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ACUNOWLEDOSEWt
The author wishesato easkowleg
avIe eand Oitt4a
we
lvoe4 tnm Drf
hto was a satant *o
toEdgerta,
of inspiraton dur
NO also approlates the evewag
partmat ot Osoloy
*
a
.'Ih
the helpdl
nt ofttred by tb
Geophyles,
Of the eletwodtatis
the woft.
De-
and esptie ally the
ndon tub uwsed.
a
prartolar, he wAA
like to thank Dr. R Stroek, whose
natinal
outhusam
was )nlpful.
Alhert
of the Ge
1 Eleoot
askllW the tube atSlabl
list
pVrie
eatlege
is
also notetd.
the
Ts
eOe
s
of Xr.
rporation in
at Approatoly 0",*thtd the
w
the support of his
authr also wishes to
arvi
utploynes at Edgrton, DeMm shaswaA
partiatsr the peO2r.m
istay**a
of the Oce
ad thank the Compauy for Its
and follow
and Grier, I.am,
rb s
tan
etion
&tasupport.
in
A SINGLE OAZ
UW
RWMATER TELEVISION $YSEN
OROYRGi?. SARDLEYO JR.
Sbfttted to the Deppment of Geology
aad
Geophytes Et ay 1961 in partial Niffllesft of the
rnqaremts for the epree of aster of Stene,
ABSTRACT
In this the at asi
the author proposes an in*
televitoan sy.tem for
atngl
vivre ni teater
exzpensti
use as an soatront vitvw finer tn dsoa underator photography and other bottom studs,
A dosign ts
titlising an ele*troe*atie defletion viteson,
e
ogetet,
that has
arsc 1
rte of 15 from* per semd ad is oapable of
re slvin 3M. Itnes. It ts able to drive 30c,00 fest
of a StYp of 5oth0n exstal eb aemmonly carried on
oceanogrphic veasels,
Powe for the Ughts ist carried
with the system wbil the eirouts
itag*V is brought
deow the eable.
The eqipmnt was aclna
ated an a model
an(strated using a f14,9 les. Tests were run to dveonstrate thebehnt ques of syno"rontsing the horizontal and
verti6
swmpS, 'fno v1deo output weas Aso sonttored,
Thus
this systrw,
inr a n Ygertoneo
ould perol
a as desored.
are included.
The ate tupervi sorT
Title:
Su
underwatr eamera case,
atiton
for tmprovments
r. Harold L. Edgerton
Professor of Slectrical Egineritng
7ABLiM OP OWfNT58
lntrofuetio
1I
CHAiR I1
Hletory and Literature
6
GHAt&R III
Thoonbal DO sign
uA tJER I
?tg. 1
(Photoatnthod
12
tflwdna-
tics vs., Seene 111uImnaw
15
tien).
Fig. 2
Pig
3
(Optieal Xayout)
(Soe*
144th Va,
16
18
irkup
biht)
Pig
4
Pig. 5
(Relttiv Sourn* Ponw vs. 20
?iskup fioght, f/1.9 lens)
(elative
ftep
Pig. 6
bSir
Power vs.
bight, t/4.5 lUna)
(Rant
21
th vs. Rosctatios) 25
hA PTFIR IV
atructics
Filg,
(Undrvateer Caera waaLk
30
Ft, $
('4d-erwater Osm" n.
31
Fig, 9
(Underwater Caera
Layout)
34
Oiagram)
ahafmtle)
Pg. 11 (MoIttor Drivnr
-
ti)h3mata)38
!e s.sobsL
(f.ntlrUmn)
t
CHThP?,R V
Resgwults and Re ~am
aticce
.is
39
4.3
BIBLXQGRAk*'IY
CHAFTER I
INTRODUCTI o
In this thels the author desoribes the design
simple tolevisaon
oea struoetion of a low eat
and initial
system that is
eventually to be used as a survey aid in
deep underwater photography.
It
will allow a selentist
tront of the
passina in
on desk to monitor the seeno
Baeckground matem
camera lens and take pietares at will.
imderstanding of the television
rial noeessary for a good
design is presented in this settaon.
The time will eae
hen man will be able to
mve as freely about the ocean as he doesa in the air.
Then sotent
te will be able to oaise above the ocean
floor, studying the various pheno ma
of
arfine geology.
sedimentatian, and biology that coeur on or near this
boundary.
Until thi
ti
arrives
however, he must be
satesfied with the extensuin of his senses to these depths
by instrmentation.
Deviee presently in use will record
tempetures, make sound level masa
em nts, and bring
bask samples of the water and sediments.
Nownvr, wh of te
ely be Obtated by exbten4ta
4nd1eV attt&tcC
Oean
sa#s eight to t*se
depths,
itlAgists weld like mee dottlls on the vearious living
r
ALtms.
