Table of Contents
Introduction and Acknowledgements
ix
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...........................
1.0 Submicron Structures Technology and Research
...............................
1.1
Submicron Structures Laboratory ................
1.2 Microfabrication at Linewidths of 0.1 pm and Below .................................
1.3 Improved Mask Technology for X-Ray Lithography ..................................
1.4 Theoretical Analysis of the Lithography Process .....................................
1.5 Studies of Electronic Conduction in One-Dimensional Semiconductor Devices .............
1.6 Surface Superlattice Formation in Silicon Inversion Layers Using 0.2 pm Period Grating-Gate
Field-Effect Transistors ...................
. ..................
....
. ....
.......
1.7 Study of Surface Superlattice Formation in III-V Field-Effect Transistors ..................
1.8 Investigation of One-Dimensional Conductivity in Multiple, Parallel Inversion Lines .........
1.9 Study of Electron Transport in MOSFETs in Si with Deep-Submicron Channel Lengths ......
1.10 Application of the Shubnikov-de Haas Oscillations in Characterization of Si MOSFETs and GaAs
..... ..
......
.....
........
MODFETs ......................................
1.11
Crystalline Films on Amorphous Substrates .......................................
1.12 Ion-Beam-Enhanced Grain Growth in Thin Films ...............................
...............
1.13 Epitaxy via Surface-Energy-Driven Grain Growth ......................
1.14 Submicrometer- Period Gold Transmission Gratings for X-Ray Spectroscopy ..............
1.15 High-Dispersion, High-Efficiency Transmission Gratings for Astrophysical X-Ray Spectroscopy
1.16 Soft X-Ray Interferometer Gratings ..............................................
1
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
5
5
6
6
7
8
8
8
9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
2.12
Kinetic Phenomena in Thin Film Electronic Materials .. . . ...........
....
Normal and Secondary Grain Growth in Ultrathin (<1000 A) Films of Silicon and Germanium
Graphoepitaxy of Si, Ge and Model Materials .....................................
Epitaxy via Surface-Energy-Driven Grain Growth ...................................
Zone Melting Recrystallization of Silicon on Insulators ..............................
Properties of Grain Boundaries with Controlled Orientations and Locations in Thin Silicon Films
Metastable Phase Formation in Lithographically Defined Particles of Semiconductors .......
..
Kinetics of Silicide Formation at Refractory Metal-Silicon Contacts ...................
Grain Growth in Thin Films of Aluminum .........................................
.. ......... .............
Thin and Narrow Metallic Interconnects ................
Electromigration at Aluminum-Silicon Contacts in Integrated Circuits ..................
Computer Modeling of Microstructural Evolution in Thin Films .......................
Focussed Ion Beam Induced Deposition ........................................
13
13
14
14
14
15
15
16
16
16
17
17
18
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
Focused Ion Beam Fabrication .......................................
...............................
Focused Ion Beam Program ................
Fabrication of Graded Channel FETs in GaAs and Si ................................
Ion Induced Deposition ......................................................
Focused Ion Beam Microsurgery for Electronics ....................................
Measurement of Beam Profile .................................................
21
21
21
22
22
23
4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
Chemical Reaction Dynamics at Surfaces ...............................
Lack of Translational Energy Activation of the Dissociative Chemisorption of CO on Ni(111)
..................
Dynamics of the Activated Dissociative Adsorption of CH4 on Ni( 11)
Chemical Reaction Dynamics on Semiconductor Surfaces ............................
Spectroscopic Study of the Adsorption of C2H4 and C2H2 on Gd(0001) .................
Stabilization of the CO Precursor Molecule to Molecular Chemisorption .................
..
Table of Contents
25
. 25
25
26
27
27
iii
5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.10
Optics and Quantum Electronics .....................................
The Nonlinear Waveguide Interferometer .........................................
Picosecond Optical Signal Sampling ............................................
Surface Acoustic Wave Propagation in Gratings ....................................
Solitons ................................
............................
Analysis and Characterization if Ill-V Guided Wave Optics Rib Waveguide Couplers ........
Multiple Quantum Well Heterostructures and Diode Laser Arrays .......................
Femtosecond Laser Systems and Pulse Generation .................................
Femtosecond Carrier Dynamics in GaAs ..........................................
Femtosecond Spectroscopy of Electronic and Optical Materials ........................
Short and Ultrashort Pulse Laser Medicine .......................................
6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
Optical Propagation and Communication .............................
