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AERIAL
TRACING
TRA.ING
AERTALPHOTOGRAPHIC
OF
PULP
MILL EFFLUENT
WATERS
PULPMILL
u,,,uufiI IN
IN MARINE
MARINE
WATERS
by
li
t
I
Oregon State University
Oregon
University
Fred
Investigator
Fred J.
J. Burgess,
Burgess, Principal
Principal Investigator
Head, Department
Head,
Departnent of
of Civil
Civil Engineering
Wesley
James, Research
ResearchAssociate
Associate
Wesley P. James,
Corvallis,
Corvallis, Oregon
Oregon 97331
9733I
for
for the
the
FEDERAL
WATER
QUALITY
ADMINISTRATION
FEDERAL
WATER
QUALITYADMINISTRATION
DEPARTMENT OF
OF THE
THE INTERIOR
INTERIOR
DEPARTMENT
I
I
il
I
I
$
Program No. 12040
Progran
1 2 0 4 0EBY
EBY
l/trPGrant No.
No. WP-00524
Grant
00524
August, 1970
L970
For sale
by the
sslo by
Documonts, U.S.
GovernmentPrinting
Ofrc€
ths Superintendent
Superintondentof
of Documents,
U.S. Government
Printing Office
Washington,
D.C.
-- Price
Washington,
D.C,20402
20102
Prico$1.25
$1.26
33i
FWPCA
Notice
FWPCAReview Notice
the
This report
been reviewed by the
report has been
This
AdninFederal Water
Pollution
Control
AdminWater Pollution Control
for publication.
publication.
istration and
approved for
istration
and approved
that the
the
Approval does
signify that
does not signify
the views
views
contents
reflect the
contents necessarily reflect
Water PolPolFederal Water
and
policies of the
the Federal
and policies
Adninistration.
lution
lution Control Administration.
11
1L
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT
pulp mill
nill ocean
ocean
Kraft pulp
plunes from
fron Kraft
waste plumes
Aerial photography
photography taken of
of waste
Aerial
waste disdisof waste
in the
study of
the study
outfalls
was shown
effective tool
tool in
an effective
outfalls was
shown to
to be
be an
and
sea conditions
conditions and
linited by sea
posal sites.
is not limited
sites.
This technique
technique is
posal
year.
the year.
sites throughout the
permits nonitoring
monitoring and
pernits
of outfall
outfall sites
and evaluation
evaluation of
information
comprehensiveinformation
Photography taken at
instant provides
Photography
provides comprehensive
at one
one instant
for this
this
costs for
Manpower
and costs
Manpowerrequirements
requirenents and
waste field.
field.
throughout the waste
surveys.
boat sampling
sanpling surveys.
for conventional
conventional boat
method are considerably
less than for
nethod
considerably less
pulp mill
nill
Kraft pulp
plurnes from
from Kraft
waste plumes
Field
on the waste
Field studies
were conducted
conducted on
studies were
California.
and Samoa,
Sanoa, California.
Oregon and
ocean
Gardiner, Oregon
ocean outfalls
Newport and
and Gardiner,
outfalls at
at Newport
techsanpling techboat sampling
Waste
conventional boat
were measured
neasured by conventional
Waste concentrations
concentrations were
from
area from
outfall area
of the outfall
was taken of
while aerial
photography was
niques while
aerial photography
were
procedures were
Computerized
Computerizedprocedures
ft.
to 11,000
11,000ft.
altitudes ranging
fron 3,000
3,000 to
altitudes
ranging from
zones
toxicity zones
wa5te concentrations,
concentrations, toxicity
used to
water currents,
currents, waste
used
to compute
computewater
photography.
frorn the
the photography.
and diffusion
and
diffusion coefficients
coefficients from
was.2.3
outfalls was.2.3
over the
the outfalls
directly over
The
rneasureddirectly
The highest concentration
concentration measured
with
conceninfluence
of
maximun
area
percent waste
the maximum area of influence with concenwaste by volume
and the
volurne and
maxinum
The
maximum
The
155
acres.
waste
was
greater than 0.2
percent waste was 155 acres.
trations greater
trations
0.2 percent
was
field study was
each field
for each
concentration
outfall for
the outfall
concentration determined over the
young
on
effect
generally
a detrimental
detrimental effect on young
to have
generally less
that shown
have a
less than that
shown to
salnon for
for aa 14-day
14-day exposure.
exposure.
salmon
in the
resultthe resultfactor in
doninant factor
Surface water.current
water current was
was found
found to
to be the dominant
in
the
current velocities
velocities in the
periods of
of low
low current
plune pattern.
ing
ing plume
pattern.
During periods
was
source was
effluent source
receiving
water, the
hydraulic head
head created by the effluent
receiving water,
the hydraulic
state
The steady
steady state
plune shape.
shape. The
resulting plume
a significant
factor in
in the
the resulting
significant factor
transport
unidirectional transport
and unidirectional
form
fonn of
Fickian diffusion
diffusion equation and
of the
the Fickian
the observations.
observations.
of the
najority of
velocity
was not applicable
to the majority
velocity was
applicable to
the
tracking the
for tracking
tracer for
Temperature was
an effective
effective tracer
be an
Tenperature
was found
found not to
to be
plume
the resulting
resulting plume
since the
plume
plurne or
waste concentrations
concentrations since
or for
for estimating
estimating waste
surrounding
the surrounding
or equal
equal to
to the
temperature
less than or
greater than,
than, less
nay be
tenperature may
be greater
ocean
ocean temperature.
temperature.
the
under the
WP-00524under
Grant WP-00524
This report
of
of Grant
fulfillnent
was submitted
in fulfillment
This
report was
subnitted in
Administration.
Control
sponsorship of
Water Quality
Administration.
Federal Water
snonsorship
of the Federal
Quality
\
aerial
outfall, aerial
ocean outfall,
marine disposal,
disposal, ocean
Kraft waste, narine
Key Words:
Words: Kraft
\ f"y
currents,
water currents,
photography, remote
diffusion' water
sensing, diffusion,
remote sensing,
temPerature.
water temperature.
bioassay, water
111
1
11
CONTENTS
COMENTS
Page
Page
Section
t
II
Conclusions
Conclusions
1
II
II
Reconmendations
Recommendations
3
III
III
Introduction
Introduction
5
IV
IV
Procedures
Methods and
and Procedures
Methods
1
111
V
V
Newport
Newport Study
T7
17
VI
VI
Gardiner
Gardiner Study
51
51
VII
VII
Study
Samoa
Sanoa Study
79
79
VIII
VIII
Sunmary
Summary
93
93
IX
IX
Acknowledgements
Acknowledgements
97
97
X
X
References
References
99
99
XI
XI
Publications
Publications
101
101
XII
XII
Appendices
Appendices
105
103
1
S
I
V
V
FT
CURES
FIGURES
Page
Page
1.
1.
ocean outfalls
outfalls
Location of
of ocean
T2
12
2.
2.
flow diagram.
diagran.
processing flow
Data
Data processing
T4
14
3.
3.
location
Newport outfall
outfall location
Newport
18
18
4.
4.
area ..
Photograph
NewPortarea
Photograph of
of the
the Newport
1
199
5.
5.
plant at
at Toledo
Toledo.
Pacific plant
Photograph
Georgia Pacific
of the
Photographof
the Georgia
1
199
6.
6.
outfall
Newport outfall
Sketch of
the Newport
Sketch
of the
2
200
7.
7.
on
sanpling on
by boat sampling
Waste
neasured by
Waste concentrations
concentrations measured
1968
August 8,
8, 1968
August
23
23
8.
8.
1968
8, 1968
on August
field on
Symbolic plot
plot of
waste field
August 8,
of waste
Synbolic
fron flight
3.
from
flight 3.
24
24
9.
9.
B,
on August
August 8,
field on
Iso-concentration plot
waste field
plot of
of waste
Iso-concentration
flight 3.
3.
1968 from
1968
fron flight
24
24
10.
10.
L4, 1968.
1968.
August 14,
Waste concentration
measuredAugust
Waste
concentration measured
26
26
11.
11.
1968.
16, 1968.
August16,
Symbolic
and 33 August
flights 11 and
plots flights
Symbolic plots
28
28
12.
L2.
and 33
Concentration
flights 11 and
difference flights
Concentration difference
1968.
August
1 6 , 1968.
A u g u s t 16,
28
28
1
3.
13.
1968.
1 6 , 1968.
Iso-concentration
A u g u s t16,
1 , August
p l o t flight
f l i g h t 1,
I s o - c o n c e n t r a t i o n plot
28
28
L4.
14.
1968.
16, 1968.
August 16,
on August
Photo
plume over the outfall
outfall on
Photo of
of plume
29
29
15.
L5.
1968.
16, 1968.
Boat sampling
August 16,
on August
conductedon
Boat
sanpling conducted
30
30
16.
16.
on
sampling on
Waste
fron boat sampling
V'lasteconcentrations
concentrations from
August
A u g u s t 21,1968.
21,1968.
31
31
17.
L7.
1968.
10, 1968.
Septernber
Photograph of outfall
10,
area, September
outfall area,
Photograph
32
32
18.
18.
sarnpling,
Waste concentrations
measured by boat sampling,
Waste
concentlcations neasured
12, 1968.
1968.
September
Septenber12,
34
34
19.
19.
1969.
1, 1969.
July 1,
Aerial photo
area on
on July
outfall area
of the outfall
photo of
Aerial
35
35
20.
20.
1969.
7, 1969.
July 7,
Photographs
foan on
on July
of the
the foam
Photographsof
36
36
.
V
vii
v]-1
.
Page
Page
21.
2L.
Photo
plume on
July 8,
8, 1969
att 15:21
Photo of
of the plurne
on July
1 9 6 9a
15:21
38
38
22.
22.
a t 15:56.
Photo of
plune on
July 8,
15:56.
Photo
of the plume
on July
1 9 6 9at
8, 1969
38
38
23.
23.
Waste
measured by boat sampling
Waste concentrations
concentrations measured
sampl.ing on
39
39
24.
2
4.
plots from
fLights 1,
Symbolic
Synbolic plots
fron flights
1, 22 aand
n d S3o on
n
1
9
6
9
.
July
8,
1969.
July 8,
400
4
25.
2 5.
sanpling on
Waste
Waste concentrations
from boat sampling
on
concentrations from
August
August 12,
12, 1969.
1969.
42
42
26.
26.
12, 1969.
Surface water
hrater temperature
on August
August 12,
1969.
temperature on
43
4s
27.
2
7.
August 12,
Photograph
Photograph of
waste field
field on
12, 1969.
1969.
on August
of the waste
44
44
28.
28.
plot of
flight 33 on
Symbolic
waste field
field from
from flight
on
Synbolic plot
of waste
August
12, 1969.
1969.
August 12,
45
45
29.
29.
September8,
field on
8, 1969.
1969.
Aerial photo of
Aerial
waste field
on September
of waste
47
47
30.
30.
flight 1L on
Symbolic
plot of
field from
fron flight
Synrbolic plot
of waste field
on
1969.
September 8,
Septenber
8, 1969.
48
48
31.
31.
Waste
from boat sampling
sanpling on
Waste concentrations
on
concentrations from
September 8,
f969.
Septenber
8, 1969.
49
49
32.
32.
Gardiner outfall
location map.
map.
outfall location
52
52
33.
33.
Photograph of
area.
Photograph
outfall area.
of Gardiner outfall
533
5
34.
34.
paper plant.
plant.
Photograph
International paper
Photograph of
of the
the International
54
54
35.
35.
International
near Gardiner,
Gardiner,
International Paper
Paper Company
outfalL near
Companyoutfall
Oregon.
Oregon.
)55
)
36.
36.
boat sampling
sanpling
Waste concentrations
measured by boat
Waste
concentrations measured
16,
6 , 1969,
1 9 6 9 , run
1.
JJuly
uly 1
r u n 1.
57
57
37.
37.
Waste concentrations
measured by boat sampling
sanpling
Waste
concentrations measured
July
r u n 2.
16,
July 1
6 , 1969,
1 9 6 9 , run
2.
58
58
38.
38.
1969.
August 16,
16, 1969.
Plume
Plune and
and dye
dye patch on
on August
59
59
July 8,
8, 1969.
July
1.969.
I
I
39.
3
9.
plot from
1.
Iso-concentration plot
frour flight
flight 1.
Iso-concentration
60
60
40.
40.
from flight
plot of
flight
Symbolic
waste concentrations
Symbolic plot
of waste
concentrations from
1969.
on August
August 16,
16, 1969.
2 on
61
61
vviii
].11
Page
Page
4L.
41.
sanpling on
on
Waste
measured by boat sampling
Waste concentrations
concentrations neasured
1969.
19, 1969.
August
August 19,
63
63
4
2.
42.
on August
August
Waste
from boat sampling
sanpling on
l{aste concentrations
concentrations from
r u n 1.
1.
20,
2 0 , 1969,
1 9 6 9 , run
644
6
43.
43.
on August
Waste concentrations
boat sampling on
August
Waste
concentrations from boat
r u n 2.
1 9 6 9 , run
2.
20,
2 0 , 1969,
655
6
44.
44.
20, 1969,
1969,
August 20,
neasured August
Surface water temperatures
temperatures measured
66
66
run
run 1.
1.
45.
45.
1969,
20, 1969,
August 20,
measuredAugust
Surface water temperatures
temperatures measured
67
67
nxt 2.
2.
run
46.
46.
19, 1969.
1969.
August 19,
View of
at 12:39
12:39 on
on August
waste field
fiel"d at
View
of waste
69
69
47.
47.
at. 12:39
L2:59 on
Infrared
of the
the waste field
field at
on
Infrared photos of
1969.
August
August 19,
1.9,1969.
69
69
48.
48.
1969.
19, 1969.
August 19,
1.3:55on
on August
Photo of
waste field
field at
at 13:53
Photo
of waste
70
70
49.
49.
19, 1969.
1969.
August 19,
on August
at 16:28
L6:28 on
Photo of
fieLd at
Photo
waste field
of the waste
70
70
50.
76:28 on
on August
at 16:28
field at
Seventy mn
mm photo of
waste field
August
of waste
Seventy
1969.
1 9 , 1969.
19,
71T
7
51.
51.
1969.
20, 1969.
on August
August20,
11:27 on
Photo
at 11:27
waste field
field at
Photo of
of the waste
71
7L
52.
52.
1969.
August20,
20, 1969.
11:4'1on
on August
Photo
at 11:41
field at
waste field
Photo of the
the waste
73
73
53.
53.
1969.
20, 1969.
August 20,
on August
Infrared
field on
waste field
of the waste
Infrared photos of
733
7
54.
1969.
20, 1969.
August 20,
on August
Photo of
15:45 on
field at
at 15:45
waste field
Photo
of the waste
74
74
55.
55.
1969.
19, 1969.
August 19,
on August
Symbolic plot
field on
waste field
plot of
Synbolic
of the
the waste
755
7
56.
56.
f969.
20, 1969.
August 20,
on August
Symbolic
field on
plot of
waste field
of waste
Synbolic plot
77
77
57.
57.
naP.
location map.
Samoa
Sanoa outfall
outfal.l location
80
80
58.
58.
Sanoa,
plant near
near Samoa,
Pacific plant
Aerial view of
Georgia Pacific
of the Georgia
Aerial
Cal
i forni a.
California.
81
81
59.
59.
California.
Sanoa,California.
Georgia Pacific
near Samoa,
Pacific outfall
outfall near
Georgia
822
8
60.
60.
August
on August
sanpling on
Waste
from boat sampling
Waste concentrations
concentrations from
r u n 1.
I.
6,
1 9 6 9 ,run
6 , 1969,
83
83
ix
1X
Page
Page
61.
6
1.
Waste
Waste concentrations
frorn boat sampling
concentrations from
sanpling on August
6,, 1969,
1 9 6 9 , run
n n 2.
2.
6
84
84
62.
6
2.
Waste concentrations
Waste
August
fron boat sampling
concentrations from
s.anpling on August
7,
r u n 1.
1.
7 , 1969,
1 9 6 9 , run
85
85
63.
63.
Waste concentrations
Waste
from boat sampling
on August
August
concentrations from
sampling on
1 9 6 9 , run
r u n 2.
7,
7 , 1969,
2.
86
86
64.
64.
Sr.rface water temperatures
Surface
temperatures on
on August
August 6,
6, 1969,
1969, run
run 1.
1.
88
88
65.
6s.
Surface water temperatures
1.
Surface
tenperatures on
on August
August 7,
7, 1969,
1969, run
run 1.
89
89
66.
66.
plune on
Aerial
Aerial view
view of
of the
the plume
on August
August 6,
6, 1969.
1969.
90
90
67.
67.
Synbolic plot
plot of
August 6,
Symbolic
of the
the waste
waste field
field on
6, 1969.
1969.
on August
91
91
68.
68.
Mosaic of
plune on
Mosaic
on August
August 7,
7, 1969.
1969.
of the
the plume
92
92
x
TABLES
TABLES
Page
Page
No.
No.
6
6
II
effluent.
niL1 effluent.
kraft mill
Bioassays
on kraft
Bioassays on
II
II
stmunarY
sanpling summary
Newport sampling
Newport
22
22
III
III
on
range on
Area within
within each
each concentration
concentration range
Area
1968.
8, 1968.
August
August 8,
25
25
IV
IV
on
range on
Area
each concentration
concentration range
within each
Area within
16, 1968.
L968.
August 16,
August
27
27
V
V
1969.
8, 1969.
JulY 8,
Waste field
on July
area on
field area
Waste
37
37
VI
VI
u g u s t 12,
1969.
1 2 , 1969.
Waste
a r e a -' AAugust
f i e l d area
W a s t efield
46
46
VII
VII
1969.
8, 1969.
Septernber
Waste
8,
field area.area - September
Waste field
47
47
VIII
VIII
on
range on
concentration range
Area
each concentration
within each
Area within
1968.
1 6 , 1968.
July
J u l y 16,
62
62
IX
IX
on
within each
range on
each concentration
concentration range
Area within
19, 1969.
1969.
August 19,
August
72
72
X
X
on
range on
concentration range
Area within
within each
each concentration
1969.
August
20, 1969.
August 20,
76
76
XI
Sampling summary.
strtnmary.
Sanpling
94
94
)Ci
x1
SECTION
SECTIONII
('flMrTJl.cTflMc
CONCLUSIONS
on
inforrnation on
Aerial
comprehensiveinformation
photography provides comprehensive
Aeria1 photography
nonitoring
tool in
in monitoring
waste
is an
an effective
effective tool
process and
and is
waste disposal
disposal process
yeat.
the year.
ocean outfall
throughout the
uating
outfall sites
sites throughout
uating ocean
1.
1.
marine
the marine
the
evaland
and eval-
field
for each
each field
outfall for
The maximum
neasured over the outfall
concentration measured
The
rnaxinun concentration
2.
2.
pulping
Kraft pulping
percent Kraft
3.5 percent
1.8 to 3.3
of 1.8
study was
generally less
range of
was generally
less than
than the range
l4-day
young salmon
for aa 14-day
salmon for
to young
detrinental to
be detrimental
waste that
that has
shown to
to be
waste
has been
been shown
2.3
was 2.3
study was
the study
neasured during the
highest concentration
concentration measured
The highest
exposure. The
exposure.
with concentrations
concentrations
of influence
influence with
naximm area
area of
percent waste
waste by volume
and the
the maximum
volume and
was 155
acres.
percent waste
155 acres.
greater than 0.2 percent
waste was
The
The
ft2/sec.
14 ft2/sec.
frorn 2.0
to 14
Diffusion coefficients
measured ranged
2.0 to
ranged from
Diffusion
coefficients neasured
transport
with aa unidirectional
unidirectional transport
equation with
steady
steady state
state Fickian
Fickian diffusion
diffusion equation
observations.
of the
the observations.
najority of
the majority
velocity
applicable to
to the
velocity was
was not applicable
3.
3.
for
plune or
or for
the plume
in tracking
tracking the
Temperature
tracer in
Tenperature is
is not
not an
an effective
effective tracer
plume
resulting plume
the resulting
since the
field since
estimating
waste field
in the waste
estimating concentrations
concentrations in
surrounding
to the
the surrounding
or equal
equal to
greater than,
temperatures
may be
than, less
less than or
be greater
tenperatures nay
tenperature.
ocean temperature.
ocean
4.
4.
plume
resulting plume
factor in
in the
the resulting
Surface water current
dominant factor
is the dominant
current is
5.
5.
observed.
pattern
three locations
locations observed.
pattern at
at the
the three
be conconrmrst be
outfall must
Surface spreading
waste field
field over the outfall
the waste
of the
spreading of
6.
6.
plurne
shape.
the resulting
sidered
resulting plume shape.
sidered to
adequately explain
explain the
to adequately
1
SECTION
II
SECTION II
RECOMMENDATIONS
RECOMMENDATIONS
be
outfall be
It is
is recommended
recommended that
that observations
observations of
of the
the Newport
Newport outfall
It
studies
Field
studies
Field
conditions.
weather conditions.
and weather
sea and
of sea
conducted
wide range
range of
for aa wide
conducted for
boat
lirnited boat
with limited
photography with
aerial photography
made throughout the year using aerial
nade
and
operation
design
and
operation
the
for the
information for
valuable information
sampling
would provide
provide valuable
sampling would
airthe
fron
drops from the airdye drops
Such a study combined
with dye
combined with
Such
ocean outfalls.
outfalls.
of
of ocean
conditions,
conditions,
in waste
craft would indicate
changes in
waste disposal
disposal
seasonal changes
indicate seasonal
craft
foaning
and foaming
patterns and
plune patterns
coefficients, plume
diffusion coefficients,
current velocities,
velocities, diffusion
current
field
waste
the waste field
relate the
to relate
Sufficient data
would be available
available to
data would
tendency.
tendency. Sufficient
of
the
of
the
state
wind, state
as tide,
tide, wind,
such as
characteristics
natural paraneters
parameters such
to natural
characteristics to
sizing
for sizing
inforrnation for
provide information
The study
would also provide
sludy would
flow. The
and river
river flow.
sea, and
outfalls'
existing outfalls.
of existing
ponds for
for operation
operation of
the holding
holding ponds
autonatic
for automatic
suitable for
be suitable
not be
would not
photography would
While
while all
all the photography
current
the
information
on
the
current
on
give
infomation
still
computer
processing,
it
still
give
it
would
conputer processing,
tendency.
tendency.
foarning
and
pattern
and
velocities,
plume
size
and
pattern
and
foaming
vel-ocities, plurne size
held
actual held
of actual
analysis of
critical analysis
that aa critical
It
reconrnendedthat
It is
is also recommended
the
for
made
for
the
rnade
be
predicitions
design
original design predicitions be
conditions
versus the
the original
conditions Versus
a
Such
Such a
California.
Eureka, California.
at Eureka,
and at
several ocean
in Oregon
Oregon and
outfaLls in
ocean outfall-s
the
will
improve
the
irnprove
will
and
deficiencies
study will
will indicate
of design deficiencies and
areas of
indicate areas
disposal.
outfall disposal.
ocean outfall
technology
of ocean
technology of
of
area of
the area
of the
nade of
be made
analysis be
further analysis
that further
It
recommended that
It is
is recornmended
compare
study
would
compare
would
stu'Cy
This
zones.
concentration zones.
influence
various concentration
within various
influence within
biological
rnanybiological
fron the many
available from
with information
now available
information now
these data with
to
concentrations
to
concentrations
effluent
rni1l
pulp
Kraft pulp mill effluent
studies
have related
related Kraft
studies which have
effects
biological
biological effects.
3
III
SECTION
SECTION
III
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCT
ION
serious
is aa serious
poLlution of
estuaries is
and estuaries
waters and
coastal waters
Pollution
shore coastal
of near shore
integral
form
an
form
an
integral
waters
since these
these waters
Northwest since
Pacific Northwest
problem in
in the Pacific
problern
recreational
to their
their high recreational
addition to
in addition
region in
of the region
part of
p"tt
econony of
of the economy
combined
fishing
conmercial fishing combined
and commercial
peopte. Sports and
the people.
to the
and esthetic
esthetic value to
and
water
the
of
of
the
water
recreational values
and recreational
economic and
of the
thJ economic
form a rnajor
major aspect of
values
water,
of
values
of
water,
important
other important
the other
with the
uses combined
combinedwith
ttreie uses
resoutces. These
resources.
jobs
acconplished
provide jobs be accomplished
growth to
to provide
industrial growth
that industrial
make
nake it
it essential
essential that
envirorunent.
the environment.
despoiling the
without
without despoiling
pulp mills
nills
Kraft pulp
fron Kraft
outfalLs from
ocean outfalls
of ocean
anal"ysis of
This project
project on
on analysis
This
since
in progress since
that has
investigation that
an 6vera11
is a part
part of
of an
overall investigation
has -been
been in
is
included
included
project
this
years
of
Investigations
during
the
first
years
of
this
project
first
during
1964. Investigations
1964.
for,asses$ing
assessing
nethods for
bioas_saymethods
of bioassay
on the
the devel.opment
laboratory
development of
stulies on
laboratory studies
wastes
nil'l
pulp
of
Kraft
pulp
mill
wastes
Kraft
of
discharge
the
from
water quality
qu.iity impairment
irnpairment from the discharge
of
of
conponents
of
treatnent
Engineering
studies
on
on
treatment
of
components
studies
Engineering
wateis.
narine waters.
into marine
into
study'
this
of
of
this
study.
years
first
the
during
und6rtaken
also undertaken during the first years
the waste
waste were
were also
towards
directed towards
were directed
project were
years of
of the
the project
two years
Research during
last two
during the last
Research
fron
effects
from
effects
quality
water
of
degree
and
investigations
of
the
area
and
degree
of
water
quality
area
investigations-of
work
the work
only the
This report
includes only
rep_ort includes
outfalls.
mill ocean
pilp mill
ocearloutfalls.
Kraft pulp
Kraft
previous
since
since
the
previous
project
years
the
of
two
last two years of the project
accomplished during
during the last
reports'
reports,
progress
"""orpiirired
annual
the
in
described in the annual progress
research
idequately described
has been
been adequately
reseaich has
md theses.
theses.
papers, and
published papers,
published
Disposal
D i s p o s a l of
o f wwastes
a s t e s f from
r o n t hthe
e p upulp
l p a n dand
p . apaper
p e r i n dindustry
u s t r y p r epresents
sentsa a
Washington,
and
Oregon
In
the
area
of
Oregon
and
Washington,
of
area
problem. In
quality problem.
serious
water quality
serious watlr
pulp
49 pulp
now 49
are now
there are
Cascades, there
the Cascades,
and the
lying between
between tfie
the pacific
Pacific Ocean
Ocean and
lying
1969)'
(Stanford,
daily
(Stanford,
1969).
pulp
a.lll
of
tons of pulp
17,000 tons
mills producing approximately
approxinately 17,000
*irr!
seniKraft,
including
sulfite,
Kraft,
semi-.
sulfite,
used including
are used
processes are
pufping processes
oe pulping
A
R variety
varilty of
md nechanical.
chemical, and
mechanical.
chenical,
pulp
versatile pulp
more versatile
stronger, more
produces aa stronger,
Primarily
because it
it produces
Prinraril.y because
rnethod
doninant
has
become
the
the
dominant
method
process has become
pulping process
Kraft pulping
at
cost, the
tire Kraft
lower cost,
at lower
putr'p
of
production
total production of pulp
In 1920
7920 the total
ptpei.- In
pulp and
tna paper.
for
production of
of pulp
for production
of
million
tons
annually
annually
of
tons
3.8 million
apProximately 3.8
was approximately
states was
in
in the United
united States
By
process' By
Kraft process.
the Kraft
utilizing
produced utilizing
wis produced
which
4.5% was
which approximately
approxirnately 4.5%
was
pulp
production
of
paper
pulp
was
nationwide production of.
the nationwide
of the
1966 appioxirnatel"y
approximately 63%
63%of
1966
Kraft process.
produced
produced by
by the
the Kraft
Process.
has
in Oregon
oregon has
pulp manufacturing
manufacturing in
for pulp
process for
Kraft process
Growth
of Kraft
Growth of
production
p_ulP
1939, pulp production
In 1939,
nationwide. In
explrienced nationwide.
that experienced
been similar
to that
sinilar to
been
was
20%was
day of
of which 20%
day
per
tons
575
lpp"oximately
capacity
in
Oregon
was
approximately
575
tons
per
0regon
in
capacity
""r
to
risen
had
risen
to
had
0regon
in Oregon
By
pulp produgtigl
production in
By 1969,
1969, pulp
p"6""tt.
i(raft process.
by
Uy the
ttre Kraft
produced
was produced
(4,950 1/day)
T/day) was
which 65%
OSZ(4,950
more
per day oi
of wtilt
tons per
more than 7,000 tons
process.
Kraft process.
by the Kraft
5
Kraft mills
operating in
in Oregon
Oregon at
at the present time
Kraft
mills operating
tirne include
include the
the
following:
following:
Boise Cascade
St. Helens
Boise
Cascade Conpany
Company Mill,
Mill, St.
Helens
G e o r g i a Pacific
P a c i f i c Corp.,
C o r p . , Toledo
Toledo
Georgia
Western Kraft
Kraft Corp., Albany
Albany
Western
WeyerhaeuserPaper
Paper Company,
Conpany, Springfield
Springfield
Weyerhaeuser
International Paper
International
Paper Company,
Company, Gardiner
CrownZellerback
Zellerback Corp., Wauna
Crown
Wauna
American
Can Company,
Conpany, Halsey
Halsey
American Can
The Kraft
Kraft
The
gallons
of
liquid
gallons of liquid
about 400
per ton
400 per
ton
about
factory
nanner
is
factory manner is
625
625 T/day
1,000 T
/day
1,000
T/day
S7ST/day
575
1,1S0 T/day
1,150
S50 T/day
550
750 T/day
750
T/day
300 T/day
300
process of
pulp production
of pulp
production discharges
discharges about
process
about 20,000
20,000
waste per
per ton of
pulp, with
waste
of pulp,
with a
a population
equivalent of
population equivalent
of
pulp. Treatnent
of
of pulp.
and disposal
disposat-of
waste in
in aa satissatisTreatment and
of waste
a najor
a
major problem
problem of
of the pulp and
and paper
paper industry.
industry.
Many of
of the
newer mills
the newer
nills have
have been
been constructed
Many
constructed on
on or
or near
near tidal
tidal
estuaries
or the
the open
open coast.
coast. Some
estuaries or
some of
of the new
new mills
mills have
have added
added to
to the
problerns
created by
many of
by many
of the
the older
older mills
mills which
problems created
which were
were already
already located
located
on marine
narine waters.
waters.. With
on
of new
With the
the addition
addition of
new nills
mills and
and increased production
production
in the
the older
older mills,
nills, significant
significant volumes
in
volumes of
of waste
waste are being discharged
dischlrged
into marine
marine waters.
waters.
into
One
of the
the prinary
created when
when Kraft
pulp mill
One of
primary problens
problems created
Kraft pulp
rnill effluent
effluent
is discharged
discharged into
into marine
is
marine waters is
is the toxic
toxic effect
effect on
on-the
the biological
biological
population.
Although
population.
investigators have
have conducted
Although nunerous
numerous investigators
conducted tests
tests on
on
acute
toxicity there
there is
is little
little
agreenent on
acute toxicity
agreement
permissible concentrations.
on permissible
concentrations.
Bioassay results
generally reported
are generally
reported in
in terms
Bioassay
results are
tezrns of
of aa median
median tolerance
tolerance
linit for
for a
a specified
specified period
of exposure
limit
period of
exposure to
to a
specific organism:.
organism:. Table
Table
a specific
1 shows
shows the
the results
results of
of some
someof
1
of these
these studies.
studies.
Table 1.
1.
on Kraft
Kraft Mill
Bioassays on
Mill Effluent.
Effluent.
Investigator
Investigator
Year
0
rNea1
O'Neal
1
966
1966
Exposure
Hours
Hours
Bay
Bay nussel
mussel
48
48
2.5
2.5
644
6
9
4
488
1
111
7
722
T2
12
7
722
155
1
(Mytilus edulis)
edulis)
(Mytilus
Fluff sculpin
Fluff
sculpin
Howard g Walden
Howard
Walden
Guppies
Guppies
Parrish
Parrish
1966
1966
Parrish
Parrish
1
966
1966
9OKME
%KME
Species
Species
Courtright
Courtright Q Bond
Bond
1969
1969
1965
1965
TL
TLm
m
(0ligocottus
snyderi)
(Oligocottus snyderi)
(L. reticulatus)
reticulatus)
(L.
Striped
Striped sea
sea perch
(Phanerodon furcatus)
furcatus)
(Phanerodon
E n g l i s h sole
English
sole
(Parophrys Vefulus)
Vefulus)
(Parophrys
test
between test
varies between
1evel varies
tolerance level
that tolerance
Table 11 that
from Table
It
can be seen
seen from
It can
organisns.
organisms.
as measured
waste as
measured
Kraft waste
of Kraft
O'Nea]. (1966)
(1966) found
found that
that the
the toxicity
toxicity of
orNeal
was
there
bu!
biologically
degradable
but
there
was
degradable
is
biologicalty
the Lay
bay mussel
mussel is
on the
by bioassays on
degradation'
degradation.
toxicity
and
P.B.I.
between
B.0.D.,
P.B.I.
and
toxicity
correlation between B.O.D.,
no apparent
apparent correlation
no
larvae
lobster larvae
parr and
and lobster
salmon parr
(1968) , in
in,tests
Sprague
McLeese (1968),
tests with
with salmon
and Mcl,eeie
Spra!,rireand
between
considerably
varied
considerably
between
varied
rates
i"gtadation rates
ioxi"ity
have
degradation
shownthat
that toxicity
have shown
aninals.
two test
test animals.
the two
fron
statistic from
reproducible statistic
probably the
the nost
is probably
While
TLm is
most reproducible
while the Ttbe
be
it
cannot
toxicityt
information
on
toxicity;
it
cannot
vafiraUle inforrnation on
and proviae$
the test
provides valuable
test and
the
conpermissible conthe permissible
determining the
for determining
problens for
to actual
actuai-ei."fa
applied
field problems
applied to
stated
a
stated
allowing
the
of
allowing
a
of
premise
since the
waters since
receiving waters
in receiving
centration
centration in
policy.
control policy.
quality control
water quality
as aa water
mortality
is
unaccept.Ste as
ii unacceptable
;;;;iiat
Fisheries
The
State
T h e Washington
Washington
s t a t eDepartment
D e p a r t n e n of
tofF
i s h e r i e s ((1960)
1 9 6 0 ) hhas
a s cconducted
onducted
trout'
and trout.
salmon
to
Kraft
pulp
wastes
to
salmon
and
wastes
Kraft
of
toxicity
the
extensive
tests
the
toxicity
of
on
tests
extensive
parts
35
parts
35
of
water
with
a
salinity
salinity
of
with
sea water
flbwing sea
in flowing
The
*""" conducted in
tests were
The tests
that
showed
The
tests
showed
that
The
tests
"orrducted
50oF.
about 50°F.
temperatures about
at temperatires
(ppt) and
and at
per thousand
thousand (ppt)
14a
14over
effects
obvious
harmful
effects
over
a
the
produced no
no obvious harmful
concentration which produied
the concentration
percent by
3'5 percent
percent and
and 3.3
1.8 percent
day exposure
exposure period
period was
was usually
usually between
between 1.8
Signiflevels'
lower levels. Signifsorne"hatlower
to somewhat
led to
Longer exposure
led
volume. Longer-;6";;"
volume.
'o"".rtt"iperiods
percent
5'3
concentrations
greater
than
3.3
percent
tt concentrations greater
icant
mortalities occurred at
icant nortaliti",
fittle
was little
there was
that there
indicated that
also indicated
This
study
study also
petioa.
14-day period.
over the 14-day
producing
nills
between mills
in
wastes between
in wastes
toxitity
in the toxicity
significant
difflrence in
significant difference
pulp'
Kraft pulp.
unbleached Kraft
bleached and
and unbleached
bleached
bioassays to determine the
Alderdice
and
Brett
Alderdicea
ndB
r e t t ( 1(1957)
9 5 7 ) c oconducted
n d u c t e d b i o a s s a y s t g d e t e r m i n e t h The
e
sockeye^salmon'
young sockeye
salmon. The
on young
effluent on
Kraft effluent
bleach Kraft
fuLL bleach
toxic
of full
effect of
toxic effect
18oC' Results
at 18°C.
and at
water arid
seawater
salinity sea
ppt salinity
20 ppt
in 20
tests
conducted in
were conducted
tests were
mortality.
no rnortality'
was no
there was
4.8 percent there
below 4.8
indicated
concentrations below
at concentrations
that at
indicated that
will
waters will
marine waters
into marine
discharged into
effluent when
Kraft pulp
pulp mil]"
mill effluent
when discharged
Kraft
(1969)
Bond(1969)
and Bond
Courtright and
surface. Courtright
on the water surface.
foan on
some
create foam
ti.nes create
some times
nill
whole
mill
whole
the
than
times
more
toxic
than
the
toxic
nore
five tines
about five
be about
the foam
to be
foam to
found the
(Mytilus
edulis).
(Mytilus
edulis) '
larvae
with
the
mussel
larvae
mussel
with
effluent as measured
measured by
by bioassays
bioassays
effluent
does
but probably
unsightly but
probably does not
is unsightly
foam is
the
r*'f""",
While on the
the foam
the water surface,
Wtrile
the
on the
accumulates on
If
the foam
foan accumulates
If th;
life.
marine life.
to marine
great"rl""
threat to
create
threat
create aa great
in the
life
in
life
rnarine
some
concentrations
to
some
marine
to
lethal concentrations
in lethal
result in
it can
can result
beach, it
region.
littoral
littoral region.
will not
Kraft
waste
which
The
maximum
Them
a x i n u nconcentration
c o n c e n t r a t i o nof
ofK
r a f t p pulp
ulpwa
stewh
ichwillnot
considers
one
when
difficult
to
define
when
one
aetine
to
is difficult
life is
adversely
marine life
afreci marine
adversely affect
of the
the
separation
possible
effluent,
possible
separation
the variabf"
variable .orporiiio"
composition of
of the
the effluent,
the
tolin
tolin
variation
watel,
with
the
sea
water,
variation
sea
contact with theupon contact
fractions upon
waste
waste into
into fractions
the
and
species
and
the
sone
of
avoidance
reaction
of
some
aninals, avoidance reaction
eranèe
between animals,
erance levels
levels between
toxicity'
chronic toxicity.
on chronic
lack
of knowledge
knowledge on
Lack of
7
Since 1955
1955 six
six Kraft
Kraft pulp
Since
pulp nrills
mills have
have been
been constructed
constnrcted on
on the
Pacific
Coast of
of Oregon,
Oregon, Washington
Pacific Coast
Washington and
and Northern California.
California.
In each
In
each
case effluent
effluent disposal
disposal involves
involves the
the use of
case
that have
have been
of ocean
ocean outfalls
outfalls that
been
designed and
and constructed
constructed for
designed
for the
purpose of
the purpose
protecting water quality
of protecting
quality
in the
the near shore
in
shore environment.
environnent. The
The design
design of
ol these
these facilities
has
ficilities
gi.r"n
has given
consideration
to: a)
consideration to:
a) dilution
for protection
dilution requirenents
requirements for
protection of
of aquatic
aquatic
resources,
resources, b)
b) prevention
prevention of
of objectionable
objectionable aesthetic
aesthetic conditions
conditions on
on
adjacent
and the near
adjacent beaches
beaches and
near shore
shore area,
area, and
and c)
physical circumthe physical
circumc) the
stances for
for initial
initial
constnrction and
stances
construction
and continued protection
protection of
the outfall
ofthe
outfall
against
the ravages
ravages of
of the sea.
against the
sea.
The typical
typical outfall
outfall extends
extends into
The
into the ocean
ocean and
and usually
usually terminates
terminates
with aa diffuser
diffuser section
section where
where the
with
the flow
fLow is
is divided
divided into
into a number
numblr of
of small
srnall
jets
discharge the
jets which
which discharge
the waste into
the receiving
into the
jet of
receiving water.
water. The
The jet
of
waste is
is subjected
subjected to
to aa nonentrxn
waste
momentum force
force and
and to
to aa buoyant
buoyant force
force which
*ttictt is
is
proportional
to the
the density
density difference
proportional to
difference between
between the
the effluent
effluent and
and the
receiving water. As
jet of
receiving
As the
the jet
of waste
waste rises
rises towards
towards the
the surface,
surface, it
nixes
it mixes
with
the ambient
ambient fluid
fluid and
and both
with the
both its
its momentum
mornentum
and
per
buoyancy per unit
unit volume
and buoyancy
voLune
decrease. The
The mixing
decrease.
nixing causes
causes aa waste
waste field
field to
be formed
to be
forlned either
Li.?trer at
at the
surface or
or submerged
submergedbelow
surface
below the
the sea
sea surface
surface depending on the
the hydrography
of
the site
site and
and the
jet dilution.
of the
the initial
initial jet
dilution.