Marine
w
th terrain
en later
a
eologists ea
lr
eek ont ropp
p1vags.
waIh by stxudyng
Phystal sanao
stSd in tin flpnls in the *an
sideans of the extatse of aurrents,
used Is the ga
hel
tata
thisa
photoeraph
In 1893
loor eat other
The
rat
nothod
wasan adaptation of
e
.SV stc began t
atet, ung a premariset eased
by otsS a
rphers
photoW
it
Sphs under-
work was eontinued
byr 1913 Oation pietwo WO beting obtatNt
In 1927 Lsomeya Natta msade thea
tinst selor expoaesa,3
UasOnatoe photgrary mdsade and
-ear*
Soetd World wars,
this tims wee
Vew
At th
omon
depths
astersted in the leow*
omras ver
PssEt tl e, tb
state ofas
$ a, esaeavss deasIed by D,
of t
tI
is does
s
Ats..
levls of
doveloped
repeantt by
Mas
a
, the astsadeveloped up to
mlatted to birly talwi
sraphonwbease
the oen
orrwa
da
stitute
at orealg
d for the sole ppose of a
aphy eat uses a esytrideal typ
.
art is
*Frts
The
stst
eeretr photew
of presenw
houbmsing
that to re iable yet not
ea
toehiques, the sam
The spetal leases allow
an.
advent"s r
on
phebo
or if
is
to the
taks
osrs,
at Ieast 2/2
at
Despite this
nocesoary to lower the *a*
The tie
often as mush as two hours,
for eturning it
e
power.
sitplieity and usually good results, ame diae
msthodt'
ts
estatlas Ie
The unt
habosiable batterles whish supply all
o
j*f-
A white or oedeer to be Us4d at a height of
to ton toot above the bottom.
st
lash
o every few
sakes an epn~B
daa an a lmo0fot nlleot Itlt.
either blaek
UsPig £fat
nmv~teld.
"tp.*
Ath an equivalent tine
T-he film prooestag
another half hour.
it
Ths, there is
hour lag in the system befor* the oeeo-
can deel to it
*ore ptures
the gamvy should be mo
4.w2 hors
before a
have to be taken
d to a new loatirs.
ovea ca
It
be rturned to the
always the possbility that the ship will drift away fam
the study aSa.
A logieal ir&
of a alosed
Sies
ei
vwement for the system is the use
t teaitevision system as a tLew -ftnder,
any pietures are not of interest, the ean
be controlled tfa
above,
resulting in a moh mOr
could
eOffietent
use of the time available.
Searches for specific items,
such as cables, would be also tremendously aided by this
immediate return of information to the surface.
There are several reasons why such a system is
not easily designed and constructed.
ment is
The ocean environ-
exacting and causes a significant amount of equip-
ment d amaie and loss.
The cost of owning and maintaining
the device must include this expense and still
enough to justify its
use.
remain low
A wide band carrier system
for the video infomation is not readily available,
and
the light levels necessary require large amounts of power
for an extended time.
It
the opinion of the author that the under-
is
a prac-
water television system proposed in
this paper is
tical as well as desirable device.
Using a design phi-
losophy which embraces the concepts of reliability and
ease oof operation at see as well az the accurate transferring of the video information, a usable system can be
Recent advances in solid state devices and
developed.
other electrical components,
components,
including photosensitive
support this view.
Development of the underwater eatera system of
Dr. Edgertn's
-
presently marketed by the fini of
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"W44042
CEAPTER II
HISTORY AND LITRATUP
The technology of uidervater televi son tis
still in its i faney.
It is only within the last few
years that designrs have ceased putting eamCr tal
closed eireult systne in a presur ecasoe when attempting
to constret an uafadrater systerm
No underwater deep-
going Fmit to established on the market,
However by oex
trapolatiag the rapid development of eameras which go
deeper, it
is
easv to prediet that the next five years
will soe television aiding oceanographers at all
ethaps the first
depths,
agaitfiant use of underw
water televisian otarred at Bikini Atoll in 1946
After
a test explosion, several ships sunk so rapidly that data
ould not be taken
By using an Image orthicon camera in
a prossure tight hoeslng, aelentists were able to study
Moist
fae.
magesand
salvage
at instarments 200 teet below the sur-w
icleots
,
were able to follow the actions
of the divers, and marine biologsts could watch the undor
water life without goting underate.
One year later the
Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory made a series of tests
*dch allowed the design of a better assembly.
It
was
used for marine inspeetion and slrvey jobs, and quite
seesssfully in stuftt
the eavitation around a ship's
propeller.
The next significant use of undeorwater tleVision onsurred in 191l,
Early in that ear the sub.-
marine W!S A"PRY was lost in the English Channe
tie devi
cs
.AeOUSn
looated seie twenty wroks seattered over a
90adle path that could have been the submarine.
In eash
case, divers had to descend to the vessel to make the final
identifleation.
