WIT
MITL
LINDGREN
SOUTHERN HEMISPHERIC
ZONAL
DURING THE
CIRCULATION
IGY
by
Billie George Aldridge
University of Southern Illinois
B.A.,
(1952)
SUBMITTED
IN
PARTIAL
FULFILLMENT
OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR
DEGREE OF MASTER OF
SCIENCE
at
MASSACHUSETTS
of Author
Certified by
1962
.
Department
-
of
Meteoi ology,
25 July
.
1962
r
.
Thesis
Accepted by
the
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
July
Signature
THE
. . . .
Supervisor
. ..
.....
.......................
Chairman, Departmental Committee on
Graduate
Students
_ ~~_
. _ L~_li
_YY_ .. I ^X1--II~
-L~tl~_lI_--C--Yi-II-PL-l_
ii.
SOUTHERN HEMISPHERIC
ZONAL
DURING THE
CIRCULATION
IGY
by
Billie George Aldridge
Submitted
July 25,
requirement
to
the
Department
of
Meteorology
1962
in partial
fulfillment
for
the Degree
of Master
of
of
on
the
Science
ABSTRACT
Using IGY data, tabulations of daily observational
values of the wind were made at eight levels (850, 700,
500, 400, 300, 200, 100 and 50 mb) for 121 southern
hemisphere plus 22 northern hemisphere equatorial stations
during the six months period from April through September
The mean value of the zonal component of the wind
1958.
along with its standard deviation was computed for each staMaps of the mean values and stantion and pressure level.
dard deviations were analyzed to evaluate the
hemisphere zonal circulation during winter.
mean
southern
It is found that the southern hemisphere has a much more
intense zonal circulation than the northern hemisphere.
Meridional profiles of zonal means reveal a double maximum
in the upper tropospheric westerlies and a very intense
stratospheric circulation surrounding the pole.
Thesis
Title:
Supervisor:
Victor P.
Starr
Professor
of Meteorology
iii.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
indebted
The.author is
for
this
his
advice and
study.
Patrick,
The
S.M.,
of data he
has
for
computing
Project
for
work
based;
is
maps and
his
is
throughout
to Mr.
also grateful
assistance
and
the
for
Starr
course
G.
the large
of
O.
amount
tabulated.
Acknowledgement
the
encouragement
author
Victor P.
to Professor
staff
is made
of
performing
to Miss
to Mrs.
to Mrs.
Barbara Goodwin
the M.I.T. Planetary
the calculations
Isabel
Jane McNabb
Kole for
Circulation
upon which
the
for typing the
and
drafting
thesis.
this
of the
_lLll ~~L_
_ __II_/__1II_~__I_
__11-1~----~.1_1111r---~
~-_ P
l~-~m~.
iv.
To
Anna Belle
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
INTRODUCTION
PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS
DATA
REPRESENTATIVENESS OF THE DATA
DISCUSSION OF THE ANALYSIS
ZONAL AVERAGES AS FUNCTIONS OF LATITUDE
AND PRESSURE
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
PLATES
Mean Zonal Winds
1-8:
9-19: Standard Deviation of Zonal Winds
1
3
9
17
22
29
36
37
39
47
LIST OF FIGURES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Mean zonal wind at 150 0 E
Mean zonal wind for an ocean region
Geographical location of stations
Mean temperatures near 170 0 E
Lu] for a southern hemisphere winter
[s(u)] for a southern hemisphere winter
[u] for a northern hemisphere winter
[s(u)] for a northern hemisphere winter
4
6
18
21
32
32
33
33
LIST OF TABLES
1.
2.
3.
List of stations
Zonal average of u
Zonal average of s(u)
10
30
31
1.
I.
INTRODUCTION
Up to now very little has been known about the state
of the general circulation over the southern hemisphere.
Earlier attempts at describing it were limited
to theore-
tical estimates from surface data combined with analogies
of northern hemisphere circulation.
The
estimates made have been confined largely
only quantitative
to cross sections
of the Australia-New Zealand sector where reliable upper
air data have been available for about
while most of the
12 years.
Mean-
hemisphere has remained in a relatively
unexplored state due to lack of upper
air observations.
But thanks to the International Geophysical Year and
the effort
put
forth to establish new observation
sites,
mainly in Antarctica, and to collect data from all possible
existing stations, the means are now available from which
an almost complete analysis can be made of the
hemisphere.
Quantitative statements about the mean circu-
lation, as represented
In
southern
this report
hemisphere for the
during the
IGY,
can therefore be made.
the mean zonal circulation
winter season
of the
southern
(April to September inclusive)
2.
is
examined
by
using the
by Starr
a procedure
suggested
the General
Circulation
the northern hemisphere
cedure
involved
levels
pressure
For each
station the
zonal
wind was
quantities are
charts.
Zonally
along the
of the
latitude
mean
zonal
from 850
by
investigating
The
pro-
for
eight
for
143
stations.
50 mb
standard
polar
deviation
of
distribution
stereographic
were computed by
from which meridional
circulation were
out
wind values
to
on
presented
circles,
carried
hemispheric
The
following
during 1950.
mean and
averaged values
and
at M.I.T. in
of daily
computed.
reports,
(1954)
circulation
season
of these
wind
Project
tabulation
standard
the
actual
constructed.
integrating
profiles
PREVIOUS
II.