0cean outfalls
outfalls along
along the Pacific
Ocean
Pacific coast
coast are
are in
in general
located on
general located
on
the
shalLow coastal
coastal shelf.
the relatively
relatively shallow
shelf.
The turbulence
turbulence in
in this
The
this area
area is
is
usually sufficient
sufficient to
prevent density
to prevent
usually
density stratification
stratification
in the
the receiving
in
receiving
water.
water. Under
these
conditions
the effluent,
effluent, being less
Under these conditions the
less dense
dense than sea
sea
water, will
will generally
generalLy rise
rise to
water,
to the
the surface
surface to
to form
fonn aa surface
surface waste
waste field.
field.
After the
the initial
initial
jet diffusion,
dilution due
After
dilution
due to
to jet
diffusion, the
the waste
waste is
is transported
transported
fron the
the site
site by current
from
and
current action
action and continues
continues to
to mix and
and spread
spread by
by natural
iratural
turbulence
in the
turbulence in
the ocean.
ocean.
If density
stratification
If
density stratification
exists in
the receiving
exists
in the
receiving water and
and aa
subnerged
is formed,
formed, the waste
waste field
submerged plume
plume is
field is
is esthetically
esthetically more
pleasing
more pleasing
than a
a surface
surface field
than
may be
field but
but nay
potentially more
be potentially
dangero.r! to
more dangerous
marine
to the narine
life.
life.
The
subnerged
plune
The submerged plume will
will create
create an
an oxygen
oxygen sink
sinl where
where the reaeration
reaeration
rates are
generally lower
are generally
lower than
rates
than at
at the
the surface.
surface. Under
Under these
these conditions
conditions
less
energy
fron the wind will
less energy from
will be available
available for
for diffusion.
diffusion.
Also conconcentrations may
centrations
may be higher
higher than for
plume as
for a surface
surface plune
as less
less vertical
vertical rise
rise
is available
available for
jet diffusion.
is
for jet
diffusion.
Probably
the nost
Probably the
most extreme
extreme condition
condition for
for ocean
outfall waste
waste disocean outfall
disposal
occurs
posal occurs during
during calm
calm periods
periods when
when current
current velocities
velocities in
in the
the receiving
receiving
water
approach zero.
jet diffusion
water approach
zero. Only
0n1y the
the jet
diffusion is
is available
available for
for dilution
ililution
and
the
and the waste
waste field
field forms
forms a pond
pond above
above the
the diffusers
diffusers since
since only
only the
the
hydraulic
created by the discharging
hydraulic head
head created
discharging effluent
effluent is
is available
available for
for movemovenent of
of the
the waste
ment
waste field.
field.
under
these unfavorabre
Under these
unfavorable conditions,
conditions, a large
large
waste field
field can
can form
forrn with
with nearly
waste
nearly uniform
uniform concentrations
eoncentrations throughout
throughout and
and
odor can
can be
be aa serious
serious problem
problen on
odor
on the
the nearby
nearby beach.
beach.
Once the
once
water, these can
can
water,
outfall
location
outfall location
the waste
waste during
during
receiving
the receiving
for the
set for
been set
have been
quality standards
standards have
water quality
treatment'
effluent
combination
of
effluent
treatment,
of
through aa conbination
be
met through
be met
store
to store
ponds to
holding ponds
of holding
operation of
andTor operation
desigtt, and/or
and
and design,
conditions'
disposal conditions.
adverse disposal
adverse
study
to study
was to
report was
in this
this report
included in
research included
The purpose
of the research
purpose of
The
In
addition
In
addition
outfa1ls.
outfalls.
ocean
existing ocean
inpairment near
the water q,rafiiy
quality impairment
near existing
the
watea
on water
influence on
outfall influence
nill outfall
pulp mill
Kraft pulp
of Kraft
Lxtent of
to
and extent
to the
the area and
field'
waste
analysis
of
the
the
waste
field.
of
include's diffusion
quality, tiris
this study
also includes
diffusion analysis
stuJy.iro
quality,
the
of the
currents,
foaming
of
foaning
water currents,
nixing, water
influence mixing,
Natural
which influence
conditions which
Natural conditions
discussed.
discussed'
are
plunes are
subsurface plumes
of subsurface
effluent,
establishnent of
ild the establishment
effluent, and
9
SECTION
SECTIONIV
PROCEDURES
AND PROCEDURES
METHODS
AND
METHODS
In
I n o order
r d e r t o to
s t u study
d y t h e wthe
a s t ewaste
f i e l d cfield
r e a t e dcreated
b y K r a f t pby
u l pKraft
n i l l pulp mill
utilized'
were utilized.
boat
and
boat
sampling
were
and
photography
aeriai
ocean
both aerial
outfall,
ocean outfall,
standardization
provided
sampling
provided
standardization
sampling
by-boat
determinld by boat
concentrations determined
The concentrations
the-waste
Concentrations
waste
throughout the
concentrations throughout
photography.
for the
aerial photography.
data
the aerial
data for
the
fron
coefficients
were
computed
from
the
computed
coefficients
and-diifusion
plume,
diffusion
water currents
current's and
plune, water
photographY.
aerial
aerial photography.
in
shown in
as shown
locations
l0cations as
outfall
three outfall
at three
conducted at
Field
was conducted
Field work was
0regon'
off
off Newport, Oregon,
outfall
Pacific outfall
These are
the Georgia Pacific
are the
1. These
Figure 1.
the
and the
Gardiner,
Oregon,
and
0regon,
Gardiner,
near
Paper conpany
the International
Company outfall
outfall near
International
the
procedure
general
The
general
procedure
The
pacific
California.
Samoa, California.
neai Samoa,
outfitt
near
Georgia Pacific outfall
the
of the
aerial photography
photography of
take aerial
to take
of data
employed in
of
data was
was to
collection
in the
the collection
employed
nethods
methods
conventional
plume
sample
the
by
conventional
tine sanple the
sane time
the same
at the
waste field
field and at
waste
from a boat.
boat.
orientandorientboat and
the boat
positioning the
for positioning
control for
Accurate
horizontal control
Accurate horizontal
by
provided
Shore
control
was
was
provided
by
contlol
Shore
essential.
was essential.
the photography was
ation
of the
ation of
of
at
each
of
at
stations
control stations
existing control
traverse extending between existing
a beach traverse
with
measured
with
measured
were
"itettaittg
angles were
Horizontal
vertical
angles
and vertical
Horizontal and
locations.
three locations.
the
the three
measured
were measured
traverse were
the traverse
and
the
distances
along
the
along
distances
the
and
theodolite
Wild T-5
T-3 theodolite
a wild
and
geodimeter
Since
the
geodimeter
and
since the
geodineter.
or aa geodimeter.
tellurometer or
with
either aa tellurometer
with either
deterdeterwe1.e
elevations were
the
station elevations
the station
distaice,
slope distance,
tellurometer
measure
measure slope
telluroneter
we1.e
study were
this study
for this
All
positions
for
positions
A11
angles.
vertical
reciprocal vertical angles.
mined by reciprocal
mined
GS'
CTGS,
GS,
C&GS'
existing
that existing
systen so that
cooidinate system
plane coordinate
state plane
computed
the state
computed on the
maps
published
Since
most
published
maps
available.
control could
could be used when
when available.
and
USE control
and USE
provides a
coordinate
grid,
grid, this
this system provides
coordinate
plane
state plane
and charts
include aa state
charts include
for positioning.
common
conmon base for
Positioning.
marked with steel markers.
Traverse
T
r a v e r s e sstations
t a t i o n s w ewere
r e p epermanently
rmanentlymarkedwithSteelrnarkers.
beach
the beach
photography, the
stations
on
the
the photography,
control'stations
the control
In
order to
identify the
to identify
In order
the
Details
of
the
of
Details
c10th.
black cloth.
or black
stations were also
marked with
with white
white or
also marked
stations
A.
A'
appendix
in appendix
given in
beach
are given
traverses are
beach traverses
was
control was
horizontal control
control, horizontal
shore centrol,
In addition
to shore
In
addition to
This
was
accomplished
by
accomplished
was
This
orientation.
for photo orientation.
in
water for
the water
in the
their
their
and
boat
from
the
survey
boat
and
survey
the
fron
set
of
marker buoys which
which were set
of narker
stations '
the shore stations.
fron the
determined by
by triangulation
from
triangulation
deternined
required
required
use
the use
the
position
position
anchored
During
D u r i n g t the
h e l g1968
6 3 f i efield
l d s e a sseason
o n t e n b ten
u o y sbuoys
w e r e pwere
e r m apermanently
nentlyanchored
required
were required
three buoys were
only three
anchors. However, only
concrete anchors.
with
with 500-lb.
500-1b. concrete
along
the
plume
the plune
along
set
These
temporary
buoys
were
set
season. These tenporary 9yoy.t
during
1969 season.
the 1969
during the
feet
feet
four
The
buoy
floats
were
four
floatsconduft"a.was conducted.
work was
each day that
field work
that field
and
fiberglassed and
board which were fibergiassed
polyurthene board
thick polyurthene
inches thick
square,
square, two inches
floats
the
adequate
to
hold
the
floats
hold
to
were adequate
anchors were
60-1b. anchors
The 60-lb.
painted
painted orange. The
work'
field work.
the field
encountered
during
during the
encountered
conditions
in
position
for
the
the
sea
conditions
for
in position
11
1i
NEWPORT
NEWPORT
GARDINER
GARDINER
SAMOA
SAMOA
i\,
Figure
Figure 1.
1.
Location of ocean
ocean outfalls.
outfalls.
Prior to
Prior
photography the
to aerial
aerial photography
fourthe survey boat would
would set
set two
two fourfoot square
floats with
foot
square floats
with drogues
measure the water currents.
drogues attached to
to measure
currents.
drogues extended
The drogues
The
extended from
fron one
foot below
one half
half foot
below the
five
the water surface
surface to
to five
feet and
and were
feet
were constructed
herculite material
material fitted
constructed of
of herculite
fitted over a conduit
conduit
frane to
to form
form aa cross
cross banner
banner 4-1/2
ft in
frame
A ten
in length
4-L/2 ft
length and
in width.
width. A
and in
pound weight
weight was
was attached to
positions
pound
end of
of the
The positions
to the
the lower
lower end
the drogue. The
of
the current
current floats
floats were
were determined
of the
deterrnined from
fron the
the aerial
photography.
aerial photography.
The
waste concentrations
concentrations were
The waste
were determined
deternined in
plune by
the plume
in the
by boat
sampling. Rhodamine
sanpling.
RhodamineWE'
hrf dye
dye was
was metered
metered into
into the
the waste discharge pipepipeline on
shore with
with aa positive
positive displacement
line
on shore
punp. Arrangements
made
displacenent pump.
were made
Arrangements were
with the
the paper
paper companies
companiesto
naintain aa nearly
with
to maintain
nearly constant
waste discharge
constant waste
rate
progress. In
provided the
rate while
while field
field work
work was
was in
the
in progress.
In addition,
addition, they provided
project with
and aa dye
the
project
with the flow
flow rate
injection station
rate records and
dye injection
station on
on the
outfall line
outfall
line near
near the
beach.
the beach.
12
L2
with aa Turner
plune were
were measured
Dye concentrations
measured with
waste plume
in the waste
concentrations in
Dye
equipped
was
The
fluorometer
was
equipped
fluoroneter
boat. The
survey boat.
III fluorometer
fluorometer aboard
aboard the survey
III
a
recorded
with
continuous readings
readings were
were recorded with
with a
and continuous
door arid
through door
with aa flow
flow through
pump
with
a
instrunent with a pump
the instrument
The sample
was drawn
drawn through the
ihe
sanpte was
chart recorder.
recorder.
chart
ports were
were
Sample
intake ports
Sample intake
fluorometer.
the fluorometer.
side of
of the
on
on the discharge
discharge side
on the
sarnpling probe
located
the length
of a vertical
vertical sampling
probe nounted
mounted on
tength of
located along ihe
the
of the
in the
the body
valve arrangement
body of
arrangement in
By a sliding
sliding valve
boat. By
side of
side
of the boat.
below
feet below
ten feet
one to
to ten
fron one
selected from
be selected
probe,
could be
depth could
probe, the sampling
sanpling depth
in appendix
appendix
given in
Details of
sanpling probe are given
of the
the sampling
surface.- Deiails
the water surface.
B.
B.
The
vessel. The
the vessel.
aboard the
camied aboard
always carried
An
was always
fluoroneter was
extra fluorometer
An extra
each
after each
and after
before and
laboratory before
in the laboratory
fluorometers
were standardized in
fluorometers were
for
Power
Power for
outfall".
fron the outfall.
offshore from
boat offshore
in the boat
run and
and standardized in
d'c'
volt
12
volt
d.c.
12
a
and
generatol
12
volt
the
fluorometer
was
by
a
12
volt
generator
and
a
provided
the fluorometer was
inverter.
powerconsine-wave
sine-waveinverter.
a.c. powercon
to
115 volt
to 115
volt a.c.
operator
fluorometer operator
the fluorometer
was underway,
underway, the
While
sarnpling was
While continuous sampling
fluorofluoroany
indicate
number,
position
relord
would
mark
each
position,
record
position
number,
indicate
any
position,
would mark each
record.
chart record..
the chart
on the
change on
depth change
meter
any sampling
sanpling depth
and any
chanle and
netel scale
scale change
trianguby
intervals
one-ninute
at
was determined
position was
determined at one-minute intervals by trianguThe
The boat's
boatts position
shore
two shore
fron two
Simultaneous
horizontal
measured from
were neasured
lation.
Simultaneous horizontal angles were
lation.
boat
the
aboard
The
radio
operator
aboard
the
boat
The
Theodolites.
WiLd T-2
T-2 Theodolites.
stations
with Wild
stations with
be
taken.
be
taken.
to
was
position
when
the
would
operators when the position was to
the theodolite
theodolite operators
would signal
signal the
in the
the
carried in
was also
also carried
probe was
A
tenperature probe
underwater temperature
Whitney underwater
A Whitney
tenpwater
surface
properly, continuous surface water tempWhenoperating
operating properly,
survey
boat. When
survey boat.
recorder.
chart recorder.
on aa chart
atures were
recorded on
were recorded
diswaste disof the waste
photography of
aerial photography
sampling, aerial
of boat sampling,
At the time
tine of
and
two
70
mm
70
mn
and.two
camera
napping camera
aerial mapping
six-inch aerial
posal area was
with aa six-inch
was taken
taken with
snall
of
a
small
of
compartment
baggagecompartment
in the
the baggage
Hasselblad
unit in
as aa unit
nounted as
caneras mounted
ilasselblad cameras
used
was used
film was
panchronatic film
Normally
white panchromatic
and white
Nonnally black and
aircraft.
high wing
wing aircraft.
Hasfilm
in
one
Hasone
in
color fihn
infrared color
or infrared
in
mapping camera,
normal or
either nonnal
c€tmera,either
in the
the nipping
Hasselblad.
second Hasselbiad.
in the
the second
filn in
selblad
black and
white film
and white
infrared black
ani infrared
seLblad and
included
included the
camera
the
frorn
pictures
n4ping
The
nine
inch
by
nine
inch
pictures
from
the
napping
camera
inch
nine
by
inch
The
photographic
for photographic
used for
were used
and were
horizon and
the horizon
to the
aircrafl to
area from
below the aircraft
fron below
pictures
nn pictures
70 mm
the 70
of the
coverage of
The coverage
cElme1.as.The
orientation
snaller cameras.
of the
the smaller
orientation of
field.
field'
waste
of
the
vicinity
inmediate
included
only
the
area
in
the
immediate
vicinity
of
the
waste
in
included only
in accordaccordproject personnel in
by project
developed by
was developed
The
filrn was
The photographic film
from
the
The
aerial
film
from
the
film
aerial
The
directions.
minufacturerfs
fifrn manufacturer's directions.
ance
with the
ance with
tnb film
processed
and
was
processed
was
and
ft
1ong,
100
and
wide
mapping
camera
was
9-1/2
inches
wide
and
100
ft
long,
inches
napping ciunera was 9-L/2
with
processed with
was processed
filn was
70 mm
mmfilm
the 70
while the
with
Morse B-S
processor while
rewind processor
B-5 rewind
wilh aa-trlorse
a Nikor
Nikor reel
and
tank
processor.
reel and
Processor.
The
2. The
in Figure 2.
is shown
shownin
processing is
A flow
for the data processing
diagran for
A
flow diagram
records
from
fron
temperature
and
fluorometer
initial
step
in
processing
the
fluorometer
and
temperature
pr6cessing
in
initial
X -- Y
Y
an X
with an
records with
chart records
strip chart
the strip
digitize the
the boat survey
ias to
to digitize
suivey was
computer
computer
on
recorded
were
The
coordinates
of
the
trace
were
recorded
on
trace
of
the
coordinatograph.
coordinatograpir. The cooidinates
angles,
shore angles,
the shore
containing the
cards containing
with the
the cards
along with
cards, along
cards.
cards. These
These cards,
133
1
BOAT
BOAT
RECORDS
\ RECORDS
SHORE 11
SHORE
ANGLES
ANGLES
I
AERIAL
AERIAL
FILM
FILM
BOAT
SAMPLING
BOAT SAMPLING
COMPUTE
COMPUTE
1.
POSITiONS
1.POSITIONS
2.
FLUORO. STD.
2. FLUORO.
STD.
3.
WASTE CONC.
3. WASTE
CONC.
DENSITDENSIT.
OMETER
OMETER
PHOTOGRAPHY
PHOTOGRAPHY
COMPUTE
COM PUTE
BUOY )1
1.ORIENTATION
1,
ORIENTATION
OORD.
CONC.
2.WASTE
2.WASTECONC.
WASTE
VASTE i 3.COMPARE
3 COMPARE W/BOAT
W/ BOAT
CONC.
4DIFFUSION
4 DIFFUSIONCOEF.
COEF.
LINE PRINTER
LINE
PRINTER
PLOTTER PROGRAM
PLOTTER
PROGRAM
Figure
2.
Figure 2.
Data processing
flow diagram.
diagram.
processing flow
14
L4
The
strip
strip chart
chart
processing.
digitized
for processing.
The digitized
were fed
fed into
into the
conputer for
the computer
was
fix number
number index
index was
data was reduced
readings and the
the fix
readings
reduced to
data
to fluoroineter
fluorometer
frorn the
the
for the
the sample
to pass
shifted to
to account
the time
delay for
pass from
sanple to
shifted
for.the
ti:ne delay
account for
fluorometer.
A least
least square
probe to
intake port
port of
intake
to the
the fluorometer.
the sampling
sanpling probe
of the
fit was made
the fluorometer
fluorometer
fit
made to
the fluorometer
data and the
fluorometer standardization
data
standardization
to the
By
the
knowing
the
readings
to
concentration
of
the
tracer.
readings were converted
of
tracer.
converted to concentration
the
concentrations
effluent flow
and
the
dye
injection
rate,
the
tracer
concentrations
effluent
flow rate
rate,
tracer
the
injection
the
rate
were converted
converted to
to effluent
effluent concentrations.
concentrations.
*
photo control
control buoys
buoys and
and
Angles
Angles from
to the
the photo
from the
the shore
shore stations
stations to
Since theodolite
theodolite
the
plane coordinates.
the boat
boat were reduced
reduced to
to state
state plane
coordinates.
was applied
to
correction was
applied to
sightings were made
made on the
boatts mast,
mast, a correction
sightings
the boatts
The ground
deternine the
intake ports.
ports.
determine
position of
of the
the fluorometer
fluorometer intake
the position
was interpolated
coordinates
point on the
interpolated
coordinates for
point
the chart
record was
for each digitized
digitized
chart record
of
processed shore
of the
the
from the
A detailed
detailed description
description
from
the processed
control data.
data.
shore control
procedure
procedure used in
the
the computer
computer
records and
and the
digitizing
strip chart
chart records
in digitizing
the strip
progran for
program
for processing
processing the
C.
the data
listed in
in appendix
appendix C.
data are
are listed
The results
using aa threethreedisplayed using
of the
the boat
survey were displayed
results of
boat survey
dimensional computer
labels aa state
state
and labels
dimnsionai.
plot program.
prograln. The
The program draws
draws and
conputer plot
plots the
concentraplane coordinate
grid, labels
plot and
andplots
the concentraplane
on the
the plot
coordinate grid,
labels aa title
title on
so that
that the
t}j.e ZZ'
The
plot are
tions or
or temperature.
The axes
the plot
are rotated
rotated so
tions
temperature.
axes of
of the
concenThe waste concenaxis
plane of
the paper.
papea. The
axis is
is not
not perpendicular
perpendicular to
of the
the plane
to the
of aa line
line drawn
tration or
water temperature
length of
the length
taation
or water
is represented
represented by the
tenperature is
frorn
scaled from
point can
can be
be scaled
The
parallel to
position of
of this
this point
parallel
The position
to the
the Z-axis.
Z-axis.
the grid
grid to
the
this line.
to the
the base
base of
of this
line.
effect of
of the
the
Laboratory tests
to determine
the effect
determine the
Laboratory
tests were conducted
conducted to
Kraft effluent
Since
presence of
the Kraft
effluent
of the
Since the
the presence
Kraft waste on the
Kraft
dye traces.
traces.
the dye
and emitted
ernitted
of the
exciting and
in the
the water
water does increase
in
the exciting
increase the
the absorption
absorption of
will
the
tracer
fluoresence
of
light
in
the
sample
cell,
the
fluoresence
of
the
tracer
will
measurable
light in the sanple cell, the
ratio
one
to
Using
a
tracer
to
effluent
ratio
of
one
to
aa
of
to
be reduced
by
the
waste.
reduced by the waste.
tracer
effluent
percent
about
of
ten
million,
the
test
showed
a
reduction
of
fluoresences
of
about
ten
percent
nillion,
the test showed a reduction of fluoresences
field survey.
the field
survey.
in the
encountered in
for
the range
for the
range of
concentration encountered
of tracer
tracer concentration
the
of the
for the
absorption of
Corrections were not
not made
made to
field data
data for
the absorption
the field
Corrections
to the
fluoresence
fluoresence by the
Kraft waste.
waste.
the Kraft
data with
with
digital
The
was
data
converted to
to digital
was converted
The photographic
photographic information
infornation
scanning.
The
for automatic
automatic scanning.
nodified for
a McBeth
McBeth TD-102 photo
photo densitometer
densitoneter modified
film densities
densities
the film
densitometer
and
can measure
measure the
with filters
filters
and can
densitoneter is
is equipped
equipped with
density
film density
or the
the film
photograph or
of
color transparent
transparent photograph
of the
the three
three layers
layers of
of aa color
on the
The
placed on
the scanning
scanning
is placed
aerial film
filn is
of
negative.
The aerial
of a black
black and
and white
white negative.
the table
table
The
tine the
moving and
and each
each time
The scanning
continuously moving
table.
table.
table is
is continuously
scanning table
filn densities
densities
The film
width.
one scan
changes
changes direction
direction the
fifun is
is advanced
advanced one
scan width.
the film
the YY
and the
which are
frorn the
densitoneter and
which
voltage output
output from
the densitometer
are recorded
recorded as
as voltage
about one-second
one-second
at about
photographic
conputer cards
cards at
photographic coordinate
are recorded
on computer
recorded on
coordi-nate are
coordinate
photographic coordinate
noving.
The X photographic
is moving.
intervals while
intervals
table is
while the
the scanning
scanning table
photograph.
the photograph.
digitize
is cornputed
computed from
the nunber
number of
the
required to
to digitize
is
from the
of scans required
D.
in appendix
Details
shown in
appendix D.
Details of
equipnent are
are shown
of the
the scanning
scanning equipment
15
15
photographic iniage
By
By using this
this method
nethod of
of analysis,
analysis, the
inage can
can be
be
the photographic
yields values
analyzed
anaLyzed and
reduced to
values
and reduced
to aa symbolic
syrnbolic computer
computer image
irnage which yields
Details of
of
of concentration
reduction of
concentration and
and diffusion
diffusion coefficients.
coefficients.
Details
of the reduction
of
photographic
given in
progress report
the
the photographic information
infornation were
were given
in the progress
on Airphoto
Airphoto
report on
(Burgessand
Analysis of
OceanOutfall
Outfall Dispersion
Dispersion (Burgess
1969).
of Ocean
and James,
Janes, 1969).
16
16
V
SECTION
V
SECTION
STUDY
NEWPORT
STUDY
NEWPORT
produces about
about
plant at
Toledo produces
paper plant
at Toledo
pulp and
Pacific pulp
and paper
The Georgia
Georgia Pacific
strong waste
waste
period of
aeration, strong
Following a period
of aeration,
per day.
day. Following
pulp per
1000 tons
tons of
1000
of pulp
outfall
the outfall
to the
pipeline
eight-nile
from
process is
pumped through
pipeline to
through an eight-mile
from the
the pto"itrii punped
The waste
5. The
Figure 3.
in Figure
is shown
shown in
is
of the
the outfall
outfall
at Newport. Location
Location of
at
jetty
the north
the north,
disposal area
by Yaquina
Yaquina Head
Head on the
north, the
north jetty
disposal
area is
is bounded by
and a
a reef
reef
east and
the east
the shore
shore on the
of
the harbor
harbor entrance
the south,
south, the
of the
entrance on the
jetty to
to
of the
the north
north jetty
west end of
fron the
the west
west.
reef extends
extends from
The reef
on the
the west.
frorn about
about
varies from
reef varies
depth over
over the
the reef
Yaquina Head.
Head. Water depth
the tip
tip of
of Yaquina
the
topographic
The topographic
end. The
at the
the north
north end.
feet at
six
feet at
end to
to 40
40 feet
six feet
the south
south end
at the
configuration of
of the
the waste disposal
disposal area
area influences
influences the
the circulation
circulation
configuration
patterns in
water.
patterns
in the
the receiving
receiving water.
Figure
shown in
in Figure
area shown
Newport-Toledo area
The aerial
photograph of
the Newport-Toledo
of the
aerial photograph
The location
location
The
foreground.
in the
the foreground.
with the
the ocean
ocean in
4 was taken
east with
taken looking
looking east
in
is shown
shown in
the photo
of
in
photo and is
figure was sketched
sketched on the
outfall
in this
this figure
of the
the outfall
photo
of
the
center
the
The
plant
at
Toledo
is
located
near
the
upper
center
of
the
photo
located
is
white.
The plant at
white.
the background.
Valley
Willanette
with the
Valley in
in the
background.
with
the cloud
cloud covered
covered Willainette
gpm.
9000 gpm.
4000 to
to 9000
from about
about 4000
Flow rates
vary from
pipeline vary
the pipeline
throught the
rates throught
strong
The
strong
plant
looking
northeast.
of
photograph of the
the plant looking northeast.
Figure
Figure 5 is
is aa photograph
this
in this
shown in
lagoons shown
aeration lagoons
the aeration
waste from
plant pass through
fron the
through the
waste
the plant
seven
about
of
for
storage
Holding
pond
capacity
is
available
for
storage
of
about
seven
available
capacity is
figure.
Holding
figure.
conDuring
periods
of
unfavorable
ocean
conunfavorable
periods
of
plant.
During
days effluent
fron the
the plant.
effluent from
plant
pass
Weak
wastes
from
the
plant
pass
the
from
Weak
the effluent.
effluent.
ditions the
ponds hold
hold the
ditions
the ponds
center
the center
near the
through
in Figure
Figure 55 near
plant shown
shown in
primary treatment
treatnent plant
through the
the primary
is
displant
Effluent
from
the
primary
treatment
plant
is
disEffluent
fron the prinary tleatment
photograph.
of the
of
the photograph.
the bridge.
bridge.
left of
of the
charged into
to the
the left
Yaquina River
River to
into the
the Yaquina
and extended
extended
rebuilt
was rebuilt
The
at
and
at Newport was
diarneter outfall
outfall
The 21-inch
2l-inch diameter
terninates
outfall
the outfall
terminates
Figure 66 the
in Figure
1965. As
As shown
shown in
to
in 1965.
to 3500
3500 ft
ft offshore
offshore in
Thirteen
outlet
Thirteen outlet
tide.
water at
1owtide.
at low
feet of
of water
with a wye
in about
about 40
40 feet
with
wye diffuser
diffuser in
diffuser.
diffuser.
wye
of the
the wye
ports
on
on each
each branch
branch of
intervals
at 20-foot
20-foot intervals
ports are
are located
located at
tu(;7)1,,
into
horizontally
discharge horizontally
and discharge
dianeter and
The
into
pott, are
inches in
in diameter
th" ports
three inches
are three
opon opdischarge on
ports discharge
consecutive ports
that consecutive
so that
are oriented
oriented so
the sea.
the
iea.
They are
,
l\'""
Janes, O'Neal
OrNeal- '1,'.,.nlo
Baumgartner, James,
header. As explained
explained by Baumgartner,
posite sides
posite
of the
the header.
sides of
|
, ," f
und,er.n-a{n41
jet_gr_lulipa
jet dilution for
forthis
thisoutfall
outfalldesign
4esign
undrngrai
(rgog) the
re ic
(1969)
the çtheoretical
@çonditions
, J o o - . T h i s w o u 1 d r e p r e s e n tThis
a w a Swould
t e c o n crepresent
e n t r a t 1 o n ai waste concentration
n1/1.
ten ml/L.
by
of one percent or ten
u3$gj!-9tg_g"l99lt
by volume
?r
of 1968
1968
sunners of
the summers
during the
Field
work was conducted
at Newport during
conducted at
Field work
was successsuccesssampling was
Table 2 includes
when sampling
dates when
of, dates
list of
includes a list
and
1969. Table
and 1969.
those
than those
other than
Sampling
was attempted
nine days other
attenpted on nine
Sanpling was
fully conducted.
conducted.
fully
rain.
fog
or
seas'
listed,
but
was
not
accomplished
due
to
rough
seas,
fog
or
rain.
to
rough
due
not
acconplished
work
was
listed,
but
17
T7
/
YAQUINA HEAD
HEAD
YAQUINA
NEWPORT
NEWPORT
( ,L74(L
.\' /
fuJ
0
U
1
LU
o
0
YAQUINA
BAY
-S
-S
1"
4200'
7":42OO'
Figure
Figure 3.
3.
Newport outfall
location.
Newport
outfall location.
18
18
:
Figure
Figure 4.
4.
area.
Photograph of
Newport area.
of the
the Newport
Ii
F
i
j.:..
Figure
Figure 5.
5.
plant at
at Toledo.
Toledo.
Photograph of
Pacific plant
Georgia Pacific
of the
the Georgia
199
1
t
\
o
a, !
\
.o
Ne
Figure 6. Sketch of the Newport outfall.
""d
d
Ep
o
+,
h
o
A
F
C)
z
o
.q
+t
!{{
AJ
\
-o la,
\
\
q
N
i{
"q
(J
+)
J4
v)
\o
o
H
5
bI)
.r{
h
20
Aerial
.during the
the 1968
1968 field
field season
season was
was taken
taken with
with a
photography.during
Aerial photography
reflection on
on
As
notrnted vertically.
vertically.
As sunlight
sunlight reflection
single mapping
mapping camera
canera mounted
single
processing the
data, oblique
oblique
the data,
in processing
the water surface
was a major problen
problem in
surface was
appendix D
D for
for
field season.
See appendix
photography was
season. See
photography
the 1969
1969 field
was used
used during
during the
fron the various
various
of the results
results from
discussion of
caneras. A
A discussion
description
description of
of the
the cameras.
days of
follows.
days
of sampling
sarnplingfollows.
August 8,
1968
August
8, 1968
August8,
1968.
on AUgust
8, 1968.
Figure 77 shows
the boat
boat sampling
sanpling on
results of
of the
showsthe
the results
plune
extends
southwest
and
right
the
The outfall
upper right and the plume extends southwest
The
in the
the upper
outfall is
is located
located in
which is
is shown
shown
track which
pr to
boatrs track
From
of the boat's
to the
Fron the appearance
appearance of
pr
the left.
left.
of
waste
the
the
location
that
it is
is obvious
obvious that
as a solid
plot, it
location of the waste
solid line
line on
on the pIot,
outover
the
Maximum
concentration
over
the
outfron the
field
field was
was not
not evident
the boat.
boat. Maximumconcentration
evident from
until 18:09.
16:06 until
18:09.
fron 16:06
Boat sampling
sampling was
fall was
was conducted
conductedfrom
was 15
15 ml/L.
ml/L. Boat
fall
The sea
surface
sea surface
four-ft swell.
swell. The
with a four-ft
The
10-20 mph
rnphwith
The wind was
was from the NE
NE 10-20
the waste
waste
fron the
foam from
however, no
no foam
wind; however,
was choppy
white caps
caps from
from the wind;
was
with white
choppy with
was observed.
was
observed.
with aa mapping
napping
August 8,
8, 1968
1968 with
Aerial photography
photography was
on August
was taken on
Aerial
photography
The
The photography
filn.
8442film.
camera mounted
mounted vertically
ektachrone 8442
vertically using
using ektachrome
canera
plot of
of the
the
symbolic plot
processedwith
the computer.
conputer. AA symbolic
with the
was
was digitized
digitized and
and processed
Each character
character
8. Each
in Figure
Figure 8.
printer is
is shown
shownin
line printer
waste
waste field
field from
fron the
the line
this
Symbols on
on this
ft area
area in
in the
the sea.
sea. Symbols
plot represents
30 by
by 30
30 ft
on
on the plot
represents aa 30
repredarkest reprewith the
the darkest
plot
plot represent
in concentration
concentration with
different ranges
ranges in
represent different
representing
lightest representing
the lightest
and the
10-15 ml/L
senting a concentration
concentration range of
ml/L and
of 10-15
senting
19 of
of
photos 18
18 and
and 19
The plot
plot was
was nade
made from
fron photos
ml/L. The
a range
range from
fron 1.
1. to
to 2.0
2.0 ml/L.
It
It can
can be seen
seen
fron 4125
feet.
4125feet.
L7230from
the area
atea at
at 17:30
the third
flight over
over the
third flight
located
which is
is located
outfall which
of the
the outfall
northeast of
in Figure
Figure 8
waste is
is northeast
B that
that some
somewaste
.in
is due
to a
due to
p1ot. This
This is
portion of
of the
the plot.
at
at the upper
of the
the darkest
darkest portion
upper tip
tip of
the
fron
plurne
northward
extended
shift
ocean
currents
in
which
the
plume
extended
northward
from
the
the
shift in
in
in ocean currents
southplume
extended
outfall
in
the
morning
while
in
the
afternoon
the
plume
extended
southin
morning
while
outfall in
plotted with
with aa
The data shown
Figure 88 was
was also
also plotted
(2L3" Az).
in Figure
shownin
westward(213°
Az). The
westward
progran
plotting
contour
computerized
calcomp
plotter
using
an
adapted
contour
plotting
program
plotter
an
adapted
conputeri zed calcornp
in
plot is
is shown
shownin
contours. This plot
as contours.
lines as
which
which plots
plots iso-concentration
iso-concentration lines
be
seen
it
can
9,
By
comparing
the
plots
in
8
and
9,
it
can
seen
and
plots
in
Figures
Figure 7.
Figure
7. By conparing the
is
scale is
longitudinal scale
as the
plot is
the longitudinal
that
distorted as
printer plot
is distorted
that the line
line printer
plune
was
The
overall
length
of
the
plume
was
the
of
length
overall
greater than
The
lateral scale.
scale.
than the
the lateral
coneach conThe
within each
area within
ft.
The area
3100ft.
of 3100
4600
width aa maximum
naxinumof
4600 ft
ft and
and the
the width
Table
3.
in
listed
photography
is
centration
range
as
determined
from
photography
is
listed
in
Table
3.
centration range as deternined fron
ft/sec
was^O.26
plume was
The
0.26 ft/sec
the waste
waste plume
in the
current velocity
velocity in
The average
average current
A
ftz/sec.
3I
was
coefficient was 31 ft2/sec. A
and
difftrsion coefficient
state diffusion
average steady
steady state
and the average
E.
given in
in appendix
appendix E.
is given
discussion
diffusion computation
cornputation is
discussion of
of the diffusion
21
2L
Table 2.
Z.
Table
Date
Date
surnmary.
Newport
sampling summary.
Newport sampling
Effluent
Effluent
Flow
Flow Rate
Rate
Rodamin
WT
Rodarnin WT
Flow Rate
Flow
Remarks
Rernarks
ml/min
rnl/rnin
gprn
gpm
8-8-68
8- 8 - 6 8
8-14-68
8-14-58
8-16-68
8-r6-58
8-21-68
8-Zr-68
9-10-68
9-r0-68
5550
5550
100
100
7600
7 60 0
28
z8
7550
7
550
16
16
7400
7400
3
32Z
7450
7450
9-11-68
9-11-68
-rz-68
9-12-68
9
8950
8950
-a
-a
-a
-a
6750
6750
3
377
6-30-69
6 -3 0 -6 9
8100
8
10 0
3
366
7 - L -6 9
7-1-69
7-7-69
7 -7 -6 9
8100
8 10 0
32Z
3
9000
90 0 0
38
3,9
7- 8 - 6 9
7-8-69
9000
9000
400
4
8-rz-69
8-12-69
8300
8 30 0
37
37
9-8-69
9- 8 - 6 9
8400
8400
33
33
pipeline.
into pipeline.
aa -- Dye
injected into
D y e slugs
slugsinjected
22
22
photography
cloudy
cloudy no photography
S
submerged
subrnerged plume
plurne
submerged
subrnerged plume
plurne
submerged
subrnerged plume
plurne
submerged plume
subrnerged
plurne
submerged
subrnerged plume
Figure 7. Waste concentrations measured by boat sampling on August 8, 1968.
376400
@
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+)
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t
FRt1 BT
b0
p
4l
a
F
H
c0
bo
E
a
.r{
FI
u
LL
O.
d
d
H
PLT LF L.4STE CNCENTRT I NS ML'L
d
o
+)
(0
J
i
o
ljl
z
a
;
<t
u
F
€
(D
l{
z
Lrt
zz
o
(d
Q)
F
ul
rJl
<I
3
Ir
a
H
a
H
.Ft
+,
d
${
+.1
F
a
H
J
c)
0-
o
o
o
+)
u'
d
F
|'o
F{
p
bI)
.t{
tt<
qsFie
II
liii
24
.
:
:
1j1flOnpunjqI1.P;,1.I,...1i1.,us,1..,I..u.c
w?:;f',
.1,1,1,.
rr.'tL
uI%I,I,iI,
€
Fl
o
o-q
fi.y
+)
od
od
Eg
d
o
k
h
b0
Figure 8. Symbolic plot of waste field on
August 8, 1968 from flight 3.
..........
.rr,tltit..t1
:14.t..:.::" :: '............
J1I
IIiIIS4e44flfl&ttII%,
' .rt ............
iifI}Iii
'I
::4 ::',:::::
111111
1.111
Y@
5o
do.
+J
Ft-r
g
o@
9+,
P50
63
,5<
o,
(u
t{
u0
h
FI
tt)
+,
.rt
H
(+{
O6
+r rO
ltsl
A-'
oo.
qd
t;
€s
trbo
tt
(n<
p
Figure 9. Isoconcentration plot of waste field on
August 8, 1968, from flight 3.
o
g
E
o
(+{
3 .';
ql+,
ds
3d
F.y
SH
ai
bx
It-
Table
3.
Table 3.
concentration
within each
Area
each concentration
Area within
8, 1968.
1968.
August 8,
range on
on August
range
Concentration
range
nL/L
ml/L
e
Area
Area
ft_
Sq
Sq ft
r --2 2
1
106
2.48
2 . 4 8 xx 106
2-4
2-4
1.62 x 106
l.62xl06
4
4 --6 6
x 1O5
105
9.04
9.04 x
6 --1 010
106
1.61
1
. 6 1 x 106
1 0 --1 15
5
10
105
2.38
2 . 3 8 xx 1O5
Total
Total
io6
06
6.85
6.85 x 1
= 157
157 acres
acres
=
August
August 14,
I .4, 1968
1968
clouds
however, clouds
conducted; however,
was conducted;
On
sarnpling was
1968 boat sampling
0n August
August 14,
14, 1968
Results of
plotted
sampling,.plotted
of the
the boat sampling,
photography. Results
prevented aerial
prevented
aerial photography.
(north zone),
ate
zone) ' are
grid system
systen (north
the Oregon
Oregon State
coordinate grid
State plane coordinate
on the
concentration
the high concentration
located near the
is located
outfall is
The outfall
shown
in Figure
Figure 10.
