fourteen sections
across the Current were made.
The general pattern of each
cruise consisted of two sections across the Circumpolar Current.
The first section, called the 00 longitude section, had four or
five deep hydrographic stations betvieen Capetown and a position
40 0 S, 00 and deep stations every 30 or 40 of latitude due south
along 00 longitude to either the ice pack or the Antarctic Continent.
The second section, called the 20
0
E longitude section, had
deep stations every 30 or 40 of latitude due north along 200E
from as far south as possible to Capetown.
These fourteen
sections (numbered 3 to 16) along with numbers 1 and 2 give
sixteen north-south sections during a period of one year by
which the Antarctic Circumpolar Current may be examined to
determine whether or not there is a discernable variation.
Five of the sections, those of the summer months,
covered the entire distance between Africa and the Antarctic
Continent crossing the Circumpolar Current completely.
Of
the other sections all but number 1, which was mainly to the
south, crossed the major portion of the Current.
Also all of
the sections except number 1 crossed the Antarctic Convergence
as determined by Mackintosh (1946) to be between 49 0 24'S and
51036 ' for the 00 longitude sections and between 480 24'S and
500 48'S for the 200 longitude sections.
From the surface current chart of Schott (1942) it can
be seen that sections are not exactly perpendicular to the Current.
North of 40 0 S the 00 longitude sections are parallel to the Current.
Another complication in this area is the Sub-tropical Convergence
near the African coast.
Between 400S and 500S these sections
are nearly perpendicular to the Current while south of 500S to
the Antarctic Divergence near 650S they again become more
parallel to the Current.
The 20 0 E longitude sections cross the
Current perpendicularly except near the African continent where
the Agulhas Current complicates the flow and south of the
Antarctic Divergence near 60 0 S.
II.
Distribution of Properties
The distributions of temperature and salinity given in
This
Figures 7 to 38 for all the sections are remarkably similar.
similarity holds not only for the summer and winter sections but
also for the 00 and 200 sections.
Below 1000 meters the temperature distribution has only
a slight variation from one section to another.
Figures 5 and 6
show the time and latitude of the temperature at 2000 meters
for the 00 longitude sections and 20 0 E longitude sections respectively.
The majority of the variation in latitude of the temper-
ature is within one and a half degrees while the maximum variation is less than three degrees of latitude.
There may be a
strengthening of the horizontal temperature gradient in sections
5, 6, 9, and 10 which would indicate greater density gradients
and greater currents at these times (sections 5 and 6 are in
August, 9 is in the end of October, and 10 is in the beginning
of November).
It must be noted that these variations are less
than the station spacing, and thus any small scale variations
may not be significant due to aliasing.
Large scale variations
in the deep temperature field, however, are noticeably lacking.
Above 1000 meters more variation is seen to exist.
As
is to be expected the temperature of the surface layer is seasonal.
Below this layer, while the sections are not all the same, they
do have similarities.
On all of the 00 longitude sections the
isotherms between 3°C and 90C are fairly flat north of about
43°S at which point they quickly begin to slope upwards towards
the south entering the level influenced by the surface variations
within 10 to 30 of-latitude.
These sloping isotherms will give
cause to a sloping density field and its ensuing current.
The
northern edge of this current remains at approximately the same
position throughout the year.
North of 400S the stations may
appear to be more closely spaced than to the south.
This is
an illusion since the stations here have been projected from
their true position -onto the 00 longitude line.
On all of the
20 0 E longitude sections except number 16, the isotherms between
30 C and 90C have no area in which they are flat as they rise
toward the south from the northernmost station.
This may indi-
cate that sections do not cross the current completely.
But this
is a complicated area; one in which the wide station spacing is
unable to resolve.
All of the sections show a temperature maximum at a
depth of between 750 and 1000 meters at its northernmost point,
approximately 48 0 S, and rising towards the south to a depth of
about 250 meters at the southern end of the section.
The actual
end points are impossible to define from these sections.
All of the sections also show a temperature minimum
at a depth of 600 meters near 480S rising towards the south to
a depth of 100 meters.
The winter minimums nearly disappear
near the ice pack.
The summer minimums do not have the very
cold -core extending as far north as the winter ones.
temperature
is found on the
The coldest
edge of the ice pack in the winter
and both at about 6 0 oS'and at the Antarctic continent in the summer.
As with the temperature distributions, the salinity distributions have similar characteristics for all of the sections.