All
lation
the
previous attempts
of
This, mainly,
where
data,
it
but
been much
is due
has
slower
Since
the
hemisphere
of
the
earlier
were
attributed
to
at
a meridional
Australia
data available at
that
completely void
Little America
fact
in South
sector.
time.
S).
that
E)
southern
the
first
most
then
for
1
southern
Radok
all
the
some
shows
hemis-
observations
the wind
by using
Even
Figure
of
air
America, have
area was
Lowe and
of data except
(78.50
upper
Antarc-
counterparts.
radiosonde
section
(1500
the
radiosonde network,
on
data.
sounding stations
representing the
cross
and
collect
hemisphere
to develop a
by
plagued
areas
establishing upper air
attempts
circu-
representative
to the
especially
zonal
been
ocean
been feasible
Australian
along eastern
was
vast
circulation based
for the
structed
the
Australia - New Zealand
the
zonal
have
sufficient
their northern
in
phere
not
in
of
to
inhabitants,
have been
than
- lack
can also be
hemisphere
describing the
at
southern hemisphere
the
same problem
tic
INVESTIGATIONS
con-
(1950)
profile
the
radiosonde
area south
reports
of
540
from
their cross
section
LY~L -III~IIIIIIP11L^--^
--i
KM
40 80 8
14
60
50
124
1
10-
8 \ 80
L2
/
40
0
0
100
01
300
200
the
400
500
600 700
and Radok)
(From Lowe
for
I
Iq
Mean zonal wind in miles per hour for
southern hemisphere winter at 1500 E.
1.
Figure
20
(June - August)
winter
on
season based
geostrophic
approximations.
Their
(200 mb)
data indicated
S,
throughout
the
middle and
centered near
450
S.
At
suggested near
the
report
tioned,
with a
250
troposphere
Radok
of
centered at
westerlies
was
a maximum
since
for Macguarie
minimum, while
hemispheric
651
reality
it was
the
Later
present
in nature.
upper portion
Another relative
the
time
km
the
on
450
one
has
indicates
of
the
maximum
Lowe and
the
of
information
report
12
relative minimum of
the minimum at
of
at
S.
based primarily
Island.
westerlies
was
year
of
quesdata
confirmed
that
it
may
this
be
5.
In view of the more uniformly
lesser continental protrusions
southern hemisphere,
oceanic character and
into the atmosphere
it was reasoned
along a certain longitude was likely
general average than would be the
hemisphere.
other data, cross
Zealand
that a cross section
to be closer to the
case for
reasons and also for
For these
sections
in the
the northern
lack of any
through the Australia - New
sector, of which Figure 1 is an example, were used
as an estimate of the southern hemisphere zonal
circulation.
Van Loon (1955) constructed a purely oceanic cross section by using only ocean data from different parts of
the
South Indian Ocean plus Antarctica data (Little America).
Due
to the diverse locations of stations used, his cross
section cannot be considered as typical of any longitude
but rather was designed
to give a comparison of the
regions to those cross sections valid
New Zealand
sector.
oceanic
for the Australia -
His work is reproduced as Figure 2.
Using the geostrophic approximation, he found the maximum
winds to be
over 380
in excess
of
50 m/sec at about 200 mb centered
S, thus being of the
considerably in
same magnitude but differing
the position of the maximum when
to those of Lowe and Radok.
compared
Neither report attempted to
ly ~ i-lilllll.~-- lll
KM
40
1
I~XI1 -III---IIII~LL(~-~-_~--~
40
0
16
10
14
12
3020
O
30
50
L
20
40
30
8-
10
10
4\
\
2-
E-5
100S 200
Figure 2.
of
700
Brooks
/
300
400
500
600
0
700
Mean zonal wind in meters per second
for an oceanic region in southern
(From van Loon)
hemisphere winter.
describe the wind pattern
ward
20
equatorward of 100
S or pole-
S.
(1950) using data available prior to 1950
attempted to construct the upper wind patterns
world
for pressure levels 700,
500,
300,
over the
200 and 130 mb.
Upper air soundings were used when available, but over large
parts of
the world where upper air data were insufficient,
nI;I__I Ill_----~-_-_LII--.-~.l
_.ylXII..
Il---.1I~UIII~-~
extrapolated
data from surface observations were used.
Even by these standards the
data were
too sparce
a southern hemisphere analysis south of
500
to attempt
S and no analysis
whatsoever was attempted at or above 200 mb anywhere south
of
the equator.
The latest effort
the
at achieving comprehensive analyses of
southern hemisphere came as a result
meeting of CSAGI
Service
in
At that
1955.
of the Brussels
time the Meteorological
of the Union of South Africa was requested
to analyze
and publish daily synoptic weather maps for the southern
hemisphere for
the IGY.
the surface and 500 mb
They agreed
to analyze and publish
charts for the area south of 200
Upper air data representative
of only about
the hemisphere were available
(see
primarily from land
stations.
Taljaard and van Loon
plus the 1000 mb height,
well
represented over
also ocean
of data for
of
and these were
Using a method devised by
the
local surface
500 mb heights
circulation pattern
the 500 mb pattern could be
one half the hemisphere
surface data).
the
Figure 3)
(1960) whereby
could be inferred from the
one third
S.