To avoid the problems of loering the
di"es in the currents which oeear
s the ohannel, work
was acceloerated by using an udervater television system
Two months after the loss of the
then undwe
onstructi on
submariine
the televis on camers was foausd on the eon-
nias tower of a submarine 280 feet down end the n
APRAY Was Olearly vislble.
operated
ore than 300 ho
This system was eventually
unaderwater and proved the
p"etinlity of poel.ae television,
It was su~8bseqntly
tmproved and was then capable of re
hi
feet,
depths of 1000
Setentifto uses wre also made of the system
eonstrueted for finding the AFRAY ,
A short geologioal
study was made of a small smooth moud formation rising
about 50 feet
vm the
suzn fleoor at a
-00tfoot
dopth,
file surve~
ag this mound, a small crab was seen.
another ease, unauaal
soar rflo
retle
In
nsonam
s were found to
be caused by a rggular ripple formation running aloag
the bottom.
British underwater televiasion experts reo"ive
another impetus when a jet orated near Elba.
At this
time, PIe Ltd. of Cambridge was noaring oeplotien of a
amerea prossurlsed to 3,000 feeoot.
was travied fwre
650 feet.
uiokly readied, it
a ship making four knots at a depth of
Its two lenses and lighting were adjustable
by remote control,
Using this device, many pieces of
the wreek wre seen on the mont tor seven and photographs
were
madt
for later analysis.
ments include a emer
Farther British develop.
pre"surized to ovr
1200 fooeet.
uses a wide grgle lens with a field of 40t0
lens turret is
Its four
servooWentro1ed.
Durig the last ten years, many shallo
systems have been developed for specifEi
watvDi
work near the
It
he
*srtaee
short lengths of
allows the use of m
any of the problems
systBe.
been 40
systeas ar
a
s
usd in tho field of
work.
8
It
in the Meiterranen frm a &ip
This work was dirted
oanogapher s
visote
In more
qW4fhinpu
Sa
VopwAah
work has
also has been zied
On~ notable example ts the e-
seery of a emrgo of wine jlas fro
ago,
able and elJJ iStes
bserved.
in fresh water lake .
isrnt salva
Thia
asing the designer of a deap-got*g
trawls have been
latiams stuitet, am
to
tiplo eaeeduotor
Many of the
fi shray rsnne7
able son be used*.
a dopth of 120 ftet
sunk abot 2,000 years
by Coas1te
esutst yers
systems have besme Pkmme
a noted Feneh
a few of thse
tSlWe
ally aOaf able.
fornation on these systems at ths
time is
still
In-
avanl-
able only frm the anuaaetaerr.
For convenionoe
son
ropreentative man~,unf
turnvs are listed hers wth their prin0!1pal produat in
the field of undervater systems,
Bentd-Li Pres
System on Natlis
Bludworth Marine (PL)
Shallow water salvage gear.
Penjohn Underwater Photo
and Equipaent Co
Cases for existing eanwas,
uSOnrine.
10
Oeangraphi e
Corp.
Orbt
ginering
Research system ds aesi0
for 3000 feet of ntes,
Ins,.
Slw sean
y stem for RUM,
Most of the work prftloualy de
does not apply
to the type of system designetd In theis paper,
the techniquos of br*mtae
of the
ieltry
Ma
of
tellesiton are used, sid mh
tois uanneessary,
RHoevr, the designer
swt have a sound knowledge of these toehnaqors
n
der
to detenme what e*a be eli*inated without affeaottag the
pea-omarnee.* Por inforation cnoelosmed Oircuts systems8
in generals, the auther relled heavily on two books in this
field.
The most helpful at first was Mayers andd Chipp,
C3oe~4 0frau±t PY.
es, an
Stt
and lses.
The book Qlon4 QtrAit Telsflstop
PCA publisatien, had
)'h
zny details on
detailed intomation was found in the
related Jouals,
A diseusslon of vidieon pertomanoe
neurred In the May 1960 1suse of the LgMIna o
~Su h Zustittute 09 Ra4to
ste
the
ed
iroults
trn.
a
A transistor-
oion reult smera was deseribet by H. Clark In
eet~aat
1at4
-d
July 1960 Issue,
A systse
using a slow seen was devloped for Stratosope tI Thisa
was wfl severed in the Jane 17, 1960, issue of RetcLgang
11
Another article on transistors in video equipment oe ured
inthe June 1960 Lo
te
same maRasIne had 111ustratio
unneossary to rotore
signal in
tot
The August 1960 issue of the
e
L.
1A. T eliAon
-o0
whtioh ahowed that it
was
the doe information to the video
scenes of low or normal contrast.
In
eancmu
saion, the author would Uke to note that feow of the ref.
menes aitbe
the exception
by Cross and
wre
of direct applioatior .to the projeot,
tktarph#Z
W,\e3eZ
-and,.Ts*levisi
bota
9pea9orsPh1
q4
Mrt
BooY by BaVU
OHAPTER III
THEORTICAL DE$IO4
The three itportant emponents of any closed
erlcuit television
asyste
ae
the
mission ine, and the amoiter uit.
nzslttv
aSmet's uit,
the treans
The type of photo*
devise seleeted for tBhe emear
detesas
the
aene illMuaination awessary and thus the power
nderwater.