10. The
shownin
extends northeast
the plune
and the
values at
the upper left
plot and
plume extends
northeast
in the plot
left in
at the
when
11.:40 when
was conducted
10:24 to
to 11:40
fron 10:24
conducted from
towards
Sanpling was
towards the beach.
beach. Sampling
was
height was
the swell
swel1 height
and the
the
was 5 to
mph from
fron the
10 nph
the southwest and
the wind was
to 10
coefficients
the diffusion
diffusion coefficients
10 that
that the
It
figure 10
fron figure
feet.
It can be seen
seen from
4 to
to 66 feet.
the outfall
outfall are
of the
the concentrations
concentrations 2000
northeast of
are about
about
ft northeast
2000 ft
are low
1ow as the
several
A
streak several
foarn streak
A light
light foam
outfall.
over the
the outfall.
the same
same as those directly
directly over
the
the
while conducting
conducting the
outfall while
hundred feet
hundred
feet long
was Observed
observed over the outfall
long was
boat sampling.
sanpling.
25
25
ItlL
I NS It'L
CIITENTRATIEI{5
INSTE C&10ENTRT
PLT [F kSTE
PLAT
FR1
BT
FRS1 BAAT
t:
l'
2a
Figure 10.
10.
neasured August
Waste
Waste Concentration measured
14, 1968.
1968.
August 14,
August
August 16,
16, 1968
1968
plume was
On
0n August
August 16,
16, 1968,
1968, the
the plume
was long
and narrow
narrow and
and extended
extended
long and
ft wide
wide
northward
northward from
1200 ft
The
fron the
outfall.
The waste
waste field
field was
was 600
600 to
to 1200
the outfall.
Photography was
was taken with
with a vertical
mapping
and
vertical napping
and about
about 7000
feet long.
long. Photography
7000 feet
Symbolic
plots of
waste
camera using
using ektachrome
camera
of the
the waste
ektachrome type
type 8442
8442 film.
filn.
Symbolic plots
field made
ft and
fron photos
field
made fron
from photos 3 and
and 4 of
and from
flight one
one from
fron 8400
8400 ft
of flight
The
L7,
11. The
17, 18 and
and 19 of
of flight
three from
flight three
fron 4200
ft are shown
shown in
in Figure 11.
4200 ft
left
plot in
of the
the left
plot
in Figure 12
was made
madeby subtracting
concentrations of
12 was
subtracting the
the concentrations
plune
plume. Areas
Areas where
where
plume in
in Figure 11
from those
11 from
those shown
shownin
in the
right plume.
the right
the concentration
cross hatched.
hatched.
difference exceeds
units have
have been
been cross
concentration difference
exceeds six
six units
points inside
The nean
mean concentration
The
inside the
the
difference in
conparing 2485
2485 points
concentration difference
in comparing
From
plume it
plune
of the plume
it
plume of either
was 1.8
Frornthe outline
outline of
either flight
flight was
1.8 units.
units.
that plurne
plume changed
can be seen that
changed considerably
considerably during
during the
the 22-minutes
Z2-minutes
plotted
was plotted
between flights.
The
Figure 11
11 was
between
flights.
The data shown
shownon
on the
the left
left of
of Figure
plot program
progran and
Figure 13.
13.
with
with the contour plot
is shown
and is
shownin
in Figure
plune
within the
the plume
Areas
Areas of
different waste
waste concentration
concentration ranges
ranges within
of different
flight three.
three.
are listed
frorn flight
listed in
4. These
These values were
were computed
computedfrom
in Table
Table 4.
i
meandiffusion
diffi:sion
The average
The
ft/sec with
with aa mean
average current
current velocity
velocity was
was 0.42
0.42 ft/sec
The
plume over
the outfall
outfall
coefficient
ftz/sec.
over the
coefficient of
The photo of
of the
the plume
of two
two ft2/sec.
filter.
with aa red
red filter.
flight one
one with
shown
shown in
in Figure 14
was made
madefrom
from photo three
three of
14 was
of flight
receiving
to the receiving
It
that the
the addition
It can be seen
cfs of
addition of
of 17
17 cfs
of effluent
effluent to
seen that
of the
the
spreading of
water moving
noving at
ft/sec did not cause
cause appreciable
appreciable spreading
at 0.42
0.42 ft/sec
26
26
plune; whereas,
of effluent
the
plume;
addition of
L2.4 cfs
cfs of
effluent to
to the
whereas, on
August 88 the
the addition
of 12.4
on August
the plune
receiving
moving at
did cause
of the
plume
ft/sec did
receiving water rnoving
at 0.26 ft/sec
cause spreading of
plune was
and
and the plume
shaped.
was half-moon
half-moon shaped.
was not sufficient
sufficient
nph from
from the
The
The wind
wind of
to 15
15 mph
the southwest
southwest was
of 10
10 to
ft did
did
eight ft
to create
of six
six to
to eight
to
create aa choppy
surface. A
A large
large swell
swell of
choppy water surface.
waste.
not contribute
contribute much
nuch to
the diffusion
diffusion of
of the
the waste.
to the
Table
Table 4.
4.
Area
Area within
within each
concentration
each concentration
August 16,
range
on August
16, 1968.
1968.
range on
Concentration
range
range
mi/L
nl/L
Area
Sq
Sq ft
ft
1
L --2 2
i06
1.12
06
1 . 1 2 xx 1
2
2-4 4
io6
1.01
06
1
.01 x 1
44 --6 6
7.27
LaS
7
. 2 7 x 10
6
6 --1 010
1.30
106
1
. 5 0 x io6
10
15
1 0 --1 5
1.63
106
1 . 6 3 x io6
15
20
1 5 --2 0
1.46
1 . 4 6 x io6
106
20
2 0 --2 525
4.32
4
.32 x L0'
Total
Total
7.29
706
7 . 2 9 x iø6
A
= 167
167 acres
acres
27
27
Figure 13. Iso-concentration
plot flight 1, August 16, 1968.
sd
Y\O
H5CALE0FFEET
500
(
gl
i3 q
u
63
C I
0
.il : *
H
/--a::::)
H
rd -r
t{
+)
g\O
O-r
p
=
2 UNITS
500
5o
Frr h
il il
?P
3{
q)
;f,:';.^{!:-;
'-.'--\
.!'//,
.
.1
-,].'.*
t/,/
("rH
\
t'\)
Fio
o.4
t{fi
d
50X
. d F :
Figure 12. Concentration
difference flights I and 3
F{O
$-
do
:
'dE<
t
SR;
{\'"4
[:
n-
od
\o
I
(n6
;i -{
b0
'.1 \o
3t
o9
,:l UI)
9{5
o{
cft
t
-o€
>{H
x($
4.1
c)
h
p
u0
I
h
28
o.
il$$
\T
o{
o \o
a)
,i
v5-r
Figure 11. Symbolic plots flights
1 and 3 August 16, 1968.
i;
s; 8?t. .
t\ ni
I'i si sa
\
!i@
Xto
5 * i-:. o
August
0)
qi
\t01
çi
.,
U
S
1'
.t :
:
o
P
",b
.
"9
C
-ix
00
AUGUST /6,
e\-
16, 1968.
dH
t{d
+)
fi-t
Figure 14.
14.
16, 1968.
1968.
on August
August 16,
outfall on
plume over
the outfall
Photo of
Photo
over the
of plume
until
14:25 until
frorn 14:25
conducted from
sampling conducted
The
The results
results of
of the
the boat sampling
left
fron the lower
lower left
The plurne
plume extends
extends from
Figure 15.
15. The
16:53 are
are shown
shownin
in Figure
16:53
measuredover
over
Maximum
concentrations measured
Maxinun concentrations
right.
the plot
upper right.
of
to the
the upper
of the
plot to
near
value near
high value
irregularly high
one irregularly
nL/L with
with one
23 mi/L
the
were about 23
the outfall
outfall were
plune.
the head
head of
of'the
the
the plume.
29
29
PLT GF
STE CENCENTRATIENS
CNCENTT1NS ML'L
PLET
AF LJASTE
I1LIL
FRr1
BT
FR8I1 BEAT
.s83 I
;cc
A.-_
,t zetclc
:
i.!
!-.
ltfi. a(rl
--j
-.1021000
lprzzm
Figure 15.
Figure
15.
16, 1968.
1968.
Boat
on August
August 16,
Boat sampling
sanpling conducted
conducted on
August 21,
August
21, 1968
1968
feet and
and
swell was
was ten
ten feet
On
21, 1968
1968 the
the swell
norning of
of August
August 21,
0n the
the morning
Boat sampling
was
fron the
outfall.
sanpl.ing was
breaking
breaking on
the outfall.
on the
reef offshore
offshore from
the reef
fron the
five mph
mph from
the
The
zero to
to five
was zero
delayed until
until the
afternoon.
The wind was
the afternoon.
fron the
southwest,
but by nid
mid afternoon
mph from
to 10
10 to
to 15
15 nph
had changed
changed to
southwest, but
afternoon had
and
15:41 and
from 12:10
12:10 until
until 13:41
was conducted
northwest. The
conducted from
The boat sampling
sanrpling was
left of
of the
The outfall
in the lower
lower left
is shown
is located
located in
is
shoun in
outfall is
in Figure
Figure 16.
16. The
The plune
plume was
was approximately
plot
approxinately
plune extends
plot and
and the plume
northward. The
extends northward.
30
30
end
the end
wide at
at the
ft wide
2000 ft
and 2000
outfall and
7500
ft wide near the outfall
800 ft
ft long,
long, 800
7500 ft
nL/L.
20 ml/L.
was 20
Maximum concentration
outfall was
concentration over the outfall
plune. tttaxintn
of
of the plume.
filn.
D-200 film.
Ansco D-200
using Ansco
Vertical aerial
was taken using
photography was
aerial photography
vertical
filn,
with the film,
first experience
experience with
firrn's first
photographic firm's
was the photographic
As this
As
this was
with scattered
scattered
conbined with
stop. This combined
one stop.
about one
the film
under exposed
exposeaabout
was under
film was
value.
quostionable value.
of questionable
results of
clouds rendered
rendered the photographic results
s rnsrE .)fnr*ons'{s
rLlL
iA2D
Figure 16
16.
1968.
21', 1968
August 21,
Waste concentrations
sampling on
on August
fron boat sampling
concentrations from
Waste
311
3
September
September10,
10, 1968
1968
pipeline.
the pipeline.
into the
On
were introduced
introduced into
0n September
September10,
10, dye
dye slugs
slugs were
dye
slugs
were
Because
of density
stratification,
the
waste
field
and
dye
slugs
were
Becauseof
waste
field
and
density stratification,
was
height
one
submerged.
There
was
no
wind
on
this
day
and
the
swell
height
was
one
subnerged. There was no wind on this day and the swe1l
in
discrete
The
move away
fron the
the outfall
outfall in discrete
to two
two ft.
ft.
The dye
dye slugs
did not move
awayfrom
to
slugs did
the water
water
below the
patches as
area below
patches
as planned
planned but accumulated
about the
outfall area
accunulated about
the outfall
only
surface. The
The boat sampling
measurable dye
dye concentrations
concentrations only
surface.
sampling showed
showedmeasurable
directly
directly over
over the
the outfall.
outfall.
A
filn.
A copy
of
photography was
copy of
Aerial
Aerial photography
was taken
using Ansco
Ansco D-200
D-200 film.
taken using
Figure 17.
17. It
It
photos over
in Figure
one
one of the vertical
vertical photos
the outfall
is shown
shownin
over the
outfall is
The
effluent.
The
can
seen that
foaming of
can be seen
that there
there was
was considerable
considerable foaming
of the
the effluent.
is
photograph is
the outfall
outfall is
photograph
is oriented
is to
right and
and the
oriented so
so that
that north
north is
to the
the right
west then
then
located near the upper
photo. Foam
Foamextends
located
upper center
center of
of the
the photo.
extends both west
The
pLune can
can be
be seen
seen
north
north and
and northeast
northeast from
fron the
the outfall.
The submerged
subrnergedplume
outfall.
area to
to the
the
foan as
light area
in
where not
not obstructed
in the
the photo where
as the
the light
obstructed by the foam
ft.
photo covers
3400 by
by 4600
4600 ft.
area 3400
south
south and
and east of
of the
the outfall.
outfall.
This photo
covers an
an area
Figure
17.
Figure 17.
1968.
Photograph
September10,
10, 1968.
Photograph of
area, September
of the
the outfall
outfall area,
32
32
September 11, 1968
on the 10th
10th except
as on
sameas
The weather
were about
about the same
The
weather conditions
conditions were
wind.
The
east
rnpheast wind. The
was aa 0-5
0-5 mph
and there
there was
that
the area
area and
covered the
that clouds
clouds covered
outfall
the outfall
boils over
over the
individual boils
plume
was still
still submerged
submergedbut the individual
plume was
from
westward from
extended westward
Two foam
foarn streaks
streaks extended
boat. Two
could be seen
seen from
fron the
the boat.
could
the
into the
were injected
injected into
mile. Dye
Dye slugs
slugs were
half mile.
for about
the outfall
about aa half
outfall for
directly
detectable directly
only detectable
wete only
pipeline; however,
dye concentrations
concentrations were
pipeline;
however, dye
outfall.
over the outfall.
September 12, 1968
Septenber
1968
when aa
2 p.m.
Weather conditions
until about 2
p.m. when
calm until
Weather
remained calm
conditions remained
in
The plume
was submerged
subnerged in
plune was
began. The
15-20 nph
mph wind from
northwest began.
from the
the northwest
blowing.
began blowing.
the morning
to the
the surfaee
surface after
after the
the wind
wind began
morning but
cane to
but caine
17:11
r:ntil 17:11
15:49 until
fron 15:49
Waste concentrations
measured by boat sampling
sarnpling from
Waste
concentrations measured
grid in
in
(north zone)
zone) grid
plane coordinate
coordinate (north
Oregon State
State plane
are shown
on the
shown on
the Oregon
F i g u r e 18.
18.
Figure
plune
plot and
and the
the plume
of the
the plot
The outfall
center of
the center
The
is located
located near the
outfall is
was
about
Maximum
concentration
over
the
the
outfall
outfall
was
about
over
Maxinum
concentration
southward.
extends southward.
outfall.
ft from
from the
the outfall.
3000ft
neasured 3000
wercemeasured
concentration were
10
10 ml/L.
n1/L. Detectable concentration
6-inch
plurne using
using aa 6-inch
Vertical
of the
the plume
was taken
taken of
photography was
aerial photography
Vertical aerial
on
reflection
by
sunlight
The
interference
caused
by
sunlight
reflection
on
caused
The
interference
length
focal
canera.
focal length camera.
process.
to
inpossible
photography
the
choppy
water
surface
made
the
photography
impossible
to
process.
made
the choppy watel surface
33
33
PLAT SF
mSTE CS\rENTRATIINS
PLNT
CNCENTRT I r'.s rL'L
EF I4ASTE
rLlL
FRf1
BAT
FRBm BOAT
'W-aste
18. Waste concentrations
Figure
Figure 18.
concentrations measured
rneasured by
by boat
boat
sampling, September
1968.
sarnpling,
,L Z , 1
968.
September 1Z,
34
34
1969
July 1,
1, 1969
and July
30 and
June 30
sea sursursubmerged below
On June 30 and July
July 1 the
plume was submerged
below the
the sea
the plune
0n
in
east
the
fron
the
nph
five mph from the east in the
about five
breeze of
of about
There was
was aa light
light breeze
face.
face.
a one
one
with a
afternoon with
the afternoon
in the
morning shifting
to
mph from
north in
the north
fron the
morning
to 5-10
5-10 rnph
shifting
outfall
of
the
was taken
taken of the outfall
Aerial photography
photography was
Aerial
30th.
June 30th.
ft swell
swel1 on
on June
to two ft
to
the photofron either
either the
photoarea
area but
but there
there was no
no evidence
evidence of
of the
the waste
waste field
field from
boat sampling.
sarnpling.
or the
the boat
graphy or
July 1st.
lston July
ft swell
swel1 on
four ft
to four
with a two to
caln with
weather remained calm
The weather
ft
600 ft
fron 600
was taken
taken from
19 was
in Figure
Figure 19
area shown
The photo
area
shown in
photo of
of the
the outfall
outfall
west.
Four
the west.
towards the
from vertical
vertical towards
45 degrees
degrees from
with
with the
canera oriented
oriented 45
the camera
waste
the waste
of the
visible of
is visible
that is
all that
but all
buoys can
but
the outfall
outfall
seen about
about the
can be seen
field is
is aa small
small amount of
of surface
surface foam which
which covers
covers an
an area
area approximately
approximately
field
can be
be
reflection
light reflection
and surface
surface light
The
can
was overcast
overcast and
ft.
The sky
sky was
200 by 300
500 ft.
200
photograph.
the photograph.
of the
in the
upper part
part of
seen in
the upper
Figure 19.
Figure
19.
1969'
July 1,
1, 1969.
on July
area on
Aerial
outfall area
of the
photo of
the outfall
Aerial photo
3
355
July
and 8,
8, 1969
July 77 and
1969
On
0n both days
days the
wind was
was from
fron the
the wind
the north
north and
foan streak
and aa foam
streak
extended
southward from
extended southward
from the outfall
outfall for
for approximately
approxinately 1.3
niles.
On
1.3 miles.
0n
July
July 7th the
the surface
plume was
narrow and
surface plune
was narrow
and extended
few hundred
hundred
extended only
only a few
feet from
feet
fron the
the outfall.
outfall.
The wind
The
wind on
on the
7th increased
increased from
from 55 mph
the 7th
rnphat
at 8:00
8:00
m p hat
tto
o 12
1 2 mph
a t 20:00.
20:00.
The infrared
infrared black and
photos in
The
and white photos
in Figure
foarn
Figure 20
20 show
show the
the foam
on July
July 7th.
on
7th. Infrared
Infrared photography
photography does
not indicate
does not
indicate temperature differdifferences.
ences. The
The photo
photo in
in Figure
Figure 20A
20A was
was taken
direction with
taken in
in aa northwest
northwest direction
with
the
the shore in
in the
the foreground and
and the
foan extending southward
the foam
fron the
southward from
outfall. The
outfall.
photo in
in Figure 20B
20B was
was taken
The photo
taken over
westover the
the outfall
outfall in
in aa westward direction
direction with
with the
the foam
foan streak
ward
streak extending
extending upwards
upwards and
and to
to the
the left.
left.
The
survey vessel was
was crossing
The survey
crossing over
over the outfall
outfall in
in Figure
20B.
Figure 20B.
20.
Figure 20.
Figure
7, 1969.
f969.
July 7,
foam on July
Photographs of
of the
the foam
at
mph at
fron 6 mph
wind was
was stronger
increased from
stronger and increased
8th the
the wind
July 8th
On
0n July
the
show
Photos
in
Figures
21
and
22
show
the
22
in Figures 2I and
mph at
at 15:00.
15:00.
8:00
to 15
15 mph
8:00 a.m.
a.n. to
ft
g at
from 4000
4000 ft
taken from
15:56. The photos were taken
and 15:56.
at 15:21
fS:ZI and
plume
on July
July 8
plr.nneon
A
A
east.
the east.
towards the
vertical
fron vertical
with the
45 degrees from
towards
tilted
wittr
ttre camera
camera tilted
left.
the left.
the outfall
fron the
foam streak
streak can be
be observed
observed extending
extending from
outfall on the
foan
right
of
the right of
to the
is to
plune is
as the
the plume
The foam
coincide as
not coincide
plune do
do not
foarn and
the plume
and the
36
36
(west)
below (west)
seen below
be seen
can be
upwelled uateT
water can
22 darkdark' upwelled
In Figure 22
foam. In
the foam.
this
indicated
that
this
that
probe indicated
tenperature probe
fron the temperature
plurne. Measurements
Measirements from
the plume.
water'
inshore water.
the inshore
warner than the
degrees CC warmer
two degrees
water
was approximately
approximately two
watei was
rnixing
linited mixing
plume
with
limited
plune
with
the
over
nove
to
The
upwelled
water
appears
to
move
over
the
appeans
The upwelle-cl-water
did
plune
the plume did
of the
edge of
The upper or nearshore
nearshore edge
The
r"rtli.
two masses.
between the two
botween
photos.
between photos.
position between
not change
change position
not
outfall
The outfall
23. The
Figure 23.
in Figure
shown in
ate shown
sampling are
Results of
of the
the boat sampling
Results
southward
extends southward
plume extends
giia and
tta the plune
the grid
of the
is located
the center
center of
located near the
is
16:16
until
16:16
until
15:00
fron
conducted
The
sampling
was
conducted
from
15:00
was
The sampling
left.
towards the
the left.
or towards
outfall
was
was
10
10'm1/L'
mi/L.
outfall
the
over
neasured
concentration measured over the
and
the naxinun
maximum concentration
and the
processed.
were processed.
outfall were
the outfall
over the
flights over
Three
Three photographic flights
the two
canera-while
napping
in
the
Ektachrome type
used in the mapping camera while the
was used
film was
8442 film
typ-e8442
Ektachrone
black
black
infrared
and
color
type
8443
and
infrared
8443
type
color
infrared
mm canneras
cameras were used with
with infrared
70 mn
in
shown
in
shown
are
flights
three
Symbolic
plots
for
the
three
flights
are
for
5424. Symbolic plots
type 5424.
and white
white type
and
approxscales
and
lateral
scales
approxlateral
and
longitudinal
the longitudinal
have the
In order to
to have
24. ln
Figure 24.
report
this report
plots in
in this
synbolic plots
imately equal,
each syrnbol
symbol on
on the
the reniining
remaining symbolic
equal, each
imitety
plune'
the
along
ft
plume
and
30
ft
along
the
plume.
30
and
the plune_
across the
ft across
20 ft
represent an
of 20
an area of
represent
15:15'
tines 15:15,
at times
flights taken
taken at
fropflights,
were from
24 were
Figure 24
The
in Figure
plots shown
shownin
Th-eplots
They
They
respectively'
ft,
respectively.
ft,
4000
and 4000
4000 and
15:21 and
and 15:56
and fiom
from 3000,
3000, 4000
15:56 and
15:21
plune
in plume
change
the
that the change in
so that
plume so
the plune
ft of
of the
2300 ft
first 2300
include only
only the
the first
include
extended
concentrations extended
Measurable concentrations
seen. Measurable
be seen.
can be
shape betweln
between flights
flights can
,trp"
outfall.
ft from
fron the outfall.
5500 ft
5500
one
flights one
for flights
coefficient for
diffirsion coefficient
state diffusion
The
steady state
The average
averase steady
from
coefficient from
diffusion coefficient
average diffusion
the average
wtrite the
and
was 14 g1T/sec
ft/sec while
and two was
ftlsec'
0'5 ft/sec.
velocitl'was
current
The
average
current
velocity
was 0.5
average
The
ftT/sec.
was
9'
flight
three
was
9
ft2/sec.
flight
flight
fron flight
conputed from
as computed
ranges as
concentration ranges
Area
the different
different concentration
within'the
Arei within
Table 5.
5.
in Table
three are
listed in
are listed
5.
Table 5.
1969'
8, 1969.
July 8,
Waste field
on July
field area on
l4laste
Concentration
Concentration
range
ml/L
mr/L
-
Area
Sq
ft
sq ft
r1 - -2 2
1.05
106
1 . 0 5 x 10
2 -4
2
4
106
1.62
1 . 6 2 xx 106
44 - 6 6
106
2.06
2 . 0 6 xx io6
6
6 - 1 010
4.10
105
4 . 1 0 x l0
Total
Total
106
5.14
5 . 1 4 x io6
= 117
IL7 acres
377
3
F i g u r e 21.
Figure
21.
P h o t o of
o f the
t h e plume
p l u r n e on
o n July
Photo
J u l y 8,
8 , 1969
1 9 6 9 at
IS:2I.
a t 15:21.
.
-.1-
Figure 22.
22.
of the
p l u m e on
the plume
Photo of
o n July
J u l y 8,
8 , 1969
1 9 6 9at
a t 15:56.
15:56.
38
378000
o
B
Figure 23. Waste concentrations measured by boat sampling on July 8, 1969.
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40
\o
o.
August
12, 1969
1969
Aggust 12,
successfully
aerial photography
photography and
and boat
boat sarnpling
sampling welce
were successfully
Both aerial
deternined
Waste
concentrations
determined
from boat
Waste
concentrations
1969.
conducted
on
on
August
12,
12,
1969.
August
conducted
is
outfall
The
outfall
is
25.
The
in
Figure
shown
are
sampling
from
12:44
until
13:46
are
shown
in
Figure
25.
until
L3'.46
12:44
sampling
or
nolrthwest
plume
extends
grid
and
the
located
near
the
center
of
the
grid
and
the
plume
extends
northwest
or
center
of
the
locited near the
right.
upward and
and to
to the
the right.
upward
in
shown in
are shown
the boat
fron the
Surface
water temperatures
measured from
boat are
tenperatures neasured
Surface water
the
plot
represents
on
the
The
height
of
a
vertical
line
on
the
plot
represents
the
Figure 26.
26. The height of a vertical line
This nethod
method of
of
degrees. This
ninus nine
nine degrees.
C. minus
in degrees
degreesC.
water temperature in
would
temperature
watelf
in
snall difference
difference in water temperature would
plotting was
plotting
was used
so that
that aa small
used so
lines
that
of
in
lengths
difference in lengths of lines that
to see
see aa difference
it is
is easier
easier to
be apparent as
as it
long.
units
units
long.
eleven
ten
and
are ten and eleven
lines that
that are
are bne
one and
units long than lines
and two
two units
outfall
the
over
temperature over the outfall
that the water temperature
It
plot that
It can
can be seen
seen in
in the plot
plot where
wher:e
of the
the plot
right of
upper right
was about
in the upper
Lolder than in
about two degrees
degrees colder
was
pipeline
in the
the pipeline
effluent in
waste concentration
is zero.
zero. Although the effluent
concentration is
the waste
nixresulting mixthe resulting
water and
and the
subsurface water
is
mixes with
with the subsurface
is about 40°C.
40oC. it
it rnixes
surthe surrounding
surrounding surcolder than
than the
ture on the
the surface
this exarnple
example was
was colder
in this
surface in
ture
face water.
with
taken with
27 was
was taken
Figure 27
in Figure
The
plume shown
shownin
the plume
photo of
of the
The oblique
oblique photo
innediate vicinity
In
the immediate
vicinity
In the
ft.
4,000 ft.
fron 4,000
pointed northward
northward from
the camera
camerapointed
then
outfall then
the outfall
west of
of the
and west
of the
the outfatl
outfall the foam
foan extends
extends both east and
of
1968.
10, 1968.
on September
Septenber 10,
to that
that on
pattern is
is similar
similar to
foan pattern
northward. This foam
prinarily
but primarily
from the
outfall but
the outfall
The
all directions
directions from
field extends
in all
extends in
The waste
waste field
changed
but changed
norning but
in the
the morning
The wind was
mph from
from the
the east in
was three
three mph
northwest. The
northwest.
the afternoon.
afternoon.
west in
in the
to
five mph
rnphfrom
fron the
the west
to five
northwest
outfall noved
current float
to the
moved northwest
of the outfall
the west of
float set
set to
One
One current
noved northnorthoutfall moved
the outfall
east of
of the
while
to the east
float set
set to
other current
current float
while the
the other
that
It
It appears
appears that
ft/sec.
was0.1
0.1 ft/sec.
velocity was
current velocity
east. The
The average
average current
head created
hydraulic head
the hydraulic
that the
conditions, that
caln conditions,
relaiively calm
under these
these relatively
field.
waste field.
the waste
of
shape
on
the
by
the
effluent
has
a
measurable
influence
on
the
shape
of
the
influence
neasurable
has
a
effluent
by the
While
Figure 28.
28. While
in Figure
shownin
is shown
A
field is
waste field
plot of
of the
the waste
A symbolic
synbolic plot
were
essentially
results
photographic
three
flights
were
processed,
the
photographic
results
were
essentially
processed,
three flights were
in the
the
plune was
was in
The hole or blank area
in the
the plume
area in
in each
case. The
the same
each case.
samein
The
The
be
conputed.
not
could
concentrations
foam
over
the
outfall
where
concentrations
could
not
be
computed.
outfall where
foam
of 66
concentration of
uniform concentration
nearly uniform
plot shows
with nearly
field with
waste field
plot
large waste
shows a large
the
of the
centerline
The
azimuth
from
north
of
the
centerline
of
of
the
north
fron
nl/L throughout.
to 10
10 ml/L
throughout. The azinuth
io
concentration
Area
within
the
different
concentration
different
540o. Area within
plot
27 is
is 340°.
plot in
in Figure
Figure 27
6.
Table 6.
ranges
in Table
are listed
listed in
ranges are
41
4l
FRM BT
Figure 25. Waste concentrations from boat sampling on August 12, 1969.
F.
c
o\
\o
o.
a
Cfi
E
a
x.
N
LL
+)
@
F L-JSTE CCENTRT[NS ML/L
5
b0
p
J
E
c
tn
z
a
;
(t
o
u0
g
or
u
F
H
Z
d
o
+)
d
Ld
U
z
a
o
g
IJ
F
LN
o
'{
l+{
<t
3
o
g
LJ-
6
PLT
o
(s
+)
a
J
F|
+)
o..
c
c)
()
g
o
()
o
+)
@
d
tr)
N
o
H
5
bI)
h
N)
?riR:
El
F
LN
tiJ
u
Figure 26. Surface water temperature on August 12, 1969.
\9
UJ
$
c|
o.
\o
o.
=
Lr-l
u
N
=
8
r'
<I
+'
o
u
u
td
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,
o
T
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F
d
u
o
o
LJ
F
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f
t{
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o
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LJ=
a
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o
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d
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S.l
n
a
<;
N
o
tr
5
b0
*
*
t4
(J
43
A
k
Photograph of
waste field
of the
the waste
Photograph
field on
on August
12, 1969.
August 12,
1969.
44
44
.3
__
Figure 27.
Figure
27.
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28.
Figure 18.
1959,
lA, 1969.
flight 33 on
Symbolic plot
waste field
from flight
on August
August 12,
field frorn
plot of
of waste
Symbotic
45
45
Table 6.
6.
Waste
field area
area -- August
Waste field
A u g u s t 12,
1 2 , 1969.
1969.
Concentration
Concentration
range
nL/L
mi/L
Mea
Afea
Sq ft
ft
Sq
I
r - -2 2
4 . 8 6 x 1O5
105
4.86
2
-4
2-4
1.03 x 106
1.03
4-6
4-6
1 . 5 0 x io6
106
1.50
6 --1 010
3 . 0 0 x io6
106
3.00
Total
Total
6 . 0 2 x 106
106
6.02
= 137
137 acres
acres
=
Septenber 8,
September
8, 1969
1969
photograph of
The photograph
of the
the plume
plurne shown
The
shown in
in Figure
Figure 29
29 was
was taken from
fron
8,000
ft looking
8,000 ft
looking north.
north. The
surface prume
The surface
plume was
was small
snall and
and extended
extended
northward from
fron the
northward
the outfall.
outfall.
A
small amount
anount of
of surface foam
foarn can
A small
can be
be seen
seen
about the
the outfall.
about
outfall.
The location
location of
plurne was
of the
the plume
was not
The
not obvious
obvious from
fron the
the
b^oatwhile
while sampling;
sanpling; however,
however, aa large
boat
large subsurface
subsurface plume
plume could
could be
be seen
seen
from the
aircraft extending
extending northeast from
from
the aircraft
outfall.
frorn the
the outfatt.
The
The wind
wind was
was
from the
the southwest
southwest at
from
at 55 mph
nph with
with a four-foot
four-foot swell.
swell.
Data
Data for
for the
the symbolic plot
plot of
of the
the waste
waste field,
field, shown
shown in
in Figure
Figure
50 was
from the 70
70 rnm
30
was from
mm infrared
from
infrared color
color photography
photography taken
taken frorn 3,000
s,000 ft.
ft.
The current
current velocity
velocity was
The
was 0.2
A.2 ft/sec.
ft/see.
Area
within the
the different
Area within
different concenconcentration ranges
ranges are listed
listed in
tration
in Table
Table 7.
7. Results
Results of
of the boat sampling
sarnpling are
are
shovmin
in Figure
shown
Figure 31.
51.
46
46
Table 7.
7.
Table
area -- September
September8,
8, 1969.
1969.
Waste
field area
Waste field
Concentration
Concentration
range
range
rnl/L
mi/L
Area
Area
ft
sq ft
Sq
L --2 2
1
1
. 8 7 xx l0
105
1.87
2 --4 4
x 10
105
3.10
3
.10 x
4-6
4-6
2
.41 x 105
2.41x105
6 - -1 010
106
1 . 0 7 xx i06
1.07
1
100 --l s15
104
6 . 8 4 xx 10
6.84
T
otaI
Total
x 10
106
1
.87 x
1.87
= 43 acres
actes
6
#1!
I._y
Figure
29.
Figure 29.
1969.
September8,
8, 1969.
photo of
waste field
field on
on September
Aerial
Aerial photo
of waste
47
47
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Figure 30.
30. Symbolic
Figure
Syrnbolic plot
field from
frorn flight
plot of
of waste
waste field
flight 11 on
on September
Sspternber 8,
8, 1969
L969
48
4B
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LL
Figure 31. Waste concentrations from boat sampling on September 8, 1969.
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u0
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SECTION VI
SECTION
GARDINER STUDY
STUDY
GARDINER
produces approximately
approxinately
at Gardiner
Gardiner produces
Plant at
The International
Paper
Paper Plant
International
of liquid
liquid waste
10,000 gpn
about 10,000
tons per
per day of
of pulp
pulp and discharge.s
discharges about
gpm of
waste
550 tons
of the
the
5-I/2 niles
is
miles north
north of
located 5-1/2
is located
outfall
into
into the ocean.
ocean. The ocean
ocean outfall
north
both
extends
straight
shoreline
extends
both
north
and
A
shoreline
straight
mouth
the
Umpqua
River.
mouth of
the
River.
of
Umpqua
gently
sloping
is
the
outfall
south
of
the
outfall
the
shore
near
the
outfall
is
a
gently
sloping
and
shore
near
south of the outfaLl
the
The
52. The
Figure 32.
in Figure
is shown
shown in
the outfall
outfall is
sandy
The location
location of
of the
sandy beach. The
wastes
its
discharges
and
Gardiner
plant is
rnile north
north of
of Gardiner and discharges its wastes
plant
is located
located about
about aa mile
pipeline to
ocean.
to the
the ocean.
through a three-mile
three-nile pipeline
through
The
The
looking northeast.
northeast.
55 was
was taken
taken looking
The
photograph in
in Figure
Figure 33
The photograph
white.
shown
in
is
photo and
and is shown in white.
on the
the photo
location of
of the
was
sketched on
location
was sketched
the outfall
outfall
the
shore
on
It
It can be
be seen that
that there
there is
is no residential
residential development
development
the shore near
near
parked
near
were
to six
six vehicles
During
vehicles
parked near
three to
the outfall.
During low
low tides,
tides, three
the
outfall.
were
occupants were
while the
the occupants
to the
the outfall
outfall
the
while
the beach on the
road to
the access road
River
Urnpqua
in the
the Umpqua River
near the
the bend in
plant is
located near
digging
is located
digging clams.
clarns. The plant
in
the
seen in the
Dark upwelled
water can be seen
picture.
upwelled water
to the
the right
of the
the picture.
to
right of
photograph.
lower left
lower
left of
of the
the photograph.
ptant is
34.
in Figure
Figure 34.
Papei Plant
is shown
shownin
Paper
photo of
International
of the
the International
A photo
on the
the
shown on
the pond shown
into the
Liquid
waste from
process are
are discharged
discharged into
fron the
Liquid waste
the process
pond
of the
the pond
A pumping
to the
the left
left of
located to
punping station
station located
left of
figure.
left
of the
the figure.
outfall extends
The 36-inch
36-inch outfall
ocean. The
the ocean.
pumps
the hills
hil1s to
to the
pumps the
over the
the waste over
As
As
water.
of water.
ft of
25 ft
in about
about 25
about
terminates in
feet offshore
and terminates
5,000 feet
offshore and
about 3,000
dianeter
five-inch
of 24 five-inch
consists of
shown in
in Figure
Figure 35,
the diffuser
diffuser section
diameter
section consists
shown
35, the
and
The ports
and
horizontally
ports are
oriented horizontally
are oriented
ports spaced
ports
ft apart.
apart.
7.5 ft
spaced 7.5
sands
Shifting
Shifting sands
pipeline.
alternately discharge
of the
the pipeline.
sides of
on opposite
opposite sides
alternalely
discharge on
of the
the
how many
nany of
known how
partially cover
the diffuser
section
was not
not known
and it
it was
diffuser
section and
partially
cover'the
of sampling.
sanpling.
ports
ports were open
the time
tine of
open at
at the
from
Boat
was conducted
with the
boat "Sea
Hawk" from
the charter
charter boat
conducted with
Boat sampling
sanpling was
"Sea Hawk"
In
addition
In
addition
1969.
20,
and
August
19
and
Winchester
Bay
on
July
15
and
16,
and
August
19
and
20,
1969.
16,
15
and
Bay
Juty
Winchester
on
Laboratory
Pacific Northwest
the Northwest
Northwest Regional
Regional Office
Office and the
Northwest Water Laboratory
the Pacific
the
the
of the
survey
conducted
of
the
Federal
Water
Quality
Administration
conducted
a
survey
of
Adrninistration
of the Federal
Quality
tracer
Measurements
of
a
dye
tracer
of
Measurements
20,1969.
outfall
during
the
week
of
January
20,
1969.
outfall
during the week of January
the
ovet
1:27
of
dilution
ninimun
released
during
the
survey
produced
a
minimum
dilution
of
1:27
over
the
produced
released during the survey
study
this
plurne
during
An
extension
of
the
centerline
of
the
plume
during
this
study
of
the
outfall.
extension of the centerline
outfall.
the outfall.
outfall.
south of
of the
mile south
one mile
would have
have intersected
the
approximately one
the beach approximately
intersected
would
that
showed
study
the
during
In
addition,
a
biological
survey
conducted
during
the
study
showed
that
survey conducted
a biological
In addition,
than
at
than at
outfall
over the
the outfall
observed over
were observed
more
nore species
species were
and more
nore organisms
organisns and
follow.
by
dates
Description
of
the
sampling
by
dates
follow.
sampling
of
the
Description
locations.
other
other surrounding
sugounding locations.
1 6 , 1969
1969
JJuly
u l y 15
1 5 and
a n d 16,
during
the NNW
NNWduring
fron the
nph from
18 mph
On
10 to
to 18
was 10
and 16
16 the
the wind was
July 15
15 and
0n July
to three
three
and
two
The
swell
on
the
15th
was
four
ft,
and
two
to
four
ft,
pbriod.
The swe11 on the 15th was
the sampling
the
sanpling period.
16th.
ft
ft on the
the 16th.
51
5l
OUT FAL L
OUTFALL
-fn
d TGARD|NER A
z
k/
Lii
U
C)
0
o
INCHESTER BAY
W INCHESTER
A W
t''.520C^'
1":5200'
Figure 32.
52.
location map.
rnap.
outfall location
Gardiner
Gardiner outfall
52
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34.
Photograph
of the International
paper plant.
Ii
a
Figure
I
3
\
1
\
ft
L.
3XiDe
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I
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-.\ \
\
\f
q
o
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rF
JJ
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4
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a,
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i lt-
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4.,
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Figure 35. International Paper Company outfall near Gardiner, Oregon.
_f\
\
Oregon \
Znration/NerGardine\
24 F7ve \inch d/ameer ports
-/82'.
\I-r
/
AJ
)\_, \I8athyme2\y Ji/y
/6\/969 MLW
Staf
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7oou
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h
fi
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.(,
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o
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h
results
Air
in the
fluorometer intake
intake lines
lines rendered
rendered the
the results
Air bubbles
bubbles in
the fluorometer
configurations
15. The plume configurations
of the
value
of
boat sampling
sampling of
of little
value on
on July
July 15.
the boat
little
July 16
16
sampling on
on July
were similar
on
sinilar
days and
results of
the boat
boat sampling
on both
both days
the results
of the
and the
in Figure
Figure 36
36
sampling
are
first
run shown
are shown
shown in
Figures 36
36 and
and 37.
sampling run
shown in
in Figures
37. The first
Figure
shown in
in Figure
was conducted from
until 13:35 while
while the
was
the second
fron 12:39 until
second run shown
The plume
southward
plurne extended southward
37 was
was conducted
14:45 until
until 15:36.
conducted from
from 14:45
15:36. The
(left)
(left) fron
from the
the outfall
outfall with
with aa naximum
maximum concentration
concentration of
of 23 nI/L
ml/L over
over the
the
outfall.
outfal I .
was on
sunlight was
on
While the
boat was
direct sunlight
While
was headed
westward, direct
the survey
survey boat
headed westward,
fluoroSince
with
with the
the fluoroinstrument.
interference
the
the instrument.