A
salinity maximum extending completely across the sections
begins at a depth of about 3000 meters and a salinity of 34. 85 /00oo
in the north and becomes shallower towards the south reaching
0
a depth of between'500 and .900meters at 55 S and a salinity of
34..69 o/oo or greater.
The winter stations do not extend far
enough south to show the minimum depth of the maximum..
A salinity minimum of less than 34. 00 O/oo is found at
the surface of all sections from the southern extreme to as far
north as between 450S and
5 0 0S.
These minimums can be traced
downward and northward to a depth of 1000 meters and a salinity
of less than 34. 50 o/oo at northern end of the section.
Neither
the thicknesses nor the penetrations of the minimum appear to
be the same for each section.
to be seasonal.
But the variations do not appear
Sections made with a more frequent period
would be needed to resolve these fluctuations.
III.
Geostrophic Volume Transport
In order to compute the vertically integrated volume
transports perpendicular to a line connecting two stations, it
is necessary to determine some lower reference level from
which to integrate.
If this reference level is one in which there
is no horizontal motion, then the transport computed will be the
absolute transport.
One method of determining the level of no
motion is to find a range of depths in which the differences in
dynamic heights between two adjacent stations remains constant
(Defant, 1961).
In the Discovery sections there does not appear to be a
level of no motion above 3000 meters since the differences in
the dynamics heights for two stations do not become constant.
Below 3000 meters the National Oceanographic Data Center has
only calculated the dynamic heights at 4000 meters; and, in fact,
there are a great number of stations which do not extend down
to 4000 meters.
These sections are unable to determine whether
or not a very deep level of no motion exists.
By the use of a deep isobaric surface as a reference, the
level of no motion problem is circumvented,
transports are then com.puted.
but only relative
As has been stated above many
of the stations do not extend to 4000 meters. This is especially
true at the southern end of the winter 00 longitude sections near
Bouvet Island and the Atlantic-Indian Ridge.
In fact, all but one
of the winter 00 sections do not have an end station as deep at
3000 meters. It is thus impossible to determine any variation in
the transport relative to 3000 meters or 4000 meters for the 00
longitude sections.
The 20
0
E sections are more suited to using a deep isobaric
reference level since all but one (number 10) has a southern
station with a maximum depth of at least 3000 meters.
Again,
however, the geostrophic transports do not yield reliable results.
The dynamic heights at the northern ends of the sections are not
level between any two stations except in number 16.
These
sections are unable to define the northern edge of the current.
During the winter months the sections do not extend completely
across the Circumpolar Current, but the transport missed is
probably small since the dynamic heights are beginning to become
level at the southern end of the sections.
Table 2 gives the transports across those sections which
have deep stations on the edges.
The transport has been computed
using only the two extreme stations and on average Coriolis
parameter.
Since the Coriolis parameter varies along the
.sections, these transports will be less than more exact analysis
which computes the transport between each station.
Since the
Antarctic Circumpolar Current remains at approximately the
same latitude, a comparison may be made between the transports
to determine whether or not there is any variation in the Current.
Sections 8 and 16, which have level dynamic heights at the
northern edge, give a much lower transport.
The other sections
have nearly the same transport. It appears as though the
geostrophic transport of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current
remains fairly constant throughout the year.
In order to obtain a better understanding of the transport
in this area the northern edge of the Current has to be defined
better by closer station spacing, the two dimensional velocity
field has to be determined by east-west sections, and stations
have to be made as deep as possible with samples taken closer
together.
IV.
Conclusions
The study of these sections made by the Discovery II in.
1938 and 1939 shows that the Antarctic Circumpolar Current tends
to remain in a quite stable configuration throughout the year.
The
temperature and salinity fields retain.their same characteristics
in all of the sections with large scale fluctuations being notably
absent.
The deep isotherms slope up towards the south in the
same manner and in the same general area in all of the sections.
Temperature maximums and minimums are present in approximately the same positions with some seasonal variation in the
minimum.
Salinity maximums and minimums are always present.
Throughout the sections the minimum does show a marked variation in its thickness which -cannot be resolved.
Since the station spacing is of the order of 30 to 40 of
latitude, the variations that are on a smaller scale than this
cannot be seen (about a fifth of the total width of the eastward
moving current).
To determine how much the small scale
variations affect the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, it is
necessary to have stations spaced closer together in the areas
where changes occur within a small distance.
One of these
areas is.the northern edge of the Current, especially just
south of the African continent.
Another area is where the
deep isotherms pass through the temperature maximum and
mimimum.
Deeper stations would also help determine the
geostrophic transport and the distribution of properties more
accurately.