The
to the arrir
esamat's output signal mat be matched
system in bandwidth and impedane,
capable
driving the length of line used,
must b
0onsumed,
easily snebraset
and reprodue
md be
The meOitor
the pieture
acmwately.
Beeause of the neessity of protettnag the
Image conve*ter tube against pressures as high as 15,000
psi, a strong hoWsing mnst be used,
pran
in the fld,
sameaas.
A tirht
Is
One t
of ease,
mely used f r underwate
optesally good id
at on
end of the
eylindr is
a standard fitting for thie ease.
VeIOr ten
osw are four tenhes in dianter and thirty
tohes long.
As this ease
is
to desirable to use it
If
The inte-
relattvely Intexpensive
possible.
12
it
13
Several types of inage enverter tubes availosam in
able
fit
s are the videon and image orthd-
the ease's disetsi~
con types.
The orthieon is
for it
picture reprotst!ia,
at
of
oevoWer,
Ite
eoils make it
its
flerous mterlia
a tight
ontain the major
Sinee the eases arie made of
portion of the eirults.
trol, it
te a
has higher resoluton, wor
Another ease would be needed to
fit.
in
d1imeter, abMt stxteen and four ijnheoe re.
eptiLVly, when moanted In
en
a better tub*,
and a larger signal etput.
sentivity,
length
but the only tube, whiah
a variety of sins,
and the orthltnms use mtogte
to likely that same adjustment in
deflotion systems wld
beaom eon
the foousdng
be neeoasary.
The vidlemn requres math les, power than the
orthiaot and Is
signifteantly smaller, being six inches
long and me inch in
Its
diameter.
able for the job at hand, and its
resolution is
lower sensitivity will
Within the last year, vidieon
be shown to be adequate.
have beeae available with electostati
tems.
suit-
deflooection sys-
This avoids the problem of a magnetie system within
the ease and reduoes the power required even more,
To determine
plied to the lWa
bat amount of power nust be sup-
illtanting
the seen
t it Is necessary
14
to make the follemng eoputations
betwee
The rlatianship
the Illumination on the seene and the 1iuntn
tion on the photoeaothode tis given by the ftala
Ihoere:
I
Seen ilaniSation in
a
foot4"*andless,
f a
f-manmboer of lens.
I
e
Photoatbode tfludattcn
in foott-endle s.
s
Total tranntmision of lens,
T?
s
R
Refleoetas of principal
jeet in
It
-sub
Dns.
would appear tws the graph in Figure 1 that
the lower the fmaer
the lest lighting is romequired,
This isto true only for lense
of the sasme fosal length,
sine a shorter focal length lens will view more terr"an
than a lonIer feal 6gth lens if
placed at the seoe point.
The seene diaeslons and the fool length ame rolated in
the following manner
bWho:
PL
(2)
b c
Width and length of subjeet.
a
Width and length of iage.
._._ ;~i, ~.
E
'
i;on
-1~4*1
__
__
~
1
TR
IpC ft- candles
10
R sta%5
3.0
1.0
0.3
0.1
1.0
3.0
IS 8
Phoo caR-hode- llum
100
30
10
nao.on
Is
300
ft-candLes
vs.
Sime IIll
mina;ion
__~ _
--------- ------
br
- ---;--~c~i---?---;--
1
-- --
" uet;~n
Scene
!
b
F r
FLy
Lens
Image
Fa.
2
Op;icol
Layoou
17
r r Distaneo to subject in feet.
Lw c Poeal length in sra water,
appe* 2d
t1y
1#37 t
*
the focal length in air.
Prase 2 illustrates these
the sraph in flang
3 shave the aoen
two typtOal feeal lengths,
is
width and area for
A final eomplioating faetor
the exponential deeay .-o
sea water,
onastants, while
liht
when passing through
The attenuation follows the equatitn:
L
Waroe
L
L
(3)
Light level at x
a
Lo=
A
(A)
X
in watts*
Light level at x=0 in watts.
s Tranadsion per foot of sea
water.
x
Distanea traveled by 1i, t.
These equations may be eI blned to yield the
following
LO
Whero I
0 1 pe
U.1:2 r
Ar
C a Converelon constant
.2 watt s/toot-candle f
ad the other terms have their
usual meanlags.
(I)
bP__~~_
b
6 --
r 30
5"
25
4
20
3
£3"
2
2.
O
S6_
9
12
rP
F3 3
Scene MJhd18
v .Pickup Heq t
19
A set of graphs may be pepared to aid in
soloetton of a
Graph No. 3 (~igure
ers,. and Graph No. I~ (PIg
e 5) shows the same
of r for an 4f5 w 36 m
ratio as a tunotti
(in air)
valuos of the other constants are shown on
the
les.