Since the
the sunlight
sunlight caused interference
processed
not processed
were not
meter readings,
record were
readings, these
sections of
of the
the sampling
sanpling record
these sections
and37.
37.
and
discontinuous boat
is shown
in Figures
Figures 36
36 and
and discontinuous
track is
shown in
boat track
58B. The
The
38A and
and 38B.
plune are
in Figures
Figures 38A
Aerial
Aerial views
of the
shown in
views of
the plume
are shown
fron
4000
photos
photos which were taken
at
15:05
are
45
degree
oblique
views
from
4000
15:05
45
oblique
taken at
photograph
the photograph
of the
ft.
The
in
ft.
The outfall
Figure 38A
the center
center of
outfall
in Figure
38A is
is located
located at
at the
high
One
area
of
relatively
high
waste
and the
plume extends
and
to
the
right.
the plume
right.
One
of
relatively
extends to the
high
concentration
south
from
the
outfall
while
a
second
area
of
while
second
area
of high
concentration extends
outfall
extends south
the
The
dye
patch
located
near
the
patch
near
the
located
concentration
southwestward.
concentration extends
extends southwestward.
dye
patch shown
shown
The dye patch
left of
was dropped
L4:20. The
lower left
lower
center on 38A
38A was
dropped at
at 14:20.
of center
The
plume
in
Figure
plume
in
Figure
The
in
was dropped
L2:I4.
in lower
lower right
right of
Figure 38B
dropped at
at. 12:14.
of Figure
38B was
photo.
38B
388 is
is shown
in the
upper left
of the
shown in
the upper
left of
the photo.
processed.
area were
were processed.
photographic flights
flights over the
outfall area
Three photographic
the outfall
first
flight
plot shown
flight
plot
39 was
was from
from the
the first
iso-concentration
in Figure
Figure 39
The iso-concentration
shown in
plot is
is
this plot
The concentration
on this
over the
interval on
over
14:50. The
concentration interval
the outfall
outfall at
at 14:50.
plot
The
synbolic plot
nI/L.
The symbolic
ml/L with
with the
representing 22 ml/L.
contour representing
2 nI/L
the outside
outside contour
flight
of
waste field
fron the
the second
second flight
field shown
Figure 40 was
was made
nade from
of the
shown in
in Figure
the waste
infrared
Infrared color
color film
filn and
and infrared
ft at
15:03. Infrared
over the
the area
from 5000
at 15:03.
area from
5000 ft
The large
large
70 mm
mn cameras.
cameras. The
from the
black and white
black
processed from
the 70
white film
fihn were processed
position
float position
current float
and
and current
mapping camera
was used for
for orientation
orientation
camera was
computations.
computations.
8, 1968,
1968,
for August 8,
The plume
is similar
to that
plume on
1969, is
sinilar to
that for
The
on July
July 16,
16, 1969,
the
to the
that the
of waste to
of 22.4 cfs
cfs of
at
at Newport.
It appears that
the addition
addition of
Newport. It
the
of the
caused surface
surface spreading
spreading of
receiving
ft/sec caused
receiving water
water moving
moving at
at 0.26
0.26 ft/sec
the outfall.
outfall.
Two
floats were set
above the
set above
plune near the
current floats
plume
outfall.
Two current
the outfall.
float set
set
One
second float
field but
but the
the second
float moved
in the
the waste field
One float
moved downstream
downstream in
just upstream
fron
upstrean from
the centerline
centerline of
just
stationary
on the
the plume remained stationary
of the
float,
the float,
to hold
hold the
area, to
Since there
was no kelp
kelp in
in the
the outfall.
outfall.
Since
the area,
the
there was
in a
source in
created by a source
it may
may have been set
point created
at the
stagnation point
it
set at
the stagnation
uniformly
uniformly flowing
flowing stream.
stream.
t2/see.
w a s 9g fft2/sec.
The average
coefficient
c o e f f i c i e n t was
state diffusion
diffusion
average steady
steady state
determined
as
concentration
Areas within
different
ranges
in
waste
concentration
as
determined
in
within the
different
the
Table 8.
8.
from flight
in Table
flight 2,
2, are
are listed
listed in
566
5
FRQII BT
Figure 36. Waste concentrations measured by boat sampling
July 16, 1969, run 1.
(t
6
ct
E
h0
FI
a
u
.Fl
r{
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E
d
5TE C3NCENTRTJN5 ML/L
@
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d
o
J
T
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h
z
a
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ntu
F'
q
u
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o
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z
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Z
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o
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t{
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bo
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h
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57
FROM BOAT
F
c
a
C,r
T
a
u
LL
Figure 37. Waste concentrations measured by boat sampling
July 16, 1969, run 2.
bo
STE CTNCENTRTJI3N5 ML/L
s
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00
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Figure 38.
58.
Plune
Plume and
and dye
dye patch on
August 16,
16, 1969.
on August
1969.
59
59
CARDINER
JULY 16,1969
16,16
JULY
ORRDINTR
39.
Figure 39.
Figure
1.
Iso-concentration
flight 1.
frorn flight
plot from
Iso-concentration plot
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Symbolic
of waste
waste concentrations
concentrations frorn
from
plot of
Syrnbolic plot
16,
L
9
6
9
.
flight
2
on
August
16,
1969.
2
on
August
fLight
61
61
|
Table 8.
Table
8.
Area within
within each
each concentration
concentration
range on
16, 1969.
1969.
on July
July 16,
Concentration
Concentration
range
ml/L
mI/L
_
Area
Sq
Sq ft
ft
1
I -- 22
1.21
1
. 2 1 x 106
106
2-4
2-4
1.53
1
. 5 3 x i06
106
4-6
4-6
9.00
9 . 0 0 x 10
105
6 - -1 010
1.18
1 . 1 8 x 1o6
106
10
15
1 0 --1 5
6.01
105
6 . 0 1 x 10
15
1 5 - 2 020
2.23
105
2 . 2 3 x l0
20
2 0 --2 525
5.76
104
5 . 7 6 x l0
Total
Total
5.70
106
5 . 7 0 xx 106
= 130
=
acres
130 acres
August 19
19 and
and 20,
1969
20, 1969
with
five feet
feet on
days with
The swell
four to
on both
sanpling days
height was
was four
to five
both sampling
swell height
The
fog
did
not
lift
fog
not
lift
a light
wind
of
zero
to
five
mph
from
the
west.
light
did
of zero to five mph fron the west.
next day.
day.
until
until noon
noon on
at 11
11 o'clock
orclock the
19th but
was clear
clear at
the next
on the
the 19th
but was
are shown
shown
Waste
fron the
sanplings are
Waste concentrations
deternined from
the boat
boat samplings
concentrations determined
was
in
Maxirnumconcentration
concentration over
the outfall
outfall was
in Figures
Figures 41 through
over the
through 43.
43. Maximum
fron 15:16
15:16
22 mi/L.
The
nI/L.
in Figure
Figure 41
41 was
was conducted
The boat
shown in
conducted from
boat sampling
sampling shown
period was
because
short because
until
15:39 on
The sampling
sampling period
was short
until 15:39
August 19,
19, 1969.
1969. The
on August
On
0n
generator trouble
defined.
plune in
in Figure
Figure 41
is not
well defined.
of
of generator
41 is
not well
the plume
trouble and
and the
the
and the
was from
from 11:33
L2:04 and
August 20
period was
11:33 until
until 12:04
20 the
the first
first sampling
sanpling period
p e r i o d was
1 5 : 0 5 until
u n t i l 15:34.
15:34.
ssecond
e c o n d sampling
f r o m 15:05
s a n p l i n g period
w a s from
periods
Surface water
water temperature
measured during
two sampling
sarnpling periods
during the
Surface
the two
tenperature measured
water temptempIn
general the
and 45.
In general
the water
45.
August 20 are
on August
in Figures
Figures 44
44 and
are shown
shown in
the surrounding
suuounding
degrees colder
colder than
than the
erature
was
two degrees
erature over
over the
was one
one to
to two
the outfall
outfall
water temperature.
water
temperature.
both
while sampling
on both
The
and location
location while
plune changed
changed shape
sanpling on
The plume
shape and
tide
Low
19th was
was at
at 10:20
and high
high tide
the 19th
10':20 and
August 19th
19th and
20th.
Low tide
tide on the
and 20th.
fron
was taken
taken from
plume in
in Figure
of the
the plume
Figure 46
46 was
was at
was
at 16:50.
16:50. The
The oblique
oblique view
view of
62
62
\(:
rk'
u
1
\o
\c,
FRM 3T
E
R
F
!L
a
c:)
t
6
u
Figure 41. Waste concentrations measured by boat sampling on
August 19, 1969.
g
o
bo
L!
F
PLT F L-JSTE CNCENTRTIIN ML/L
-J
.Fl
r-{
g
I
I
E
d
n
UJ
Z
2
+)
d
o
F
<I
u
r'
z
h
E
tlJ
LJ
o
7_
l'l
VJ
\J
F.
oo.
d\O
Lil
F
oo
fi '-r
m
q
H
o{
3
5'r
.r{
a
{-)
+io
(oFt
F.
il
a
_l
o
+:
Q)
b0
t{
-.
iD<
o
g
o
o
+)
o
(d
L
Fl
{
o
h
s
o0
.ri
t''
ESqF]
63
FRF1 BT
F
.I
Y.t
c0
E
VJ
u
F L..J5TE CNCENTRT I NS ML'L
Ll.
Figure 42. Waste concentrations from boat sampling on
August 20, 1969, run 1.
J
J
H
E
rjl
Z
bo
d
.Ft
FI
@
;
<t
F
u
d
a
+)
d
F.
Z
UJ
\J
Z
@
U
c:H
-
Ltl
t{t
.+{
vl
(I
F{
2
f
Y\O
LL
5o'
6
rd=
PLT
f{
a
go
ON
J
o_
xq
e6b
oF
+r<
(')
(d
F
N
$
c)
p
bo
.r{
h
t4
0'
83€R
64
FRM BT
F
c
a
cn
I
a
u
ML/L
4
I
-J
Figure 43. Waste concentrations from boat sampling on
August 20, 1969, run 2.
Fi
o
u0
H
J
I
LN
.Fl
PLT F WSTE CGNCENTRTJtN
z
!-{
g
a
;
(t
H
H
d
o
+r
(d
u
Fz
o
LJ.l
U
Z
,O.
.r Gl
a
UA
U
6H
fif
Ld
F
LN
3ol
(t
=
H.O
.; o.
+)d
tJb
f{
lJo
F
6
J
UN
3;
6n
0_
-s
g{
o
(d
F
(f)
$
o
h
I
bo
4
4
h
Bg€R
0'
Ui
65
10
URFCE t.-JTER TEMPERTURE IN DEGREE5 C -
U
I
U
LN
ul
IJ
u
\9
Lrl
o
=
u
:
F
c
u
Ll-I
o_
t
ul
.F
u
LIJ
F
<t
3
LU
c
LL
I
f
F
n
PLT
LL
t71
F
I
0_
Figure 44. Surface water temperatures measured
August ZO, 1969, run 1.
L!
F(J
o
ti
5
o
d
o
H
o
o
k
5
+Jd
dd
|{l
oi
F^
Xo.
l5 .o
.. o.
o
+?
Fo
FN
()+r
Ul
ir
:5
,ii bo
t{p
p<
a
.t'
.fl
c)
t{
d
bo
t'{
10
?
URFC1E LTER TEh1PERTLJRE IH DEGREE3 C
U
til
u
I
L.f
u
C
=
lr-l
Surface water temperatures measured
a
l
r
()
{
t{
5
LL
!l
a
.d
c)
.
a
Lr-l
d
U
F
C
l
run 2
o
0)
h
FN
.t-)
u
U
{
LI
a
1969,
(6'g
h9
ok
g
Ho
O\O
€ cF.
l
,,
kFl
August 20,
LF
s2
Z
Ex
'*t
Z,
oo
up
7
dbo
11 t
t\
V
Figure 45
,d
.S
()
k
5
b0
a.-
.r{
f"{
U-
67
\
/
r-
film with
4000 ft
ft at
at 12:39,
using panchronatic
panchromatic black
black and white
white film
with
19, using
4000
12:39, August 19,
plune
The outfall
is
in the
the lower
lower right
right and
and the
the plume
a 25A
2SA filter.
filter.
is located
located in
outfall
A tide
can be seen
seen
extends upward to
extends
the surf
surf zone.
zone. A
tide rip
rip can
to the
left along
along the
the left
extending
left and a dye patch
extending through
through the
the surf
upper left
patch can be
in the
the upper
surf zone in
offshore from
plurne on
left.
seen offshore
from the
on the
the left.
the plume
flight
The two 70
photos in
were taken
in the
the same
same flight
nrn photos
in Figure
Figure 47
47 were
taken in
70 mm
in
The
boat
in
with
infrared
black
and
white
film
with
an
89B
filter.
filter.
The
boat
with infrared black and white fifun with an 89B
Infrared
Figure 47A
Figure
white spot
picture. Infrared
47A appears
appears as a white
center of
of the
spot in
in the
the center
the picture.
photography
than
pltrure requires
stops more exposure
exposure than
photography of
of the
requires about
about three
three stops
the plume
just visible
IR film.
filn.
land detail.
The
detail.
patch in
is just
visible on
on the
the IR
The dye patch
in Figure
Figure 47A
47A is
to
As the
photos were scanned
was used to
As
the
the photos
infrared band
band was
scanned automatically,
autonatically,
the infrared
processing.
distinguish
field in
distinguish the
waste field
the dye from
from the
in the
the computer processing.
the waste
Figure
Figure 47B
47B was
was taken
over the
the outfall.
outfall.
taken over
greater
is greater
The
in
photograph is
The variation
variation
in the
the infrared
infrared photograph
in film
filn density
density in
percent of
infrared
than that
that in
return in
in the
the infrared
than
in Figure
Figure 46.
of the
the light
light return
46. Ninety
Ninety percent
band is
is from
from the
whereas, in
in the
red band
band
band
feet of
the water;
hrater; whereas,
the red
the upper two
two feet
of the
feet.
percent of
ninety
ninety percent
is from
fron the
the upper
upper seven
seven feet.
of the
light return
return is
the light
L3:55
photos of
at 13:53
The
48 and
and 49
49 were
were taken
taken at
The photos
in Figures
Figures 48
of the
the plume in
plune in
fron 6000
The plume
in
from
6000 ft
ft and
fron 4000
ft, respectively.
respectively.
and at
16:28 from
4000 ft,
at 16:28
near
Figure
located
Figure 48 extends
from the
the outfall
outfall
located near
extends upward and to
the left
left from
to the
narow
The
photo.
patch can
can be
be seen
as aa narrow
the
the lower
lower right
right of
The dye patch
seen as
of the
the photo.
the left
left of
of
streak
perpendicular to
the beach at
at the
streak oriented
oriented approximately
to the
approximately perpendicular
fron the
the
Figure
Figure 48.
plune extended
directly
shore from
towards
48. At
towards shore
At 16:28
16:28 the
the plume
extended directly
outfall.
outfal1.
was taken
taken
The
field in
in Figure
50 was
photo of
waste field
Figure 50
The 70
mmcolor
color photo
of the
the waste
70 mm
grey on
in
on
in grey
at
at the
the same
sane time
in Figure
Figure 49.
49. The variation
variation
as that
that shown
shown in
time as
the
print represents
represents the
filn density
density of
the original
original
the print
in blue
blue film
of the
the change in
dark area.
area.
The
upper right
right as
as the
the dark
transparency.
transparency.
is visible
visible in
in the
the upper
The surf
surf is
sand
gray area
photo is
which is
is suspended
suspended sand
Near the
the upper center
is gray
area which
center of
of the
the photo
The
differenThe differenfrom the
the turbulent
free
free of
of waste.
waste.
fron
and relatively
relatively
turbulent surf
surf zone
zone and
possible in
in
is not
tiation
between the
plune and
sand is
not possible
tiation
and the
the suspended
suspended sand
the plume
The
The
red filter.
filter.
panchronatic film
filn and
and aa red
Figure
Figure 49 which
which was
was taken
taken with
with panchromatic
plune
fron the
the plume
blue band was
useful distinguishing
the
blue
was useful
distinguishing
the suspended
suspended sand
sand from
in
processing of
in the
the processing
photographic data.
data.
the photographic
of the
fron the
the
plurne extended
On
morning of
August 20th
20th the
the waste plume
extended from
0n the
of August
the morning
in
The
photos
of
the
plume
shown
in
photos
shown
The
of the
outfall
northeast
outfall
northeast into
surf.
into the
the surf.
ft,
from 5000
5000 ft,
ft and
11:41 from
Figures
Figures 51 and
11227 from
ftom 4000
4000 ft
and 11:41
at 11:27
taken at
and 52 were taken
The
field.
The
waste
The
survey
boat
can
be
seen
sampling
the
waste
field.
respectively.
respectively.
seen sampling the
survey boat can
52. The
Figure 52.
outfall
is
inch below the
the boat
boat in
in Figure
outfall
is located
half inch
located about
about aa half
surface
of surface
of the
plume about
is
mainly a result
is mainly
shape of
outfall
tesult of
the plune
the outfall
about the
calm
relatively
cfs source in
in a relatively
spreading of
of the
the waste caused
17 cfs
spreading
caused by a 17
northwaste northcarry the
the waste
receiving
water currents
currents carry
receiving body.
body. Apparently
the water
Apparently the
into the
the
noving the
waste into
eastward
and
is moving
swell is
the waste
eastward from
fron the
and the
the swell
the outfall
outfall
however,
forward transport;
large forward
transport;
Swell
normally does not
not have a large
however,
surf.
Swe11 nornally
surf.
change
to change
peaks, the
swell begins
in
the neatshore
nearshore area
when the
wave peaks,
begins to
the swell
in the
area when
the wave
transport
with a forward
forward transport
wave with
from
Airy or
wave to
wave
solitary
from an Airy
to a solitary
Stokes wave
or Stokes
1969.
1 9 , 1969.
o n August
A u g u s t19,
View
1 2 : 3 9 on
f i e l d at
a t 12:39
w a s t e field
o f waste
V i e w of
Figure
F i g u r e 46.
46.
B
A
Figure
47.
Figure 47.
12:39 on
at 12:39
field at
Infrared
photos of
o f the
the waste field
Infrared photos
August
19,
1969.
1
9
,
1
9
6
9
.
August
69
-
C
1
--
F i g u r e 48.
48.
Figure
P
h o t o of
o f waste
w a s t e field
f i e l d at
a t 13:53
1 i : 5 i on
o n August
A u g u s t 19,
Photo
1 9 , 1969.
1969.
I
F
i g u r e 49.
Figure
49.
P h o t o of
w a s t e field
o f waste
f i e l d at
a t 16:28
1 6 : 2 8 on
A u g u s t 19,
Photo
o n August
1 9 , 1969.
1969.
70
fi
Figure 50.
Figure
50.
16:28 on
field at
at 16:28
Seventy nn
mm photo of
of waste
waste field
Seventy
1
9
6
9
.
August
19,
1969.
1
9
,
August
Figure
F i g u r e 51.
51.
11:27 on
at 11:27
Photo of
field at
the waste field
of the
1969.
August20,
1969.
20,
August-
71
7L
of
of water near the surface.
The dye
surface. The
dye patch shown
shownin
in the
lower left
left of
the lower
of
Figures 51
51 and
and 52
52 was
was dropped
dropped at
It can be observed
observed that
at 11:03.
L1:03. It
that the
the
patch moved
dye patch
noved northeast
dye
northeast towards
towards the
the outfall
outfall several
feet betseveral hundred
hundredfeet
between
weenflights.
flights.
The
velocity was
The current
current velocity
was 0.13
ft/sec.
Infrared black
0.13 ft/sec.
Infrared
photos of
and white
and
white photos
of the waste
waste field
field are
shownin
are shown
in Figure 53.
The photo
55. The
Figure 53A
in Figure
53A was
was taken at
in
11:27
from
4000
ft
while
the
photo
at 1L:27 from 4000 ft while the photo in
in Figure
Figure
was taken
538 was
taken from
53B
ft
at
12:15.
frorn 8000
ft
at
8000
12:15. The
The boat is
is the
spot in
in
the white spot
Figure 53A
53A and
Figure
and the
is on
The
the surf
surf is
on the
the right.
right.
The three
three white dots
dots to
to the
the
left
the plume
left of
of the
plume in
in Figure 53B
558 are
are salmon
fishing boats.
salnon fishing
boats.
At 14:30
14:30 it
it appeared
appeared that
that the
At
the waste
waste discharge
discharge into
into the
the ocean
ocean had
had
stopped.
stopped. However,
However, aa few
few minutes
ninutes later
very dark
dark brownish-red
later aa very
brownish-red effluent
effluent
began appearing
appearing on
began
on the
the surface.
surface. This
This may
may have
have been
been caused
caused by a sluge
sluge
deposit slumping
slunping into
into the
pump sump
deposit
the pump
pond. The
sumpin
in the
the holding
holding pond.
The photograph
in Figure
54 was
was taken
in
Figure 54
at 15:45
15:45 from
fron 4000
plume can
taken at
ft.
The new
4000ft.
The
new plume
can be
be
seen extending
extending from
seen
fron the
the outfall
outfall northward.
The old
pl.une has
northward. The
has dispersed
old plume
but some
someof
of the
the waste
but
waste can
can be
be seen
north and
and south
A tide
seen north
south of
A
of the
the outfall.
outfalL.
tide
rip
rip near the
the center
of the
photo extends
center of
the photo
frorn the
extendS from
This area appears
the surf.
surf.
Thd-s
appears
light gray
gray and
as light
as
and is
is bounded
boundedby
foarnstreak.
The
by aa small
snall foam
in the
streak.
The water in
the
rip is
is nearly
free of
waste but in
rip
nearly free
of waste
in the
the red band
band is
is not distinguishable
distinguishable
fron the
the surrounding
from
surrounding water
water containing
containing waste.
waste
A symbolic
sptbolic plot
plot of
waste field
A
of the
the waste
for flight
flight three
field for
three taken
taken at
at 16:30
16:50
on August
19, 1969
on
August 19,
1969 is
is shown
shownin
in Figure
plot is
The plot
Figure 55.
55. The
is oriented
oriented so
so that
that
the
axis of
of the plume
plune is
is at
the axis
at an
an azimuth
of 110
110 degrees
fron north.
azinuth of
degrees from
north. The
The
plot shows
shows nearly
nearly uniform concentrations
plot
concentrations throughout
throughout the
field.
Table
the waste
waste field.
shows various
9 shows
various concentrations
concentrations and
and the areas
areas encompassed.
encompassed.
Table
Table 9.
9.
Area within
within each
each concentration
@ncentration
range on August 19,
19, 1969.
1969.
Concentration
range
ml/L
nI/L
Area
Sq
Sq ft
ft
1
L --2 2
2.05
2 . 0 5 x l0
105
2-4
2-4
4.32x105
4
.32 x 105
4-6
4-6
2.66x05
2.66 x !0s
6
6 --1 010
3.24
5 . 2 4 x l0
105
100 --1 5
15
1
1.78
1 . 7 8 x 106
106
1
155 --2 0
20
2.47
2
. 4 7 x 106
ta6
Total
Total
5.48 x
;ffi
io6
=
= 126
L26 acres
72
72
52.
Figure
F i g u r e 52.
on
a t 11:41
1 1 : 4 1 on
f i e l d at
w a s t e field
Photo
t h e waste
o f the
P h o t o of
1
9
6
9
.
2
0
,
August
A u g u s t 20, 1969.
I
B
B
A
53.
Figure 53.
Figure
on
field on
Infrared
photos of
of the
the waste
waste field
Infrared photos
1969.
2 0 , 1969.
August
A u g u s t 20,
73
73
Photo of the waste field at 15:45 on August 20, 1969.
\o
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iiil
6l
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rn
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L L PPK RRRQPARPRI]RRPAPPRFIFIPQR
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PPPPPRRPP I II
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1969.
L9, 1969.
August 19,
on August
plot of
of the
the waste
waste field
field on
Figure
55. Symbolic
Syrnbolic plot
Figure 55.
75
75
A symbolic
synbolic plot
plot of
of the
the waste
waste field
field from
frorn flight
A
flight one
August 20,
one on
on August
20,
1969
11:58 is
is shown
1969 at
at 11:58
shownin
in Figure
Figure 56.
56. The
The vertical
vertical axis
axis of
of the
prot has
the plot
has
an azimuth
azinuth of
of 62
an
62 degrees
degrees from
fron north.
north. The
position of
The position
of outer
outer limit
linit of
of the
the
surf
zone
is
indicated
by the
surf zone is indicated by
the straight
straight line
line at
at the
plot.
the bottom
botton of
of the
the plot.
Area within
within the
different concentration
the different
concentration ranges
Area
ranges as
as determined
frorn flight
flight
deternined from
one
are
listed
in Table
one are listed in
Table 10.
10.
Table 10.
10.
Area within
w.ithin each
Area
each concentration
concentration
August 20,
range on
on August
range
20, 1969.
1969.
Concentration
range
range
nl/L
ml/L
Area
Sq ft
ft
Sq
L
1 --2 2
1 . 0 8 x io6
106
1.08
2-4
2-4
7 . 6 0 x 10
105
7.60x
4-6
4-6
3.55 x 105
3.35x105
6 --1 010
6
4 . 5 7 x 10
105
4.57
1 0 --1 515
10
6.80
l00 5
6.80 x 1
1 5 --2 020
15
1.03
106
1 . 0 3 x io6
20
25
2 0 --2 5
5.08
100 5
5.08 x 1
CT
GT
7.20
7.20 x I03
25
25
ffi
4.85 x io6
Total
Total
= 111
=
acres
111 acres
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56.
Figure 56.
Figure
L969'
ZO, 1969.
on August
August 20,
fieLd on
of waste
Symbolic
waste field
SYrnbolic plot
Plot of
77
77
VII
SECTION VII
SECTION
STUDY
SAMOA
STUDY
SAIVIOA
The
Georgia
T
heG
e o r g i a Pacific
P a c i f i c CCorporation
o r p o r a t i o n pplant
l a n t . oof
f S Samoa,
a m o a , CCalifornia
a l i f o r n i a i sis
Figure
in Figure
shown in
of
Eureka
as
shown
Eureka
of
wLst
nile
one
spit
sand
located
on
a
narrow
sand
spit
one
mile
west
located or, ,r*tiow
bounded
is
and
wide
one nile
mile
and is bounded
" spit
1ong, one
miLes long,
eight miles
aboui eight
i, about
The sand
,pit is
sand
57.
57. The
The
The
ocean'
Pacific Ocean.
the Pacific
by the
on the west by
and on
Bay and
the east
east by Arcata Bay
on the
the
of the
north of
approximately
four
miles
north
miles
four
approxinately
is
located
pi*t
Georgia
Pacific plant
is located
C";tgi"-o".iei.
baY.
the bay.
entrance to
to the
located
is located
which is
Fairhaven which
at Fairhaven
plant at
Crown-Simpson
has aa plant
conpany has
crown-simpson Company
Both
entrance' Both
bay entrance.
the bay
of the
2-1/2
miles north
north of
2-I/2 nilei
approii*"t"fy
spit approximately
the spit
on the
study
the study
ocean. During the
the ocean.
into the
liquid-wastes
their liquid
plants
wastes into
plants discharge their
operin
not
Crown-Simpson
plant
was
not
in
operwas
plant
Crown-Simpson
the
1969, the
7, 1969,
and 7,
period
Auguit 66 and
period of
of August
outfall
their outfall
tir191qh their
the bay through
frorthe
water from
p.rtping water
However, they were pumping
However,
ation.
ation.
ports'
""tu
diffgser
the
and
plugging
the
diffuser
ports.
and
iovering
fron covering
sand from
in
to prevent sand
in order to
bleached
of bleached
per day
day of
500 tons per
about 500
produces about
plant produces
Pacific plant
The
Georgia Pacific
The Georgia
a.48-inch
discharged
a
48-inch
through
is discharged
p"o""!t is
from the process
pulp. Liquid
Liquid waste from
pulp.
58'
Figure 58.
in Figure
shownin
""It"ocean.
is shown
plant is
the plant
of the
ph-otographof
n photograph
ocean. A
the
outfall
into the
outfall into
shown
is
shown
is
and
photograph.
sketched
on
the
photograph
and
on the
was it"i.ft"a
outfall was
The location
of the outfall
location of
The
and
ocean and
the ocean
into the
ft into
2900 ft
about 2900
extends about
The
outfall extends
The outfall
line.
as a white line.
diffuser
diffuser
the
59,
Figure
As
shown
in
Figure
59,
the
in
water. As shown
ft of
of water.
40 ft
terminates in
in about
about 40
terninates
diameter
eight-inch-dianeter
The eight-inch
apart. The
ft apart.
ten ft
spaced
ports
section
contains
50
ports
spaced
ten
50
section contains
discharge
alternately
pointed
to
alternately
discharge
are pointe-d.to
and are
nozzles
horizontally and
discharle hoiizontaily
nozzles discharge
known
not known
is not
it is
sand, it
Due
to
aritting sand,
to drifting
Due
the
header.
headlr.
of
sidls of
on
on opposite sides
sampling'
the
time
of
of
sampling.
tine
at
operating at
were operating
how
many of
of the nozzles were
trow rnany
The
1969' The
7, 1969.
and7,
August 66 and
on August
sanoa on
at Samoa
Field work
work was
was conducted
conducted at
Field
the
for
"Sea
Gull"
was
chartered
for
vessel "sea Gu11'rwas
research vessel
Humbolt
college research
state College
Hrmbolt State
and the
two days
days and
on these two
feet on
four feet
to four
The
swell
was
three
to
three
was
work. The swell
boat work.
sampling
sanpling
prevented
days prevented
on both days
Fog on
northwest. Fog
the northwest.
frorn the
wind
mphfrom
wind 5-10
5-10 mph
rnorning.
in
in the
the morning.
in
shown in
are shown
sanpling are
deterrnined by boat sampling
Waste concentrations
concentrations determined
Waste
L4:2L
conducted
from
14:21
ftom
was conducted
Augusi 69-*?t
on August
Sarnpling on
63. Sampling
throulh 63.
60 through
Figures 60
August 77
On August
2' On
rtrn 2.
until
16:49
for
for run
16:49
uitit
iS:Sg
frorn
and from 15:59
until
run II and
for run
15:01 for
until 15:01
l'6:00
from
and frorn 16:00
14:39 and
until 14:39
L2:53 until
fron 12:53
conducted from
the boat
boat sampling
was conducted
sanpling was
the
respectively.
2, respectively'
and 2,
until
runs 11 and
?or runs
16:26 for
until 16:26
waste
The
T
h e ooutfall
u t f a l l i sis
l o clocated
a t e d o n ton
h e rthe
i g h tright
o f t h e pofl o the
t s a nplots
d t h e wand
a s t ethe
coordinate
The
state
plane
coordinate
state
The
southwest.
or southwest.
left or
the left
plume extends
towards the
plume
extends towards
the southsouthon
bounded
The
plume
is
bounded
on
is
plune
The
intervals.
foot intervals.
800 foot
grid
at 800
drawn at
grid was
was drawn
outfall
the
outfall
over
measured
Maximum
concentrations
measured
over
zone. Maxinun concentrations
surf zone.
east by the surf
effluent
The effluent
volune' The
by volume.
concentration by
waste concentration
percent waste
1.8 percent
were
or aa 1.8
nl/L or
18 ml/L
were 18
days'
the
two
sampling
days.
sanpling
two
gpm on
on
16,500 gpm
flow rates
rates were
were 18,600
and 16,500
18,600 and
flow
79
79
/
/
ASSAMOA
AMO
+
()
otru
d
o
g
":3400'
t''.3400'
Figure
Figure 57.
57.
Samoa
Samoa outfall
outfall location
location map.
rnap.
plant
Pacific plant
Aerial view of
the Georgia Pacific
of the
Aerial
California.
near Samoa,
Samoa, California.
near
811
8
I,.
Itt.:
58.
Figure
F i g u r e 58.
"A\
:r'l'.. . ,-'a\,i, . .
,rr._.".
(t,
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u)
o
I
a,
a.
U
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a,
I
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o
o
NU
d
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lr
c
rO
Figure 59, Georgia Pacific outfall near Samoa, California.
(
o
r+l
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d
o
d
o
A
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d
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q
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rlt
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rO
o
p
h0
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h
82
4
h
FRM BGiT
F
(T
VJ
co
t
a
M
ML/L
Figure 60. Waste concentrations from boat sampling on
August 6, 1969, run 1.
g
_J
I
bI)
t
TE CNCENTRTINS
at
.rl
LN
Z
A
a
;
H
H
d
(o
+)
d
(1
u
F
Z
Ld
o
p
tl
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9oi
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.;
+i
o
PLT JF
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LL
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a5
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o
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00
4
4
tt{
FRQM 3GT
F.
q
a
co
E
a
u
F LSTE CNCENTRT[NE ML/L
Ll-
_l
Figure 61. Waste concentrations from boat sampling on
August 6, 1969, run 2.
g
o
.
b0
g
UI
z
.Fl
9
e
H
H
a
(d
(a
+)
d
u
F.
Z
LJ
o
\J
z
a
.O.
trN
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f,f
t-
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c
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f
.; o.
+.|-r
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PLT
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t'o
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00
83qR
FROM BT
F
c.
m
t
a
ta
PLT BF 1STE CNCENTRT1INE ML/L
)
I
I
Figure 62. Waste concentration from boat sampling on
August 7, 1969, run 1.
g
o
u0
g
ir'')
Z
.r.l
;
(t
u
g
H
H
r
d
a
+)
d
LJ
tl
Z
@
-O
Fl
Ef
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F
LN
9
E
F{
c
r+{
3
rrO
69
LL
e
+rd
d
t{
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F.
Z
J
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iJ
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d
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^;
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C)
g
p
bo
.|{
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00
r'{
FROM OT
(1
a
0"r
'.
fA
u
u.
Figure 63. Waste concentrations from boat sampling on
August 7, 1969, run Z.
PLT OF HTE C.OMCENTRIT IONS ML'L
g
-J
J
h0
g
I
.'{
LN
J
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H
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l,{
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o
d
cf)
\0
o
p
tr
b0
h
\
SiI
\,,
I:
rftUF .,1
86
on August
August 66
as measured
neasured on
Surface water temperatures
ninus 10°C.
10"C. as
tenperatures minus
there was
was
that there
It can
can be seen
seen that
and
and 7 are shown
and 65.
65. It
shown in
in Figures 64
64 and
the offshore
offshore
little
temperature variation
variation in
the surface
and that
that the
in the
surface water and
little
tenperature
nearshore.
plume or
or nearshore.
in the
water tended
warmer than those
the plume
those in
tended to
to be
be slightly
slightly warmer
(left) of
of the
end (left)
the
The
The lowest
south end
was located
located at
at the
the south
lowest temperature
value was
tenperature value
fresh
point was
was in
in Crown-Simpson's
Crown-Sinpsonrsfresh
boats track
in Figure
Figure 65.
65. This point
track shown
shownin
water plume.
water
plune.
the
in Figure
Figure 66,
66, the
On
plurne shown
photograph of
shownin
of the
the plume
On the aerial
aerial photograph
while
line while
outline
with the
the broken
broken line
plune is
outline of
Pacific plume
is shown
shownwith
of the Georgia
Georgia Pacific
line.
The
The
the outline
with aa solid
solid line.
plune is
is shown
shownwith
outline of
of the Crown-Simpson
Crown-Sinpsonplume
During the two
two
photo was
1969. During
August 6,
6, 1969.
photo
taken from
at 17:09
17:09 on
on August
was.taken
fron 5000
ft at
5000 ft
size,
samesize,
the same
days of
plurne maintained
naintained nearly
nearly the
days
of field
field observations
the plume
observations the
between
plune moved
noved between
Although,
entire plume
shape
shape and
position.
at times
tines the entire
and position.
Although, at
ft
1500 ft
to 1500
plune was
was 700
700 to
plurne. The
The plume
the shore
shore and
and the
the Crown-Simpson
Crown-Sinpsonplume.
wide and
ft long.
and about
8000 ft
long.
about 8000
The
Figure 67.
67. The
in Figure
A
field is
is shown
shownin
plot of
waste field
of the
the waste
A symbolic
symbolic plot
from
The
flight
was
taken
from
was
taken
flight
plot was
The
August
6th.
plot
from
flight
one
on
August
6th.
was made
fron
flight
one
on
nade
photos
not
As
the
first
two
70
nun
photos
did
not
overlap
run
did
70
3000 ft
first
two
3000
at
17:27
o'clock.
ft at L7:27 orclock. As the
covered
area covered
plune. The
The total
total area
a blank
of the
the plume.
blank area
near the
head of
area is
is seen
seen near
the head
by the
plune was
by
was 155
155 acres.
acres.
the plume
Sanoa on
fron Samoa
on
Problems were
were encountered
in the photographic data from
Problens
encountered in
that
the
data
requires
The
processing
of
the
photographic
data
requires
that
the
August
August 7th.
of the
7th. The
return
light return
the light
fron the
background
background light
be subtracted
subtracted from
light from
fron the
the open
open sea
sea be
background
plume extended
zone, background
to the surf
surf zone,
plurne. Because
extended to
in
in the plume.
Because the plune
of the
side of
offshore side
light
measurements were
were available
fron only
only the offshore
light measurenents
available from
perpendicular
to
water perpendicular to
plune. The
of the
the water
the color
color of
plume.
The large
variation in
in the
large variation
questionable value.
value.
results of
of questionable
the
the shore rendered
rendered the photographic results
on August
August 7th.
7th.
plume at
at 16:20
16:20 on
The
the plume
in Figure
Figure 68
68 shows
showsthe
The mosaic
rnosaic strip
strip in
photographs
mn infrared
infrared color
color photographs
The
prints were
nade from
fron 70
70 mm
The negative prints
were made
caused by
is caused
by
part of
strip is
The
of the
the strip
upper part
from
fron 6000
in the
the upper
6000 ft.
ft.
The dark
dark area
area in
plune extending
extending
Pacific plume
suspended
The Georgia
Georgia Pacific
the surf
surf zone.
zone. The
suspendedsands
sands near
near the
of the
the CrownCrowninshore of
from
mosaic is
alnost entirely
entirely inshore
frorn left
is almost
left to
in the mosaic
to right
right in
Numerous
fishing boats
Nurnerousfishing
figure.
of the
the figure.
Simpson
plurne shown
the right
right of
Simpsonplume
near the
shownnear
portion
in the
the lower
lower portion
light area
area in
The light
area. The
can be seen
can
outfall area.
seen about
about the outfall
dark narrow
water. AA dark
narrow
upwelled water.
dark upwelled
of
prints is
is caused
causedby
by dark
of the negative prints
plune.
(west) edge
of the
the plume.
band
edge of
lower (west)
band can
can be
be seen
along the lower
seen along
87
87
5URFCE L4çTER TEMPERTURE IN DEGREE5 C -
10
?
I
U
LN
LI
Lrl
\9
Lr.l
o
=
hl
u
=
C
u
LU
o..
I
L-rl
F
u
ul
F.
c
l
Ll,t
C
I
u
:l
ttl
u.
PLJ3T
V)
F-
D
I
0
Figure 64. Surface water temperatures on August 6, 1969, run 1.
u
g
p
l{
o.
\o
o
\o
+)
o
d
h0
F
Fi
o
o
p
H
+)
d
k
o
g
x
H
o
+r
k
o
+r
d
F
(l)
U
d
l+.1
k
il
6
v
\o
o
tu
bo
.rl
f'{
TER TEMPERITURE IN DEGREE5 C -
10
?
\J
LN
UI
|-lJ
u
\9
Lrl
Figure 65. Surface water temperatures on August 7, 1969, run 1.
o
g
5
=
l{
I!
u
:
o.
L
c.
u
\0
o.
IJ
0_
I
D+)
o
Lil
F
u
p
bo
uJ
r
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3
PLT QF E5URFCE
g
LIl
\J
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UI
c)
LL
u
h
r.t
f
tJ'l
+)
d
t{
C)
LL
a
e
F
VJ
I
a{
o
+J
o_
F.t
(u
+r
d
F
o
d
t{-{
|{
u5
ro
\o
o
h
5
bo
.Fl
14
89
F
Ol
\o
Ft
\o
+J
o
5
b,0
o
(),
ri
g
o
+)
(t{
i
o
3
c)
.d
Cd
f{
c)
\o
\o
o
${
o0
.F{
l&
Figure
Figure 67.
67.
Symbolic plot of waste concentrations
concentrations
August 6, flight
flight 1.
l.