More sections throughout the year would give a
better understanding of the variation in the distributions,
especially in the salinity minimum.
.TITUDE
- South
STATIONS
DATES
1
2311 - 2323
lliv.- 18iv 1938
50005 ' - 65004
'
2
2335 - 2350
22iv - 2v 1,938
67010'
39011
'
3
2351 - 2362
2vii - 12vii 1938
35031' - 54059 '
4
2374 - 2380
19vii - 25vii
55042
5
2381 - 2394
6viii - 18viii 1938
35030 ' - 57018
'
2411 - 2419
23viii - 30viii 1938
56025' - 38046
'
6
7
2420 - 2432
15ix - 25ix 1938
35011
8
2447 .-2453
lx - 6x 1938
54047 ' - 37 051 '
9
2454 - 2465
18x - 27x 1938
35036 ' - 55017
10
2478 - 2486
2xi - 9xi
11
2487 -- 2501
12
2517 - 2525
13
2526
14
2559 - 2576
27i - 5ii
15
2578 - 2601 -
16ii - 4iii
16
2606 - 2626
5iii - 18iii 1939
TION
2547
1938
-
'
'
- 39051'
- 56037
'
'
- 34038
'
23xi- 5xii 1938
34040' - 55030
'
12 xii - 18xii 1938
56057' - 34029'
7i - 22i
34020 ' - 69030
1938
1939
1939
1939
Summarized List of Stations
Table 1
54017
'
'
68050 ' - 40012
35008
'
- 69044
69040
'
- 37047 '
Figure 1.
Positions of stations on sections 1, 2, 3, and 4.
Figure
2.
Positions of stations on sections 5, 6, 7, and 8.
15
Figure 3.
Positions -of stations on sections 9, 10, 11, and 12.
Figure 4.
Positions of stations on sections 13, 14, 15, and 16.
17
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k_
r i
- -__
--i
- _ +--
r
.- -
i....
I
i ---
c-H-_
-- r-:- I I
I
;
'1
II
'
L~__ilil
~--C---F-~-
-1
I,,
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I
--
,
0....
..
) :
L
LT
4+771
11I
I
i
i
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I
-I-~----I
i
----
-I
I
lIX,
I
t'
I
-^-1----~-
-i
I
50
5
,
6005
The distribution of temperature along section 5. A 00 longitude
section from 35030 ' S to 57018' S. 6 August to 18 August 1938.
--I2000
LL
~-
II
i, *1
I
16:
I;
,~'Ii.I..1
I
I
~~
.
i
L..i.~r_
1..1i'
I~iLLN
1-.
k
31,66'
j
I
I-
1-7-- 000
Figure 12.
Li
.a
-5000
LAT 135 05
Figure 12.
The
distribution
of salinity
along
5. toA 18
00 August
longitude
section
from 35030
S to 57018
S section
6 August
1938.
-- iIi
~-.. ii )~~I~
-I
i'j
-I1'
i--1-tti
.;'to S
115
1
50S-.1
The distribution of salinity along section 5.
section from 35030' S to 57018 1S
5
60S
A 00 longitude
6 August to 18 August 1938.
LU
V)
a-
LU
.r-
=
LU
CL
LLJ
M
TT~
t
'
~"F~t7
Figure 13.
I
I
ftift
The distribution of temperature along section 7.
section from 350111S to 56037'S.
A 00 longitude
15 September to 25 September 1938.
~
_ I~
I
__ _ _~~_____~__i__
~-ill_____ll*_~~ _1II~
^I--~I_~E~Z~C~
STA
PP?
2A1? 21A92 '3
'000
...
c,
"I
-"
,
. It.
--
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Figure 14.
,,o
430
.7
45
1.
'34.
20
5
-'-
z
35s
3 4.
r
,00
LAT
" '
129
i
-
i
000-
'"T"
,
50
.
M7
2125
?124
5"
7q
,7
7
So.
-
,1
40'S
0S55
The distribution of salinity along section 7.. A 0 longitude section
Sfrom 35011' S to 56037 S . 15 September to 25 September 1938.
__
_
STA
2454 2455 2456
.4 0,. .
7
U2~
24,7 2453
000
t
"'~
2.159
.,
9 '-~'
.
4
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76JjsI.'4r;
,-
•
.. .
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P "
f-2000'
l - ,,Tf0
20
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at: I
I,
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--
-
-
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If-_
42
.
. .....
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1
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4
I
.