I)
4bpe as a function of r for an tl.9 - 13 mm (in
shows
sir)
igrht sa*ree.
eah graph.
Using a vidisen with a response down to #1 foot.
sndle,
levl
a lightig
adequate.
A light
of about 100 wattss Is
oreae of at
low but
east this brightness is
available,* and powes up to 300 watts may prove feasibleo
Snte
the lU p
way also be munted eloser to the subject,
a greater mwagn of safety, may be obtained,
fl
Anowther help-
faetor tis the longer exposure between readout that
will be. used compared to the usual readout rate of thirty
ti
es a seeand,
tlste results in a higher signal level,
Thas, a vidleon *ay be seed despite its
Havw
next step
determined the lightig necessary, the
sto to make an estimate of the 01rcitry involved
to drive the samers ad
amplify the signal,
tics plates are a highnieda
form of 60 - 70 voltsa
sore
low senstivity.
of a sawtooth is
agm~a
The delee-
nene and require a wave
load
litude.
One onvenient
a Shookley fetourlayer diode in
__ ___~-T~- -
_ ~~---
--
I~_ Ili--i~-Li~_P~-~C-----~--- --~-
b
C C, 4 t4_
Ipe
R-.T2
i-
*- ca ndlJe
300-
_o00+o-
30-
1.O
-I -
1a
i
2
12
.5s
ff
ee . I
Fe1el
Source Pow er
(f
Lens)
20
vs. Pickup Heijhf
I
I
I
___~;
_
;-
~
--
2-
TcR
.8 1t5/h
Lo
'pc
R
-
.9
5
/
ft -candle
300.
3O
.1.o
II
-
12
r
15
f
F,?. 5
Re lalve
So urce Power vs. Pickup Height
(/ 4 .s Le n s)
21
-
22
a relaxation o~ot Iator
have the property of
crititeal level,
The$e seOMiOnductor deviaes
oalding off any voltage below a
e~A the lovel
is
exoeeded,
they change
very rapidly frm a high imptdance to a low impedance.
A fringe benefit of the devise Is
timeo to so fast in
that the switching
relation to the sweep speods likely
to be ixsed that the return trie
Is not visible on a
sope ftee and therefore does not read on the vidion.
This means that tbe electron beam does not require blanktg
on the flybaok part of the sweep,
elements frm the circuits,
If
elt
bnatig more
a anal eapaoitan
to
used to couple into the signal amplifier, a differential
offeet oerS
thro
e
and the flyback pulse can be used to Oynw
~the memtr with the pikup.
?To avoid the neces-
uity of tying the horizontal and vertical seeps together,
two diodes may be used in
One potve
ositve pulse and ie
a reAdam interlaoe pattern.
negative pulse can be used to
sync with the surface.
The remaining Amtion for the camera ease is
to house the amplifier
atIto
has a signal oput of about .1
Sinoe the vitson proposed
irotro*qp
os
and the high-
esat usable load ipedanoe for the bend width desired is
25 kilAbcs, a voltage output of 2.5 ralllvolts Is all
that esrn be obtained trm the signal eleatrode of the
vidison.
In the next few pragrph,
the earrioer cable
is dseriTb4 as habtig an input .impet
of 50 Otas Mnd
a drop smcthat greater than 60 deilbels,
a signal level at the surfae
a dAiving voltagse of ona
gnecessary.
of at least ate ~mllivolt,
volt or more Is
bottom end of the soaxial if
Allowing for
needed at the
line spifttlers ae
to be
Sine they would be qatte troublsieam
install and service,
it
is
to
desirable to avoid them.
In
arder to be able to sompenate for seme of the high frequaeay drop, provision should be made for driving the
bottetn
end of the *able with several volta.
A 20*ovolt
oatput into 50 ombs *all. for a driver capable of moe
than e.iht
watts output.
th powe4
trameastor is
now available and at a reasawn
Using it
an emtter follower eIrOuit, a
abl. price.
in
voltage of up to 20 volt
a voltage
eluded In
PFortunately a high voltage,
spi tfleo
ito neessary to drive it.
with a gain of 20 X fest
the system.
The total powe*r e
Thus,
also be in-
quiremnts for
these subsystems and the piskup tube bia. networks will
not exsed 90 watts, drawing 300
volt souree.
lIampeo
from a 300-
21L
The band width of the traentason line to an
~~tranttnd limiting faster in the overaol
resout
systetm
The nolution
solion,
in lines of a tloviaon sy-a
tern with a 1/1 piature aspect ratio to given by the for.
whe"S
L
mbor of
e s.
Pfigwu e 6 plots band width vesus resolution for
varioums frame rates.
Prom the gnazh it
a high ban@'dth Is desirable.
is obviou
that
lowe*r, the great length
of eable rquired and the loads it must be eapable of bears
tug prelude the use of most eoaxtal types nornmally used
in the laboratories.