However,
fairly
(utilizing
due to the slow receipt
IGY by the Union of South Africa Meteoro-
logical Service publication of
the daily series will
be
1-~I1~-1~
I~-I-^LI--.
Itilli ~
S.
van Loon
Taljaard and
mean
monthly
southern
terior
from
hemisphere
Antarctica.
one
to two
500 mb
Since
comprehensive
mean
effort
circulation,
parison,
for
with the
radiosonde
of
or more
for
Australian
thickness
patterns
were
represents
possibly
the
the middle
to it
station
by
South American
isotach
reference
in-
the
mb
analyzing
of
for
1000-500
at
entire
exception
data varied
observations
S years
the
fo'r
analyzed
geostrophic
work
charts
Their
years
200
constructed
stations
radiosonde
of
climatolo-
the
all
using
thickness
stations to
this
1962).
south
From their
stations.
of
end
(1958)
59
1000-500 mb
and Antarctic
the
for
data available
gical
the
until
least
(at
delayed
the
will
troposphere.
charts
constructed.
first
southern
be made,
and
most
hemisphere
as
a
com-
~ __Y~1
__ ___/l__^r__ll____L__1_1_~~__11 i.iIl.
--~--l -_a~~llll_~
III
1-___
1CW111~
III.
DATA
Three data centers were
tions
of
IGY data
(1960),
in
in Russia, and WDC-C
established to maintain collec-
WDC-A at Asheville, N.
the Secretariat
logical Organizations at Geneva.
of WDC-C
essential
to collect all
data in meteorology
for the
IGY.
It was
WDC-B
C.,
of World Meteorothe responsibility
synoptic
observational
These data were
then re-
produced on microcards and made available to participating
countries, scientific
institutions and research workers.
The basic data in this report were taken from microcards
furnished by the WMO.
were used
A
total of 143
stations
(Table 1)
in making this report of which 22 were
in the
northern hemisphere equatorial region but close enough to
be valuable
All
the wind
in completing the analysis near the equator.
reports available between 1 April and 30
September 1958 were tabulated for the
850,
700,
500,
400,
the winter season
300, 200,
for the
100
eight pressure levels:
and 50 mb.
southern hemisphere.
observation was used as the
This represents
The 00Z
primary ones, but where
some
stations lacked sufficient OOZ reports and had a more complete
10.
Table
I.
List
of
Stations
(Stations are listed according to WMO index
Under Type the letter W indicates
numbers.
Pibals; R indicates Radio Winds.)
Index
Station Name
Latitude
Longitude
43-371
Trivandrum
03 29 N
76 57 E
R
43-339
43-466
Minicoy
0S IS
N
73 00 E
W
Colombo
06 54 N
79 52 E
R
103 53 E
R
Ti
48-694
Singapore
01 IS N
61-832
Conakry
09 34 N
13 37 W
R
61-931
S.
00 23 N
06 43 E
R
61-967
61-974
Diego Garcia
Agalega
07 14 S
10 33 S
72 26 E
56 45 E
W
W
61-986
St. Brandon
16 25 S
59 33 E
W
61-988
Rodrigues
19 41 S
63 27 E
W
61-993
61-995
Pample Mousses
Vacoas
20 26 S
20 18 S
57 .40 E
57 30 E
R
W
63-450
Addis Ababa
09 00 N
38 44 E
W
63-705
Entebbe
00 03 S
32 32 E
R
63-741
Nairobi
01 15 S
36 49 E
R
63-894
Dar-es-Salaam
06 48 S
39 12 E
W
64-005
Coquilhatville
CO 03 N
18 17 E
R
64-076
Bunia
01 30 N
30 13 E
W
Tome
64-210
Leopoldville
04 19 S
15 18 E
R
64-360
Elisabethville
11 36 S
27 32 E
R
64-501
Port-Gentil
00 42 S
OS 45 E
R
64-650
Bangui
04 22 N
18 34 E
R
64-910
Douala
04 01 N
09 42 E
R
65-201
65-578
Lagos
Abidjan
06 35 N
05 15 N
03 20 E
03 56 W
R
R
66-160
Luanda
08 50 S
13 12 E
R
67-009
Diego-Suarez
12 17 S
49 18 E
R
67-085
Tannanarive
18 54 S
47 32 E
R
67-197
Ft.
25 02 S
46 48 E
R
67-341
Margues
25 55 S
32 34 E
W
67-198
N'lle Amsterdamn
37 50 S
77 34 E
R
67-587
Lilongwe
13 59 S
33 45 E
R
67-663
Broken Hill
14 28 S
28 27 E
R
Dauphin
I
~
~L--*I.~-_LL-Y~-
11.