Atmospheric Optical Communications in Local Area Networks ........................
Squeezed States of Light .....................................................
Laser Radar System Theory ...................................................
Fiber-Coupled External-Cavity Semiconductor High Power Laser ......................
43
43
45
46
47
7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
Infrared Nonlinear Optics ...........................................
Nonlinear Optics in HgTe ...................
...................
...........
Nonlinear Current-Voltage Characteristics in HgMnTe ...............................
Free Carrier Spin-Induced Faraday Rotation in HgCdTe and HgMnTe ...................
Optical Nonlinearity Caused by Resonant Scattering ................................
Stress Tuned, Magnetic-Field-Induced Anticrossing in As-Doped Germanium ............
51
51
51
52
52
53
8.0
8.1
8.2
Phase Transitions in Chemisorbed Systems
............................
Phase Transitions under Random Fields ..........................................
Phase Transitions in Systems with Competing Interactions ...........................
55
55
55
9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
X-Ray Diffuse Scattering .........
..... ...
...................
Single Crystal Surface Studies ..................
..............................
Structure and Phase Transitions of Smectic Liquid Crystals ...................
Intercalation Compound Structures and Transitions .................
..
.....
........
............
10.0
10.1
10.2
10.3
Sem iconductor Surface Studies .....................................
Surface Reconstruction Geometries ............................................
Structural Phase Transitions ..................................................
Hydrogenation ............................................................
11.0
Ultralow-Temperature Measurements of Submicron Devices
12.0
12.1
Quantum Transport in Low Dimensional Disordered Systems . ..............
Effect of a Magnetic Field on Hopping Conduction in Quasi-One-Dimensional MOSFET's
13.0
13.1
13.2
Graphoepitaxy of Colloidal Crystals ........
... .....
Growth of Colloidal Crystals ..................................................
Structure of Langmuir-Blodgett Films ..........................................
29
29
30
31
31
33
34
35
37
39
40
57
57
58
59
63
63
64
66
. ..............
67
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69
. . 69
. 71
71
71
14.0 Photon Correlation Spectroscopy and Applications ......................
73
14.1
Structure and Dynamics of Colloidal Solutions Studied by Small Angle Neutron Scattering and
Photon Correlation Spectroscopy ...................................
..............
73
14.2 Basic Studies of Laser-Cell Interactions .........................................
74
15.0
15.1
15.2
15.3
15.4
15.5
15.6
Custom Integrated Circuits ........................................
Custom Integrated Circuits .....................................
...
High Performance Circuit Design ..............................................
Extracting Masks from Optical Images of VLSI Chips ...............................
Algorithmic Fault Tolerance on Digital Signal Processing ...........................
Cellular Array for Image Processing ............................................
Waveform Bounding for Fast Timing Analysis of Digital VLSI Circuits ..................
16.0
16.1
Speech Com m unication ...........................................
Studies of the Acoustics and Perception of Speech Sounds ..........................
iv
R.L.E. P.R. No. 129
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77
77
80
80
81
82
83
85
85
Stop and Fricative Consonants
16.1.1
16.1.2 Vow el Perception ...............................
16.1.3 Analysis of a Female Voice
16.1.4 Alternative Analysis Procedures ....................
.. . . . .
16.1.5 Children's Speech
16.2 Speech Recognition ................................
Signal Representation for Acoustic Segmentation
16.2.1
16.2.2 Acoustic Evidence for the Syllable as a Phonological Unit
16.3 Speech Synthesis ..................................
Coarticulatio
16.4 Speech Planning
Error Studies
16.4.1
. .. .....
16.4.2 Prosody Studies ................................
16.4.3 Cross-Language Studies
16.5 Physiology of Speech Production ......................
Articulatory Movement Transduction ................
16.5.1
16.5.2 Data Processing ................................
16.5.3 Token-to-Token Variation of Tongue-Body Vowel Targets,
and\Articulatory-to-Acoustic Relationships .................
16.5.4 Anticipatory Coarticulation: Studies of Lip Protrusion ...
17.0
Linguistics
93
93
95
.................................
18.0 Communication Biophysics .. ..................
Basic and Clinical Studies of the Auditory System ...........
18.1
18.1 .1 External and Middle-Eair Transmission .................
18.1 .2 Cochlear Mechanisms
18.1 .3 Stimulus Coding in the Auditory Nerve ................
18.1 .4 Afferent and Efferent Systems in Mammalian Cochlea .....