Q~t
23
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i
,
"
0 ---
~
-
I Ii -/ -l+-
,--i
-,
-,
)i~
-
Iirc
/
S-!! i-------i,~
- I - ';L
- - I. . . . .
i.t
..
:...
.1. .ir.,'-, , !,
!
l~;
'
0 --
'
Figur
....
.
I.' section
, ,
5i. 550171 S. _S18 October
.I to 27 October
.
,
ILA13~
from 35 0 36'S to
1938.
T,
1'
50
;_X =i _ _.'"-a-r
._ , .. ..
- -- - Q
- -
F
--- -i
P
.
1
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I
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'1~~1
2462
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1
.
46,
1loI
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1
s
-
r/0.00
24,160
15
Figure 15.
I--A
i~r
I
.I
I
l 0 : , tI' I"
,i,
4 i
.. .....
i ; ..jO
.
,
,
tI
l
.
t ,I i
~i
i
I
i
Th ditiuino
eprtr
sect-i~-in frm 35°3'St
55°7
v
5r
t! '
'
i0-
I
ln
' S
$j
t 1 ]'
eto
18Otoe
.A0
t
7
The distribution of temperature along section 9.
ogtd
cobr19
A 0 0 longitude
-~-~--^~~sl---
I
I~-LI~
LI - ----
4
2.1
44
- ..z....
" --'
4W,,
3'-.
0
--' -------L
-- .
..
..
. ,
,,
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. t 3'707
-i -
--
---
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,-
0 1
.
il7
...
41
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34,20
----..-r
L-
- -4
I
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j 4I
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i
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.
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t
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.
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7
7
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,- ..
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- - -
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-- -. ... ... ..,-
...
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.
. . .. . ---------
1000
rc.....i
--- i...
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:
i.
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---
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r"
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I
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5000
.4.
,
-I...
f .' ... -- i --...
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. ...i t...
..AT
,
3505
Figure 1 6.
.
'to's
.
- i--
i
'
-i.
- .- I.........-i.
D -i----- ?---i ..... _.... ;--+-----j.
.:
1.._:
...
-..I
35,
50.5
,
55"S
The distribution of salinity along section 9. A 00 longitude
section from 35036' S to -55017 S. 18 October to 27 October 1938.
~
STA
2487 2488 2489
.J 1
'
2490 2491 2492
2493 2494
I
l
_. O.OOi
L
t
L
I
~~fr
j
14'4/
- .I
iI -i boo iOl
z -
70Y.500
-,-----.-----L--'
-
C
0 l0s
i
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t
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I
i
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0
'
o;4jf
1/ 1i
2-
Ioq
I
- v';:-,4
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I'
,2497 2403 2499 2500 2501
4
if-i
CL
1
4J4-
- 7 .... -0
i-~
)00
2496
2495
:
-
--
40
....
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l
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• ,I,
, i . "
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--
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.
i' ; . . " : -
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50
,
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7!'--+-.--H-..-.
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t
.
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S4
,- -
i
.
-
i
. '
,
,
I 3q's
A;
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35)
'to
5
50' S'
.
Figure 17.
The distributuin of temperature along section 11.
section from 34040 ' S to 55030 ' S.
A 00 longitude
23 November to 5 December 1938.
~CI-SII-----C1;5~-~FIl=C-.
~IXI~
~-~--
STA
2487 2488 2489 2490
11
1 35 .00
2491 2492
1.
I
2493
Ii
2494
1.
1
4 50
*
14.-
34
100
~2
,
000
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tO000
i.000
7l =z'-"40l
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2497 2198 2499 2500j
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I 1
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iv
KI~VV'f77V~V7~7[
. . . ;:W r
i
,
p
L-
Lcli
-4 4-2
-i
35°i
Figure 18.
-
L
I
I
05
" i
,5
I
500 s
The distribution of salinity along section 11.
section from
34 0 40'
S to .55030 S.
II
55S
A 00 longitude
23 November to 5 December 1938.
STA ?526
2527
/j 0t,
2528 2529
I
i
2532
2531
10
2530
I
I
-- .00
I
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.'.I
'.
i- .- ---
. r4
i1-:, i: •r . .
LUJ
I-!
LIJ
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t
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C
204
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1
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.
i
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2547
2546
2545
2544
2543
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2:
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L . . . ---i
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; ~I-
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i
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2541
2540
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2538 2539
2536 2537
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I,I i
i
.
,
;,
i
.
I~
t
500
Li
5
3'5
Figure 19.
'I ti-1
6 0,.