Index
Station Name
Latitrde
67-774
Salisbury (Observatory)
17
50 S
31 01 E
R
68-100
68-032
Swakopmund
22 41 S
14 31 E
R
?Maun
10 59 S
23 25 E
R
68-262
Pretoria
25 45 S
28 14 E
R
68-406
Alexander Bay
28 37 S
16 29 E
R
68-442
Bloemfontein
29 07 S
26 11 E
W
68-588
Durban
29 50 S
31 02 E
R
68-816
Capetown
33 53 S
18 36 E
R
40 03 S
09 55 W
W
68-906
Gough Island
Lonitude
Ty e
68-994
Rio Gallegos
46 51 S
37 52 E
R
78-806
Albrook
08 53 N
79 34 W
R
81-405
Cayenne
04 50 N
52 22 W
R
82-400
Fernando Noronha
03 50 S
32 25 W
R
82-798
Monte iro
07 53 S
37 07 W
R
83-781
Sao Paulo
23 33 S
46 38 W
R
84-129
Guayaquil
02 10 S
79 52 W
R
84-377
Iquitos
03 45 S
73 11 W
W
84-390
Talara
04 34 S
81 15 W
W
84-452
Chiciavo
60 47 S
79 50 W
W
84-631
Lima
12 04 S
77 02 W
R
84-691
Pisco
13 45 S
76 14 W
W
85-406
Arica
18 22 S
70 21W
W
23 23 S
70 26 W
R
28 36 S
70 47 W
W
85-442
Antofagasta
85-487
Vallenar
85-543
Quintero
32 47 S
71 32 W
R
85-579
Los Cerrilos
33 30 S
70 42 W
W
85-801
Puerto Montt
41 27 S
72 50 W
R
87-157
M.
27 28 S
58 59 W
R
A.
Resistencia
87-344
Meteo Aero Corbuba
31 19 S
64 13 W
R
87-576
Ezeiza
34 50 S
58 32 W
R
87-596
Punta Indio
35 22 S
57 27 W
W
87-715
Neuquen
38 57 S
68 09 W
R
87-748
Base Aerea Command Espora
38 44 S
62 10 W
W
87-774
Maquinchao
41 15 S
68 44 W
W
87-860
Comodoro Rivadavia
45 47 S
67 30 W
R
87-983
Ushuaia
58 48 S
68 19 W
W
88-890
Port Stanley
51 42 S
57 52 W
R
88-952
Argentine
65 15 S
64 16 W
R
88-968
Orcadas
60 44 S
44 44 W
R
Island
--L__ll
12.
LongItu
Station Name
Lati t ude
80-001
Norway Base
70 20 S
09-00Q
Amundsen-Scott Station
90 00 S
89-002
Hialley Bay
75 31 S
26 36 W
R
89-043
Ellsworth Station
77 43 S
41 07 W
R
89-125
Byrd Station
80 00 S
120 00 W
R
89-162
Little
78 14 S
161 55 W
R
89-522
Base Beige
71 00 S
23 00 E
R
66 33 S
93 00 E
R
100 44 E
R
107
E
R
Ind-x
89-592
Armerica V
Mirny
02 00 W
Type
R
R
89-601
Oazis
66 16 S
89-606
Boctok
78
89-611
Wilkes IGY Station
66 15 S
110 35 E
R
89-664
Williams Facility
77 50 S
166 36 E
R
89-671
Adare Station
72 25 S
170 55 E
R
91-334
Truk
07 23 N
151 51 E
R
91-348
Ponape
06 58 N
158 13 E
R
91-366
Kwajalein
03 43 N
167 44 E
R
91-376
Maj uro
07 05 N
171 23 E
R
91-408
Koror
07 20 N
134 29 E
R
91-413
Yap
09 29 N
138 08 E
R
91-680
Nandi
17 45 S
177 27 E
R
91-517
ioniara
09 25 S
159 58 E
R
91-489
Christmas Island
02 00 N
157 23 W
R
91-700
Canton Island
02 49 S
171 43 W
R
91-830
Aituataki
18 52 S
159 46 W
W
91-843
Rarotonga
21 12 S
159 46 W
W
91-938
Tahiti
17 32 S
149 35 W
R
91-958
Rapa
27 30 S
144 31 W
W
93-112
93-291
Whenuapai
Gisborne
36 47 S
174 38 E
R
38 40 S
177 50 E
W
S
93-401
Ohakea
40 12 S
175 23 Z
R
93-434
Wellington
41 17 S
174 46 E
R
93-780
Harewood
43 29 S
172 32 E
R
93-844
Invercargill
43 25 S
168 19 E
R
94-027
Lae
03 43 S
147 00 E
R
0-035
Port Moresby
09 26 S
147 13 E
R
94-120
Darwin
12 26 S
130 52 E
R
94-203
Broome
17 57 S
122 13 E
R
94-234
Daly Waters
16 16 S
133 23 E
W
94-287
Cairns
16 55 S
145 46 E
W
13.