18.1 .5 Middle-Ear Muscle Ref le x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18.1 .6 Cochlear Efferent System ...........................
18.1 .7 Cochlear Implants
18.2 Auditory Psychophysics and Aids for the Deaf ..............
18.3 Role of Anchors in Percept ion
18.4 Hearing Aid Research ...
18.5 Additional Work .......
18.6 Multimicrophone Monaural I Aids for the Hearing-Impaired .....
109
109
109
110
110
111
112
113
114
116
116
118
125
128
19.0
19.1
19.2
19.3
Physiology .................
Strategies of Perception ...........
Image Sharpening in the Photoreceptor Layer of the Eye
Tectal Processing of Visual Information in a Frog ......
131
131
132
133
20.0
20.1
20.2
...................
M olecular Physics ..............
M olecule M icroscopy ........................................
Electrical Neutrality of M olecules ...............................
135
135
137
Quantum Optics and Photonics ........................
Investigation of Error Sources in a Laser Raman Clock ...............
139
139
140
.
.
Physics of Stimulated Resonance Raman Effect ....................
Observation of Raman-Ramsey Fringes in a Cesium Atomic Beam Using a Semiconductor
140
Laser
21.4
Atom
21.5
21.6
21.7
21.8
Fiber
21.9
........ ...............................................................
Influence of Atomic Recoil on the Spectrum of Resonance Fluorescence From a Two-Level
.......
I .............
.................................
.........
....
Studies in a Passive Resonator Gyroscope ......................................
Studies of Nonreciprocal Phase Shift in a Fiberoptic Ring Resonator Gyroscope. . .......
Investigation of Noise in a Fiber Interferometer Gyroscope
Sensitive Techniques for Detection of Residual Higher Order Modes in a Quasi-Single-Mode
Investigation of Absolute Stability of Water-Vapor-Stabilized Semiconductor Laser .......
143
144
22.0
22.1
Atomic Resonance and Scattering ..................................
...............................................
Basic Atom ic Physics .......
145
145
Table of Contents
141
141
142
143
v
22.1.1
Rydberg Atoms in a Magnetic Field . . . . . . . .
22.2 Rydberg Atoms and Radiation .........
22.2.1
Inhibited Spontaneous Emission .... . . . .
. . . . . . . . ..
22.2.2 Rydberg Atoms in Cavities .........
22.3 Experimental Study of Momentum Transfer to Atoms by Light
22.4 Atom-Molecule Collisions ............
22.5 Magnetic Trapping of Neutral Atoms .... . . . . .
22.6 Precision Mass Spectroscopy of Ions .... . . . . .
145
147
147
149
150
152
156
158
23.0 Plasm a Dynam ics ...................................
23.1 Relativistic Electron Beam s ....................................
23.1.1
Nonlinear Characteristics of the Free Electron Laser ..............
23.1.2 Effect of Electron Beam Temperature on FEL Operation ...........
23.1.3 Optical Guiding Measurements ........................
23.1.4 The Design of a New Type of Helical Wiggler ..................
23.2 Plasma Wave Interactions - RF Heating and Current Generation .......
23.3 Coupled-Mode Propagation and Instability in Inhomogeneous Plasmas
23.4 Propagation, Mode-Conversion and Absorption in Ion-Cyclotron Heating
23.4.1
Transmission and Reflection of the Fast-Wave ..................
23.4.2 Electron Absorption on the Mode-Converted Ion-Bernstein Wave ...
23.5 Relativistic Treatment of Lower Hybrid Current Drive with Wide Spectra
23.6 Absolute Instabilities from Cusp-Maps in the Complex Frequency Plane
23.7 Physics of Thermonuclear Plasmas ............................
23.7.1
Profile Consistency ......................................
2 3 .7 .2 Fish bo nes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23.7.3 Transport Sim ulation .....................................
23.7.4 Density Limit and Path to Ignition ..........................
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161
161
161
162
162
162
162
166
166
169
170
173
174
175
177
178
180
24.0 D igital Signal Processing .........................................
24.1 Reconstruction of Two-Dimensional Signals From Distorted Zero Crossings ............
24.2 Digital Processing of Side Scan Sonar Data ....................................
24.3 Representation and Manipulation of Signal Processing Knowledge and Expressions ..
24.4 Iterative Algorithms for Parameter Estimation with Applications to Array Processing
24.5 A New Mixed-Excitation Speech Model and Its Application to Bit-Rate Reduction ...
24.6 Mixed Causuality IIR Filtering for Nonminimum Phase Channel Compensation ......
24.7 A 4.8 Kbps High Quality Speech Coding System ............................
24.8 M ulti- Representational Signal M atching ...................................
24.9 Detection of Narrowband Signals in Wideband Noise .........................
24.10 Estimation of Coronary Artery Boundaries in Angiograms .....................
24.11
Reconstruction of Multidimensional Signals from Multilevel Threshold Crossings ...