The distribution of temperature along section 13.
section from
34 0 20'
'
S to 69030 S.
:,
I
'
I
65,S.
A 00 longitude
7 January to 22 January 1939.
:!iI
i
700'
~P
el
_ ~~~~~
_~~_~_____~ ____~
____
______~______=____=3_P_3___________=I~
STA
2526 2527 2528 2529 2530
1 It_.5 Ko
"'%
t_
I
-."7y
2532
I _
2531
..
-.i:-3 4-/0
3
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--t-34 40
/000z-
2533
qi
34.~C
2534
2537
2536
2535
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2539
25381
5 8.
2540
SI.
2541
r
2542
I;. 2543
I_. 2544
II
2545
I_
2546
i..
2547
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:
3
1
.14
1 ..231..0
7
t4l7
1
I
7
.,
I'
[:
44
4.60
I
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I
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7
-
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LU
Ir
J.
~:~iI
74
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5
0
+-
1
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LUI
3
5
OS/
Figure 20.
1
1
-; 5 .5A ~
I I
1
5 10
i
1
155- S
11
The distribution of salinity along section 13.
section from 34020 ' S to 69030 ' S.
600,5 1
ii
1;
I
e
1
A 00 longitude
7 January to 22 January 1939.
1
.
.70"5
I,
~--;*"--;;----
,.~?==il_~
STA
2578
2 79
2581 2582
2M0
I+
2
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31
000
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-
4,000
i
1
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. . ._~._.
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...
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->4--
_]
--
.
i
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_
,350$
__
_
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r/
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Figure 21.
__
_10
- -..... .
1*
2593 2599
2597
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000,.0
Io
..
/
. --
I,
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- iTa
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0.
. . -l
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L,.
1
1
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i
2596
4
".
" - ------ 4"
r --;-
--
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..
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i
1
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2600
2593 2594 ?S95
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40CC
--
2590 25912592
,
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2589
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2588
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2586
i"
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2535
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2584
2583
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,...
t
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4
'
ht
I'
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4
i ,
,
.
_
F
it
500$
5:5
60S
The distribution of temperaturealong section 15. A 00 longitude
section from 35008 S to 69044
S.
16 February to 4 March 1939.
7
P_____PLZII_________
~
STA 298 25f9 2580 2581 2582
2583
2585
2 84
2586 2587
I
2588
2589 259025912592 2593 2594 2595
I
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I
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2596 2597
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2598 25992600
I
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7
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....
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±
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s
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I
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1 ii
Figure 22.
The distribution of salinity along section 15.
section from. 35008' S to 690441 S.
A 00 longitude
16 February to 4 March 1939.
-
___
STA
2:
9
-
C)
/
I.
;
--I--, -I---
'
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/ 1
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. '°
!2" 01--- " "--'[ /- "'- ''I2"
7-52 . ..-
•- -t----.--- .
...
--
C
,- "" " '
i-
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.. '
I---- -
i
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239
to
33
2337
2336 2335
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to
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--
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3-S
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193
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; ' .: .-_2 2,.. s,-t
....-1-..
1
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.
!\-
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-.
- - ..",..-
The distribution of temperature along section 2. A 200 E-longitude
i'
_-4'- " - -- !-,----.....
- !...... . .- - ... -- - ----if - ....
'- ....-- 4.-I
f .....
-- r....
!
;P",-_II
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Figure 23.
"
zJ4U
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..
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5" O0 -'l "-"""."..
-- 4- i--"-- --i-..
00
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t ./ f ir o. m,"
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Figure 24.
it
4505°
i
I,
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i. 5
It
i.
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I
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It
t777
V
I
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I
60
60
The distribution of 'salinity along section 2.
section from. 67010' S to 39 0 11'S.
655
_55,
65o
A 200 E longitude
22 April to 2 May 1938.
17005
alP-~el--L -
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Figure 25.
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Figure
2
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1
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A 2--n-u
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i
The distribution of temperature along section 4. A 200°E longitude
section from 55042 ' S to 39051! S.
19 July to 25 July 1938.
V)
LL
FLUJ
-
LUFigure
26.
Figure 26.
The distribution of salinity along section 4. A 200E longitude
section from 55042 S to 39051 S. 19 July to 25 July 1938.
STA
2 d19
LL.16. 0
- -4_.
2417
2418
2416
24,14 2413 ?4 2 24i11
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Figure 27.
1
5
ia '0
,I
5°
'.