Lon
tu e
Tre
Index
Station Name
Latit cude
94-294
Townsville
19 15 S
146 46 E
R
W
W
94-299
Willis Island
16 1S
S
149 59 E
c4-300
Carnarvon
24 53 S
113 33 E
94-312
Port Hedland
20 23 S
113 37 E
R
94-326
Alice Spring
23 4S S
133 53 E
R
94-335
Cloncurry
20 40 S
140 30 E
R
94-374
94-403
Roclkhampton
23 23 S
150 23 E
W
Geraldton
23 48 S
114 42 E
W
94 461
Giles
25 02 S
128 18 E
R
94-510
Charleville
26 25 S
146 17 E
R
94-610
Guildford
31 56 S
115 57 E
R
94-637
Kalgoorlie
30 46 S
121 27 E
W
94-693
Mildura
34 12 S
142 I0 E
W
94-776
Williantown
32 49 S
151 50 E
R
W
94 791
Coffs Harbour
30 18 S
153 08 E
94-821
Mt. Gabier
37 49 S
140 46 E
W
R
94-865
M1 elbourne
37 52 S
144 46 E
94-907
East Sale
3S 06 S
147 08 E
W
94-910
Wagga
35 083 S
147 25 E
W
94-926
Canberra
35 18 S
149 12 E
W
94-968
Western Junction
43 33 S
147 13 E
W
94-974
Hobart
42 50 S
147 28 E
R
94-986
Mawson
67 36 S
62 53 E
R
94-995
Lord Howel Island
31 31 S
159 04 E
R
94-996
Norfolk Island
29 03 S
167 56 E
R
95-502
Dunont d'Urville
66 60 S
140 01 E
R
96-413
Kuching
01 29 N
110 20 E
W
R
96-933
Surabaja
07 13 S
112 43 E
97-502
Jefman
00 56 S
131 07 E
W
97-560
Biak
Sentani Hollandia
136 00 E
140 29 E
W
97-690
01 10 S
02 30 S
W
97-980
Merauke
08 28 S
140 23 E
W
14.
set of
tuted.
data at 12Z,
substi-
lacking representative observations
For a station
at both OOZ and 12Z,
12Z observations were
then the
the 06Z or 18Z observations were used.
These reports were normally from pilot balloon observations,
since the radio winds were
taken only at OOZ and
station and level
The horizontal wind vector at each
was
12Z.
resolved into its meridional and zonal components.
study
this
In
only the zonal component u is being considered.
From these data the winter mean value of u was estimated
by the formula
1
---
u
(1)
N
where N is
i=l
observations for the
the total number of
month period.,
the value 183.
If the set
is
of data
Throughout this
six
complete, then N has
report the bar operator will
indicate a time average.
A
second quantity,
station and pressure
the standard deviation, for each
level was estimated by the
N
(2)
s(u)
i=1
- 2
(u i - u)
N -
1
formula
15.
Where the number of
reports are fairly complete the esti-
mated mean and standard deviation can be expected to describe
the distribution of the zonal wind as was shown by Buch (1954).
the
To assess the southern hemisphere zonal circulation
values of u and s(u) computed by equations
each station and pressure level were
plotted on polar
(scale approximately 1:40
graphic maps
of observations, N,
Since
The number
million).
in evaluating the data
entire hemisphere,
the analysis
of each chart was extended to cover the total area.
regions like the Pacific Ocean between 90
- 1400 W,
In
completely
of data, the analysis can be considered little more
However, it is believed that a
than a plausible guess.
truer value
"complete"
of the zonal
mean can be approximated
from the
analysis as opposed to having these large areas
blank and assuming the
good data areas to be representative
of the whole latitude circles.
when
stereo-
the purpose of this study is to present
the mean zonal flow over the
void
for
from which the statistic was estimated
was also plotted to serve as a guide
for analysis.
(2)
(1) and
This is particularly
true
the perimeter data of the void area suggests different
values than are found
in
the mean for the good data areas.
The analysis in the polar region where the zonal wind
16.
presents
a
singularity
a procedure
the
total
suggested
at
by Barnes
wind vector was
surrounding the pole.
extended as
pole
the pole
carried
(1962).
considered
From this,
to the
close
was
pole as
Here
the
in
as valid
the
out
analysis
desired,
but
following
mean
the
region
could
not
of
be
to
the
itself.
To
Antarctica,
500,
the
supplement
200 mb)
geostrophic
550
S.
the
winter means
Using the
isotach
presented by
as
1700
W,
were
the
the
near
550
the 300
6.)
(1959) were
the zonal
W
600
E between
both
and plotted
to
used.
latitude
this
aid
and
750
fashion,
in the
surrounding Antarctica.
secondary
and
in
circumpolar maximum
200
mb
levels.
(700,
components
5 degree
and
around
charts
for
area
substantiated
regions
taken
computed
data
5 and
Alt
six proper monthly maps
analysis for
S at
the
pressure
mean charts
wind were
increments along 400
in
mean constant
analyzed monthly
From his
of the
the monthly
and
300
microcard data
(See
These
found
Plates
17.
IV.
(approximately 80%),
no weather
are
without upper
As
can be
very
are
areas
reported
R while
observations
the lower
can be
and
has
site
a
If we
it.
troposphere
represented
southern hemisphere
the
the
only
whereas
circle
of
the
the area of
one
third
a
with an
by
W.
nautical
station's
of
the upper
radio
which
indicated
this area,
over
ocean
the
radius 300
that
assume
saturated
indicated
are
3.
Figure
stations
96
are
IGY
In
well
fairly
stations
about
in
are shown
The
loca-
geographical
The
Brazil,
accurately.
as accurate,
of
are
are representative
stratosphere where
sidered
even
during
area
ocean
observing sites,
covered.
pilot balloon
surrounding
miles
out
sparcely
observation
Each
interior
DATA
island
sites
land areas
the
radio winds
the 47
areas
observation
seen,
of
observations.
air
exception of
the
with
143
lack
vast
ships,
and
the
the
of
extent
the large
of
Mainly because
tions of
OF THE
REPRESENTATIVENESS
winds
the
then
through-
hemisphere
troposphere
can be
representative
con-
data is
less.