Ol typ
of
dabla, originally used
in oil well sonnding, has a steel eoter Jacket capable of
supporting a great length of itself,
eeanographers have
already adapted this eable to measuring the veloity of
sound at various
slipo.
epths, and it is
available for use on
Sine this type of table is a vailable, it
is
felt that every effort achuld be made to build the system
z~oor
Soo
V~~Wh
,~s.
-09.
?%Z3Q %Zt'oV-
26
around its
characteristies,
yet leave enough flexibility
so that other cables could also be used if desired.
The American Steel and Wire Cable Co, reports
that Cable No. 1H219 has an attenuation of 2.0 decibels
per 1000 feet at the lower frequencies, increasing to
3 decibels per 1000 feet at 60 kilocycles.
drum is
30,000 feet long, resulting in
A standard
an uncompensated
drop of at least 60 decibels,
rising to over 100 decibels
at the very high frequentes.
Shorter lengths are some-
times available but it is felt
that by giving the proper
emphasis to the signal, a usable band width of nearly
one megacycle could be obtained.
Since
frame rates below 10 c/s require speeial
monitor techniques to present the information, it
is felt
A
that 15 frames per second would be the best choice.
band width of 675 kilocycles will give 300 lines resolution, which is certainly adequate for the intended use of
the system.
Since two eables over the side of a ship prove
extremely difficult to manage,
the energy must be carried
with the system or brought down the coaxial cable,
The
type mentioned previously has a d-c resistance of 300
dams over the 30,000-foot length of the center conductor.
27
The return resisteme Is mse
eao
eter area
lowor due to the Urger
n4d the presens of salt wate .
A 4.* eurrent of .3
We rs,
neessary to
supply 90 watts at 300 volts to the ciravitry at the
tables end, results in
The surroandi"
a 90 volt dp
along the
tne.
water easily earres awva the 27 watts
of power wasted.
nelfropowered lght
souroes are available w&ieh
will give 100 or move watts for eight hours or more
The
first tests will be made with these; and if they prove
satisfactory, thetr poaer can also be brought down the
cable.
The
uwfaoe
ait is most fleoible of all in
the choiee of design
any deviee ter its
tag
it
po-onents.
task of
Wlifying the asignal and apply-
to the Z input of a eathode ray tube those defle,-
tion eircuits an trisred
by the syneti
oene up the eable with the signal.
it
It can use practiealy
pulses that
Por the initial
tests,
was decided to modulate a standard osaeillosope, rather
then eontrunt a separate monitor systaem
to not as high as is desirablo butt
method of
tests.
bmakig
Its resolution
offers a quiek
28
The foregoing, then, is the
inforstian nee-a
ary for the design of the destid underwater, ssingle
wire system.
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stable estillatoens at 15 eyeles
oer seond wnd 45%
A short length of t wstled wire proe
eyoles per second
vides ample .cempltg of the synae ples
the aspieL
iato
tier circt.,
of 300 volts to aeneasry to
at
Sinese a
drive the vtldiea, it
was decided to build the amplifler
The s mtniatuse tubes
thsioun
s + veltage,
stages
used an capable of withstsndlng large amounts of vtba
tim.
They oter
both high gains and wide band response
at a reasonable eoee
The sigal surrent from the
preodues 2,
millivolts
viditon
Co7522
-E
ross a 25-kclohz
grid resistor.
astmes a frequeney
This low valuoe of grid realsteneo
response that IS flat past one moegaeyle.
The low it
pedence output of the follower is used to drive the ftat
ampliU
It
er stae.
d voltwage mplitUter are
and the seew
pentodes opevatitg Class A.
A stgniSfent
t of eathode
feP back to used to provide gain stabiUt y and aflow peak-
to.
Thi
eable useA,
all
by a mall bypass eapai-
reapoasa
log the high tqmoy
swthe mat to be matbed to the spfele
reitig
It opti mm
tial laboratory tets
evare dce
eable, no eapaottore
r
esol"uteon,
Sie
talt-
with a ahort length of
neded4.
33
the gain of the follower and the tvo voltage
amplifter s s *ghtly
is
more tha
used as a low tpeodane
power
spl.tie
,
one E
A final troIed
follower to drive the mahn
It to a Texas lastrument 2048 high
power trmststoir
run in a base drives
type of
It Is capeble of drivin
rmuit.
1nO at power levels up to 30 watts.
aemon eollector
the 50n-ta
An P-
filt
r ne*t
work to used to Allow eoapltng the video mtput into the
e without di strbinog the
S
(A smailar
hoaustng.
treoult in the
amneoa
endt at the otbar end of the
eable allen the signal to be soupld into an emptflor.)
A 1a*volt, 50-wa tt sone
nit
p
to a safe level and still provide an ample
ply voltage
avera
diode is used to fdtp the
Ourrnt.
On* tintoersting feature of tflts
lP.
is the use of the transistor stoeady state current
topower the auminiature tube heaters.
of the swoer
Heavy bypassing
beator string assures the absence of coup-
ftgtre 9 iluseatates the method of construetion.