911
9
Figure 68. Mosaic of the plume on August 7, 1969.
6
\o
o.
t+)
ul
5
5
bI)
g
o
F
H
5
r-{
q
o
€
q{
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.'{
(0
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o
\o
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tl
5
b0
h
92
VIII
SECTION VIII
SECTION
SUMMARY
SUI{\,IARY
field
1969 field
Septenber 1969
through September
During the period
period of
1968 through
of August
August 1968
Gardiner,
at
four days
days at Gardiner,
Newport, four
days at
at Newport,
work
thirteen days
work was
was conducted
conducted on
on thirteen
11.
in Table
Table 11.
is shown
shownin
sampling is
A summary
of the
the sampling
sununaryof
and
Sanoa. A
and two days at
at Samoa.
and
1969 and
15-16, 1969
July 15-16,
on July
Observations
Gardiner on
were conducted
at Gardiner
conducted at
Observations were
on
sinilar on
weae similar
conditions were
and weather
weather conditions
As the
August
the sea
sea and
19-20, 1969.
1969. As
August 19-20,
two
only two
essentially only
represent essentially
results represent
consecutive sampling
days, the results
sarnpling days,
the waste
the first
first sanpling
sampling period,
period, the
waste noved
moved
In the
independent
observations. In
independent observations.
plune
fron the beach
while durijig
duri;rg the
away from
the second
second sampLing
sampling period
period the plume
away
beach while
greater
is a
a greater
is believed
believed that
that there
there is
It is
zone. It
extended into
into the
the surf
surf zone.
extended
than at
at
Gardiner than
surf at
at Gardiner
into the surf
tendency for
to extend into
fiel.d to
for the
the waste field
flow
greater flow
and greater
outfall and
and shallower
shallower outfall
because of
Newport, because
its shorter
shorter and
of its
occurs.
this occurs.
time this
the time
percent of
of the
what percent
rates, however,
however, it
knownwhat
rates,
it is
is not known
2.3eo.
ot 2.3%.
nL/L or
was 23
23 milL
outfall was
Maximum concentration
measured over
ovet the outfall
Maxinum
concentration measured
6-7, L969
August 6-7,,
Observations
Samoa on
1969 when
when
on August
at,Sanoa
weae conducted
conducted at
Observations were
south along
along
plune extended
A
extended south
A large
large plume
northwest.
the
was from the northwest.
the wind was
was
outfall was
over the
the outfall
neasured over
concentration measured
surf zone.
Maxinumconcentration
the
the surf
zone. Maximum
1 8 ml/L.
n1/1.
18
three
at the
the three
were made
Surface
water temperature
measurements were
made at
tenperature measurements
Surface water
ports
mixes
difftrser
fron
Since
the
warm
effluent
from
the
diffuser
ports
mixes
warrn
effluent
outfall
locations.
outfall locations.
was
surface
the
at
nixture
with
the
cold
subsurface
water,
the
resulting
mixture
at
the
surface
was
resulting
water,
with the cold
Because
of
natural
of
natural
Because
water.
sea
generally colder
than
the
surrounding
sea
water.
generall"y
the
surrounding
colder than
sensitive
not aa sensitive
is not
tenperature is
temperature
water, temperature
in the sea
sea water,
variations in
iemperature variations
field.
waste field.
tracer
for tracking
the waste
tracer for
tracking the
calm periods
It
be seen
seen fron
from the
the table
table that
that during
during relatively
relatively calm
periods
It can be
morning
the
and
On
September
10,
11,
and
the
morning
10,
11,
Septenber
was submerged.
Newport was
submerged. On
the plurne
plume at
at Newport
the
afterOn the aftersurface. 0n
sea surface.
the sea
below the
plune formed
formed below
of the
the 12, 1968,
of
1968, the plume
and
formed
white
caps
formed
and
caPs
mph,
white
20 mph,
to 20
wind increased
increased to
noon
the wind
l2th the
of the
noon of
the 12th
plume
the
1,
1969,
July 1, 1969, the plume
30 and
and July
On June
June 30
surface. On
the plume
plume came
the surface.
to the
cameto
jetty show
that on
on
show that
south jetty
at the south
records at
Hourly wind records
ilso submerged.
was also
subnerged. Hourly
"as
ten
about
to
increased to about ten
morning, increased
June
in the
the morning,
five mph
nph in
was five
30th, the wind was
June 30th,
surface
night,. AA surface
the night.
throughout the
level throughout
this level
mph at
at this
remained at
mph
at noon,
,roorr, and
and remained
lst
Jt1ly
of
July
1st
o!
da1
during the
the day
but during
plume
night but
during the
the night
formed during
pirme may
nay have
have formed
L969,
On
July
7,
1969,
the
7,
subnerged. 0n July
was submerged.
plune was
the wind was
and the
mph and
the plume
4-5 mph
lhe
was 4-5
on
the
the
except on
8, 1969,
1969, except
of July
July 8,
hourly wind pattern
pattern was
was similar
to that
that of
sirnilar to
hourly
surface
On
7tll. aa surface
July 7th
On July
higher.
mphhigher.
three mph
about three
second
was about
day the
second day
tire wind was
while on
on
outfalL, while
the outfall,
frorn the
distance from
short distance
plume could
for a short
plume
seen only for
conid be seen
plurne was
surface.
the
was on
on the
the surface.
the 8th the plume
nph.
3-5 mph.
wind of
of 3-5
The
was calm
12, 1969,
L969, with aa wind
August 12,
on August
caln on
The weather
weatherwas
waste
surface waste
yet aa large
large surface
calm yet
Wind
also calm
was also
llth was
that the 11th
Wind records
records show
show that
nearly
was nearly
rate was
discharge rate
effluent discharge
The effluent
12th. The
the 12th.
field
was observed
on the
field was
observed on
933
9
No photography
Remarks
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0.26
2
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9-12-68 Newport1
Effluent
Flow
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bo
4
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0.45
0.50
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Ft.
Table 11. Sampling summary.
x{
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milL
|<
Max.
Concen.
PLUME
t4
rO
AI
-0.0
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2.0
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0.42
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.9
ol
-
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9qol
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EEE
,o,o.o
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-oa. o o c r a rLo o
roa
Plume submerged
Plume submerged
Plume submerged
S
b0
Plume submerged
Plume submerged
d
'rrE€
Plume submerged
€E
€
-oooooo-o
was on
on the
the clays
as it
it was
the same
when the
the plune
plume was
was submerged
submerged
day as
the
same on
on this
this day
{ays when
was
thermocline
the
offshore
Possibly
Possibly
the
offshore
thermocline
was
conditions.
under nearly
sirnilar conditions.
nearly similar
form
density
to
form
density
to
available
water
was
not
deep and
and the
deep
the dense
dense subsurface water was not available
area.
in the
stratification
in
stratification
the outfall
outfall area.
flow was
waslow.
low.
river flow
whenthe
the river
Observations were
madeat
at Newport
Newport when
welcemade
0bservations
fron
the
predoninately
is predominately from the
wind is
winter and
when the wind
During the winter
and spring
spring when
there
is high,
high, there
Yaquina River
River is
flow from
fron the Yaquina
southwest
fresh water flow
southwest and
and the fresh
forn
over
the
to form over the
for density
stratification
density stratification
may
to
nay be
be an
an increased
increased tendency
tendency for
density
the
range affects
affects the density
tidal range
that the tidal
There is
outfa11. There
is also indication
indication that
outfall.
observations
plume, but
but sufficient
sufficient observations
stratification
and area of
of the surface plume,
stratification
and
for
available.l
for verification
verification are not available.1
Gardiner
at Gardiner
to occur
occur at
likely to
Subsurface
plunes are believed
less likely
believed less
Subsurface plumes
has
outfall has
Newport outfall
coast. Newport
opencoast.
on the
the open
and Samoa
Sanoasince
are located
located on
they are
and
since they
and mixing
nixing
the turbulence
turbulence and
to reduce
reduce the
the offshore
offshore reef
which would
would tend to
reef which
of the
the reef.
reef.
below
leve1 of
below the level
12,
August 12,
and August
1968 and
10, 1968
september 10,
on September
The
foan was
was observed
observed on
The most
nost foam
and
a
10
plune
Septenber
on
with
subnerged
Both
were
calm
with
a
submerged
plume
on
September
10
and
a
were
calm
1969.
days
1969.
1969,
July 8,
8, 1969,
andJuly
July 77 and
1968, July
11, 1968,
0n September
September11,
plurneon
12. On
surface plume
on August
August 12.
surface
when
the
8th,
Except
for
July
Except
for
July
8th,
when
the
was
observed.
1969,
foan
and
Septenber
8,
and September
1969, foam was observed.
foaming
The foaming
ca1m. The
days were
were relatively
relatively calm.
choppy, these
these days
sea
sea surface was
was choppy,
waste.
of
the
cornposition
the
in
by
a
change
caused by a change in the composition of the waste.
tendency
may also be
be caused
tendency may
wind
turbulence
by
caused
to
be
appear
The
prinary source
of foam
foam did
did not appear to be caused by wind turbulence
The primary
source of
generated
rnainly generated
to be
be mainly
foarn appeared
appeared to
in
waste field,
but rather
rather the foam
in the waste
field, but
the outfall.
outfall.
in the
the boil
boil over
over the
in
water, the
the
receiving water,
When
is low
low in
in the receiving
current velocity
velocity is
Whenthe current
diffuser
section
width
of
the
greater than the width of
initial
width of
diffuser section
plurne is
is greater
initial
width
of the plume
August
and
Newport
at Newport and August
8, 1969
1969 at
On
JuLy 8,
1968 and
and July
On August
August 16,
16, 1968
of the
the outfall.
outfall.
of
ft/sec
greater than
0.4 ft/sec
than 0.4
was greater
current velocity
velocity was
6 and
and 7,
at Samoa,
Sanoa, the current
7, 1969
1969 at
of
section
diffuser
as the
the diffuser section of
and the
the initial
initial plune
plume width
width was
was about the
the same
sane as
and
Gardiner,
at
1969
16, 1969 at Gardiner,
On August
August 8,
Newport and
and July
July 16,
at Newport
8, 1968
1968 at
the outfall.
outfa11. 0n
plune
the plume
of the
width of
initial width
ft/sec and
and the
the initial
the current
was 0.26
current velocity
velocity was
0.26 ft/sec
concentration
concentration
waste
ridge of
of high
high waste
with aa ridge
was
section with
diffuser section
was wider than the
the diffuser
about
less than
than about
velocities less
current velocities
pLune. At current
of the
near the outer
edge of
the plume.
outer edge
fron the
effluent
the effluent
the hydraulic
0.2 ft/sec
hydraulic head
head from
caused by the
0.2
ft/sec surface
surface spreading caused
of the
the plune.
for the width
primarily responsible
width of
plume.
responsible for
discharge appeared
to be prirnarily
appeared to
days, since
since
for only
three days,
11 for
only three
Diffusion
in Table
Table 11
Diffusion coefficients
are listed
listed in
coefficients are
E,
in Appendix
and explained
explained in
conputations and
the
model used
used in
diffusion computations
Appendix E,
the rnodel
in the diffusion
situations.
these situations.
would only
applicable to
to these
would
only be
be applicable
water.
receiving water.
in the
patterns in
the receiving
The
flow patterns
the flow
influences the
The tide
tide influences
water from
fron
draw water
nouth tend
tend to
to draw
river mouth
at the
the river
The
The high
high flood
and ebb
ebb currents
currents at
flood and
located
in this
the outfalls
outfalls observed
observed in
this study were
were located
the adjacent
adjacent ocean.
ocean. Since the
reduced
of the tide
tide was
several rniles
miles north
north of
of a river
mouth, the
was reduced
the effect
effect of
river nouth,
several
for water
force for
driving force
and the
the wind generally
provided the
major driving
water movement.
movement.
generally provided
the najor
and
I
1
Pacific Corp.
Corp.
Personal communication
of the
the Georgia
Georgia Pacific
P. O'Hara
0tHara of
P""ronrl
with Mr. P.
conrnunication with
T o l e d o , OOregon.
regon.
Toledo,
9
955
field listed
listed in
is the
where
The
The area
area of
the waste
waste field
in Table
Table 11
11 is
the area
area where
of the
the concentrations
were computed
aerial photography
photography as being
concentrations were
fron the
conputed from
the aerial
greater than
greater
Normally from
n1/L or
waste. Norrnally
fron the
than 22 ml/L
or 0.2%
0.2eowaste.
the photography, the
the
plume
plume can
can be distinguished
distinguished from
greater
fron the
the open
open sea
at concentrations
concentrations greater
sea at
than 0.4
However, surface
July 8,
August 12,
0.4 mi/L.
nL/L. However,
foan on
72, and
and September
Septeurber
on July
8, August
surface foam
photography.
processing
In
the
of
caused interference
with the
In
of
9 caused
aerial
photography.
interference with
the
the aerial
were
and
the data,
data, voltage
voltage ranges
the
densitometer
output
were
set
and
photo
densitoneter
set
ranges on
output
on
concentrations
were not
not determined
points where
where the densitoneter
densitometer
concentrations were
for points
deternined for
voltage
for these
points were
were obtained
obtained
voltage was
was outside this
Values for
these points
this range.
range. Values
was the
nost
The
interpolating from
points.
by
by interpolating
from adjacent
The infrared
band was
the most
adjacent points.
infrared band
sensitive for
purpose. The
aperture
sensitive
for this
The area
area covered
covered by
densitoneter aperture
this purpose.
by the
the densitometer
foan and
could
value would not
not be
could contain
contain a small
and the
sna1l amount
arnount of
of surface
surface foam
the value
of the
the plunes
rejected.
Some
right side
plumes
rejected.
Sone scatter
side of
scatter can
can be seen
seen along the right
shown on
foan streak
streak as
shown
plots in
where there
was a foam
on the
the symbolic
in Figure 24
24 where
there was
synbolic plots
A summary
photos of
plune in
and22.
22. A
surunary
can be seen
seen from
can
frorn the photos
Figures 21
2L and
of the
the plume
in Figures
of the aerial
photography is
appendix F.
F.
of
aerial photography
is listed
listed in
in appendix
9Ii
6
SECTION IX
IX
SECTION
AC
KNOWLEDGMENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
the following:
following:
gratitude to
to the
The
their gratitude
to express
express their
The writers
writers wish to
Pacific
at
Corporation at
Messrs.
P. O'Hara
Georgia Pacific Corporation
OfHara of
of the
the Georgia
Messrs. 1.
T. Fenwick
Fenwick and
and P.
International
of the
the International
Bailey of
Toledo, Oregon;
W. Elsevier
Elsevier and
and D. Bailey
Oregon; Messrs.
Messrs. W.
Lork
H. McDowell
Paper
McDowell and
and D.
D. Lork
Paper Company
Messrs.1-I.
Oregon;and
andMessrs.
Companyat
at Gardiner,
Gardiner, Oregon;
their coopcoopfor their
Sanoa, California
California for
of
Georgia Pacific
of the
the Georgia
Pacific Corporation
Corporation at
at Samoa,
eration
project.
eration and
on the
and assistance
assistance on
the project.
Water Laboratory,
Laboratory,
Pacific Northwest
Also to
Northwest Water
nembersof
of the
the Pacific
to members
R . Calloway,
Calloway,
B e n t s e n , R.
especially
Messrs.
R.. Scott,
B a u n g a r t n e r ,L.
L . Bentsen,
D . Baumgartner,
especially M
essrs. R
S c o t t , D.
W.
Clothier, LV.
DeBen, G.
G. Dittsworth,
Dittsworth, and
and D.
D. Trent
Trent for
for their
their guidance
guidance
W. Clothier,
W. DeBen,
and
of the
the data;
data;
and assistance
assistance in
in collection
collection of
'Dr.
and
R. Redmond
Rednondand
Dr. J.
J. Gast
Humboldt State College,
College, Captain R.
Gast of
of Hunboldt
at
Science Center
Center at
Messrs.
of Marine
Marine Science
R. Ervin
Ervin of
Messrs. D.
B. Danby
and R.
D. McKeel,
McKeel, B.
Danbyand
operations;
with the boat operations;
Newport, Oregon
Oregon for
for their
their help with
Bel1a
and D. Bella
Phillips and
Professors R. Schultz,
Schultz, M.
M. Northcraft,
Northcraft, D.
D.Phillips
project;
on
the
assistance
of
for
their
advice
and
assistance
on
the
project;
and
for
their
advice
of Oregon
Oregon State University
University
Spaw, D.
Students J.
J. Graham,
Valentine, R. Spaw,
D. Monroe,
Monroe,
L. Koester, B. Valentine,
Students
Grahan, L.
R
.
C
ollier,
M
.
S
o
d
e
r
q
u
i
s
t
,
R.. S
Scholl,
W.. H
Hart,
T.. Basgen,
Ching-Lin
C h a n g , M. Soderquist, R. Collier,
B a s g e n ,C
h i n g - L i n Chang,
R
choll, W
art, T
assistPlasker
for
their
and J.
Mann, P. Klampe,
J. Plasker for their assistBarnes, G. Carman,
Carrnan,and
Klanpe, B. Barnes,
R. Mann,
and processing
equipnent, and
of equipment,
ance
data, construction
construction of
ance in
in collection
of data,
collection of
data; and
data;
and
financial
for financial
the
Control Adninistration
Administration for
Water Quality
the Federal Water
Quality Control
project.
support
support of
of the
the project.
97
97
SECTION
X
SECTION
X
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
1.
1.
nill
k r a f t mill
o f kraft
S o m eeffects
e f f e c t s of
B r e t t . 1957.
1 9 5 7 . Some
J . R . Brett.
Alderdine,
a n d J,R.
D . F . and
A l d e r d i n e , D.F.
Research
Eisheries Research
the Fisheries
of the
JoumaL of
youttg pacific
pacific salmon.
salmon. Journal
effluent on
effluent
ott young
L4:783-795.
Board
Board of
of Canada.
Canada. 14:783-795.
2.
2.
fate of
of
on the fate
An investigation
investigation on
1964. An
Foundation. 1964.
Al1en Hancock
HancockFoundation.
Allen
narine
envirorunent
into
the
discharged
organic
and
inorganic
wastes
into
the
marine
environment
wastes
organic and inorganic
University
Angeles, University
Los
Los Angeles,
productivity.
on biological
biological productivity.
and
their effects
and their
effects on
WateY
(CaLifornia
(California
State
Water
Quality
State
p.
118 p.
Quality
California.
of Southern
Southern California.
of
118
29.)
Publieation 29.)
Control
Board Publication
Control Board
3.
3.
of
s t u d y of
1 9 6 9 . AA study
O f N e a l . 1969.
G . L . O'Neal.
W . P .James,
a n dG.L.
Baumgartner,
D . J . , W.P.
J a m e s ,and
B a u n g a r t n e r ,D.J.,
Irnpnouement
Streun Improvement
Air and
National Council
ondStrecvn
CounciL for
NationaL
two
two ocean
ocean outfalls.
outfalls.
for Air
27-53.
No. 231.
23L. pp 27-53.
Technical Bulletin
BulLetin No.
Teehnical
4
4..
in an
an ocean
ocean
effluent in
of sewage
sewageeffluent
Diffusion of
H. 1960.
1960. Diffusion
Brooks, Norman
Nornan H.
Brooks,
Waste
on Waste
Conference on
Intexnational Conference
Finst International
Proceedings
of the
the First
Pyoeeedings of
current.
current.
p.
46-267.
Press. p. ?46-267.
PergamonPress.
London, Pergamon
Enui,ronment, London,
Disposal
Marine Environment,
DisposaL in
in trhayLne
5.
5.
o f ocean
ocean
a n a l y s i s of
A i r p h o t o analysis
1 9 6 9 . Airphoto
w . P . James.
J a n e s . 1969.
a n d W.P.
B u r g e s s , F.J.
F . J . and
Burgess,
Control AdmLnistration
Watey PoLLution
Federal Water
Pollution Control
A&ninistration
FederaL
outiall dispersion.
dispersion.
outfall
p.
100 p.
April. 100
WP01383.
0L383. April.
ResearchGrant
Grant WP
Progress
on Research
Progress Report
Report on
6.
6.
kraft
o f kraft
t o x i c i t y of
P o t e n t i a l toxicity
1 9 6 9 . Potential
B o n d . 1969.
Courtright,
C . E . Bond.
a n d C.E.
R . C . and
C
o u r t r i g h t , R.C.
Eish-CuLtt'tvi'st'
Progressiue Fish-Culturist,
The Progressive
discharge . The
mill
oceanic discharge.
after oceanic
nill effluent
eflluent after
p . 207-212.
207-2I2.
October,
0 c t o b e r , p.
7.
7.
chartoxicity charand toxicity
Pollution and
1965. Pollution
Walden. 1965.
Howard,
and C.C.
C.C. Walden.
Howard, R.E.
R.E. and
48:136-141.
4
8
:
1
3
6
1
4
1.
TAPPI.
T
A
P
P
I
.
p
u
l
p
r
n
i
1
1
e
f
f
l
u
e
n
t
s
.
acteristics
of
kraft
pulp
mill
effluents.
k
r
a
f
t
o
f
acteristics
8.
8.
waves.
w i n d waves.
o f wind
a c t i o n of
d i s p e r s i v e action
M i x i n g and
a n d dispersive
1961.
9 6 1 . Mixing
Masch,
M a s c h ,F.D.
F.D. 1
Report
L3B-6.
IER
Technical
Report
138-C.
Teehni,caL
IER
california,
Berkeley,
University
of
California,
of
Berkeley, University
9.
9.
in
w a s t e in
p u l p i n g waste
o f kraft
k r a f t pulping
T h e degradation
d e g r a d a t i o n of
1 9 6 6 . The
ONeal,
o r N e a l , G.L.
G . L . 1966.
State
Corvallis,
Oregon
State
0regon
Corvallis,
dissertation.
estuarine waters. Doctoral dissertation.
leaves.
125
nunb. leaves.
125 numb.
University.
University.
10.
r0.
effluent
kraft ni1l
The predicted
predicted influence
mill effluent
of kraft
influence of
The
1966.
Parrish, L.P.
Parrish,
L.P. 1966.
Oregon.
Bay,
in
Yaquina
Bay,
Oregon.
Yaquina
in
fishes
sPort fishes
on
distribution of
somesport
of some
the distribution
on the
leaves.
99
numb. leaves.
99 nunb.
State University.
University.
QregonState
M.S. Thesis, Corvallis,
Corvallis, Oregon
M.S.
11.
1
1.
for
D i f f u s e r s for
1 9 6 0 . Diffusers
B r o o k s . 1960.
a, n d N.H.
N . H . Brooks.
Rawn,
B o w e m a nand
F . R . Boweman,
A . M ., F.R.
R a w n ,A.M.,
Engi,neeryng
Journal
of
Sanitary
Engineering
water. JouYnaL of Sanitary
in sea
sea water.
disposal
oi sewage
,""rg" in
disposal of
(2): 65-105.
65-105.
86 (2):
Engineers. 86
Division,
of Civil
Civil Engineers.
Society of
Diuision, American
ArnericanSociety
99
-
12.
L2.
Sprague, J.B.
Sprague,
J.B. and
and D.W.
D.W. McLeese.
Mcleese. 1968.
1968. Different
Different toxic
mechanisms
toxic mechanisns
in kraft
kraft pulp
pulp mill
in
nill effluent
effluent for
for two
two aquatic
aquatic animals.
Water Research)
aninals . Water
Reseweh,
London, Pergamon
PergamonPress.
London,
Press . 2:761-765.
2276L^765.
13.
13.
Stanford, R.
Stanford,
R. 1969.
1969. Lockwood's
Loelo,tood's directory
paper and
the paper
&ireetorA of
of the
utd allied
trades.
allied trades.
NewYork,
York, Lockwood
New
LockwoodPublishing
Publish'ing Company,
Inc. 1700
p.
Company,Inc.
1700 p.
14.
L4,
Washington
Washington State
State Department
Departnent of
of Fisheries.
Fisheries. 1960.
1960. Toxic effects
effects of
of
organic and
and inorganic
inorganic pollutants
poLLutants on
youngsalmon
organic
on young
trout.
saLmonand
andtrout.
Researeh
Research
Bu.LLetinNo.
p.
Bulletin
No. 5.
5. 264
264 p.
15.
15.
Wiegal, R.L.
R.L. 1964.
1964.
Hall International.
Hall
International.
leeanogvaphieal
Prentice
Oceanographical EngineerLng.
Engineering. London,
tondon, Prentice
p.
432 p.
432
1DIs]
00
SECTION XI
SECTION
PUBTICATIONS
PUBLICAT IONS
1.
1.
of
evaluation of
and evaluation
1970. Monitoring and
James. 1970.
W.P. James.
Burless, F.J.
F.J. and
and W.P.
Burgess,
is
articl.e
The
article
is
The
photogrannetry.
aeri.al photogrammetry.
pul.p
by aerial
pulp nill
mill ocean
outfaLl.s by
ocean outfalls
Paper.
issue of
of Pulp
fuLp and
attd Paper.
Septemberissue
to
in the
the September
to be released in
2.
2.
of kraft
kraft
Potential
Potential. toxicity
toxicity of
1969.
Bond. 1969.
Courtright, R.C.
and C.E.
C.E. Bond.
Courtright,
R.C. and
Fi'sh-AtlhtrLst'
Progressioe Fish-C'ulturist,
Ttte Progressive
oceanic discharge.
discharge. The
mi1l
after oceanic
mill effluent
eflluent after
p . 207-212.
O
c t o b e r . p.
207-2L2.
October.
3.
3.
nill
kraft mill
of kraft
treatment of
Carbontreatment
Burgess, 1968.
1968. Carbon
F.J. Burgess,
Hansen, S.P.
Hansen,
and F.J.
S.P. and
241-246.
51: 241-246.
TAPPI
waste. TAPPI,
condensatewaste.
condensate
4.
4.
in
photogrannetry in
use of
of photogranunetry
The use
1969. The
Burgess. 1969.
Janes,
James, W.P.
and F.J.
F.J. Burgess.
W.P. and
Stnean
National Council
Air and
and Stream
Counei.Lfor
Nati,onal
predicting outfall
diffusion.
outfall diffusion.
predicting
fot Air
p. 2-26.
2-26.
23L. p.
Improvement
No. 231.
BulLetin No.
IntprouementTechnical
TeehnieaL Bulletin
5
5..
analysis by
mill àutfall
by
outfall analysis
Pulp mil|
1970. Pulp
Burgess. 1970.
F.J. Burgess.
James,
Janes, W.P.
W.P. and
and F.J.
Proceedi'ngs
Confetenee Proceedings
A,in Conference
Water and
and. Air
Seuenth Water
techniques. Seventh
remote
remote sensing
sensing techniques.
p. 131-150.
13I-150.
Minneapolis. p.
of TAPPI,
IAPPI" Minneapolis.
101
101
SECTION
XII
SECTION XII
A flfltMT\ Tt'Tc
APPENDICES
Page
Page
A
A..
Shore
Control
Shore Control
Figure
A-1.
A-i.
Oregon.
Newport, Oregon.
at Newport,
Beach survey
survey at
Beach
106
106
L-2.
A-2.
station.
Shore station.
Shore
L07
107
A-3.
Oregon.
Gardiner, Oregon.
Beach
at Gardiner,
survey at
Beach survey
108
108
A-4.
A-4.
California.
Samoa,California.
at Samoa,
Beach
Beachsurvey
survey at
110
110
A-i.
A-1.
0regon.
Newport, Oregon.
at Newport,
Beach survey
Beach
survey at
105
105
A-2.
L-2.
0regon.
Gardiner, Oregon.
at Gardiner,
Beach survey at
Beach
109
109
A-3.
A.-3.
California'
Sanoa, California.
Beach
Beach survey
survey at Samoa,
111
111
Table
Table
B.
B.
Probe
Sarnpling Probe
Fluorometer
Fluoroneter Sampling
Figure
114
114
B-2.
B-2.
Ore'
Newport, Ore.
at Newport,
Paiute at
Fluorometers aboard
aboard the Paiute
Fluorometers
California'
Eureka, California.
probe at
at Eureka,
Side
of the probe
Side view of
B-3.
B-3.
boat.
on boat.
Rear view of
probe mounted
nounted on
of probe
Rear
115
115
B-4.
B-4.
o f probe.
Side
v i e w of
S i d e view
Probe.
116
1
16
B-5.
B-S.
8-6.
B_6.
Bottom and
view of
of probe.
toP view
and top
Bottotrt
Probe.
details.
Probe
b o d y details.
P
r o b e body
117
LL7
B-7.
B-7.
Valve
bodY.
V a l v e body.
B-1.
B-i.
C.
C.
114
114
118
118
119
119
Data
SamPlingData
Boat Sampling
of Boat
Reduction
Reduction of
Figure
C-l.
C-1.
D.
D.
124
r24
Program
listing
P r o g r a n listing
EquiPnent
Photographic Equipment
Photographic
Figure
135
135
D-l.
D-1.
Aerial
cameras.
A
e r i a l cameras.
D-2.
D-2.
diagran.
tining diagram.
Shutter timing
135
155
D-3.
D-5.
film.
Digitizing
a e r i a l film.
D i g i t i z i n g aerial
136
156
D-4.
D-4.
densitoneter.
Scanning
Scanningdensitometer.
Voltmeter
D
-5.Vo
l t n e t e r t o to
d i gdigitizer
i t i z e r l o g i clogic
c o n v econverter
r t e r d i a g r adiagram.
n.
D-5.
103
103
136
136
137
r37
D-6.
D-6.
E.
E.
Densitomet,er
to logic
logic circuit.
circuit.
Densitometer to
3es.
138
138
D
- 7 . Relay
D-7.
Relay circuits.
circuits.
139
139
D-8.
D -8 .
Logic circuit.
circuit.
Logic
140
140
D
- 9 . Power
Powersupply
D-9.
supply circuit.
circuit.
1+r
141
Diffusion Computations
Computations
Diffusion
Figure
F.
F
E-1.
E-l.
Wastefield
field by
by computer
computersimulation,
Waste
simulation, run
run 1.
1.
148
148
E-2.
E-2.
Waste field
field by
by computer
conputer simulation,
sinulation, run
Waste
run 2.
2.
L49
149
Photographic Summary
Sunmary
Photographic
Table
Table
F-i.
F-I.
Surunaryof
Summary
of 1968
1968 photography.
photography.
151
151
F-2.
Sunnary of
photography.
Summary
of 1969
1969 photography.
L52
152
104
I04
APPENDIXA
A
APPENDIX
SHORE
CONTROL
SHORECONTROL
at Newport,
conducted at
Control surveys weTe
were conducted
Newport, oregon,
Oregon, Gardiner,
control
both
for both
control for
These
surveys provided control
These surveys
California.
Sanoa, California.
and Samoa,
Oregon
Oregon and
location
the
A-1 shows
shows the location
sanpling. Figure A-i
boat sampling.
and the
the boat
the aerial
photograph and
aerial photograph
two
coast
between two coast
extended between
traverse extended
The traverse
Newport. The
at Newport.
traverle at
of
of the beach
beach traverse
Lighthouse
Head Lighthouse
Yaquina Head
and Yaquina
south and
on the south
and
life on
stations, Life
and geodetic survey
survey stations,
with aa
with
neasured
were
traverse
seven-rnile
Angles
along
the
seven-mile
traverse
were
measured
Angies
along
the noith.
north.
on the
on
the
telurometer.
with
measured
were
distances
lhe
Wild T-3
1-3 theodolite
while
the
distances
were
measured
with
theodolife
closure
A-1. AA closure
Table A-i.
in Table
listed in
are listed
plane coordinates
coordinates are
The
unadjusted state
state plane
The unadjusted
work'
survey
the
quality
of
excellent quality of the survey work.
of 1:21,000
the excellent
1:21,b00 shows
of
showsthe
A-1.
Table
Table A-i.
Station
Station
Oregon.
Newport, Oregon.
at Newport,
Beach
Beachsurvey
survey at
Grid
Distance
Distance
Feet
Feet
Grid
Azinuth
Azimuth
North
Frorn North
From
0
I
ll
LIFE
LIFE
CGS
C
qGS
4
49.99
9.99
7
2 s57
7
7 002
10,344.61
I0,344.6L
357
46 58
58
357 46
7,510.12
7, 5 r 0 . r 2
39
15
l s 39
3 9 39
3,246.27
3,246.27
11
1 1 40
4 0 05
05
E
C C1I a a
ECC
JET a
FALL a
FALL
JOE
JOE aa
4,253.66
4,253.66
356,397.72
356,397.72
1,070,922.19
| , 0 7 0, 9 2 2 . 1 9
366,734.59
366,734.59
1,072,949.50
r,072,949.50
373,965.91
373r965.91
1,073,606.03
!,073,606.03
377,r45.r0
377,l45.lcJ
1,074,821.29
L
, 0 74 , 8 2 L. 2 9
381,221.47
3 8 r, 2 2 L. 4 7
I , 0 6 9 , 5 8 5. 0 4
1,069,585.04
3 8 8 , 8 4 5. 5 7
388,845.57
1,069,529.21
1,069,529.2r
588,915.88
388,915.88
( 1 , 0 6 9, 5 2 9. 5 2 )
(1,069,529.52)
(388,9L4.28)
(388,914.28)
321
35 29
29
32t 35
CAP
CAP
YAQIJINA
HEAD LIGHTHOUSE
LIGHTHOUSE
YAQUINAHEAD
C
GS
C&GS
a
a
L,07r,322.42
1,071,322.42
325
3L 07
07
325 31
E
C C22 aa
ECC
89.86
8
9 .8 6
(356,348.11)
( 1 , 0 7 1 , 3 L 6 . 2 9 ) (356,348.11)
(1,071,316.29)
16
1 6 36
3 6 02
02
DOC a
DOC
9,249.07
9,249.07
Zone
North Zone
Oregon
Oregon North
Coordinates
State
State Plane Coordinates
Y
X
XY
1:21,000
Closure
C
l o s u r e 1:21,000
rods'
- stations
inch steel
steel rods.
3/4-inch
by
30 inch
by 30
with
S/4-lrnch
marked
with
marked
stations
105
105
CAP
CAP
YAOUINAHEAD
ECC
ECC
DOC
z
I
Lu
w
JOE
I
z\\\-
NE WPORT
_.
FALL
U
0
o
YAOUINA
BAY
to
ECC1
Figure A-i.
Figure
A-1.
Beach
Beach survey
survey at
at Newport,
Newport, Oregon.
0regon.
1
06
106
photo identidentfor photo
with cloth
cloth for
narked with
The
were marked
stations were
The established
established stations
was in
in
sampling was
boat sampling
while boat
A
station while
control station
shore control
A typical
typical shore
ification.
ification.
was
foreground was
in the foreground
The tripod
signal in
A-2. The
tripod signal
in Figure
Figure A-2.
is shown
progress is
shownin
prelininary
of the preliminary
someof
boat. For some
fron the
the boat.
station from
sight the
the station
used
used to
to sight
three-point
was determined
position was
determined by three-point
survey work
work at
at Newport, the boats position
in training
training
difficulty
of difficulty
However, because
because of
in
vessel. However,
fixes from
fron-the
sextant
the vessel.
sextant fixes
triangulation.
shoretriangulation.
by shore
replaced by
wasreplaced
positioning was
boat positioning
the crew,
of boat
this method
nethod of
crew, this
Figure
Figure A-2.
A-2.
station.
Shore
Shore station.
Oregon State
two Oregon
between two
The survey
was conducted
conducted between
The
survey near Gardiner was
A-3.
Figure
in
is shown
shownin Figure A-3.
The location
survey is
this survey
of this
The
location of
Highwaystations.
stations.
Highway
but
outfall'
the
outfall
but
the
of
the vicinity
vicinity of
in the
Coast
and geodetic survey stations
stations are in
Coist ind
Results
found.
not found.
were not
narkers were
station markers
since this
sand dune
dune area the station
this is
is aa sand
Table A-2.
A-2.
in Table
tabulated in
of
survey are
are tabulated
of the survey
r07
107
oD 21
S.
INTER.
INTER.S.
..f;
ARDINER
z
a
L
U
0
0
o
WINCHESTER
BAY
A WINCHESTER
Figure A-3.
A-5.
Beach survey at
at Gardiner,
Gardiner, Oregon.
Beach
Oregon.
1
08
108
Oregon'
at Gardiner,
Gardinet, Oregon.
Beach
survey at
Beach survey
A-2.
Tabl.e A-2.
Table
Station
Station
Grid
Distance
Feet
Feet
Grid
Grid
Azinuth
Azimuth
North
Frorn North
From
o
0
T.AW
LAW
t
Zone
South Zone
Oregon
Oregon South
Plane Coordinates
Coordinates
State Plane
y
XY
X
ll
47
511 47
144 5
1
( L , 0 2 6, 6 7 0 , 8 2 )
(1,026,670.82)
( 7 7 4, 8 4 L . 3 7 )
(774,841.37)
L , 0 2 7 , 3 7 80. 0
1,027,378.00
7
7 7, 8 1 3 . 0 0
777,813.00
0
. D . 21
2r
O.D.
1 , 0 2 8, 0 4 7. 3 5
1,028,047.35
7 8 0 , 5 6 86. 0
780,568.60
0
. D . 221
L
O.D.
OSH
OSH
( 1 , 0 2 8 , 0 4 7. 0 6 )
(1,028,047.06)
( 7 8 0 , 5 6 8. 3 1 )
(780,568.31)
SHY
SHY
OSH
OSH
23
23
10
10
3
,054.62
3,054.62
13
13
2,835.73
2,835.73
l
3 9 l11
1
133 39
I[NTER.S.
NTER.S. a
1:1,4,000
Closure
C l o s u r e 1:14,000
rod'
steel rod.
inch steel
- station
60 inch
by 60
L/Z-inch by
wLth 1/2-inch
station marked
a marked with
geodetic
and geodetic
coast and
two coast
between two
sanoa between
at Samoa
The
conducted at
survey conducted
The survey
reported
was
2
Station
SAMOA
2
was
reported
SAI'IOA
Station
A-4.
FigUre A-4.
in Figure
is shown
shown in
survey
stations is
survey stations
The
sand' The
of
feet
with
three
feet
of
sand.
three
with
covered
found covered
was found
destroyed previously
previously but
but was
destrtyed
RM1
J0HN
and
north
SAMOA
2
on
the
north
and
JOHN
RM1
the
SAIvIOA
between
Z. t nites
traverse
miles between
eitended 2.1
traverse extended
referbut its referStation JQHN
JOHN apparently
been destroyed
destroyed but-its
apparent}y has been
south. Station
on the
the south.
on
the
al'ong
along
the
Distances
good condition.
condition.
in good
recovered-in
was recovered
ence
mark no.
no. 1I was
ence mark
survey
for
the
The
closure
for
the
survey
closure
The
geodirneter.
the geodimeter.
with the
traverse were
neasured with
were measured
travelse
work.
order work.
first order
for first
required for
that required
thin that
better than
is better
listed
A-S is
in Table A-3
listed in
109
109
SAM 2
SAM2
SAMOA 22
SAMOA
A SAMOA
i
SEA
\
-.
+
SAND
,Y
/
E
o
o$
\
CROWN
CROWN
JOH N
JOHN
RMT
RM1
"I
Figure A-4.
A-4.
Figure
Beach
survey at Samoa,
Sanoa, California.
Beach survey
California.
110
110
Table
A-3.
Table A-3.
California.
Sarnoa, California.
Beach
survey at Samoa,
Beach survey
G
rid
Grid
Distance
Station
Station
Feet
____________Feet
Grid
Grid
Azirnuth
Azimuth
North
From
Frorn North
Zone 1I
California
California Zone
Coordinates
Plane Coordinates
State
State Plane
XY
X
Y
U
0
SAM
SAM 22
4A
282
42 40
282 42
c&Gs
C&GS
SAMOA 2
SAMOA
C&GS
C&GS
( 1 , 3 9 5 ,0 4 8 .9 6 )
( 5 5 0 ,067.
7 6 1 (1,395,048.96)
0 6 7 .76)
(550,
4 , 3 0 8 .8 o
4,308.80
SEA
SEA a
z,3
9 6 .39
39
2,
396.
47
3 1 47
z L 6 31
216
544,505. 63
544,505.63
1,39I,329.4?
1,391,329.42
542,074. 49
542,074.49
1,389,931.78
1,389,931.78
53 39
39
209 53
209
CROWN
CROWN a
3 , 141.
r 4 L .99
99
3,
19
L , 3 9 2 , 4 8 4 .19
1,392,484.
30
2 0 8 48
4 8 30
208
SAND
a
SAND A
2 , 8 0 4 .2 5
2,804.25
43
6 0 5 .43
546,
5 4 6 , 605.
23
20L 08
08 23
201
1 , 3 8 8 , 798.64
798.64
1,388,
(1,388,798.431
( 5 3 9 ,144.