The mean values
and
standard
deviations
computed
for
18.
7
R
H
1
R
RR
W
R
R
_
rP.
.
14-1
RR
"
....
i' ....
',,
.
."
/l5.o ,,"
+,.L ' , \ .\ " ."L( - o
,.L
'
"
k-
W</
Figure 3.
i
:
--?
Geographical location of stations used in this
R indicates radio wind sites; W indireport.
cates Pibal stations.
-
/
m i,
' -"~ LI
19.
various
be
intended
to be
This
requires
that
the
selection of
data
fact
that
the observations
were
season.
winter
however, we
random,
just
the winds
coincided with
that
in favor
few or
of
to drifting out
cannot
then
strong
This being
700 mb
Because
the
the
For
have
for
a
chance
fair
and
short run
due
is
reason pilot balloons
these
the
percentage of
case normally
good
850
the
the
number
of
total possible.
and
occasionally
levels.
of
the
radio wind
when considered
these
may
biased
there are
Unless
the weather
If
the balloon
a high
mary data used were
that
considered
considered representative unless
be
observations were
the
be
day).
(one
balloon has a
the
ground.
sight.
of
observations
fair weather.
and
low levels
the
lost near
are
winds
at
of
fluctuation
of
period
observations may
light winds
no clouds
being
period
the
pilot balloon
The
to have a
happened
not
random unless
them
still consider
may
they are
suggest
time intervals would
regular
taken at
of
The
random sample.
a
the
of
representative
stations are
stations
shortcomings of
the
96
radio winds.
stations are
even
in combination with
had
fairly
the pibal
complete
data,
Figure
the pri-
3 reveals
more landlocked
the pibals.
sets
Most
of data at
than
of
least
-(^1I.~II~--II.
IYCLXIIII---^-~LI^1_.X~
_.(1_1-.^~-(
-~11.141_11^-~
111~-~--11
20.
100 mb
to
of
the possible
has been
of
attributed,
the polar
air where
Nevertheless, due
in
has been
observations
in
would
At
forty
be
300 mb
in
the
to
cold
stratospheric
occasionally
goes
to -900C.
less
the
Forrest,
reports a
and
182
the
past
of
even
radio
complete
set
at
has been
to
the balloons
data
in
50
the
mb
this argument.
least
of
middle
150
and
data, 183
200 mb.
times.
very
upper
observations,
Consequently,
to compensate
upper
being
report
this
Australia located
made
the
wind
lighter winds,
still report at
100 and
circulation.
the
enough to discount
observations
at
that
The
in southern
should be
observations
levels, due
reported winds at
The analysis
patterns found
variable wind
number of
complete
stations
large percentage
extremely
situations.
this report no attempt
bias
part,
biased towards
higher
reports
of
the Antarctic regions.
in
the maximum winds throughout
troposphere
at
the
appear to be
station,
near
argued in
strong wind
200 mb
One
to the
should
at
especially
lost
night
one half
than
percentage
the
for a representative estimate
required
It
in
to the
stratosphere afewer
the
50 mb
especially
bursts due
balloon
reported more
stations
At
183.
off markedly,
drops
This
50
where
up
for
any
levels.
suffers
from an
in
almost
21.
MB
S0-48
32
)
-88
25
80/
.40
-48
-80
-56
-72
-64
Figure 4.
50 mb may be an underestimate
'00
-
170 0 E July 1957.
Mean temperatures near
-24
.
900S
0
8-
60
Figure 4.
of the
-
true-
picture.
Reference
8
16
301
Heavy line
00
300
600
90ON
Mean temperatures near 1700EduringJuly 1957. Heavy line
indicates mean tropopause; isotherms in OCperature.
(From
Taylor)
lack
complete
reporting
to
may
50
mb
to
Figure
winter)
dient
an
the
the
4
and
extreme
analysis
analysis
an
be
for
shows
a
throughout
suggesting
representative
stations
analyze
that
felt
felt
that
... 56"
of
about
maximum
of
of
the
the
underestimate
the
mean
rather
Due
500S.
in
the
to
of
area
an
stratospheric
stratospheric
-24
of
the
isotherms
true
during
strong horizontal
the stratosphere
the
between
data
south
increasing westerlies with
no
jet
jet
Antarctic
hesistancy
data,
at
at
100
100
is
and
and
picture.
Reference
July
(mid-
1957
temperature
of
it
450
height.
S,
gra-
thus
___ *~~_~
22.
V.
DISCUSSION OF THE ANALYSIS
In the discussion of the analyzed data (Plates 1 - 8)
occasional reference will be made to the report by Buch
(1954) in which he performed a similar analysis of northern
hemisphere data for
the year
1950.
To the extent that we
can say that each of the reports represents
the winter cir-
culation of the respective hemispheres, a comparison of the
circulation of the northern and southern hemispheres can be
made.