The v
Oion and its assoeelatetd sweep
ircuts and voltage
mplifter ae mounted on phenolie diassa four inhes In
dameter.
The first board supports thoe front end of thn
tube and
Msaes eotaot with the signal oleetrode.
The
15 4:T ttYf 5
kAnor-
\-
e'jo
~;30
o
tA B
6 7''J )
oktcp.e Akw?.\ohrd
U V!AQ-L43 Oki
.c
COvYAefc
-La
ou
0.-hQ.V/
first
a
oathte
follwoor to also an this beard.
d
The
sboad
upports the sep sitrsuit end steadies the
tube sheld.
The next board in
line earrtos the tube
base and sevral biasing networks
board holding the to
two pe
pot.&
Abwe tis
is
aad their blatsit
t
mother
eLtlts.
The final board tnwinates this soottanim of the device,
and oarries no eamponats.
able filamnt battery is
t
next.
195"-mper-hear rOharge-s
Followag it
bias beteryapplying 6741/2 volts.
mounted on the end sap.
Is a
nmall
The final mit is
Th is allows the heat generatod
in the tasiettar and saner to be eastly e arried to the
t
oean.
silster is twalatet twa
pound by the ustal
~oae
sheets wol
s
ele eire
t
owered with
a
illt
eon grease.
be aurstsea wt
produo
must
mplify the siglan
syneheriatd sweep pulses.
tluastrated in the bleok diagref
are used for signal
Thsse tEmotis
in Figuroe l.
mplifiers an
and
aed
Pentodes
drivo a triods phase
iLnvrter, resulting in a low impeden
output of 50 - 60
volts,.
oe stage of the invertor drest
sng
strAi;
thethorisontal
t with positive pulses, while the other
stage dArivs another s~7nIg etrait
with PositivOe pulas
7rhy7e r
\oC
A63p\
Thyy~5
Sweef IP
37
keyS to the vortitol sweeop ofat the Semerw.
1antnlled
etltlt
aUse*
Th
in P~vlge 1.
the emes swe,
shoon In the struat
to fln
e sBwtooth wav efom
epirc ie
These pnes
in phase with
are a vaflablo to driv
sontal an vertical plaes of a athod ray tube.
the hmt*e
A
penial mitor was not coustwtetet, as new osefliseeap
ahve Z tInpts afilable,
te
rsoltien of the eytms
is rodned by the use of a o***A1lle~ope
deemsd adequate for the ratial
ats.
fh
e sir
e
tests of the syning oto
aa;1pnts are all mounted on a
6 x 8 x 34ash stee oehasits, with
nmott conteols and
gatn adjstiens avdiable at tho frtk
baek provIdln terminls for the input frtw
suppli se.
but i t was
A boart an the
the posef
e+ 300V
' C
2 enV3 ilV~i
I'
COo
1~
33
AA
I
Q rN \DF
vAwA* ra
-
Dy\ljq
Il
IQ
1 %0
F
SJA ZYNII .
~ ;'
SocW
~
L-ti-7
~
~ YziZ13C
-
CHAPTEER V
RESULTS AND RECQMZiENDAT 0IS
After construttion of the subehassita of the
system, eonh was tested,
When all of th
units
working properly, the whole wns assembled*
trst
tests,
>ring the
it was notlad that the high aournt pulses,
resulting when the
hookley diodes fired, caused a large
amount of undesirable radiation
Sb1heldig tot the vidi-
eon eliminated a major portion of the fll
sing sht
ore
lded wire foPr th
fteets, while
low level gwidioed
laads
the unwanted pulses trm the signal,.
After this adjust-
sent, the snore wait worked very wil.
of a 30,000Ftoot roll eof 50-o
eable
fl0
to the Isnk
the high level
sigdnal was ted direetly into the phase inverte .
A
signal output eorresponding to the ezpeeted level after
attenuation and reampltiteation was obtamdn,
Ser
pulse height
The trgi
tof
10 volts at the tri~ger diode proved
adequat. to drive the sontrolled weit
erw,
No misfiring
aneorrd until the trigger veoltage dpped below eight
volts,
39
k*0
The
oitae signal was obas"
d n the soape
tron% (y npUt) ant the intoatton was ceIarly visible.
Alt
the sigal f4olm the viateen was not eoPeted
to the Saput# a
was ppA
m
signtaal of seWarabIe mlitude
d ant stnessft lly used to modulate the beam
The tast that the roeliability ef the esra
ease has been amply
mostratod by extensive field us
and the oinuitry has perteased as expeotet4.
that the
Th,
the
a
Vwill be seeastal
In additt~a
t puttiagme
maktig Ua&
wt Oem
In adorwater tests.
onppt of a sImple t.dwsea televiWiaten system
uuag a siage eable has been
em.
adicae
ov
to be a reasonable
e#"ars
vatr tests, the ather w
habges and wes that silt
in its earse an
ltd like to
profit
Mean-
ran farther
study.