L 3 l (1,388,798.43)
r 4 4 . 13)
(539,
539,
5 3 9 ,143.
1 4 3 .94
94
RMI
JOHN RM1
RMI
JOHN
JOHN RMI
c&Gs
C&GS
I : 4 4 , 000
000
Closure
C l o s u r e 1:44,
long.
inches long.
pipe 60
60 inches
steel pipe
3/4-inch steel
marked with
with 3/4-inch
stations marked
aa -- stations
111
111
B
APPENDIX
APPENDIX B
PROBE
SMPLINGPROBE
FLUOROMETER
SAMPLING
FLUOROMETER
measured
were measured
concentrations were
tracer concentrations
season tracer
During
field season
1968 field
the 1968
During the
in
as
shown
flow fluororneters
fluoroneters
continuous flow
using two
two continuous
in the
as shown in
field using
in
the waste field
edge
leading
the leading edge
along the
instfl.rnents were along
for the
In
take poits
ports for
the instruments
In take
Figure B-l.
B-1.
Figure
was
The vessel
vessel was
The
vessel.
towed vessel.
long towed
six-foot long
keel of
of aa six-foot
of
of the
five-foot keel
the five-foot
feet off
off
eight feet
foarn and was towed eight
constructed of
of fiber-glassed
floatation
foam
floatation
fiber-glassed
constructed
the survey
survey
aboard the
arrangement aboard
By a valve
valve arrangement
boat.
survey boat.
the beam
bean of
of the
the survey
the
at either
either
selected at
could be
fluoroneter
for one fluorometer
launch,
the sampling
could
be selected
depth for
launch, the
sarnpling depth
sanpling depth
the sampling
and the
surface and
the water
one-half foot
below the
water surface
foot below
oi one foot
foot or
one-half
the
below the
feet below
five feet
or five
feet or
for
other fluorometer
was either
at two feet
either at
fluorometer was
for the
the other
rechart
chart
reby
recorded
continuously
The
fluorometer
readings
were
continuously
recorded
by
fluoroneter
readings
The
surface.
surface.
five
feet.
feet.
and
foot
at
Generally
the
sampling
depths
were
at
one
foot
and
five
depths
sampling
the
corders.
Generally
corders.
show
did not
not show
depths did
sampling depths
these two sampling
at these
A comparison
at
concentrations
of concentrations
comparison of
was
device
the
sampling
device
was
sampling
that
the
and
indicated
difference
any appreciable
indicated that
appreciable difference
plune.
waste plume.
the waste
lirnits of
of the
inadequate to
lower limits
the lower
inadequatd
to reach the
field
1969 field
the 1969
for the
was constructed
constructed for
A
sanpling probe was
A ten-foot
ten-foot sampling
College
State
College
Hunbolt
the
aboard
nounted aboard the Humbolt State
probe is
is shown
shown mounted
This probe
season. This
the
on the
attached on
is attached
The probe is
B-2. The
Figure B-2.
in Figure
Gull in
research vessel
Sea Gull
research
vessel Sea
in a
deck
aft
the
on
is
setting
probe
the probe is setting on the aft deck in
starboard
rail and the
of the
the end of
starboard rail
five
at
vertically
hang
to
The
wai designed
designed to hang vertically at five
The probe was
travelling
travelling position,
position
is
stable
it
it
is
stable
device,
steering device,
feed-back steering
ttas a mechanical feed-back
knots.
it has
knots. As it
of the
the probe
maneuvers. Drawings of
normal maneuvers.
through normal
and through
at higher
higher speeds
at
speeds and
B-7.
B-3 through
through B-7.
Figure B-3
are
are shown
shown in
in Figure
113
113
Figure
Figure B-i.
B-1.
Fluoroneters aboard
aboard the
Paiute at
Fluorometers
the Paiute
at Newport,
Newport, Oregon.
Oregon.
ijt
I
jit1
h I
i*,.
.
-
Figure B-2.
B-2.
Iii.
view of
Side view
of the
probe at
the probe
Eureka, California.
at Eureka,
California.
ii4
II4
A2o,c'
Por'n/erep
oFt€n
(Zrxltafes
'
,>kf
th/et ,00P/)
Port )
]
Sect/on
2
sec/;on
Chara
SaIel'y
Chcm
Sat:efy
tbr
'oak 1
Hook
Ptpe
Ou//e,
/oe
Oul/el
(7'
l'/o ssuntp)
'.1(\"\",.
\\\ '::
).
JVa,Le, Surface
5w-Face
f r'laler
Cuy'-auay
Boal -2
of
L Toe
Po"t
rnnku PØ,-7'
o ZT""O/(e
't
'
'
r'r'
\"\"t
,-r\.'\'\\"
t.'r\.
I
a
I
ç
I.. I
.g
J
.'2
S
CALE
$C,qLE
loyes*
fnlake
Ztake
on boat.
boat.
rnounted on
probe mounted
Figure
R e a rview
viewofofprobe
B - 3 . Rear
F i g u r e B-3.
115
115
Porl
Dt'recr i on
L),,-ec#1c)n
cf M
o/ion
s,1
/fot,on
0I
0
4/,Tie,f No/ce
.4xis of
Qotcil iou
0
0
0
v'Ga/v. Pipe
E" Ga/v.
ir
/oe
Ga/v. ,'
//"
1K Ga/v.
PaLe
Sec/iort
B f
1711H
/i"I- Goh'.
Gatv. P;e
Pcd'
J.-
0000000000:c
No /e
-
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'c-fhn A-A
A,'/,- J-t,-/x p/pL.
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lt q*
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T0
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F
i g u r e B-4.
B- 4.
Figure
Side view
view of
probe.
of probe.
176
116
l,'
I_i
t ' . t t tIl .I , l
I
I
I
i
o369t2
t'nches
inches
SCALE
SCALFJ
/f "oatv.
r/o/es
rldlusfrnen/
0r
/4ood
Wood
Base
/i " Ga/u Pipe
lrr{rrtrrlrrl
o 3 6 39 / 2
S
/rtc /;eS
Inc
'5
5C4/-E
'2
7v- aP
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g 9 P
o f '50/77,0
robe
Of
Ai-ob
I',e
l z r ' akV
w
A 4 o u n t i n g 1P79
. 4 s/ssecnbIy
s ernb/y
I /).lourit
2le"
2"
A/untinurtt
-
-
/.',
77e
probe.
view of
of probe.
bottorn view
Figure
andbottom
Figure B-5.
B-5. Top
Topand
117
LL7
t,ot
Sect/on{
O-P/rgs
Oufeide O-IWn9s
Outside
\
O't?in?s
Insidc
Znc/de
O-#QiqS
ptoc
//'Gatu.
/j'
Go/v P/pc
I
(tQeserrorr
p/p.
(Rese,-vo,r
pipe)
I
Siea/er
Sea/er- Block
Block
5,
Slecve
Aminum
Sleeve
y
°>' SeaI s,ck)
-
Outlef t P/,o
Plpe
Out/e
(Connccted by
bv
(Connected
hase
hose *o
to prnb)
pump)
Sca/e:
Oonded
Sea/cr
tb
8/ock
,ncb
.Sea/ing
Arrang,entenf
..Sea/,i,9
Arronqemertforfor Botfon>
Bottom
-
of Peeryo/r
tQeservoir Pipe
Pipe
of
t l o t e : 8/o1-up
Bbyue
Notei
rofated
rotcJ-ed
probe'
1
axls.
probe ax/s.
gOo
.90
abouf
abou
I
Probebody
o*r ql
1',-obe
A/urninunt
,9/ee ye
)/olve S/ce
Aluminum
k/ve
'e
rcoimetal ti b/ock. hold
sleeve 6 tatfoncir-y If) ,oieb body.
Screw hold.s tie block to probe 600'y
--.-.S
1
L/'a/ve .s/eei-e bonoec/ is-/tb epoxy ,'o block.
l
I
3'7i"
3.,
I
t-
3',4'
i
lVole:
Note:
Vol
//a/ye
o
body(see
pge)
next
body(ee
netpae)
slide5
s/tdes
va/ve
valve
sleeve,
s/eeye
tyhich
t's
s
, ivbich
po-obe
robe
y
t#or)ary
/in
n
body.
body.
lnside
,,-,.s/de
sfatt6n4r
I
t
I
l
i
3',lot'
3,lo.
liii3 i,Ii,1
H
ipc/?eS
0
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o
F
i g u r e B-6.
Figure
B-6.
E
tnches
.Q
ii
/2
SCAlE
SC4E
P r o b e body
body details.
details.
Probe
118
118
)
I
,
Valve
Alain
*/ain
)/a/ve
Quad,-ip/e ,/ead
,ra.s.i/Jo,?/nq
Po.s/ ltontr>o
.Sc,'-e,+-z''
'Scre/
Lead
lead
I
"'"T,[
llil
Iiii
I
,
lhread
Quadrup/e
-- Lte"
Pilch
lead - 1"
il*
5'ac?-Jon C
{i'o1'*iort
Otn/et hrl
,tbrt
? ffi-*t/e/
(/o/-e.se/-vol'(i'o
reservotr,o/,oe)
liil
s"s"M
I
-/'2"
Zrn'ake
7[|*-=kl"r*
t-_
r'-"
I llrl
Po/n*er
'i -Iff
C
+-Hd
Sec
iion E Jr
Sec/ion
r
i
r
H
Pipe
,ceservo,rPine --2_-l
sPeservotr
,Of +fr
/oi
W
tt*qiric
Ou/side
oufside
I /jnior
/,/nion
l::l
r-H\'rl;::1
(460 ye #
e/oiv eQcl)
bua*
uo"h
.zntake
Z,,tak' ,c:,pp')
turt)
No//ow shqrni
ft
5Ho//ow
ffi
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''i"m
iltL
-l
I l.J
*F{
/'/oi"ffi
Sec,Lior
Secftor, C
C
Pipe
ouf/et P,oe
- s Outlet
Q' ('Co.,necrec/ by
O(Corinecfec/
fy
hose to ,oum,o)
/)Q5'e
puntp)
ii
4-i [{
llll
//04.
/'/oi"
fff
ut ii
trrtrrtrrtrrl
o s s s /3a l i l l
I
-liil
/nche
t'nches
C',- O I
scALE
0O- Ring
777grde
gody
I/a/ye Body'
//a/ye
0-Ri r,ç?s
rqs
O-,?i
Scaie.'
sca/e'
',!
icfl
ryl
Sea/tng
Sec//tq
Arrar1qemr?/Arrangemenf
f o/'r
07
Rese-voirvo/i- P,o
P/,oe
of ,Qes,(tfee
(See Sec,or?
2)
-Secl)on
B)
Top
7ap
Figure
Valve
F i g u r e B-7.
B-7.
body.
V a l v e body.
119
119
APPENDIX
C
APPENDIX C
DATA
SA]VIPI,ING
OF BOAT
BOATSAMPLING
REDUCTION
OF
DATA
REDUCTION
conputer
listing of
of the
the computer
is the
appendix is
Included
the progran
program listing
Included in
in this
this appendix
boat
fron
from
the
boat
data
fluorometer data
and fluorometer
the temperature
ternperature and
program
program used
used to
reduce the
to reduce
chart
strip chart
the strip
for digitizing
digitizing the
instructions necessary
the instructions
survey along with
with the
necessary for
iurvey
IV
fortran IV
in fortran
systen in
5300 system
f orthe
written for
CDC3300
the CDC
progrzrmwas
was written
The program
records.
records. The
language.
language.
*
Input data for
for the
the progran
program is
is either
either fron
from a
a logical
logical unit
unit number
number
Input
standinclude standstatements include
The input
input statements
(LUN) or
keyboard. The
frorn the
the teletype
teletype keyboard.
(LUN)
or from
(FFIN)
input (FFIN)
(4HXX ==;.
free form
form input
The free
The
TTYIN(4H
FFIN(NO),TTYIN
READstatement,
ard READ
statement, FFIN(NO),
).
the
as the
72 as
as long
long as
through 72
fron columns
colunns 1I through
will
fornat from
in any
any format
will accept data
data in
with
parentheses with
in parentheses
The number
nunber in
space. The
least one
one space.
by at
at least
words
words are
are separated
separated by
input
forn input
free form
teletype free
nunber. The
The teletype
input LUN
LUNnumber.
is the
the input
call command
comrnand
is
the call
The.
The
fron the
teletype.
the teletype.
(TTYIN) allows
user to
to enter
enter data
data from
command
the user
allows the
corunand(TTYIN)
four charcharcontaining four
constant containing
hollerith constant
is hollerith
function is
parameter
paraneter in
TTYIN function
in the
the TTYIN
nessage
the
hoLlerith
is
When
the
fortran
statement
is
executed,
the
hollerith
message
fortran
When
the
acters,
acters.
entered
be entered
can be
variable can
0n1y aa single
single variable
te!.etype. Only
on the
is
is printed
printed on
the users teletype.
executed.
is
tine
function
each time the function is executed.
each
calls
listing) calls
(l.ines 1-82
the listing)
1-82 of
of the
Boatdata (lines
The
program called
cal1ed Boatdata
The main
nain progran
(lines
Readcord
Subroutine
Readcord
(lines
and
Concen.
Bcontrol and Concen.
subroutines
Readcoid, Bcontrol
subroutines Readcord,
1 to
83-196) converts
the digitized
digitized strip
strip chart
chart data on LUN
LUN 1
to chart
chart readings
readings
85-196)
converts the
on
line
listed
fonnat
the
to
2
according
and writes
writes the
the readings on LIJN
LUN
to the format listed on line
and
and
the
angle
frorn
LUN
Subroutine
Bcontrol
(lines
188-313)
from
LUN
3
the
and
(lines
reads
188-513)
188. Subroutine Bcontrol
188.
(lines
203-204)
ports
intake
sampleintake ports (lines 203-204)
mast to
to the
the sample
distance
fron the boat's
boatfs mast
distance from
shore angles
(lines 206-209),
and the
206-209), and
coordinates
the shore station
the shore
angles to
to
station (lines
of the
coordinates of
on lines
lines
listed
code
to
the
boat, buoys, or
angles
code listed on
according to
angles according
initial
or initial
the boat,
probe on
on
sanple probe
of the
the sample
writes the
the coordinates
coordinates of
The subroutine
subroutine writes
224-225.
224-225. The
(fixed
station,
sampling
other positions
and other
LUN
with the fix
number and
positions (fixed sampling station,
fix nurnber
LUN 4 along with
floats) on
LUN20.
20.
on LUN
buoys, floats)
buoys,
fron
the main program
program calls
calls subroutine
subroutine Concen,
Concen, it
it reads
reads from
Before the
ratio,
teletype values of
of the
the effluent
effluent flow
flow rate,
rate, dye
dye injection
injection ratio, tine
time
the teletype
on lines
lines
as shown
shownon
code as
data code
and data
delay for
instnrnent and
for sample
to reach
reach the instrument
larnple to
if a
a
(lines 314-359)
Subroutine Concen
Concen (lines
Fluoro if
calls subroutine Fluoro
314-359) calls
Subroutine
43-50.
43-50.
fron LUN
LUN2
2
fluorometer
the chart
chart readings
readings from
is being processed, reads the
fluoroneter record
record is
dye
per liter,
liter, dye
milliliters
in milliliters
and
concentration in
per
waste concentration
conputes either
either waste
and computes
on
depending on
tenperature depending
the water temperature
concentration
parts per billion
billion or
or the
in parts
concentiation in
program.
nain program.
of the
the main
line 47
47 of
on line
the value
value of
as explained
explained on
code as
of the branching code
the
fornat
to the format
on
according to
on LUN
LUN6 according
is written
written
fron the
subroutine is
Output from
the subroutine
l i s t on
o n line
l i n e 351.
351.
list
data as
as
standardi".\iott data
fluororneter standardizat\ion
the fluorometer
reads the
Subroutine Fluoro reads
subca11ssubandcalls
listing and
the listing
of the
explained
37L-381of
lines 371-381
in lines
commentsin
by the
the comments
explained by
for the
square estimate
estirnate for
routine
Leastfit which deterrnines
determines the
least square
the paraparathe least
routine Leastfit
in the
rnodel.
meters
neters in
the model.
121
121
)
t=80+BrX+BrX-+e
Y=B0+B1X+B2X2+e
(1)
(1)
or
matrix notation
notation
or in
in natrix
Y=XB
Y=XB
(2)
(2)
where Y
where
Y is
PPB, XX is
is the
the dye
dye concentration
in PPB,
concentration in
is the scale
scale reading
reading and
and
Bts are
the B's
are the
the coefficients.
coefficients.
Solution to
to equation
equation 22 is
is
-1
( x ' x ) - Y!.
! == (X'X)
((3)
3)
(lines 400-442)
Subroutine Leastfit
Leastfit (lines
400-442) computes
matrix, calls
computesthe
the X'X matrix,
calls
(lines 443-510)
Matinv (lines
(XrX)-l and
Matinv
443-510) which
which computes
conputes (X'X)-1
then
computes
conputes the
the BB
and
vector as
vector
as shown
shownin
in equation
Once the values of
equation 3.
3. Once
paraneters are
are
of the
the parameters
estinated in
in equation 1,
estimated
the
concentrations
can
be
computed
in
line
1,
concentrations can be computed in line 345
345
of
of subroutine Concen.
Concen.
progran then
The main
main program
The
fix numbers
then reads
reads the
the fix
nunbers and
and concentrations
concentrati.ons
or
fron LUN
or tenperature
temperature from
determines the coordinates
LUN6,
6, deterrnines
coordinates of
sanpling
of the sampling
point from
fron the
the data
data on
point
on LUN
LUN44 and
and writes
writes the
the coordinates
coordinates and
and concentration
concentration
(lines 55-80).
or
temperature on
on LUN
LUN88 (lines
or temperature
55-80).
Considerable savings in
in time
the strip
tirne resulted
resulted from
frorn digitizing
digitizing
strip
chart records with
chart
with the
the coordinatograph rather
rather than by hand
scaling and
hand scaling
and
coding.
coding. The
The following
following procedure
procedure was
was used
used to
fluoroneter and
to reduce
reduce the
and
the fluorometer
surface water temperature
surface
tenperature chart
chart records
records to
to digital
data.
digital data.
The Rustrak
Rustrak strip
was taped
plotter table
The
strip chart
chart was
taped to
table with
with
to the
the Kelsh
Kelsh plotter
longitudinal axis
the
axis of
the longitudinal
and
of the chart
chart being approximately
approxinately straight
straight and
approxirnately parallel
parallel to
approximately
to the
the X-axis.
X-axis. The
The XX coordinate
increasing with
with
coordinate increasing
tine and
and the
the Y
Y coordinate
time
coordinate increasing
The XX and
increasing with
with the
the chart
chart reading.
reading. The
and YY
coordinates were
punched
and punched
coordinates
were measured
measured with
with the
Autotrol coordinatograph and
the Autotrol
on computer
on
conputer cards.
cards. First,
First, the chart's
longitudinal and
and transverse
transverse scales
chartrs longitudinal
scales
were digitized
digitized for
for calibration
were
coordinates
calibration of
of the
the curve
curve readings,
readings, next,
next, the
the coordinates
of the
of
the trace
trace were
were recorded.
recorded.
Each card
Each
card contained
contained constant
constant data and
and three
three sets
of event
event numbers,
numbers,
sets of
The
The constant
in the
colurnnswas
was
constant data
data in
first five
five columns
the first
X,Y,
X,Y, 6 Z coordinates.
coordinates.
as
follows:
a s follows:
Column
Colunn 11
Columns
Colunrns22 e 3S
Column
Colunn 44
Column
Colunn 55
(one digit)
Month
Month (one
digit)
(two digits)
Day
digits)
Day (two
(either 1I or
Run number
number (either
Run
or 22 ))
Fluoroneter
Codes
Codes 1-4 Fluorometer
5-8 Tenperature
Temperature
122
L22
CODE
1 oor
r55
measuredon
on the
the chart's
chartrs
The X
are measured
The
X and
and Y
coordinates are
Y coordinates
(narked
unrnarked).
or unmarked).
fix (marked or
zero reading at
at each
each consecutive
consecutive fix
This
inforinforfix number.
nunber.
the fix
The event number
is equal
to the
The
number is
equal to
and the
zero
fix number
nurnberand
the zero
interpolate the
the fix
mation is
is used
used to
to interpolate
scale
when computing
readings.
computing the
the readings.
scale when
or 6
2 ot
6
chartrs
at the chart's
The
and YY coordinates
coordinates are
are measured
measured at
The )(
X and
f i x number.
f i r s t fix
number.
f o r the
1 0 0 for
t h e first
0,
20,
LA,2
0 , 330,
0 , . . : ' ... .......
. . , , 100
0 , 10,
scale reading
reading
to the
the scale
The
is equal
equal to
The event
event number
number times
tines ten
ten is
tines aa
number times
for
for the
fluoroneter trace
and the event number
the fluorometer
trace and
five
is five
half
as full
ful1 scale
scale is
for the
trace as
half for
the temperature
ternperature trace
degrees.
degrees.
.
4 or 88
the trace
tlrace at
at
X
measuredalong
X and
were measured
along the
coordinates were
.andYY coordinates
gaeater
intervals
to define
define the curve but not greater
intervals as required
required to
first
fluoroneter record,
record, the first
than one
one inch.
inch. For the fluorometer
(1,
scale (1,
the scale
two digits
digits of
of the Z
Z coordinate represent the
cooro f the
t h e ZZ coor3,
while
t w o digits
d i g i t s of
3 , 110,
0 , or
50) w
h i l e the
t h e last
l a s t two
o r 30)
the
Whenreducing the
depth. When
dinate
dinate represent
represent the
sampling depth.
the sampling
of the
the ZZ
first two
digits of
record, the first
two digits
temperature record,
(0,5, 10,
10, 15,
15, or
or
represent the zero
zero scale temperature
tenperature (0,5,
foot
As the temperature
probe was
was always
one foot
always one
20°C).
20"C). As
temperature probe
indicated on
on
below
was not
not indicated
the depth
depth was
below the
the water surface,
surface, the
the Z
coordinate.
Z coordinate.
chart
about the
the chart
The
when tracing
tracing about
only when
The event
event number
nurnber is
is significant
significant only
for
three
(when the code
two, or
or three for
for calibration
calibration (when
five is
is one, two,
for
code in
in column
colunn five
The
for the
the temperature
tenperature .trace).
trace). The
fluoroneter trace
five, six
six or seven
seven for
a fluorometer
trace or five,
(code
the curve
curve (code
when tracing
scale
be listed
listed only
only when
tracing the
scale and
and sample
need to
to be
sanple depth need
data, event
Each
constant data,
event
is
is either
Each card includes
includes the constant
either four
four or
or eight).
eight).
points according
three points
for up to
to three
coordinates, scale
scale and
and depth for
numbers,
numbers, XX &, YY coordinates,
program listing.
listing.
to the format listed
line 102
102 of
of the
the program
to
listed on
on line
123
L23
C
c
C
L
C
aC
C
C
a
C
cC
C
cC
C
C
L
C
a
C
C
L
C
C
C
C
C
c
C
C
(
C
5
5
6
6
7
7
88
PROGRAM
PROGRAM
BOATDATA
BOATDATA
I S THE
I N P U T IS
THE
P
P R O G R A PROCESSES
MR O C E S S EBOAT
D A T A . INPUT
BSO A TDATA.
THIS
T H I S PROGRAM
A N DTHE
THE
O NLUN
L U N11 AND
STRIP
FROM
F R O MTHE
D I G I T I Z E RON
RECORD
T H E DIGITIZER
C H A R TRECORD
S T R I P CHART
H A S NOT
BEEN
N O T BEEN
IF
HAS
CTIART
I F THE
S T R I P CHART
A N G L E SON
O N LUN
T H E STRIP
L U N 3.
SHORE
S
H O R EANGLES
3.
FOLLOWING
T H E FOLLOWING
O N LUN
L U N 2.
READINGS
A V : THE
DIGITIZED,
HAVE
ON
2 . THE
DIGIIIZEDT H
C H A R TREADINGS
T H E CHART
PROGRAM9
T H E PROGRAM9
A R E USED
I N THE
LUNS
L
U N S ARE
U S E DIN
R E C O R D . LUN
M U S TBE
BE
L U N MUST
INPUT
RECORD.
D I G I T I Z E R STRIP
S T R I P CHART
CHART
I N P U T DIGITIZER
1
1
CHART
RUNNING
D I G I T I Z E DCHART
EQUIPPED
IF
I F USING
U S I N GDIGITIZED
E
O U I P P E DBEFORE
B E F O R ERUNNING
ARE
E A D I N G SARE
R E A D I N G SIF
.I F CHART
C H A R T IEADINGS
OUTPUT
O U T P U TCHART
C H A R TREADINGS.
22
READCORD
IN S
E O U I P P E DIN
i S EQUIPPED
U B READCORD
TO
BEE C
COMPUTED
THE
SUB
L U N IS
TO B
O M P U T ET
DH E LUN
BEFORE
LUN
MUST
UN M
U S TBE
B E EQUIPPED
E O U I P P E DBEFORE
INPUT
I N P U T SHORE
S H O R EANGLES.
ANGLES. L
3
3
B E COMPUTED
T O BE
COMPUTED
s O A T COORD
COORD
A R E TO
RUNNING
ARE
I F BOAT
R U N N I N GIF
ARE
O A TCOORD
COORD
BOAI
ARE
IF B
O A TC
O O R D I N A T E S .IF
OUTPIJT
COORDINATES.
O U T P U TBBOAT
44
S E
I N SUB
BCONTROL
COMPIJTED
EQUIPPED
Q U i P P E DIN
S U B BCONTROL
U N IIS
TTHE
H h . LLUN
COMPUTED
DNA T A . LUN
LUN
INPUT
OFF F
FLUOROMETER
STANDARDIZATIUN
LUOROMETE
SiTi A N D A R D l Z A T I ODATA.
5
INPUTO
5
P
R I O R TO
RUNNING
MUST
BEE EQUIPPED
PRIOR
M
U S TB
EQUIPPED
T O RUNNING
I i A S T ECONCENTRATION
MNL , z L T D Y CONCENTRATION
C
EONCENTRATiON
OUTPUT
ML/L,DYE
CONCENTRATIO
6
6
C U T P U TWASTE
I IE, IDEGREES
D E G R E EC.
S
C.
IN
PPB,OR
IN
P B' O R TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATUR
IN P
I . N SUB
E Q UI P P E DIN
CONCEN
THE
I S EQUIPPED
S L I BCONCEN
T H E LUN
L U N IS
ATCHiNG
ASN D M
P L A N ECOORDINATES
X r Y STATE
C O O R D I N A T EAND
OUTPUT
MATCHING
O
U T P U TIS
I S X,Y
S T A T E PLANE
8
8
PROGRAM
I N PROGRAM
E A U I P P : DIN
ONR TEMP.
I . U NEQUIPPED
CONCENTRATION
OR
T E M P . LUN
CONCENTRATIO
STATIONS
ORR SAMPLING
F L O A T S TO
S A M P L I N GSTATIONS
COORDINATES
OSF BUOYS,
B U O Y S TFLOATS
20
C O O R D I N A T EOF
20
I N SUB
BCONTROL
LUN
EQUIPPED
S U B BCONTROL
L
UN E
O U I P P E DIN
IN
L U N EQUIPPED
EbIUIPPED
FLUOROMETER
CALIBRATION
IN
C U R V E S .LUN
FLUOROMETE
CRA L I B i ] A T i O NCURVES.
22
22
SUB
FLUORO.
S U B FLUORO.
D I I ' 4 E N S I OXS(2,400)
XNS ( 2 r 4 0 0 )
DIMENSION
IINTEGER
N T E G E RH
ARDWARE
HARDWARE
( H A R D W A R E ( 1.EQ.
516
l F (HARDWARE(1)
.)E Q . 1)
IF
1 ) 5,6
READCORD
CALL
C A L L READCORD
( H A R D W A R E ( 3.EQ.
) . E Q .11
7r8
IF
I F IHARDWARE(31
l l 7,8
C A L L BCONTROL
BCONTROL
CALL
D O 10
DO
1 0 1=1,2
I=lr2
DO 1
=l 1400
0 JJ1,400
DO
10
XS(IrJ)=0.0
XSII,J)=O.0
C O N TI N U E
10O CONTINUE
1
R E WN
I D 44
REWIND
R E A D ( 4 r I ) IFIX,X,Y
IFIXTXTY
20
2 0 READ(4,1)
O R M A(T5 X t 1 4 r 2 F 9 . 0 )
FORMAT(5X,I4,2F9.0)
1 F
1
( E O D ( 4 ) t GO
G O TO
IF
I F (EOD(4I)
T C 50
50
X
S(lrIFiX)=X
XS{1,IFIX)=X
X
XS(2,IFIXI=Y
S(2rIFIX)=Y
G O TO
GO
T O 20
20
RITE(61r2)
50
WRITE(61,2)
50 W
FLOW
R A T EIN
I f r lGPM'/,
F L O I {RATE
QPMr/r
F O R M A Tt ( TTYIN
EFFLUENT
T T Y I N EFFLUENT
2 FORMATC'
2
P E RMIN'/,
R A T i IN
I N ML
M L PER
MINl/r
I N J E C T I O NRATE
D Y E INJECTION
1
1 t DYE
MINI/I
I N S T R U M E ,IN
NI N
T MIN'/
R E A C HINSTRUMENT
T
F O R SAMPLE
D E L A YFOR
S A I v I P LTO
E O REACH
T I M E DELAY
2 I TIME
2
F O RTEMP')
T E M P |I
O R 33 FOR
FOR
CONTINUOUS,
F O RSLUG
S L ' J GOR
2T FOR
ORC
O N T I N U O U S2
?
L U G 11 F
3 | LUG
FLOW=TTYIN(4HGPM=)
FLOW=TTYIN(4HGPM=)
DYE=TT'fIN(4HDYE=)
D Y E = T T lYN ( 4 H D Y E )=
DELAY=TTYIN(4HMIN=)
I N1 =4 )
DELAY=TTYIN(4H
LUGTTYIN(4HLUG=)
LUG=TTYiN(4HLUG=)
)
CALL
C A L L CONCEN(LUG,FLOW,DYE,DELAY)
C O N C E NL (U G T F L O W : DrYDEE L A Y
CALL
C A L L EQIJIP(8,5HFILE
E O U I P ( 8 r 5 H F I L E)
REWIND
R E WN
I D 66
R E A D ( 6 r 3 ) MO,IDATE,FIX,DEP,CON
MOTIDATETFIXTDEPTCON
60
6 0 READ(6,3)
F O R M Al T
2l7 t3F8.7)
3
3 FORMAT(2I3,3F8.3)
( E O D ( 6 ) ' GO
G O TO
T O 500
500
IIF
F (EODC6))
'
'
'
1
listing.
Figure
C-i. Program
Program listing.
Figure C-1.
124
724
0000r
00001
00002
0 0 00 2
00003
00003
00004
0 0 00 4
0 0 0 05
00005
00006
00006
00007
00007
00008
00008
00009
00009
00010
00010
00011
00011
00012
00012
00013
000r3
00014
0 0 01 4
00015
00015
00016
0
0016
00017
0
00r7
00018
0
001E
00019
00019
00020
00020
00021
00021
00022
ooo22
00023
00023
0 0 0 24
00024
00025
0 0 0 25
00026
00026
00027
oo021
00026
00028
00029
0 0 0 29
00030
00030
0 0 0 3I
00031
00032
oo0?2
00033
o0033
0003 rf
00034
0
0 0 35
00035
00036
00036
00037
00037
00038
00038
00039
00039
00040
0 0 0 40
00041
0 0 0 41
00042
00042
00043
0 0 0 43
00044
00044
00045
0 0 0 45
00046
00046
00047
0 0 0 47
00048
0 o0 4 8
00049
0 0 0 49
00050
00050
00051
0
0 0 51
00052
0
0052
00053
0
0053
00054
0 0 05 4
00055
00055
00056
00055
00057
00057
KFIX=FIX
K
FIX=FIX
( X S (l r K F I X , - 1 . ,
IIF
F (XS(1,KFIX)-1.)
100,100,110
100r100r110
JFIX=KFIX-l
100
1 0 0 JFIX=KFIX-1
( X S ( 1 r J F I X , - 1 . ! 60.60,120
I F (XS(1,JFIX)-1.)
IF
60r50r120
110
K L = K FI X
1 1 0 KL=KFIX
G O TO
GO
T O 130
130
120
K L = J FI X
1 2 0 KL=JFIX
I F (XS(1,KFIX+1)-1.)
130
{ X S ( I r K F I X + 1) - 1 . I 150,150,140
1 3 0 IF
150r}50r140
140
KHKFIX+1
140 K
H = K FI X + l
G O TO
GO
T O 170
170
( X S ( I r K F l x + 2 l - 1 . ) 60,60,160
150
I F (XS(1,KFIX+2)-1.)
60r60r160
1 5 0 IF
160
1 6 0 KH=KFIX+2
KH=KFIX+2
170
1 7 0 TOP=KL
TOP=KL
TOP=FI
T
O P = FX
IX-TOP
-TOP
B O T= K H - K L
BOT=KH-KL
RAT
R A T==TOP/BOT
T O P/ B 0 T
DIFX=XS(1,KH)-XS(
D I F X = X S{ 1 r K HI - X S ( I1,KU
r K L}
- X S( 2 r K LI
DIFY=X5(2,KH)
D I F Y = X S 2( r K H )-XS(2,KL)
X=XS(1
X
= X S ( 1I,KL)+DIFX*RAT
KL}+DIFXXRAT
Y
= X S(2
(2T
K L )+DIFY*RAT
I+DIFY*RAT
Y=XS
,KL
I X T X T Y T C O N T MI D
OA
TT E
WRITE(
W R I T E8
(8,4)
r 4 ) FFIX,X,Y,CON,MO,IDATE
4 FORMAT
F O R M A((F7.
TF 7 r l ;1,2F14.0,F1O.1,215)
2F14.0rF10.L;2151
GO
G O TO
T O 60
60
500
5 O O STOP
STOP
END
E
ND
READCORD
SUBROUTINE
READCORD
S
UBROUTINE
F R O MTHE
THIS
SUBROUTINE
READ
CARDS
C
THIS S
W
E A D THE
THE C
A R D SFROM
T H E DIGITIZED
DIGITIZED
U B R O U T I N WILL
E iLL R
READINGS
STRIP
O N LUN
C
S T R I P CHART
C H A R TON
W R I T ETHE
T H E CHART
C H A R TREADINGS
L U N 11 I WRITE
O N LUN
READING
O NLUN
ON
ON
L U N 2.
L U N1.
cC
2 . USE
U S E AA BLANK
B L A N KLINE
L I N E TO
T O STOP
S T O PREADING
l.
JD(3lr
X ( 2 r 3 0 0 ) r I V E N ( 33),CX(3),CY(3),JS(3)
DIMENSION
D I M E N S I O N X(2,300),IVEN(
l r C X ( 3 1 r C Y ( 3 ) r J S ( 3 ) rJD(3)
1Y(2,12
L
Yl 2 t l 2 l
R E WN
I D 11
REWIND
CALL
C A L L EQUIP(2,SHFILE
E Q U I P ( 2T 5 H F I L E l
CLEAR
C L E A R ARRAY
ARRAY
DOO 1
100
D
0 0 I=12
!=I t2
J=1r300
DOO 1
D
100
0 0 .J=1.300
X(IrJ!=0o0
X(I,J)0.Q
100
CONTINUE
1 O O CONTINUE
I F L U O =1
IFLUO=1
160=1
IGO=1
IDO=1
IDO=1
( 0 1 r 1 1 M0,IDA,IRUN,ICODE,IVEN(l)
R E A D(01,1)
M O T I D A T I R U N T I C O D E T I V E,CX(1),CY(l)
N
( 1X1( l l r C Y ( 1 1,JS(1)
105
rJS(11
rC
1 0 5 READ
1,JD(1),IVEN(2),CX(2),CY(2),JS(2),JD(2),IVEN(3),CX(3),
1 r J D ( I I r I V E N| 2 l t C X l 2 l t C Y( 2 ) r J S { 2 ) r J D { 2 } r I V E N( 3 ) r C X( 3 I r
1CY(3),JS(3),JD(3)
ICY(3lrJ5(3)rJD(3)
F O R M A TI l(r I 2 s 2 ! I t 3 l l a t 2 F 6 . 3 ; 2 l 3 t L X l
1 FORMAT(I1,I2,2I1,3(I'+,2F6.3,2I3,1X)
I
( E o D ( I ) , GO
IIF
F (EOD(1))
G O TO
T O 1000
10C0
( 1 0 8 r 1 1 0 ) r IGO
GO
G O TO
T O (108.110),
IGO
108
IST=IVEN(1)
1
0 8 IST=IVEN(1)
G 0 TO
GO
T o 113
113
( I D A - L I D A ' 1000,
l F (IDA-LIDA)
110
1000
1 1 0 IF
1 0- 0i 000r 112,.
l 21r3 r1000
01r 1
112
1 1 2 IF
l F ((IRUN-LIRUN)
I R U N - L I R U N ) 100O.1131O0O
1000
113
LIRUN=IRUN
l l 3 LIRUN=IRUN
I GO-2
IGO=2
LIDA
L I D A =IDA
IDA
DETERMINE
D E T E R M I N ENUMBER
O F POINTS
P O I I . I T SON
O N CARD
N U M d E ROF
CARD
I
I TTEST=1
EST=1
DO
D O 116
1 1 5 1=2,3
I=2:?
( I V E N ( l ) ) 1000.118.115
IF
I F (IVEN(i))
1000r118;115
'
I
Figure
Figure C-i.
C-1.
(continued)
Program
Prograrn listing
listing (continued)
125
L25
00058
00058
00059
0
0059
00060
0
0060
00061
0 0 0 6r
00062
0 0 0 62
00063
0 0 0 63
00064
00064
00065
00065
00066
00066
00067
0 0 0 67
00068
00068
00069
0
0 0 69
00070
0 0 0 70
00071
0 0 0 7r
00072
0 0 0 72
00073
00073
00074
00074
00075
0
0075
00076
0
0076
00077
0
0 0 77
00078
0
0 0 78
00079
0 0 0 79
00080
0
0080
00081
0 0 0 81
00082
0 0 0 82
00083
0
0 0 83
00084
0
0084
00085
0
0 0 85
00086
0
0 0 86
00087
0 0 0 87
00088
0
0088
00089
0
0089
00090
0 0 0 90
00091
0
0 0 9r
00092
0
0092
00093
0
0 0 93
00094
0
0094
00095
0
0 0 95
00096
0
0096
00097
0
0097
00098
0
0 0 9I
00099
0
0 0 99
00100
00100
00101
00r0r
00102
00r02
00103
0
0r03
00104
00104
00105
00105
00106
0
0106
00107
0
0107
00108
00108
00109
0010e
00110
00110
00111
00r11
00112
0 0 I1 2
00113
00113
00114
0 0 1l 4
00115
00115
TEST=l
1 r 5 IITEST=I
115
O N TI N U E
CONTINUE
1
16 C
116
( 1 2 0 r 1 5 0 r 2 0 0 t 2 5 O q 5 O OI I ICODE
ICODE
T O (120,150,200,250,500),
GOO TO
1
18 G
118
F I X NUMBERS
NUMBERS
A N D FIX
R E A D I N G S AND
E R O SCALE
STORE
COORDINATES
OFF ZZERO
S C A L E READINGS
O O R D I N A T E SO
STORE C
[I
ITEST
I = 1 r ITEST
D O 130
I 3 0 1=1,
120
1 2 0 DO
J=IVEN(i)
J=IVEN(I)
I ND=J
INDJ
X(1,J)=CX(I)
X(IrJ)=CX(I)
X(2rJ)=CY(l)
XI2,J)=CY(I)
C O N TI N U E
130
I 3 O CONTINUE
G O TO
GO
T O 105
105
DETERMINE
D
E T E R M I N E THE
T H E Y SCALE
SCALE
C
I =1 r I TEST
D O 160
1 6 0 l-1,1TEST
1150
5 0 DO
JJ=IVEN(I)+1
=IVEN( I )+1
Y
(1rJ)=CY(il
Y(1,J)=CY(I)
O N TI N U E
CONTINUE
160 C
160
G
GOO TO
T O . 105
105
I=IrITEST
D O 210
2 1 0 I=1,ITEST
200
2
0 0 DO
J=IVEN( ] }+1
J=IVEN(I)+1
Y ( 2 r J ) = C Y ( l I)
)
Y(2,J)=CY(
2210
1 O CONTINUE
C O N TI N U E
G O TO
T O 105
105
GO
( 2 5 2 t 2 6 0 1 t IDO
IDO
G O TO
I O (252,260),
250
2 5 O GO
RECOF.D
O F THE
ATEACH
E N DOF
T H E RECOFD
T " E A C HEND
AVERAGE
A V E R A G ETHE
SCALE A
T H E 'YY SCALE
C
252DIF=Y(1,1)+Y(2,1)
252 DIF=Y(1r1)+Y(2r1)
J=lr11
D O 254
DO
2 5 4 j=i,ii
( I rJ ) =( Y( 1' J ) +Y( 2 tJl-DlF | / 2
Y
Y(1,J)=(Y(1,J)+Y(2,J)-DIF)/2
CONTlNUE
254
2 5 4 CONTINUE
I1D02
DO=2
I =i r i TEST
D O 280
2 8 0 I=1,IIEST
2260
6 0 DO
NUMBER
DETERMINE
F I X NUMOER
D
E T E R M I N E FIX
C
X
(lrlNDll
C X ( I ) . L T .LT. XX(1I5T)
228O262
80;262
IF
CXII)
X(1,INDH
( l r l 5 T ) . O R OR.