The distribution of temperature along section 6.
section from 56025 ' S to 38046' S.
i
A 200E longitude
23 August to 30 August 1938.
~1 ;-~ ;----
:--i-~F-;;---~~-~-~i?~
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241.
S
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I
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Figure 28.
1305
553
so5
The distribution of salinity along section 6.
section from 56025' S to 38046' S.
A 200E longitude
23 August to 30 August 1938.
~~--,I"----
---''
-=~
STA
2,1452
2453
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44
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, ,
The distribution of temperature along section 8.
'
section from 54047' S to 37051 S.
A 200E longitude
1 October to 6 October 1938.
;u~~ucl;iiliusnn~.
b-~iiihber-nss~ienr~ -- ;r-i~b-l~in~;ri~i-iii~
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LAT 35
Figure 30.
.
90
-'5,
-
505
5 3
The distribution of salinity along section 8. A 200E longitude
section from 54047'S to 370511 S. 1 October to 6 October 1938.
STA 2486
2485
1-I
I
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I
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1-47)(
00
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Figure 31.
.4-
40
T
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I
7
-7-7
_44
I
5
i:
:
The distribution of temperature along section 10. A 20 0 E longitude.
section from 54017' S to 34038 ' S. 2 November to 9 November 1938.
STA
2i.
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7
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t
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Figure 32.
4005
,5:
"0J
The distribution of salinity along section 10.
section from 54017' S to 34038 ' S.
55s
A 20 E longitude
2 November to 9 November 1938.
STA
2525
L1
- *0.00-
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35 5.
Figure 33.
.
.
5
The distribution of temperature along section 12.
section from 56 0 57 S to 34029 S.
A 200E longitude
12 December to 18 December 1938
STA s251s
2519
, N.
35.S j. I
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Figure 34.
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1;5 5
I
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50.5
The distribution of salinity along section 12.
section from 56057' S to 34029' S.
555,
'
r
60'6
A 20 0 E longitude
12 December to 18 December 1938.
--------~~-~~---,-~~II~
STA
2560
2563 2562 2561 12559
2577
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m--
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Figure 35.
5 0"
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L -L
i.
i -- -- _ _
~_c
4
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i-
I
I-
60,
,
i 65 , I
The distribution of temperature along section 14. A 200E longitude
section from 68 0 50' S to400 12 ' S. 27 January to 5 February 1939.
70'
'
I
STA
?577
2576
2575
2574
,
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2569
2570
2568
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2567
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from 68050! S/~6to 40012!
5 February 1939.
,1
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60'S -
.au r to 5
LAT
Figure 36.
!I
•-
7 jl
The distribution of salinfty along section 14.
A 20 0 IE longitude
70'S
9 ,:':,y
.:-
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2613
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Figure 37.
.
1
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7 .
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0
i
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i
i
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5
0:
i6!6;o
I i
I
°
I
The distribution of temperature along section 16. A 200E longitude
section from 69 0 40' S to 37 0 47'S.
5 March to 18 March 1939.
7005
SVTTA
2623
2624
, 2625
2626
I62..6.,f
2610 2609 2608.2607
2618 2617 26162615 2614 26132612 2611
2621 2620 2619
2622
2606
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Figure 38.
i-
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1- l
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1659.5-
The distribution of salinity along section 16.
section from 69040' S to 37047' S.
---i-
A 20 0 E longitude
5 March to 18 March 1939.
L
j.
-i-t4
-
--
~j-,---70;3
SECTION
TOTAL VOLUME TRANSPORT
(106 m /sec)
wrt 4000 m
wrt 3000 m
2
239
175
4
228
159
6
225
160
8
161
125
12-
220'
143
16
165
111
117
9
13
213
142
15
195
135
* 4000 m dynamic height interpolated.
Winter section - does not extend across the current completely.-
Table 2.
Geostrophic volume transports across
sections which have deep end stations.
REFERENCES
Deacon, G. E. R. (1937). "The Hydrology of the Southern Ocean,"
Discovery Reports, Vol. 15, pp. 1-124.
Defant, Albert (1961). Physical Oceanography, Pergamon Press,
New York, Vol. 1, pp. 1-729.
Discovery Reports, Vol. 24, 1947, pp. 1-422.
Mackintosh, -N.A. (1946).
"The Antarctic Convergence and the
Distribution of Surface- Temperature in Antarctic Waters, "
Discovery Reports, Vol. 23, pp. 177-212.
Schott, G. (1942). "Grundlagen einer Weltkarte der Meeresstromungen"'
Ann. Hydr. Mar. Met., p. 247.