A ajor
should be Made in the type of
construetion used.
whiehd~ s
e
A nit
built Up an a UwehCAnl
the hest
en
anto
is
hassis
Vporte4 ofn
two *etal diake allows amah greater ease of adjusatMt
ad flpair then the
also easir on a
sies Of disks Usted Shildins
hastsi
of that type and the pickup
is
h1
tube suport
ould be strnger.
to miniatur, tubes would be
volume eof ta
niaturea
At the esam
peak por o4nan
a mitch
ltesrable, as the araller
s 414 no3t proveto
sarS be otbn' changes would be ne"
Mat exept seat
ti~Se
be noes
in thee*MOe
anal nMal otutt Motiteations as
was approaehed4
It wt
be desirable
at this potint to eoaplete work on a eathode ray tube
monitor
~s
of the
t
A Vide serson tube
pesralt
ees *ad
n possible oe
be pg4i
be o
san be useA
ai
.
so that all
ItC
ts
three
d etn instead of oathode driven as
in most neiltsopes.
This tis a highebr ipdns*
Input
and might result tn a better pltture due to lowe des-
The itsertie
of a tone senaltive relay, mit-
tories the eable at the asea
It eould epete
ater
md
eand, would be desirable.
, etera when a triggef
pulse of the aneeeary frequeney was sent down the nable
Anther trigger technique would be to drop the 54' voltage
below a oittI
value for the f"
tents of mfliseoonds
neessary to triapgger a Srelay.
he remain~ suggestns
with the light available.
aiques of lghting is
wat"
method aheoald be umiet
A s*tud4y of tba diffeent teoh-
a project in
work, evory watt is
Onomen themseu"lves
itself; but for indrw-
neeed and the most eofficient
The
ament has been Wa
that san
~4dna"ryantomobils sto"
stand the grat
ell
1 end
pessues that
be modified to
eur*.
A singe 12irolt
battery nuld mapply 30 watts tor ret
the undnwatn
oul
several ezd be uso .
prove most fruitful, evex
motion poitures
use of an itar
more ezpnsive,
intensifier tube,
bet"en 40 to 80,000
form
aaki*
fow underwater
e
ooteee would be the
Ltp ht syitieantes
available.
If tie need
stattes wi th a lAne to smbleet distenee of
ver 40 teot was grat
pnreasa
Work along these
ighttJag.
Another
vasryin
Sine
weight of a modified battery would only
be a few poun s,
fues
hous..
sad
enoughj, the f10l000
eoessary to
aistMll a high gain tube might prove roasimm
able.
Zn to
previues paees, the need for an uMtsrP
water televisllon sytem
smeetag
has been Udearbed.
ertain chraste
Tfis pape has also present*t a
design for outh a system and tested the fun 4mntal
olved.
soon
om
eale~~~aatea
It tois hoped that another intrested
forwar
stioes
ideas
worker sa
to earry the proeot further towards
43
1.M
ConS
,
C"" at
0rease
F
dne
IV_ Pfo-tog0or
Am,' ba"I
0J2.
,1p,
I.Ya Exposition Pasii,
I* 0
uma
s vp. VolU 78, (Ase
3,
Cros, B,, op. flt.,
4.
Ib,
M.
Bnesu,
The
ateor
8,, 14
p. 24.
p. 12,.
H, .
cross, BE,
7.
Tay1lor
~nafstewo
.Y.
a9,
6.
.
Petuzes undeaa
KO, "Novinf,
2.
Olnnaa,
o-
$1,
qMa
op. est.,
F.t
U
., s
1a3*
p. 12%,
0f I,
lts,
P., end
Solma,
K,
"Under..
water Tointsion in P'nsh Water Ptshertes Resaroh,"
irn~e~~x )GRAJ*Y~i~'
Cos,
L.
Ouenie~tr,*J,,Sohult,
10b,
23 (1960~11),
. ffl2
Hfr;,lsfl, P,
I#
~~
I~Snpp
Ni sn,
arid So
.,
,
Eta4Erus
n.~ F~i$.a~,ZZt
Glennrr~a
~
K
~s~
P9r,
p~
fltunstr+
Undewnaa
fo, JO, AuguBtf
VBIP
star
itt id
t~lr
0,
V
414PE,
5~Xtli
pp.
9.ltJY
~ )4~LE
itB nt,)S ' Jt
W* itand Ci~p, H.,
YI., "~thrc
Profsl
son~r$B1~
at the t~r stored~~Thfll
~t~ar0
.tinp *
144
.~
~
ibt torg
ssontiMied)
Sarop, H,, Johnson, It,
?ayior, F.,
_
so
_
twat
Vidion ?artornnne,
R
AMo
and Fiaming, I
tm
isheriea
1
T61ang
0L%,
TO*
0oas
tar To tAi
Msho,
in
s Researoh
ord
£ the U' Loh I
5#
of
aNie
anada.
V tutM
p* 3IP