.
C
X ( l ) . G TGT.
.
I F ((CXII)
J=ISTrlND
2 6 5 J=IST,IND
D O 265
2 6 2 DO
262
266 t263;264
r J ) )) 266,263,264
IF(CX(
I F ( C X ( Ii (-Xli
) - X ( I ,J)
IFIX=J
2
264
6 4 IFIXJ
C O N TI N U E
2
6 5 CONTINUE
265
J=IND
J=IND
FIX=lND
FIX=IND
GO
G O TO
r O 267
261
Flx=J
263
2 6 3 1IFIXJ
FlX=J
F
IX=J
FRAO.O
F
RA=0.0
GO
G O TO
T O 267
267
( J - i S T I 367,367,368
F (J-IST)
V61;367 t368
266
2 6 6 IIF
IFIX=ISI
367
3 6 7 IFIX=IST
FIX=iST
FIX=IST
FRA=0o0
FRA=O.O
GO
G O TO
T O 267
267
( I r J } - X ( 1 r I F I X ))}
F R A =( C X ( I ) - X ( 1 r I F I X ) ) / { X i,J)-X(1,IFIX)
368
3
6 8 FRA=(CX(I)-X(1,IFIXH/(X(
FIX=IFIX
F
IX=IFIX
FIX=FIX+FRA
FIX=FIX+FRA
READING
DETERMINE
D E T E R M I N ECHART
C H A R T READING
C
DIF=X(2,J)-X(2,IFIX)
IF =X( 2 rJ )-X ( 2 r I F IX )
267
2
61 D
D I FF*FRA
*FRA
I X ) ++DJ
YL0WX
(2,
YLOW=
X( 2 rIF
I F IX)
YDIF=CY)I)-YLOW
Y
DIF=CY(I )'YLOW
I R E A D =I
IREAD=1
J=1r11
DO
D O 270
2 7 0 J=1,1i
IF(YDIF-Y(].,J))
12t212;268
I F ( Y D I F - Y ( 1 r J l | 2272,272,268
(continued)
listing(continued)
Figure
Prograrnlisting
C-1. Program
Figure C-i.
126
L26
00116
001r6
00117
0
0117
00118
0
0I18
00119
0 0 11 9
00120
0 0 1 20
00121
0 0 1 2I
o0L22
00122
00123
0 0 1 23
00124
0 0 1 24
00125
00125
00126
00126
00127
00L27
00128
00128
00129
0 0 1 29
00r30
00130
0
0 1 3t
00131
00132
0 0 1 32
00133
00133
00134
00134
00135
00r35
00136
00r36
00137
0 0 1 37
00138
00r38
00139
0 0 1 39
00140
00140
00141
00141
00142
00r42
00143
00143
00144
00144
00145
0
0 1 . 45
0
0 1 46
00146
00147
00147
0 0 1 48
00148
00149
00149
00150
00150
00151
0 0 15 1
00152
00152
00153
0 0 15 3
00154
00154
00155
00155
00156
0
0 15 6
00157
00I57
00158
00158
00159
0
0159
00160
0
0150
00161
00161
00162
00162
00163
0 0 1 53
00164
00164
00165
0 0 1 65
00166
0 0 1 66
00167
0 0 1 67
00168
0 0 1 68
00169
0
0 1 69
00170
0
0r70
00171
00r71
00172
o o L T2
00173
00I73
268
IREAD=J
2 6 8 IREAD=J
270
CONTINUE
2 7 0 CONTINUE
READ=99.99
READ=99.99
GO
G O TO
T O 273
21?
272
D I F T = Y D I F - Y (1 r I R E A D I
2
1 2 DIFT=YDIF-Y(1,IREAD)
J=IREAD+1
J=I READ+1
D I F E = Y( 1 r J ) - Y (1.I r IREAD)
DIFBY(1,J)-Y(
IREADI
FRA=DlFT,/DIFB
FRA=DIFT/DIFB
READ=IREAD
R E A D I=R E A D
READ=(READ1.O+FRA)*10.
R E A D (=R E A D - 1 . 0 + F R )A* I 0 .
( I R U N - 3| 274,278.278
273
I F (IRUN-3)
2 7 3 IF
274;278t278
IRUN
F L U O R O M E T RECORD
ERRE C O R D
I R U N IS
I S ZERO
F O R FLUOROMETER
C
Z E R OFOR
IRUN=0
274
2 7 4 IRUN=0
( 0 2 r 2 ) MO,IDA,FIX,IFLUO,JD(I),JS(I),READ,IRUN
W R I T E(02,2)
M O T I D A T F I X T I F L U O T JI D) (r J S { I ) T R E A D T I R U N
278
2 7 8 WRITE
(13,13,F6.2,3I5,F7.2,13)
FORMAT
ll3rl3sF6.2t3l5;F7.2tI3l
2
2 FORMAT
280
CONT
1N U E
2
8 0 CONTINUE
GO
T 0 105
G 0 TO
105
I C O D E GREATER
I N D I C A T E STEMP
RECORD
ICODE
THAN
GREATER
4 INDICATES
T E M PRECORD
C
T H A N4
500
I C O D E I=C O D E - 4
5 0 0 ICODEICODE-4
IRLJN=IRUN+2
I R U N =I R U N + 2
GO
G O TO
T O 118
118
1000
RETURN
I O O O RETURN
END
E
ND
SUBROUTINE
BCONTROL
S
U B R O UI N
T E BCONTROL
REWIND
R
E WN
I D 33
CALL
E Q U I P ( 4 r 5 H F I L E)
C A L L EQUIP(4,5HFILE
CALL
C A L L EQIJIP(20,5HFILE
E A U I P ( 2 0 r 5 H F I L E)
R
E A DD
F R O MBOAT
M A S T TO
READ
DIRECTION
AND
I R E C T I O NA
D i S T A N C EFROM
T O SAMPLER
N D DISTANCE
B O A T MAST
SAMPLER
P
ORTS
PORTS
(3)
AZSA=FFIN
A
ZSA=FFIN
3 , //18O.*3.1416
l8O.*3. 1416
DISS=FFIN(3)
D
ISS=FFIN(3)
FIRST
R
E A DC
N O R T H E RS
NT A T I O NFIRST
READ
COORDINATES
STATION
OSF SHORE
O O R D I N A T EOF
S T A T i O N SNORTHERN
S H O R ESTATIONS
XAFFIN(3)
X
A=FFIN(31
YA=FFIN(3)
YA=FFIN(3)
XB=FFIN(3)
XB=FFtN(3)
YB=FFIN(3
YB=FFIN(3)
DETERMINE
SHORE
D I S T A N C BETWEL\)
EB E T W E L N
STATIONS
D E T E R M I N AZIMUTH
E
A Z I M U T HAND
A N DDISTANCE
S
H O R ESTATIONS
BY=(XA-XB)/(YA-YB)
BY=(XA-XB)/(YA-YB)
BY=ATAN(BY)
BY=ATAN(BY)
AZA=BY+3.1416
AZA=BY+3.1416
( B Y l 20,30,30
IF
I F (BY)
20t?Ot30
200 BY=6.2832+BY
2
BY=6.2832+BY
A.ZB=BY
30
3 0 AZB=BY
DAB=SQRT((XB_XA)**2(YA_YB)**2I
D A B = S O R( T( X B - X Al x x l + ( y A - y 8 l * * 2 )
)
1
1=1
ICODE
R E A D ( 3 r 1))MO,DAY,FIX,A1,A2
M O T D A Y T F i X T cAAI 2 ;,A3,B1,B2B3,
A 3 r B l r 8 2 r B 3 r £CODE
10
1 0 READ(3,1
c
a
F O R M A(TII1,F2.O,2F3.O.2F2.O.F3.O,2F2.O,I1
I r F 2 . 0 r 2 F 3 . 0 ; 2 F 2 . 0 t F ? t 0 t Z F2 . 0 r i I)l
1 FORMAT(
1
E O D ( 3 )) GO
IF
G OTO
I F ((EOD(3H
T O 1000
1000
A1=(A1+A2/60.+A3/3600.)*3.1416/180.
4 1 = 1{ l + A 2 / 6 0 . + A 3/ 3 6 O A .} * 3 . 1 4 1 5 / 1 8 0 .
B1=(B1+B2/6O.+B3/3600.)*3.1416/180.
B l = ( B 1 + 8 2/ 6 0 . + 8 3 / 3 6 0 0 . ) * 3 . 1 4 1 6 / 1 8 0 .
LUOROMETE
CURRENT
ICODE
0 F
FLUOROMETER
SAMPLING,
I C O D EO
t s U O YLOCATION,
L C C A T I O N2
T2 CURRENT
SRA M P L I N G 1
II . BUOY
ANGLE,S.
F L O A T T3
FLOAT,
I N I T I A L ANGLES.
3 BOAT
B O A TSAMPLE
L O C A T i C N AND
TA N D44 INITIAL
S A M P L ELOCATION,
( I C O D E - 4 ) 100,50,10
IF
I F (ICODE-4)
100r50r10
50
5 0 AIZ=A1
AIZ=A1
BIZ=B1
BIZ=Bl
1=1
l - I
G O TO
GO
T O 10
l0
TEST
A N G L E SARE
I F ANGLES
A R E ZERO
ZERO
T E S T IF
(continued)
C-i. Program
Prograrn listing
listing (continued)
Figure
Figure C-1.
127
L27
00174
0
0 17 4
00175
0 0 1 75
00176
00176
00177
00177
00178
00178
00179
00179
00180
00180
00181
00181
00182
00182
00183
00183
00184
00184
00185
0 0 1 85
00186
0 0 1 86
00187
0
0 1 87
00188
00188
00189
0
0 1 89
00190
0
0190
00191
00191
00192
0
0192
00193
0
0 1 93
00194
0
0194
00195
0
0195
00196
0
0196
00197
0
0 1 97
00198
0
0198
00199
0
0199
00200
0
0 20 0
00201
0
020r
00202
oo202
00203
0
0203
00204
0 0 20 4
00205
00205
00206
0 0 20 6
00207
00207
00208
00208
00209
00209
00210
00210
00211
00211
00212
oo2r2
00213
002t3
00214
00214
00215
00215
00216
00216
00217
002r7
00218
00218
00219
00219
00220
oo220
00221
0022r
00222
00222
00223
00223
00224
00224
00225
a0225
00226
00226
00227
oo227
00228
00228
00229
oo22e
00230
00230
00231
00231
100
A=AI-AIZ
I 0 0 A=A1-AIZ
C
C
C
C
5=61-B
B = B 1 - BIL
IZ
( A B S ( A ) - 0 o 0 2 1 10,10,110
IF
I F (ABS(A)-0.02)
10r1Orl10
( A B S ( B l - 0 . 0 2 ) 10,10,120
I F (A6S(B)-0.02)
10r10r120
110
1 I 0 IF
DETERMINE
OBJECT
D E T E R M I N AZIMUTH
A
E Z I M U T HTO
T O OBJECT
120
ZAC=A+AZA
1
2 0 AAZACA+AZA
AZBC=B+AZB
A Z B C= B + A Z B
( A Z A C ) 130,140,140
I F (AZAC)
IF
130r140r140
130
AZAC=6.2832+AZAC
1 3 0 AZAC=6.2832+AZAC
( A Z A C - 6 . 2 8 3 2 1160,160,150
I F (AZAC-6.2832)
140
1 6 0 r 1 6 0 r1 5 0
1 4 0 IF
150
AZAC=AZAC-6.2832
1 5 0 AZAC=AZAC-6.2832
160
I F ( A Z B C , 1170180,180
70r180r180
1 6 0 IF(AZBC)
AZBC=6.2832+AZBC
170
1 7 0 AZBC=6.2832+AZBC
( A Z B C - 6 . 2 8 3 2 1200,200,190
180
2 O Or 2 0 0 r 1 9 0
I F (AZBC-6.2832)
1 8 0 iF
190
AZBC=AZBC-6.2832
1 9 0 AZBC=AZBC-6.2832
A
DETERMINE
THE
I N T E R S E C T I OANGLE
NN G L E
D
ETERMINE
T H E INTERSECTION
200
A=ABS(AZAC-AZA)
2 O O A=ABS(AZAC-AZA)
8ABS
Z B C _ A z )B
B
= A BCS( AAZBC-AZB)
B-3.1416, 22
220220210
IIF
F ((6-3.1416)
Ot22O;2lO
210
2 1 0 6=6.2832-B
B=6.2832-B
220
C=3o1416-A-8
2 2 O C=3.1416-A-B
T H E OBJECT
D I S T A N C ETO
OBJECT
DETERMINE
THE
T O THE
DETERM]NE
T H E DISTANCE
DAC=DAB*SIN(
N (C)
D
A C = D A B x S 8)/SI
IN
B )( / S INC
Cl
( C}
DBC=DAB*SIN(
A {} / S I N(C)
D
B C = D A B * S IAC/SIN
N
OBJECT
DETERMINE
COORDINATES
OSF OBJECT
DETERMINE
C O O R D I N A T EOF
XCA=XA+DAC*S
INC
XCA=XA+DAC
* S IAZAC)
N(AZACI
( ASZ A C)
YCA=YA+DAC*COS
(AZAC)
YCA=YA+DAc*CO
XCB=XB+DBC*S
AZBC)
X
C B = X B + D B IN
C * S( I N
(AZBC
(A
YCB=YB+DBC*COS
AZBC)
Y
C B = Y B + D B C * C(O
SZ B C
A B s ( X C A - X C B ) - 5 . 2240,240230
IF
I F ((ABS(XCA-XC8)-5.)
4Ot240t23O
FIX
230
W R I T E(61,2)
{ 6 1 t 2 1 FIX
2 3 0 WRITE
FIXtrF5.l)
2 FORMAT('ERROR
IN
FORMAT(tERRO
IR
N FIX',F5.1)
GO
G O TO
T O 250
250
A B S ( Y C B - Y C A , - 5 . 12 5253250230
240
l F ((ABS(YCB-YCA)-5.)
2 4 O IF
Ct25Ot230
250
XC(XCB+XCA)/2.0
C =( X C B + X C A/ 2
) .0
2
50 X
YC(YCB+YCA)
Y C =( Y C B + YACl /2.0
/2.O
= I CODE+
ICODE=ICODE1
I CODE
1
( 6 0 0 r 3 0 0 r 4 0 0 r 5 0 0 1T I C O D E
GO
T 0 (600,300,400,500),ICODE
G O TO
(20r3) M
OTDAYTFIXTXCTYC
300
WRITE
MO,DAY,FIX,XCYC
R I T E (20,3)
300 W
OSITIONT
BUOY
POSITION',
BUOY P
FIX',F4.O,'
FlXrrF4o0rr
3 FORMAT(I2,'/'
F O R M A T ( l 2 t t / ' ,F3.O,'
rF3o0rr
CONTROL')
12F9.0,'
12F9.0rr
C
ONTROLT)
1=1
GO
G O TO
T O 10
t0
(20r41 M
OTDAYTFIXTXCTYC
400
(20,4)
MO,DAY,FIX,XC,YC
|r'IRITE
4
0 0 WRITE
F
L O A T POSITION',
P O SI T I O N t r
FLOAT
FIX'.F4.0,'
4 FORMAT(I2,'/'
F
IXr rF4e0rI
F O R M Al T
l l e t I t ,F3.0,'
rF3o0rt
12F9.0,'
CURRENTT)
1
2 F 9 o 0 r r CURRENT')
I -r
1=1
GO
6 0 TO
T O 10
10
( 2 0 r 5 ) M0,DAY,FIX,XC,YC
500
MOTDAYTFIXTXCTYC
W R I T E(20,5)
5 0 O WRITE
FIX',F4.0,'
FlXr rF4.0t I
5 FORMAT)
12,'/'
F O R M Al T1
2 r t / | r,F3.O,'
F3.gr I
SAMPLE')
12F9.0.'
S A M P L E)T
L2F9oOtt
6O,\T
B
O,\T
POSITION',
POSITIONI I
1=1
I =l
T O 10
GO
6 0 TO
10
600
I - 1 ) 1 1OOO61O62O
F ((I-i)
0 0 0 r 5 1 0r 6 2 0
5 0 0 IIF
XS=XC
610
5 1 0 XS=XC
C
Y S
S=Y
Y
= YC C
900
GO
G o TO
r o 900
PORTS
COMPUTE
P O S i T I O NOF
S A M P L EIt.rAKE
RI A i A K E PORTS
O F THE
T H ESAMPLER
C O M P U TTHE
T
E H E POSITION
(continued)
Figure
listing(continued)
Prograrnlisting
Figure C-i.
C-1. Program
128
128
00232
o0232
00233
oo?13
00234
00234
00235
o0235
00236
o0?36
00237
o0?37
00238
00238
00239
o0239
00240
0 0 24 0
00241
0 0 2 41
00242
00242
00243
0o243
00244
oo244
00245
o0245
00246
00246
00247
00247
00248
00248
00249
o0249
00250
0
0250
00251
0
0251
00252
00252
00253
00253
00254
oo254
00255
o0255
00256
00256
00257
00257
00258
o0258
00259
00259
00260
00260
00261
00261
00262
o0262
00263
oo263
00264
o0264
00265
00265
00266
oo266
00267
o0267
00268
00268
00269
o0269
00270
o
o 2 10
00271
o
o 2 7L
00272
o
o 2 72
00273
o o 2 13
00274
o o 2 74
00275
o 0 2 75
00276
00276
00277
0
0 2 77
00278
0027I
00279
0 0 2 79
00280
0 0 2 80
00281
0 0 2 81
00282
oo282
00283
00283
00284
00284
00285
00285
00286
00286
00267
00287
00288
00288
00289
00289
DFIX=FIX-AFIX
FIX=FIX-AFIX
620 D
620
625
625
630
630
640
640
660
660
7
00
700
710
710
720
720
9
00
900
4
(DFIX-2.01
6625610'610
25r610r6I0
IF
I F (DFIX-2.iJ)
D
Y= Y C - Y L
DY=YC-YL
DX=XC-XL
DX=XC-XL
R
A Z = A T A(ND X /D Y)
RAZ=ATAN(DX/DY)
60t63O;630
IIF(DY)
F ( D Y ) 6660,630,630
(DX) 6
40r7C0r700
640,700,700
IIF
F (DX)
R A Z = 6 r2 8 3 2 + R A Z
RAZ=6.2832+RAZ
700
G
GOO TO
T O 700
RAZ=RAZ+3.L416
RAZ=RAZ+3.1416
SAZ=RAZ+AZSA
SAZ=RAZ+AZSA
( S A Z - 6 . 2 8 3 2 1 720,120,710
120r720r?1O
l F (SAZ-6.2832)
IF
S
AZ=SAZ-6.2832
SAZ=SAZ-6.2832
N ( S A Z)
XS=XC+DISS*SIN(SAZ
X
S = X C + D I S S *I S
YSYC4-DISS*COS(SAZ)
Y
5 = Y 6 + D I S S * C O( S A Z)
X
L=XC
XL=xC
YL=YC
M O rD A Yr F I X r X S r Y S
WRITE(04,6)
W RI T E ( 0 4 ' 5 ) MO,DAY,FIX,XS,YS
F O R M A( T1 2 t F 3 . 0 r F 4 . 0 t 2 F 9 . 0 l
6 FORMAT(12,F3.O,F4.0,2F9.0)
6
I=I+1
1=1+1
A
FIX=FlX
AFIX=FJX
GOO TO
G
T O 10
10
RETURN
l1000
O O O RETURN
END
END
) ELAY
CEO N C E N ( L U 6 T F L O W T D Y E T D
SUBROUTINE
S U B R O U T I NCONCEN(LUG,FLOW,DYE,DELAY)
IF
c T H I s STHIS
U E R oSUBROTTINE
T T I N E D E T EDETERMINES
R M I N E S T T t THE
E W AWASTE
S T E c oCONCENTRATION
NcENTRATIoNIF
C
D
Y
E
THE
DYE
T
H
E
i
4
L
/
L
t
I
N
I
N
J
E
C
T
I
O
N
D
Y
E
LIJG=1
FOR
CONTINUOUS
DYE
INJECTION
IN
ML/L,
F
O
R
C
O
N
T
I
N
U
O
U
S
LUG=1
C
C
ORR THE
THE
L U G== 22 r O
I F LUG
P L U G SIF
F O R DYE
CONCENTRATION
IN
D Y E PLUGS
P P B FOR
IN
C
ONCENTRATIO
N PPB
C
C
F LLUG3.
UG=3.
TEMPERATURE
DEGREES
N
EGREEC
SC IIF
T
E M P E R A T U RIIN
E D
C
C
(?t4t4l
DIMENSION
D
I M E N S I O NBB(34,4)
REWIND
R
E WN
I D 22
Q U I P ( 6 r 5 H F I L E)
CALL
EQUIP(65HFILE
CALL E
DYE
c F L o w IFLOW
S T H EIS
E F THE
F L U EEFFLUENT
N T F L o w RFLOW
A T E I RATE
N G P I vIN
| r DGPM,
Y E I SDYE
T H E 15
2 o = THE
D Y E 20
C
MIN'
I N MIN.
D E L A YIN
T I M E DELAY
i S THE
T H E TIME
INJECTION
RATE
D E L A YIS
I N ML/MIN,
M L / M I N I DELAY
A T E IN
i N J E C T I O NR
CC
)
MARKING
FOR
THE
REACH
THE
cC F o R T H
ESA
M P LSAMPLE
E T o R E TO
ACH
THEIN
S T RINSTRUMENT
U M E N T P L UPLUS
S C H ACHART
RTMAR
KING
SHIFT
SHIFT
(12r10r100) rLUG
G
GOO T
TOO (12,1O1O0),LLJG
ILP=I.0
DILP=1.0
1
100 D
GO
G O TO
14
T O 14
DYE=DYE/15.O*3785.;
D Y E = D Y E1, 5u . O x 3 7 8 5 . 1
IZ
12
DILP=DYE/FLOW*10.**6
DILP=DYE/FLOW*lO.**6
FLUORO(B}
C A L L FLUORO(B)
144 CALL
L
r I S C Ar R E D r I T E S T
M 0 r I D A T E T F I X ITF L U O T D E P
R E A D ( 0 2 r I) M0,IDATE,FIX,IFLUO,DEP,ISCA,RED,ITEST
100
1 0 0 READ(O2,1)
?s I 3 s F6 . 2 s I 5 r F 5 . 0 : 1 5 ; F 7 . 2 t 1 3 \
FORMAT)
O R M A| T1 I3,I3,F6.2,I5F5.O,I5F7.2,I3)
1
I F
( E O D ( 2 ) ) GO
IF
G O 10
T O 1000
10C0
r F (EOD(2))
( I T E S T ) 100,200,500
IF
I F (ITEST)
100r2OOr50O
I S C A - 3 ) 221O,22O23O
10r22O;23Q
I F ((ISCA-3)
200
2 0 0 IF
1=1
ZIJ
21D
GO
G O TO
300
T O 300
z z v 1=2
I-2
220
GO
G O TO
300
T O 300
( I S C A - 1 0 t 220,240,250
220c24Ot25Q
I F IISCA-1O
230
2 3 0 IF
r- 3
240 1=3
G
GOO TO
300
T O 300
1-t,
250
2 5 0 1=4
I I F L U O rI I 3 } * R E D X R E D
CONrB(IFLUO,11)+B(1FLJO,I,2)*RED+B(IFLUO,I,3)*RED*RED
300
O N = B (l F L U O r i r l ) + B ( I F L U O T i , 2 ) X ' R E D + B
3
00 C
C
C
C O N ) 331O'32032O
IF
10r32Ot32O
I F ((CON)
CON=0.0
310
3
1 0 CONO.O
(continued)
listing (continued)
Prograrn listing
Figure
C-i. Program
Figure C-1.
129
r29
0
0290
00290
00291
00291
00292
00292
00293
00293
00294
00294
00295
00295
00296
00296
00297
00291
00298
00298
00299
00?9e
0
0300
00300
00301
00301
o0302
00302
00303
00303
00304
00304
00305
00305
00306
00306
00307
00307
00308
00308
00309
00309
00310
00310
00311
00311
00312
00312
00313
003r3
00314
00314
00315
00315
00316
00316
00317
00317
00318
0 03 1 8
0 03 1 9
00319
00320
00320
0 0 3 21
00321
00322
00322
oo327
O0323
00324
oo?24
0032'
00325
00326
oo326
00327
00327
00328
0 0 3 28
00329
0o329
00330
00330
0
0331
00331
00332
00332
00333
0033?
00334
003?4
00335
oo315
00336
00336
00337
o0337
00338
0
0338
oo339
00339
00340
00340
00341
0 0 3 4r
00342
oo342
00343
oo343
00344
oo?44
oo345
00345
00346
0 03 4 6
o0341
00347
320
3 2 0 CON=CON/DILP
C O N = C o N /I DL P
FIX=FIX-DELAY
FIX=FIX-DELAY
M O rI D A T E T F I X T D E P T C O N
! ' I R I T E ( 5 r 2 1M0,IDATE,FIX,DEP,CON
330
3 3 0 WRITE(6,2)
2FORMAT(213,3F8.3)
2 F O R M Al T
2l3 t3F8.3l
GO
G O TO
T O 100
100
D E i J R E ECENT.
C
SENT.
R E A D I N IS
GI S 5 5DE.TREES
TEMPERATURE
FULL
FEU L L SCALE
S C A L EREADING
T
EMPERATUR
C
500
SCA=ISCA
5 0 0 SCAISCA
CON=SCA+RED/20.
C O N = S C A + R E2D0 /.
FIX=FIX-DELAY
FIX=FIX-DELAY
GO
G O TO
T O 330
330
1000
RETURN
r O O ORETURN
END
END
FEL U O R O ( 8 I
SUBROUTINE
S
U B R O U T I NFLUOROIB)
rC(41
DIMENSION
( 5 r 2 0 ) r,B(344)
B ( 3 ; 4 t 4 ),C(4)
D
I M E N S I O NXX(520)
LEAST
OFF FLUOROMETER
STANDARDIZATION
FLUOROMETE
SR
TANDARDIZATiON
E S T I M A T EO
L E A S T SQUARE
S O U A R EESTIMATE
C
O N LUN
L U N22
22
L U N 55 AND
A I . I DWRITE
W R I T EON
O N LUN
CURVES.
R E A DINPUT
I N P U T ON
C
C
U R V E S . READ
CALL
C
A L L EQUIP(22,5HFILE
E O U I P ( 2 2 r 5 H F I L E)
REWIND
R E WN
I D 55
00O l10
D
=1r3
0 Ii1,3
DO
D O l10
0 JJ1.4
= 1r 4
00
D O 110
0 KK1,4
=Ir4
B(I,J,K)=0.O
B( I rJrK!=0.0
INUE
10
CONT
I O CONTINUE
R E A D NO.
O F FLUOROMETERS
F L U O R O M E T ETO
R
TO
S STANDARDIZE
READ
N O . OF
STANDARDIZE
C
IFLNO=FFIN(5)
IFLNO=FFIN(5)
I=IrIFLNO
DO
D O 500
5 0 0 I=1,IFLNO
F O RTHIS
FLUOROMETER
T H I S FLiJOROMETER
READ
TO
D E T E R M I N E FOR
D
R E A DNO.
J E DETERMINED
N O . OF
O F CURVES
CURVES
T OthE
C
KCURZFFIN(5)
KCUR=FFIN(5)
J=lrKCUR
DO
D O 400
4 0 C J=1,KCUR
R E A DS
READ
SCALE
1=1X,23X,3z10X,4=30X
C A L E1
=1Xr2=3Xr3=10Xr4=30X
C
ISCAL=FFIN(5)
I S C A L = F F I N5( )
READ
P O I N T SON
O N THIS
CURVE
R E A DNO.
N O . OF
T H I S CURVE
O F POINTS
C
N0=FFIN(5)
N
O=FFIN(51
PPB
SCALE
C O N C E NIN
I N PPB
A N D CONCEN
R E A D I N GAND
READ
R
E A DPOINTS
P O I N T SON
O N CURVE.
CURVE. S
C A L EREADING
C
K = 1r. N O
DOO 100
D
1 0 0 K=1,NO
X(1,K)=1.O
X
(1rK)=1.0
X(2,K)=FFIN(5)
)112:Kl=FFIN(5)
X(3,K)
2.K)
X
( 3 r K ) =XX(2,K)*X(
(2rK)*X(2
rK)
X(4,K)FFIN(
X
( 4 r K l = F F I N (5)
5)
CONTINUE
I NUE
ONT
l100
OO C
N=4
N
=4
CALL
L E A S T F TI ( X T N T N O T C )
C A L L LEASTFIT(X,N,MO,C)
DO
D O 200
L=l r3
2 0 0 L=1,3
B
ISCAL
B ((II T,I S
C A L,LT LI )=C
= C(LI
(Ll
200
CONT
INUE
2 O O CONTINUE
I r I S CAL r ( B ( I r I SCAL I L ) r L = 1 r 3 )
WRITE(61,5)
WR I T E ( 5 1 r 5 ) I,ISCAL,(B(I,ISCAL,L),L=1.3)
FLUOR
SCALErrl3r/
F O R M A T ( rF
L U O RNNO.'I2,'
O . r r l 2 r r SCALE',I3/
5 FORMAT)
5
1'COEFFICIENTS'
; / 3EL2.4l
I C I E N T S| ,/3E12.41
1fCOEFF
400
C O N TI N U E
4 O O CONTINUE
500
CONTINUE
5 O O CONTINUE
RE T U R N
RETURN
END
E
ND
)
( XrNrNOrBI
SUBROUTINE
L E A S T F I T(X,N,NO,B)
S U B R O U ITN E LEASTFIT
rXY(4) rB( 4l TZIIX(4tll
DIMENSION
X ( 5 t 2 Q l t X X ( 4 r 4 ) ,XY(4),B(4),ZITX(4,1)
D I M E N S I O NX(5,20),XX(4,4)
C
DATATB=COFF
N=NO
OF
N
=NO O
F VVARIABLESNONO.
A R I A B L E S T N O = N OOF
.O F DATA,B=COFF
KK=N-1
K
K = N -I
DO
D
O 115
5 JJ1,KK
=lrKK
XY(J)=0.
XY(J)=0.
Figure
Figure
c-i.
C-1.
(continued)
Program
listing (continued)
Prograrn listing
130
150
00348
00348
00349
00349
00350
00350
00351
00351
00352
oo352
00353
00353
00354
00354
nn?q6
00355
00356
00356
00357
00757
00358
00358
00359
0
0359
00360
00360
00361
0
0 3 6I
00362
00362
00363
00763
00364
0
0364
00365
0
0365
00366
0
0 3 66
00367
00367
00368
00368
00369
00369
00370
00370
00371
0037r
00372
0 0 3 12
00373
o o ? 73
00374
00374
00375
o o 3 75
00376
o o 3 76
00377
o031 1
00378
00378
00379
o 0 ? 79
00380
00380
00381
0 0 3 81
00382
00382
00383
00383
00384
0
0384
00385
0 0 3 85
00386
0
0386
00387
0
0 3 87
00388
00388
00389
0
0389
00390
00390
00391
0 0 3 9I
00392
0 0 3 92
00393
00393
00394
00394
00395
0039 5
00396
00396
00397
o0397
00398
00398
00399
00399
00400
00400
00401
0 0 4 0I
00402
0 0 4 02
00403
00403
00404
0
0404
00405
0
0405
DOO 110
0 I11,NO,1
=1rNOr1
D
XY(J(=XY(J)+X(J,I
)*X(NrI )
X Y ( J ) = X Y { J ) + X (J r I )*X(N,I)
C O N Ti N U E
1 O CONTINUE
10
ONTINUE
I5 C
15
CONTINUE
DOO 220
=l rKK
D
0 KKl,KK
J=1rKK
0 J=1,KK
DOO 2
20
D
X
( J ,r KK )(=0.
=0.
XXX(J
=lrNO
D O 220
0 II1,NO
DO
XX(J,K)=XX(J,K)+X(J,I)*X(K,I,
X X ( J r K) = X X ( J r K ' + X ( J r I ) * X ( K r I l
20
C O N ITN U E
2
O CONTINUE
( X X T K K T Z I T X TT0D E T E R M )
A T I N V(XX,KK,ZITX,0,DETERM)
CALL
MATINV
CALL M
=lrKK
DO
D O 330
0 JJ1sKK
B(J)O.
B(J)=0.
DO
0 I11.KK
=1rKK
D 0 330
8(J)=B(J1+XX(J,I)*XY(I)
8(J)=B (J)+XX(Jr I )*XY(I )
I NUE
CONT
30
3 O CONTINUE
lWRITE(
, l R l T E l 221)
22;ll
( B( J ) r J = 1 r K K )
!WRITE(22,5,
{ R I T E( 2 2 ; 5 1 (8(JIJ=1.KK(
Y
Y=0.
YY=0.
= 1r N O
DO.4O
D O .4 0 JJ1,NO
YY=YY+X
) r*)(
(N( N
,J)
Y Y = Y Y(N.J
+X(N
Jl*X
rJl
4 0 CONTINUE
CONTINUE
40
BXX=0.
BXXO.
0 JJ1,KK
=l rKK
DO
D O 550
g X X = g X (t +J8)( J*)((
'*XY
BXX=BXX+B
( (JJ )
C O N TI N U E
50
5 O CONTINUE
F= N O _ K K
I
I DDF=NOKK
RES=
R E S (YY-BXX)
= ( Y Y - B XIXI) /DF
IDF
REStIDF
WRITE2
( 2 t 3 1 RES,IDF
WRITE(22,31
( 3 2 H LEAST
P A R A M E T E R)S
O F PARAMETERS
E S T I M A T EOF
S O ESTIMATE
1
L E A S TSQ
F O R M A T(32H
I FORMAT
I I3 I
( 2 3 H MEAN
R E S I D U A L S ,E16.7,5X,4HDF=
=r E l 6 ' 7 r 5 X r 4 H D F = .13)
O F RESIDUALS=
M E A NSQ
S A OF
3 FORMAT
F O R M A T(23H
2 8 H VVARIANCECOVARIANCE
M
A R I A N C E - C O V A R I A NMATRIX
CA
ET R I X I
O R M A T((28H
4 FFORMAT
4
5 FORMAT
F O R M A (/4E15.5)
TI / 4 E T 5 . 5 1
W
RITE(22t4l
WRITE(22,4)
X X ( I I,J)
r J ) r ,I=1
i = 1 r ,KK)
K K ) r J,J=1,KK)
=lrKKl
W
R I T E( 2 2 t 5 1 (( ( (XX(
WRITE(22,5(
RE T U R N
RETURN
END
END
SUBROUTINE
M
S U B R O U T I NMATINV(A,N,B,M,DETERM
E A TI N V ( A r N r B r MT D E T E R) M
EO
O F LINEAR
L I N E A REQ
MATRIX
OF
A C C O M P A N Y I SOLUTION
NSG
OLUTION
W
I N V E R S I O IWITH
^ , I T H ACCOMPANYING
C
M A T R I XINVERSION
PI V O T ( 4 )
N D E X ( 4 I 2 I I PrvoTcA1
DIMENSION
( 4 T 1 ) T IINDEXI421,
( 4 r 4 ) r B8(4,11,
i P I V O T ( 4 } I AA(4,4(,
D I M E N S I O NIPIVOT(4),
DETERM=1
D E T E R M .0
=1.0
=]rN
DOO 220
D
0 JJ1,N
20
IPIVOT(J)=O
lv
IPIVOT(J)=0
=1rN
DOO 5550
5 0 I11,N
D
ELEMENT
SEARCH
F O R PIVOT
P I V O T ELEMENT
C
S E A R C HFOR
AMAX=0
A
M A X =.0
0.0
DO
J=1rN
1 0 5 J=1,N
D O 105
I P I V O T ( J ) - 1 ) 60.
60
5 0 r 105,
1 0 5 r 60
IF
I F ((1PIVOTJ)-1)
= 1r N
60
DOO 1100
60 D
0 0 KK1,N
( I P I V O T ( K ) - 1 l 80,
740
8 0 r 100,
IF
1 0 0 r 740
1 F (IPIVOT(K)-1)
ABSF(AMAX)-ABSF(A(JrK
100
8 5 r 100'
1 0 0 r 100
80
I )' 85.
8 0 IF
l F ((ABSF(AMAX)ABSF(A(J,K)
85
8 5 IROW=J
I ROv'i=J
IICOLUM=K
COLUM=K
AMAX=A
A
M A X (= AJ (,K)
JrK)
100
C O N TI N U E
1
0 0 CONTINUE
' rn 6
105 C
CONTINUE
O N TI N U E
l P 1 V O T( I C O L U M=) I P I V O T (I C O L U M ) + 1
IP1VOT(ICOLUM)=IPIVOT(ICOLUM)+1
C N DIAGONAL
DIAGONAL
E L E M E N TON
I V O T ELEMENT
ROWS
TO
PUT
PIVOT
UT P
OP
IINTERCHANGE
N T E R C H A N GR
EO W ST
C
Figure
Figure
(continued)
listing (continued)
c-i.