As indicated in Figure 3,
tween
900
-
1400 W,
and
the South Pacific Ocean be-
between
completely lacking in data.
the
equator
and
600
S,
Therefore, the analysis of
region has been entered in a dashed-dot pattern to set
aside
from areas where the analysis
accurate.
is
this
it
can be considered more
Due to the much more symmetrical arrangement of
land and ocean areas and the absence
of any barriers to the
zonal flow, with the exception of the Andes affecting the
lower troposphere down to about 300 S,
the southern hemis-
phere should be expected to display a correspondingly more
symmetrical distribution of zonal wind
statistics.
23.
very much
trades are
220
to about
of
reaches
Ocean and
mum is
found near
"roaring
about
southern
tip
5 m/sec
stronger
similar with the
The Antarctic
perimeter,
rather
130 0 W
In
about
magnitude
is
which
- 30
0
maxi-
the
side
easterly
the
of
flow
The
southern
50 nearer
700 mb
centered at
and
the
are
about
northern
westerly pattern
the
show a maximum at
they
the
hemisphere
the pole
than
increased by
where
been termed
separated by
850
by
is
5 m/sec.
about
characterized mainly
rapidly at 700 mb,
m/sec
10
continuous belt
along their maximum
At
of
Indian
the
which have
of maxima
America.
westerlies.
hemisphere
center
across
disrupt
westerlies
centers
to be
The
isotach pattern.
show as a
South
of
average
Along the western
Mountains
the
in
the
Near Brazil
Madagascar.
equator.
forties"
westerlies appear
the
of
the
S with two
460
mb.
700
near 100S
is
southern hemisphere
The
S at
on
absolute maximum value
its
sharp dip
180
and
850 mb
America the Andes
causing a
the
mb
northern tip
the
South
850
easterlies at
the
over
S at
evidence, extending
in
easterly
the
mb)
700
and
(850
troposphere
lower
the
In
easterlies
and
along
decrease
then
become westerly
from
E.
the middle troposphere
(500
and
400 mb)
the
tropical
24.
are
confined
to a narrower
extending only
to about
120
easterlies
pared
easterlies
very
with some
hemisphere
of
the
equator
the
near
as com-
symmetric
fairly
The westerlies now occupy
troposphere.
the
of the
the meandering
to
S and
belt
the
lower
of
remainder
minor exceptions
over
Antarctica.
the middle of
In
now appears a
this broad
cussed
by
become more
extensive,
effecting a
split
in
to as
and referred
wind.
geostrophic
400 mb
At
both upstream and
maximum
the
the
dis-
the
"Tasman
the minimum has
downstream,
westerlies between
the
of
there
Tasman
of weak westerlies was
zone
(1958)
Taljaard
of
Minimum"
over
relative minimum centered
This remarkable
Sea.
of westerlies
belt
800 W and 700 E.
There
appears
to be
a definite
of the westerlies
minimum
southern
hemisphere.
tions by
van Loon
showed
Listed
in order
regions
(3)
blocking action in
on
five
the Marion-Crozet
Island
the
years
of
historical
to blocking actions.
favorable
Pacific,
the
of blocking situa-
of decreasing importance
Eastern Australia - Western
and
the
investigation
(1956) based
three
charts
An
and
connection between
(2)
area,
they are
(1)
the Scotia
with nearly
Sea,
one half
25.
total blocks
of the
first area.
occurring in the
estingly, all areas are
to the
hemisphere blocks are usually found on
continents.
By contrast northern
the west side
of
The yearly trend shows a pronounced maximum
northern hemisphere
during the late winter similar to the
pattern.
of the continental
southeast
located approximately on 450 S.
masses
Inter-
Once the blocking has occurred there is a
to spread downstream, especially from the
tendency
area around New
Zealand.
During the winter Australia cools off much more rapidly
than the surrounding seas to the north thus further accentuating
in
the westerlies
and upper
the middle
The
to influence the
circulation far downstream.
same pattern which began at
appear
thus generated,
over Australia.
The
strong westerlies
troposphere
500 mb continues on to
300 and 200 mb where the minimum now appears to encircle
the hemisphere, still
blocking action.
still
of
One
superposed
The most
over the latitude
of
impressive minimum, however,
lies downstream from the Tasman Sea.
Along each side
this minimum, the maxima are approximately of equal
centered
over
300
S
and
strongest tropospheric winds
the
other
at about
550
S.
strength.
The
of the hemisphere are centered
26.
at 200
the
At
is
no
mb
50
longer
light
westerlies.
night
jet)
by
the
for
the
(820
(1960)
South
S and
hemisphere
weak
and
shows
the
isotach
the
50 mb
charts
near the
This
is
(or
polar
pole,
center
of
A
to be
of
however,
the
over Antarctica is
Pole
of
m/sec.
pattern not
the
band
characterized
than 40
geographical
that
by a
maximum
and
maximum
latitude
replaced
of more
has reported
E).
is
to increase
about
Pole but
550
rather
isotachs
monthly mean
to increase
northern
very
low
high latitude
has continued
symmetrical
Astapenko
at
The
inspection reveals
strictly
is
(see
over Antarctica.
the
the
(Plate 8)
but
nearly concentric
close
latitudes
pole.
level
present
to
contrast
circulation
the
the
about
symmetry
sharp
where
regions
stratosphere
colder
in
is
pattern
polar
no
to the
response
those
of
reversal
poleward maximum continues
the
while
4),
Figure
gradient at
temperature
has
equatorward maximum
the
equator,
in magnitude reflecting the
rapidly
horizontal
This
the
except near
lati-
at all
stratosphere
the
into
and well
100 mb
decreased
in
48 m/sec
about
of
mb.