24.12 Knowledge-Based Pitch Detection ........
...........................
24.13 Reconstruction of a Two-Dimensional Signal from the Fourier Transform Magnitude
24.14 Model-Based Motion Estimation and its Application to Restoration and Interpolation (
Motion Pictures ...........................
......
......
..
.....
24.15 Signal Processing and Interpretation using Multilevel Signal Abstractions .........
24.16 Signal Representation for Symbolic and Numerical Processing .................
24.17 Reconstruction of Undersampled Periodic Signals ..........................
24.18 Silhouette-Slice Theorems ..............
......
...
..................
24.19 The Hilbert-Hankel Transform and Its Application to Shallow Water Ocean Acoustics
24.20 Speech Enhancement Using Adaptive Noise Cancellation .....................
183
185
185
186
187
188
189
189
190
191
192
193
193
195
25.0 Cognitive Information Processing ......
.........................
25.1 Advanced Television Research Program ......
2 5 .1 .1 Go als . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25.1.2 Background .......................
25.1.3 Research Activities ..................
25.2 Computer Graphics .....................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
25.2.1
Display Architecture for Interactive Graphics Programmable Frame Buffer Systems
25.2.2 Programmable Frame Buffer Systems ..... .. . . . . . . .
...... ..
25.3 Computer Aided Fabrication System Structure . . .. ... . . . . ...
.
... I
..
203
203
203
203
204
205
205
205
206
26.0
209
.
vi
.
Electromagnetic Wave Theory and Applications
R.L.E. P.R. No. 129
.
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.
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.•
......
196
197
197
198
200
200
201
26.1
26.2
26.3
26.4
26.5
26.6
26.7
26.8
26.9
26.10
26.11
26.12
Electromagnetic Waves in Multilayer Media .....................................
Remote Sensing with Electromagnetic Waves ...................................
Remote Sensing of Earth Terrain .............................................
Remote Sensing of Upper Atmosphere .........................................
Microwave Emission and Scattering ...........................................
Active and Passive Remote Sensing of Ice ......................................
Time Domain Wave Propoagation in Circuits ....................................
Time Domain Electromagnetic Waves ..........................................
Wave Transmission and Coupling in Multilayered Media ...........................
Radar Scene Generation for Tactical Decision Aids ..............................
MMW Clutter Simulation Baseline Model .....................................
Acoustic and Electromagnetic Wave Studies. ..................................
209
210
212
212
212
214
216
216
216
218
218
219
223
................................
27.0 Microwave and Quantum Magnetics
223
27.1
Microwave Hyperthermia ........................................................
27.2 Optimal Source Distribution for Maximum Power Dissipation at the Center of a Lossy Sphere 223
223
27.2.1 Abstract ........................................
224
27.2.2 Introduction ........................................
224
27.2.3 Lossy Sphere Field Solutions .............................................
225
27.2.4 Modal Analysis .......................................................
27.2.5 Conclusion ........................................
227
28.0
28.1
28.2
28.3
28.4
28.5
28.6
28.7
Radio Astronom y ...............................................
Galactic and Extragalactic Research ...........................................
Long-Baseline Astrometric Interferometers ......................................
Tiros-N Satellite Microwave Sounder .........................................
High-Resolution Passive Microwave Imaging of Atmospheric Structure
Video Image Processing ....................................................
Nonthermal Radio Emission from the Jovian Planets ..............................
Video Bandwidth Compression Techniques .....................................
29.0
29.1
29.2
29.3
29.4
29.5
29.6
29.7
Publications and M eetings ........................................
Meeting Papers Presented ..................................................
Journal Papers Published ...................................................
Journal Papers Accepted for Publication .......................................
Letters to the Editor Published ...............................................
Letters to the Editor Accepted for Publication ...................................
Special Publications ........................................
Reports Published ........................................................
30.0
Current RLE Personnel
31.0
Research Support Index
32.0
Research Project Staff Index
...............
.............
...........................................
229
229
229
231
231
232
233
234
235
235
258
262
263
265
265
266
269
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275
279
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Table of Contents
vii