C-1. Program
Prograrrr listing
131
1
51
00406
0
0 4 06
00407
0 0 4 07
00408
0 0 4 08
00409
0 0 4 09
00410
0 0 4 10
00411
0 0 4 11
00412
0 0 4 12
00413
0 0 4 13
00414
o0414
00415
0 0 4 15
00416
0 0 4 16
00417
0
0 4 17
00418
0 0 4 18
00419
0 0 4 19
00420
0
0 4 20
00421
0 0 4 2I
00422
oo422
00423
00423
00424
Q0424
00425
0 0 4 25
00426
0o426
00427
00427
00428
00428
00429
0 0 4 29
00430
004?o
00431
0043I
00432
oo432
00433
0
a4v3
00434
00434
00435
00435
00436
0 0 4 36
00437
oo437
00438
0 0 4 38
00439
0 0 4 39
00440
00440
00441
0 0 4 41
00442
00442
00443
00443
00444
00444
00445
0044 5
00446
00446
00447
00447
00448
00448
00449
00449
00450
00450
00451
0045I
00452
00452
00453
00453
00454
0 04 5 4
00455
00455
00456
0 0 4 56
00457
0o451
00458
00458
00459
0 0 4 59
00460
00460
00461
00461
00462
0 0 4 62
00463
00463
( I R O W - I C O L U M140,
IF
I F (IROW-ICOLUM)
1) 4 0 r 260
2 6 O t 140
I40
140
DETERM;-DETERM
1 4 0 DETERM=-DETERM
=l rN
DO
D O 2200
0 0 LL1,N
SWAPA(IROW,L)
S
WAP=A(IROtdrL)
A(jROW,L)A(ICOL1JM,L)
A ( I R O W TIL= A ( I C O L U M TI L
200
A( ICOLUMTLI-SllAP
2
0 C A(ICOLUM,L)SWAP
260,
lIFIM)
F(M) 2
2 6 0 r 210
6 0 r 260,
2I0
L=1r M
M
DOO 2250
210
210 D
5 0 L=1,
SWAP=B(IROW,L)
S h , A P = BI R
( OWTLI
B(IROW,L)=B(ICOL(JM,L)
B ( t R O W T)L= B ( I C O L U M T L I
250
B( ICOLUMTLI=SWAP
250 B(ICOLUM,L)SWAP
260
N D E X (I,1)=IROW
lrI)=IROW
260 IINDEX(
INDEX(
I N D E X (!I,2)=ICOLUM
t2l=ICOLUM
P I V O T( I l = A ( I C O L U MITC O L U M I
PIVOT(I)=A(ICOLUM,ICOLUM)
DETERM=DETERM*PIVOT(
DETERM=DETERM
O T(I)
I )
I V* P
P I V O T ELEMENT
DIVIDE
P I V O T ROW
R O WBY
ELEMENT
B Y PIVOT
D I V T D E PIVOT
C
AC
ICOLUM,ICOLUM)1.O
A(IC
OLUMTICOLUMt=1.0
= 1r N
DO
D O 3350
5 0 LL1,N
, I V O T( t I
350 A(ICOLUM,L)A(ICOLUM,L)/PIVOT(T)
A ( I C O L U M TIL= A ( I C O L U M T L/ P
IF(M)
I F ( M l 380,
3 8 0 r 380,
3 8 0 r 360
360
D O 3370
= 1r M
360
7 0 LL1,M
3 6 0 DO
( O L U M T L , / P I V O TI ()
370
B ( I C O L U M T L ) = BI C
? - l o B(ICOLLjM,L)=B(ICOLUM,L)/PIVOT(I)
ROWS
REDUCE
R E D U C ENON-PIVOT
N O N - P I V O TROWS
C
550
DO 5
5 0 LL11,N
1=1rN
380
3
8 0 DO
IF(L1-ICOLUM)
5 5 0 r 400
400
4 0 0 r 550,
l F { L 1 - I C O L U M ) 400,
T=A(L1,ICOLUM)
400
400 T
=A(LlrlCOLUMl
A(L1,ICOLUM)=O.O
A
(LlrlCOLUMl=0o0
DO
D O 4450
5 0 LL1,N
=l rN
r L ) - A ( ICOLUM,L)*T
I C O L U ML: ) * T
450
A ( L l r L l = A ( L 1,L)-A(
4
5 0 A(L1,L)A(L1
IF(M)
5 5 0 r 460
460
I F ( M l 550,
5 5 0 r 550,
460
500
DO 5
=l rM
4
6 0 DO
0 0 LL1,M
I C O L U MLTl * T
500
5 0 0 8(L1,L)B(L1L)-B(
B ( L I r L l = B ( L l r L l - B (ICOLUM,L)*T
550
5 5 0 CONTINUE
CONT
INUE
INTERCHANGE
COLUMNS
COLUMNS
C
INTERCHANGE
=l rN
1 0 l11,N
DO
D O 7710
L=N+1-I
L = N + 1 -I
( t N D E X ( L r 1 l - I N D E X ( L t 2 l l 63O
7 1 0 r 630
6 3 0 t 710,
630
IIF
F (INDEX(L,1)-INDEX(L,2))
JROI{=INDEX(Lrl)
630
6 3 0 JROW=INDEX(L1)
JCOLUM=INDEX(L2)
JCOLUM=lNDEXlLr2)
DO
D O 7705
0 5 KK1,N
= 1r N
SWAP=A(KJROW)
SWAP=A(KrJROll)
A(K,JROW)A(K,JCOLUM)
) = A( K T J C O L U!M
A(KTJROW
A(K,JCOLUM)=SWAP
A ( K ; J C O L U M=IS W A P
7 0 5 CONTINUE
CONTINUE
705
710
7 T O CONTINUE
CONTINUE
RETURN
740
7 4 0 RETURN
END
END
(continued)
Figure
Prograrnlisting
Figure C-i.
C-1. Program
listing(continued)
132
L32
00464
00464
00465
00465
00466
0 0 4 66
00467
0 0 4 67
00468
00468
00469
0 0 4 69
00470
00470
00471
0
0 4 7I
00472
oo47 2
00473
0047 7
00474
oo47 4
00475
0
0 4 75
00476
0041 6
00477
0047 7
00478
0
0 4 78
0 0 4 79
00479
00480
0 0 4 80
00481
0 0 4 81
0 0 4 82
00482
00483
0 0 4 83
00484
00484
00485
0 0 4 85
00486
0 0 4 86
00487
0 0 4 87
00488
0 0 4 8I
00489
0 0 4 89
00490
00490
00491
0 0 4 91
00492
00492
00493
00493
00494
00494
00495
0 0 4 95
00496
0 0 4 96
00497
00497
00498
00498
00499
00499
00500
00500
00501
0
0501
00502
o
o502
00503
0
0503
00504
0
05 0 4
00505
00505
00506
0
0506
00507
o0507
00508
00508
00509
00509
00510
00510
D
APPENDIX
APPENDIX
D
EQUIPIdENT
PHOTOGRAPHIC EQUIPMENT
PH0ToGRAPHTC
the
during the
taken during
data taken
photographic data
Included
report are photographic
Included in
in this
this report
year
first
the
taken
Aerial
photography
was
taken
the
first
year
was
photography
Aerial
season.
1969 field
field season.
1968 and
and 1969
1968
canera
mapping
camera
precise
a
using
firn
photography
by
aerial photography firm using a precise rypP11g
by aa commerica].
conrnerical aerial
fron
niles from
100 miles
approximately 100
located approximately
was located
lirm was
As the firm
As
n-ounted
vertically.
mounted vertically.
tines
Several
times
Several"
difficult.
was
photography
the photography was difficult.
the study area
tcir"duling the
the
.""a scheduling
to
aircraft to
the aircraft
took the
it took
tiure it
the time
arel during
clouds
moved over
over the
work area
during the
the woik
clouds rnbved
water
the
from
reflection
In
addition
sunlight
reflection
from
the
water
sunlight
In addition
site.
outfall, site.
reach the
the outfall
vertical
the vertical
of the
processing of
the processing
with the
surface
problems with
serious problens
surface created serious
was
between
al.titude
srm
when the
the sun altitude was between
taken when
photography even
it was
was taken
though it
even though
35 degrees.
degrees.
30 and
and 35
30
with two
was taken with
photography was
the photography
season the
During
field season
the 1969
1969 field
During the
shown
These
cameras
are
shown
cameras
These
camera.
mapping camera.
K-L7 mapping
70 rnrn
mm Hasselblads
Hasselbiads and
and aa K-l7
refl-ection
sunlight
reflection
sunlight
the
avoid the
to avoid
ouri.quely to
nounted obliquely
were mounted
in
D-l and
and were
in Figure
Fi.gure D-1
conpartbaggagecompartin the
the baggage
The cameras
nounted in
were mounted
caneras were
The
water surface.
surface.
frorn ihe
from
the water
baggage
taken
through
the
baggage
were
pictures were
and pictures
aircraft and
rented aircraft
ment of
ment
of aa rented
while the
the
removed while
was removed
compartment was
of the
the compartment
The door
door- of
opening. The
compartnent opening.
compartment
were mounted.
mounted.
cameras were
cameras
device
tirning delay device
the timing
with the
synchronized with
were synchronized
The camera
shutters were
The
canera shutters
their
without
their
without
to end
end
up end
end to
lined up
were lined
caneras were
The cameras
D-2. The
Figure D-2.
shown
in Figure
shown in
until
was adjusted until
D-2 was
Figure D-2
in Figure
The variable
shovmin
resistor shown
variable resistor
nagazines. The
magazines.
actuated
were
shutters were actuated
when the shutters
cameras when
the cameras
through the
seen through
a light
could be seen
llght could
at
1/100
of
a
second.
a
second.
at 1/100
laboraphotograrnmetry laborain the
the photograinmetry
digitized in
The aerial
is digitized
The
aerial photography is
in
processing
is
shown
in
shown
is
processing
of
the
The
equipment
used
in
this
setup
setup
of
the
ttris
in
The equip*"ttt ,rt"d
tory.
tory.
plottertable'
Kelsh
plotter
table.
Kelsh
the
on
The
densitometer
is
located
on
the
is
located
Figure D-3.
D-3. lhi densitometer
The operator
operator
cards. The
on computer
computer cards.
pnghe$ on
is punched
Output
densitometer is
frorn the
the densitometer
Oriput from
While
While
time.
time'
one
at
processing
the
of
is
able
to
accomplish
three
steps
of
the
processing
at
one
is iUte to acconplish three step-s
-one
scanning
is
visually
scanning
visually
operator
photo,
the
the
densitometer
is
digitizing
one
photo,
the
operator
the densitometer'is digitizing
-1:
searching
for
illegal
for
illegal.
searching
photograph
previ-ous
of a previous photograph
the line
printer listing
of
fistiig
line printer
the
the
operate the
can operate
he can
time he
sane time
the same
punches. At the
doubte punches.
characters
by double
caused by
characters caused
photograph
from
another
photograph
fron
data
the
teletype which preliminarily
preliminarily processes
processes the
teletype
densthe densorltp-ut from the
voltage output
the voltage
reduces the
program reduces
This program
computer. This
on
on the
thL computer.
interof
densities,
interdensities,
of
val.ues
extreme values
rejects extreme
itometer
densit-iesl rejects
fitn densities,
itorneter to
to film
densities
film densities
in film
difference in
the difference
disptays
and
polates
coordinates
and
displays
the
coordinates
polates photo
-adSacant
is
program
Output
from
this
program
is
this
fron
piinter.
tini printer.
on the
the line
between
bands on
Letween adjacant bands
Burgess
by
processing
as
explained
by
Burgess
explained
as
finil
stored
magnetic tape waiting
waiting final
stored on lnagnetic
(1969).
and
and James
James(1969).
D-4
Figure D-4
in Figure
is shown
shownin
table is
scanning table
The
and scanning
densitometer and
The densitometer
goes
densitometer
the
Voltage
flon the densitometer goes
outPut from
Voltage output
picture.
rnnpicture.
processing aa 70
70 mm
The
The
densitoneter.
the densitometer.
behind_the
directly behind
shown directly
to the
the digitaf
digital voltireter
voltmeter shown
to
the
to the
converted to
is converted
1) is
lV == 1)
(-24V == 0,
0, -- IV
BCD
digital voltmeter
logic (-24V
voltmeter logic
BCDdigitil
=
shown
=
circuit
1)
by
the
circuit
shown
the
(-15V = 0,
0V = 1)
0, OV
Autotrol
fogic (-l5V
recordei logic
digital recorder
Autotr6l digital
D-5.
in
in Figure
Figure D-5.
133
L33
when
tape. When
narked with
black tape.
with black
The
are marked
photograph are
on the
the photograph
The limits
limits on
750
volts),
greater
(voltage output greater than
than 750 volts),
the densitometer
densitometer senses
senses the tape (voltage
the
reversed, the
is reversed,
scan is
direction of
of scan
the recording
is stopped, the direction
recording of
the
of data is
The
The
again.
started again.
of data
data started
and the
film
the recording
recording of
filn is
is advanced
advancedone
one scan
scan arid
D-6 through
through
Figures D-6
circuitry
is shown
shownin
in Figures
operation is
for this
this operation
required for
circuitry required
of the
the
D-8 of
Figure D-8
is Figure
and D-7
D-7 is
in Figures
Figures D-6, and
to in
referred to
D-9. Figure 3 referred
D-9.
report.
report.
134
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Shutter tinting diagram.
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Figure D-2.
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Aerial camera.
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Figure D-5. Voltmeter to digitizer logic converter diagram.
_
L-i
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U
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141
APPENDIX
E
E
APPENDIX
DIFFUSION
COMPUTATIONS
DIFzuSIONCOMPUTATIONS
the diffusion
diffusion
Numerous investigators
solutions to
to the
have employed
enployed solutions
Nunerous
investigators have
waste plume
plune
in the
the waste
equations for
waste concentrations
concentrations in
for the estimation
of waste
estination of
If
of the
current eddies
If the scale of
the current
eddies
that
that occurs at
location.
at an
an outfall
outfall location.
the Fickian
then the
Fickian
is
much smaller
waste field,
field, then
is nuch
of the
the waste
dinensions of
snaller than the dimensions
is:
The basic
basic equation
equation is:
forn
applied. The
form of
of diffusion
diffusion equation can
can be
be applied.
aw_a
a
altl a ,^ al{l, * 5a
7
F = 5 Y t u(Dy
' r r E T )J +
W
(VYW)
)-[ - (V
W)
co*3$).
Y
m
b(Dz#)-r
y
(D
) +
(D
ct
)
+
*fotv*wl
(VW) +.b
(vzw)l*s
(VW) ] + S
(E-1)
(E-l)
diffusivity.
is eddy
eddy diffusivity.
D is
concentration, D
waste concentration,
where V
where
W
W is
is waste
V is
is velocity,
velocity,
the next
next three
three
diffusion terms,
terms, the
The
are the
the diffusion
The first
the right
right are
first three
three terms
on the
terrns on
and sinks.
sinks.
sources and
are convection terms
S represents the sources
and S
terns and
assumptions such
such
various assumptions
Solutions
required various
have required
equations have
Solutions to
to the equations
mixing and
andunidiunidior longitudinal
longitudinal mixing
as steady
state condition,
condition, no vertical
vertical or
steady State
With these
these assumptions,
assunptions,
X direction.
direction.
in the
rectional
rectional transport
velocity in
the X
transport velocity
the equations becomes:
the
becomes:
'x
Vx
l/-=-
awl v a
a
a
3X
aY
=
aW
(Dy#).
aW
w + aw
(Dy
(E-2)
(E-2)
rrarris
where
decay constant
and rraltrlrr
"aW" represents
represents a
a sink
sink or
or
constant and
where "a"
is a first
first order
order decay
loss in
in the
the system.
system.
D
assumed DEarly solutions
equation assumed
Early
to this
this equation
solutions to
constant;
constant; however,
howevet,
cm /sec.
108 cn27sec.
fron 33 x 10
102 to
ti 4+ x 10
investigators
have found
found it
it to
to range
range from
investigators have
with aa
equation with
diffusion equation
Brooks
(1960) has
to the
the diffusion
solution to
Brooks (1960)
reported aa solution
has reported
The
was assumed
assuned to
to vary
vary
The coefficient
coefficient was
variable coefficient
diffusivity.
variable
of diffusivity.
coefficient of
power of
with
the scale.
scale.
with the
the four
four thirds
thirds power
of the
area by
by the
the
shore area
In a study
study of
of diffusion
diffusion of
of wastes
wastes for
for a near shore
In
tt4/3
lawrr
relating
(1964),
Allen
(1964),
it
was
found
that
"4/3
law"
relating
was
that
it
A1len Hancock
Hancock Foundation
Foundation
the lateral
diffusion as a function
function of
of average eddy
lateral coefficient
of eddy
eddy diffusion
coefficient of
in their
their
studied
areas
particular
oceanic
scale
did not
not hold
hold for
for the particular oceanic areas studied in
scale did
were
statistical
Mathematical
models
used
in
their
experiments
were
statistical
experiments.
experiments. Mathematical rnodels used in their experiments
Another
important
conclusion
conclusion
important
distribution.
models
nodels based
the Gaussian
Gaussian distribution.
based on
on the
143
L43
reached in
in this
this study
study was
was that
vertical diffusion
reached
that vertical
diffusion can
can contribute
contribute signifsignificantly
to
the
overall
diffirsion
process
whenwind
icantly to the overall diffusion process when
approxiwindspeeds
speedsexceed
exceed
approxinately
eight knots
knots and/or
and/or when
when column
mately eight
colunn stability
stability is
is low.
low.
The stability
stability of
of the
the waste
waste field
field established
The
established at
at the
the outfall
outfall site
site
is
dependent
on the
the initial
initial mixing
nixing from
is dependent on
fron the
the diffusers.
diffusers.
The
initial
The initial
dilution
dilution
for
for a
a properly
properly designed
designed outfall
outfall should be sufficient
sufficient so
so that
that the
the density
density
stratification
induced by the
field may
stratification induced
the waste field
may be destroyed by vertical
vertical
diffusion.
turbulent diffusion.
turbulent
The depth
depth of
of the
the established
established field
field at
at the
the outfall
The
outfall is
is
also
a
function of
of the
also a function
the initial
initial dilution.
dilution.
The ratio
ratio of
field depth
The
of waste
waste field
depth
jet path
to the
the length
length of
of the
the jet
path from
frorn the
point of
to
the point
of release
release to
to the
the water
water surface
surface
has
found
by Rawn,
Rawn, Boweman
Bowernan
(1960) to
and Brooks
Brooks (1960)
fron 1/12
has been
been found by
and
to vary from
L/I2 to
to 1/6.
I/6.
Vertical
does occur
occur in
in the
waste field
Vertical nixing
mixing does
the waste
field as
as well
well as
as horizontal
horizontal
mixing. As
indicated by
(1964), vertical
by Wiegel
Wiegel (1964),
vertical mixing
As indicated
to
is difficult
difficult
nixing is
to
study in
in the
the laboratory
laboratory because
becauseof
study
of limitations
limitations of
of tank
tank size.
size. In
In these
these
studies the
drags the
the surface
surface water to
to the down
wind end
studies
the wind
wind drags
down wind
end of
of the
the tank
tank
producing aa hydraulic
hydraulic head
head which
which causes
causes aa flow
flow in
opposite direction.
producing
in the
the opposite
direction.
Laboratory studies
studies have
have indicated
indicated that
Laboratory
that wind
wind drag on
on the
the water
surface
produces very
very little
surface produces
little mixing.
mixing. However,
However, when
generated waves
wind generated
when wind
waves
appear,
as wind waves
waves are rotational
rotational in
appear, extrenely
extremely rapid
rapid nixing
mixing occurs as
in
generating area.
the
the generating
area. 0n
the other
other hand, there
there is
indication that
On the
is some
someindication
that
swell
swell is
is not
not irnportant
important to
to the nixing
mixing process as it
is apparently
apparently nearly
it is
nearly
(Wiegel , 1964).
irrotational
irrotational
(Wiegel,
7964).
(1961) conducted
conducted aa wave
wave study
Masch (1961)
study in
in aa wave
warretank
tank and
and developed
developed
, Masch
the following
following relationship
relationship for
for the
the
the coefficient
coefficient of
diffusivity:
of eddy
eddy diffusivity:
( Vs ++
D ,-=
O
= 0.0038
o . o os8(Vs
v
y
5' 2
Qw)32
Q")
( E-3)
-3)
(B
where
where Vs
Vs is
is the surface
surface current
current and
and Qw
is the water particle
particle orbit
orbit
Qw is
= significant
(Qw = H/T,
speed
speed (Qw
HIT, H
significant wave
H =
wave height
height and
T == average
average wave
wave period).
period).
and T
Steady state
state diffusion
diffusion coefficients
Steady
coefficients were
were determined
for aa steady
determined for
steady
state
state nodel
model with
with unidirectional
unidirectional transport
transport velocity
velocity in
the XX direction.
direction.
in the
By neglecting
loss to
By
neglecting the loss
to the lower
lower layers
layers and
assurningthe
the diffusion
diffusion
and assuming
in
in the YY direction
direction was
was not
function of
not a function
of Y, the basic
diffusion equabasic diffusion
equation
becomes
tion becomes
'aW
V
=f 0
xX
5T- =
"x
a2w
y
;a
(E-4)
(B-4)
where X
where
X is
plune, YY is
is the
the distance
distance along the center
center line
line of
of the plume,
is the
distance right
right or left
plurnecenter
left of
of the
the plume
center line,
V
line,
is velocity
velocity along
V* is
along
the plurne
plume center
W
center line,
line,
W is
is the
the waste concentratitn,
concentratin, and
and the
the DD-_is
is the
the
y
Y
diffusion
diffusion coefficient.
coeffici.ent. A
A solution
solution to
to equation
equation E-4
E-4 is
is
\44
144
--t K
61/2z
2(II
Dyt)Ll
2(lTDt)
t{ =
-u21+to,,7
exp I[ -Y2/4tD
exp
I
Y'
y
(E-s)
(E-5)
y
to
be reduced
reduced to
can be
For computational
purposes this
this equation can
contputational purposes
w ==
W
.
-uz/zor2J
wo exp
exp {[ -Y2/2a2J
(E-6)
(E.-6)
2
plune and
andoo,,2
the plume
line of
of the
is the
center line
the center
at the
where W,", is
concentration at
where
the concentration
y
to
is equal
equal to
coefficient is
diffusion coefficient
The diffusion
curve. The
is
,rotral curve.
is vari#""-of
variance of normal
or
interval or
tine interval
by the
the time
one
in variance divided
divided by
one half
half the change
change in
2
2
(E-7)
(E-7)
-Dy = l A o - .
2Lt
along
feet along
500 feet
every 300
conputed every
was computed
In
variance was
In the computer
computer program, the variance
state
steady state
for this
this steady
The change
in time
tine for
change in
plume. The
of the
tne plume.
the center
the
center line
tine of
the
by the
feet divided
divided by
in feet
sections in
between sections
model
the distance
distance between
nodel was
was equal
equal to
to the
photograrunetrically
was determined
detemined photogrammetrically
velocity was
per second.
The velocity
second. The
feet per
velocity
velocity in
in feet
floats.
from the current
current floats.
from
fron
distribution
for aa normal
normal distribution
can be estimated for
variance (2)
The
The variance
1o2i can
to the
the
(W) is
equivalent to
is equivalent
(S2.,).
The concentration
concentration (W)
variance (S2
the sample
). The
sanple variance
is
variance is
sanple variance
The sample
conputations. The
the computations.
frequency
of occurrence/in
occurrencein the
frequenly of
L wg-Y12
-. y2 N, ,
N
y
where
where
Y
(E-8)
(E-8)
and
origin and
is
mean distance
fron the origin
distance from
is the
the mean
n
N=\
N=
lWi
v.
r-
(E-e)
(B -9)
/i=l
is
E-B is
fonn equation
equation E-8
In
In computational
computational form
145
145
l vL L. 1Y . ) 2
^D =2
v
frr
=
wiYi2
W.Y.2
[
l-
l_
N
N
((EE --10)
10)
From equation E-10
an estimate
estinate of
From
E-10 an
variance can
made for
of the
the variance
can be rnade
for any
any section
section
across the
plune. Equation
across
the plume.
Equation E-7 was
was used
used to
deternine the diffusion
diffusion
to determine
coefficient.
coefficient.
diffusion coefficients
Nonsteady-state diffusion
coefficients were
were determined
deternined from
fron two
two
flights over the area
flights
area using equation
this equation for
equation E-7.
E-7. In
In this
for the nonnonsteady state
steady
state
)?2
2
2
Aol=o..'-o^
1
l.,i
I.r1
2
-
2,
L+C
Z , i+c
( E -11)
-11)
(E
where the
numbers, ii
the subscripts
subscripts 11 and
refers
and 22 refer
refer to
to the
the flight
flight
refers to
to
the section
i+c is
the
section nunber
number across
plume in
one and i+c
across the
in flight
flight
the plune
is the
the section
section
number in
in flight
flight
for the
movement of
number
two adjusted
adjusted for
the movement
field between
of the
the waste
waste field
between
flights.
flights.
In solving
for the
In
equation E-7 for
nonsteady-state case,
solving equation
the nonsteady-state
At is
is the
case, At
the
time difference
time
difference between
flights.
between the
the flights.
Diffusion
Diffusion coefficients
presented
presented in
in this
coefficients
this report
report were
were determined
deternined
at existing
at
existing outfall
At
outfall sites.
sites.
At proposed outfall
outfall locations
currents
locations the
the currents
and diffusion
diffusion coefficients
can
photographing dye
patches.
coefficients
be determined
determined by
by photographing
dye patches.
can be
By know.ing
knowing the
the currents
currents and diffusion
diffusion coefficients
in
in the
area, the
coefficients
the area,
the
field can
waste field
can be simulated
prior to
sinulated on
on the
the computer
computer prior
construction and
and
to construction
operation
operation of
of the
the outfall.
outfall.
Equation
Equation E-1 was
was reduced
reduced to
to
-j=D----+
# =o, .
#
- fo curr)- }.(v*w)
r,.
KW
(V W) +
+ KW
x2
X
x
k
#
D
-
(VyW)
( E -1 2 )
(E-l2)
programThis
was programwhere K
K represents
represents the
coefficient.
This equation
equation was
the decay coefficient.
point source
med to
fron either
or point
source
med
to simulate
sinulate the
field from
either aa line
line source
the waste field
source or
patch.
and for
for either
dye patch.
either a continuous
continuous effluent
effluent discharge
discharge or
or aa dye
field at
at tines
Figure E-l
E-1 is
is a symbolic
symbolic print
print out
times
Figure
out of
of the
the waste field
SymSym1 . 1 , 1.9,
f r o n the
discharge.
0.5,
0
. 5 , 1.1,
1 . 9 , and
3 . 0 hours
h o u r s from
t h e start
s t a r t of
a n d 3.0
o f effluent
e f f l u e n t discharge.
bols
concentrations
bols in
in the
plots represent
at this
reduced
the plots
represent different
different
concentrations but
but at
this reduced
progriun was
While the
was
scale
the program
scale only
only the
in shading
can be
be seen.
the difference
difference in
shading can
seen. While
written to
T, the
the
written
to handle a variable
and T,
variable velocity
velocity as
as aa function
function of
of X, YY and
146
r46
L
example
exanple shown
for aa unidirectional
unidirectional velocity
fps. In
In
here is
is for
velocity of
of 0.3
0.5 fps.
shownhere
= 60
= AY
this
grid size
ft, the diffusion
this exanple
example the
the grid
was MX =
AY =
diffusion coef60 ft,
coefsize was
= 10
ficients were
ficients
were D
decay coefficient
D-- =
D- =
10 ft
ft sq per sec
sec and
and the decay
coefficient
= D
floss to the lower
per hour.
representing a Ylorr^to
lower layers
was 0.1
ltour.
layers was
0.1 per
Figure E-2 shows
Figure
of the diffusion
diffusion coefficients
coefficients on
on the
shows the
the effect
effect of
waste field.
waste
The
field.
plots were
nade 2.7
2.7 hours
hours after
after the
the start
start of
of
The symbolic
were made
symbolic plots
ga2/second.
= 5,
= DD* =
ft2/second.
Except
the
the effluent
effluent discharge for
D =
10,
and
20
2A
Except
for D.,
10,
and
5,
for
for the
the diffusion
diffusion coefficientS,
coefficient, th
were the
the same
sane as
other variables
variables were
as
thd other
those
those in
in Figure
Figure E-l.
E-l.
waste
the waste
This finite
was used
used to
to reproduce
reproduce the
finite difference
nodel was
difference model
fields
conputed diffusion
diffusion coefcoeffields measured
measured by aerial
the computed
fron the
aeriaT photography from
include
ficients
to include
The
nodel can
can be
be expanded
expandedto
ficients and
The model
and current
current velocities.
velocities.
variable
variable diffusion
nixing.
vertical mixing.
diffusion coefficients
coefficients and
and vertical
147
L47
d
i
::-::::
:----: .- . :
A
h
o
g
d
Figure E-l. Waste field by computer simulation at T= 0.5, 1.1, 1.9 and 3.0 hours
': 'o
/y =6oftandko.lperbr.
::
l.{ O
,{
6rl
t;4
o15
.;f;
€+r
crH
ro6
o\ \o
.tl
F{
.x
,-r {
withDyDxlOft2/SeC, Vx0.3fps, tx
- tl
toy
d<
il ;
t.g
dG)
.Hd
tl
Hx
E>
OO
it
+fi
!:
5nt
il
hx
:Q
tI
:r!
tn
.|J
eE
>F
-;
I
f"l
o
- --_---_-:-:-:----_----t::::::::::::::--:-:
----
${
t
u0
t''
--
Co
-.=,
iiiiiiiiiii;:::
;;::;:.
148
h
.!
I
0
NQ"
r+{
tt
3c;
dE
E-u
d.d
r-t
fi
"i3
ll tt
A5
5"
tl
.!.1
+)
do
6{
i'
t.x
6.>
brl
E#
()F
5;
3i
r+{
,9 r-
sli
FH
f,F
T
FI
C)
t{
.F_t
b0
5
h
r49
Figure E-2. Waste field by computer simulation Dy Dx = 5, 10, and 20 ft2/sec.
at T=2.7 hrs. with Vx = 0.3 ps, tx = Ly = 60 ft and k= 0.1 per hr.
.r;
o.q
H
FI
?a
'E
d -6
APPENDIX
APPENDIXFF
SUMMARY
OF
PHCIIOGRAPHY
SI.JMMARY
OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY
water
reflection
the water
Interference
caused by
by direct
on the
sunlight reflection
Interference
direct sunlight
Surface
Surface
photography.
surface can be reduced or
by oblique
oblique photography.
surface
or eliminated
elininated by
conof waste conthe computation
computation of
foam
the waste
waste at
times nalz
may prevent
prevent the
foan from
fron the
at tines
photoHowever,
the photophotography.
However, the
fron the
the photography.
centration in
in the
field from
centration
the waste field
information
graphy shows
which is
graphy
foan which
is valuable
valuable information
of the
the foam
shows the
area and extent
extent of
the area
in
the study
waste disposal.
disposal.
in the
study of
outfall waste
of ocean
ocean outfall
sea
Since the
computations require
fron the
the open
open sea
Since
that the
the light
light from
require that
the computations
are
less
be measured, concentration
determined
from
aerial
photography
photography
are
less
fron
aerial
deterrnined
concentration
and background
reliable when
when the
waste field
into the
the surf
surf zone
zone and
reliable
field extends
extends into
the waste
plume. A
fron
both
sides
of
the
light
from
the
sea
is
not
available
from
both
sides
of
the
plume.
light from the
is not available
reflection
light
uniformly
cloudy
sky
increases
the
amount
of
surface
light
reflection
uniformly cloudy sky increases the anount of surface
this
With
oblique
photography,
most
of
photography,
nost
of this
in
in all
photographic bands.
all the
the photographic
bands. With oblique
polarizing
a
film with
with
reflected light
prevented from
polarizing
from reaching
reaching the
the film
reflected
light can be prevented
partial
from partial
Photography containing
containing areas
filter.
filter.
Photography
of scattered
scattered shadows
shadows from
areas of
processing. GenGencornputerized processing.
cloudy
skies is
to automatic
automatic computerized
cloudy skies
is less
less adapted to
when
taken when
erally when
when broken
broken clouds
present, the
photography can be taken
the photography
erally
clouds are
are present,
the outfall
area
free of
the
outfall
area is
is free
of shadows.
shadows.
1968 season
season
the 1968
Color film
was used in
in the
the mapping camera
cirmera during
during the
Color
filrn was
with the
the
to
is difficult
difficult
to process with
filn is
and on July
JuLy 77 and
Color film
and 8,
8, 1969.
1969. Color
frames on
on each
each
15 frames
to 15
rewind
processor and
occurs for
for 55 to
rewind processor
development occurs
and uneven
uneven development
uneven developdevelopthe uneven
The
2I and
and 22
22 show
prints in
in Figure
Figure 21
show the
end of
of the
the roll.
ro11.
The prints
data
in the
the data
While
can be
be reduced
reduced in
ment.
While the
filn streaks
streaks can
of the
the film
the effect
effect of
and white
white
processing,
use only
black and
processing, it
future to
to use
only black
decided in
in the
the future
it was
was decided
filn in
film
in the
the mapping
napping camera.
camera.
and
photographic values
values and
Correlation
coefficients
between the
the photographic
coefficients
Correlation
to 0.95
0.95
fron 0.85
0.85 to
the
determined
sanpling varied
varied from
from boat
boat sampling
concentrations
detennined from
the concentrations
measured
maxirnumconcentration
the maximum
concentration measured
with a standard
25% of
of the
with
of about
about 25%
standard error
error of
as the
the
This standard
magnitude as
is the
the same
same magnitude
error is
over
over the
the outfall.
outfall.
This
standard error
lines or
or
cross lines
at cross
standard
data at
boat sampling
sanpling data
from the
the boat
standard error
error determined
deternined from
A
point.
at one
one point.
points where the
detennined twice
twice at
points
is determined
concentration is
the concentration
F-2F-1 and
and F-2.
summary
photography is
in Tables
is listed
listed in
Tables F-1
surunary of
of the
aerial photography
the aerial
150
150
b
Ektachrome
6"
Zeiss
RMKA
Wild
RC-9
11-1/4"
K-17
---
---
-----
11-1/4"
rll
iEP
5
j*
K-17
)'t s .r'l
=*
I
;g
MS
<O
ttttltll
rtttttrotl
ttttltll
$
t''q
$c
Eg
c:(\l
a)
tra<
r-{
.4 8
i"$t
s*
6
+<,
i r, .F-r
.
<A
EP
9s
D200
=
trNE(\I
<o
9s
Ansco
(\t
Ansco
D200
9i
Aerographic
Ansco
D200
Ansco
D200
3-1/2"
11-1/4"
K-17
8442
---
8-1/4"
Zeiss
RMKA
---
3.46
3
Ektachrome
Camera
Deg.
Free.
Within Boat b
".t
iIE
Std.
Error
Hor;
9a
9e
rf
i.S
llttllttttttl
(OttttVtllt/)tltttl
rrttrrrttttlr
,r [ffl
Zeiss
RMKA
8442
I
jj
irt
U
81/4"
Ektachrome
Film
9^
rd
<o
h
ii rq
-Y \S
El oo
C'
-v$
El oo
E.C
es
o
I
h
o9
4
ru
q)
0
o
.F
5.32
---
---
---
.ll
tnll
---
(\l
coll
---
lll
lll
---
lll
lll
---
lll
---
lrl
tll
---
---
ttt
---
---
4.74
---
9. 59
---
---
1
---
1
---
-----
rlrtF.{
---
---
---
ttttrtltl
rlttltlll
trttttrrl
---
---
.-.1
ttttttltl
ttttltlll
ttttttlll
---
tttlttl
llttttl
ttttttr
|
1
ttltttl
llttrtr
tttttll
NIn@
---
---
142
178
156
187
195
lNtO(\tl@(ONl
I
|
NOr$
lF{FlFtlFlFlril
172
OFlt&
---
A
I
---
---
---
1
1
1
TI1
---
G,
---
8s E
1
(is
2
o
.tlt
+lll
6.2
5.6
6.3
u)
.lll
('tlll
3
H
r+
Nrtt
Or
!')trt
-
^'bo I
tzoJa
---
({
dl
.llll
(Allll
2.3
2.7
2.7
rc)
Photo a
Deg.
Free.
@
Boat
Std.
Error
Table F-i. Summary of aerial photography, 1968.
39fi
\O
<|trrr
---
.E*.0
rlNr{
q
o
h
c)
F
Altitude
tS
G'
rONrO
ala
K8K
rONrO
-=a
K8R
rOt\ttO
a=-
3000
6000
3000
InNF..t7)
cor-{r-.r(o
Fl
K8K
5625
11250
5625
^IFlr-{N
0o\f+o
8888
5625
11250
5625
(rIF-{Fl!-{^I
oo$$r+@
BKK8
5625
11250
5625
8RKK8
3500
1750
1750
3500
!q
8250
4125
4125
8250
F^
8250
4125
4125
4125
8250
rc
I
(ft.)
888
OOO
cor.o(o
I
o
E
rd
h
' do (! !
Flight
F-{
F-t
F-l
!-l
Fl
F{
d
e
i|
ooo
A
i
14
F{
Fl
r-l
Nc,Q
Fr(n$
ooo
rl
r{
Fl
16:31
16:46
16:54
r{
\Q-t.{
tnFlN
ro(o(o
10:12
10:30
10:43
Fl
c)totn
;C$cO
15:56
16:11
16:21
r{
(o'-{tc'tf
i{oIrO$
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SELECTED
SETECIED
IWATER
V A I E RRESOURCES
R E S O U R C EABSTRACTS
ASB S T R A C T S
I N P U T TRANSACTION
INPUT
T R A N S A C T I O N FORM
FORM
Oregon
State University,
Oregon State
Corvallis,
Oregon
University,
Corvallis,
Oregon
97331
9733I
Title
6 fitte
Photographic Tracing
Aerial
Aerial Photographic
Pulp Mill
Tracing of
of Pulp
Mi1l Effluent
Effluent in
in Marine
Marine Waters
Waters
Date
jPaes
Contract
wwtet
c
o
n
t
t
a
c
t Number
115
l0
il l'ut"
-1 5 I
- Federal
J. Burgess
Fred J,
Burgess
WP-00524
WP-00524Federal Water
Principal Investigator
Principal
Investigator
August,
152
Quality
Administration
A u g u s t , 1970
1970
r52
Quality Adninistration
Head, Department
Head,
Department of
of Civil
Civil
Project Number
Note
wwt*
Note
l6lPtoiect
2l l
Engineering
Engineering
Wesley
W e s l e y P.
P . James
Janes
12040
1 2 0 4 0 EBY
EBY
Research
Associate
Research Associate
Citation
22
22lCitation
j2jAuthoKs)
l?_l'*'"
(sreted Fitst''
Descriptors (Starred
First)
\
Aot"t"o'ors
!*pulp andand
paperpaper
industry!industry/
*waste water *waste
disposal! water disposal/
/*pulp
*remote
*aerial photography/
sensing/
*remote
sensing!
*aerial photography!
industrial waste! sewage
effluents!waste/ sewage effluents/
industrial
oceans/
coasts/
outlets/
diffusion/
oceans! coasts!
outlets! mixing!
diffusion!
currents
(water)! bioassay!
nixing/
currents (water)l bioassay/
temperature
tenDeratute
(s,aired First)
Identifiers (Starred
First)
25
25 lldqtifiqs
I
Abstract
Z)Absttact
Aerial
Aerial photography taken
of waste
waste plumes
plunes from
from Kraft
Kraft pulp
pulp mill
rnill ocean
outfalls
ocean outfalls
taken of
This
technlque
was shown
was
shown to
to be an effective
tool in
in the
disposal sites.
This technique
effective tool
the study
study of
of waste disposal
sites.
is
not limited
perrnits monitoring
sites
is not
liinited by sea conditions
and permits
monitoring and
of outfall
outfall sites
conditions and
and evaluation
evaluation of
year,
throughout
Photography taken
taken at
at one instant
provides comprehensive
infornation
throughout the
the year.
Photography
instant provides
conprehensive information
throughout
Manpower
metho<i are
are considconsidthroughout the
the waste field.
field.
Manpower requirements
requirements and
costs for
for this
this method
and costs
erably
erably less
less than
than for
for conventional
conventional boat
boat sampling
sampling surveys.
surveys.
.
outfalls
Field
plumes from
pulp mill
mill ocean
Field studies
studies were
on the
the waste
waste plumes
fron Kraft
Kraft pulp
ocean outfalls
were conducted
conducted on
Waste concentrations
at
Waste
at Newport
Newport and
and Gardiner,
Gardiner, Oregon
Samoa,California.
California.
concentrations were
0regon and
and Samoa,
of
measured by
by conventional
boat sampling
photography was
was taken
taken of
while aerial
aerial photography
neasured
conventional boat
sampling techniques
techniques while
procedures
Computerized
from 3,000 to
the
area from
altitudes ranging
the outfall
outfall
fron.4ltitudes
ranging from
to 11,000
11,000 ft.
ft.
Computerized procedures
diffusion
were
were used
used to
to compute
compute water
water currents,
currents, waste
waste concentrations,
concentrations, toxicity
toxicity zones
zones and
and diffusion
coefficients
from
coefficients
fron the
photography.
the photography.
waste
neasured directly
was 2.3
percent waste
The highest
highest concentration
concentration measured
directly over
over the
the outfalls
outfalls was
2.3 percent
percent
greater than
by volume
volurne and
and the
the maximum
maximun area
of influence
influence with
with concentrations
concentrations greater
than 0.2
0.2 percent
area of
waste
waste was
was 155
for each
each
155 acres.
acres. The
concentration determined over
over the
the outfall
outfall for
The maximum
naximrn concentration
young
field
was generally
generally less
field study
study was
detrimental effect
effect on
on young
less than
than that
that shown
shown to
to have aa detrimental
for a 14-day
salmon
salmon for
l4-day exposure.
exposure,
Surface
plume
factor in
in the
resulting
Surface water
water current
was found
found to
to be the
the dominant
dominant factor
the resulting
current was
hydraulic
pattern.
periods of
water, the
pattern.
During periods
During
low current
current velocities
velocities in
in the
the receiving
receiving water,
the hydraulic
of low
plune shape.
shape.
head created
factor
head
created by the
was aa significant
significant
factor in
in the
resulting plume
the effluent
effluent source was
the resulting
The
transport
The steady
state form
form of
unidirectional
transport
steady state
of the
Fickian diffusion
diffusion equation
equation and
and unidirectional
the Fickian
velocity
was not
not applicable
velocity was
applicable to
to the
majority of
of the
the observations.
observations.
the majority
REDACTED FOR PRIVACY
f
(R;v:6-OCT.
mrrc2
(REV.
WRSIC
wRstc
19681
SEND TO.! WATER
INFORMATIONJCENT
W A T E R RESOURCES
R E S O U R C E S SSCIENTIFIC
CIENTIFIC
INFORMAT
U
OF
U S.
S . DEPARTMENT
DEPARTMENT
O F THE
T H E INTERIOR
INTERTOR
WASHtNGTON,
WASHINGTON.
D.C.
D . C . 20240
20240
f U. S.
S.GOVERNMENT
GOVERNMENT PRINTING
OFFICE : I97I
1971 O.
0
PRINTINC OFFICE
41
3-282
41,3.2A2