At
tudes
reach a maximum
they
over Australia where
vortex
not
Inaccessibility
position agrees very
well
with
27.
the
isotach
level
at this
the
sun but
Due
a belt
to
of
present
lies
also by
have
their northern
(1962),
easterlies
suggest
by
hemisphere
that
of
position
influences.
in
the
centered near
circulation
the
the
temperature
encircling
the
stratosphere,
hemisphere
150
S.
is
These
counterparts
as
eastershown
in
the northern
hemisphere
continuous,
being broken
over North
except
are not
that
geographic
of
easterlies
low latitudes
by Murakami
the
surface
inversion
light
would
only controlled
is not
the
at
and
pattern,
Africa.
Near
the
or what has
wind
equator
In
westerlies near
nature of
the
two
this
regimes where
the
From
presented by Reed
the
best
occurred
stratospheric
approximately
26
figure
months.
for
report
our
data merely
supposedly
equatorial
as the
and
easterly)
data
a meteorological
the equator.
oscillations
(April-September) our
between
seen
now become known
oscillation' .
light
can be
"biennial
is
(1962)
winds
reflects
the
it
band
to
time
the
of
the
period
difference
(from westerly
middle
appears
of
July
that
26
period
months
for
to
1958.
the
oscillate with a period
Although
the average
due
particular
changeover
near
stratospheric
shows as a
However,
"paradox"
appears
1954-1960
of
to be
it
is
28.
possible that a longer period of data may
period as 2 years,
the
therefore making it
annual period.
(30
S)
the maximum amplitude to be 25 m/sec near
level.
The
tropopause, while stratospheric and
or no correlation.
for four equatorial
25 mb
shows
downward with the decrease becoming
tropospheric oscillations in the
little
from Canton
from February 1954 to October 1960
very rapid near the
easterlies
speed of approximately
A time height cross section
amplitude diminishes
of
earlier at the higher levels and
progress downwards at an average
Island
a subharmonic
Studies to date indicate that
and westerlies appear
1 km per month.
establish the
Angell
stations
equatorial
regions
show
(1962) presents data
(Canton Island 1720 W,
Singapore 1040
E, Nairobi 470 E and Fernando de Naronha 320 W)
which show the
oscillation at 50 mb at all stations to be in
phase, thus indicating that the currents are global
extent.
in
29.
VI.
ZONAL AVERAGES AS
FUNCTION
A
OF LATITUDE
AND
PRESSURE
values of u and s(u) were evaluated
Zonally averaged
from the analyzed maps by using a system of grid points
for every
50 of latitude and 100
s(u) were estimated by
The zonal averages of u and
1
u]
V
=
[s(u
i=l
s(u)
--
36
The bracket operator will
quantity
36
1
36
--
36
of longitude.
along a latitude
i=l
refer to the space average
circle.
Values of
are tabulated in Tables 2 and 3.
L
and
The meanivalues
of a
[s(u)
for the
vertical integral resulted from applying weighting factors
of .225,
tively
.175,
.150,
to the 850,
.100,
700,
.100,
500,
400,
.100,
300,
.075 and
200,
.075 respec-
100 and
50 mb
winds.
Meridional
[u]
and
cross
sections
of the
zonal averages
Ls(u)] are presented in Figures
5 and 6.
to make a comparison with the northern hemisphere
tion the winter values for
(1954) as Figures 7 and 8.
In
for
order
circula-
1950 are reproduced from Buch
30.
TA3LE 2.
800
750
700
650
50
450
30.67
31.0
26.47
20.S1
19.24
19.42
25.89
29.65
26.20
22.04
24.32
16.54
22.91
26.25
24.11
20.23
20.78
1.3
16.24
19.70
20.60
20.65
19.44
6.49
11.30
16.20
18.33
19.403 19.17
17.21
2.88
6.03
10.32
13.79
15.86
15.43
13.11
0.31
4.10
7.67
10.29
10.79
3.93
11.88
16.88
19.62
19.24
17.33
15.71
200
150
32.90
100
7.77
11.92
17.74
24.68
200
4.96
8.19
12.79
300
5.00
7.07
11.00
400
4.71
4.95
7.15
500
3.41
3.99
700
0.29
0.80
-2.90
2.50
3.89
7.07
350
300
250
7.79
3.97
1.36
-1.37
-4.17
100
22.67
25.10
21.78
14.72
8.94
3.39
200
30.75
35.42
31.14
21.42
12.03
4.04
-1.60
-6.61
300
25.17
27.99
25.13
17.67
8.99
1.72
-2.93
-6.31
400
19.51
19.03
16.34
12.10
5.14
-0. 96
-5.30
-6.65
500
15.26
13.23'
10.83
7.57
2.76
-2.03
-4.89
-6.10
700
9.99
6.80
4.29
1.81
-1.08
-3.00
-4.07
-4.54
850
5.81
2.82
0.19
-2.12
-4.93
-5.09
-4.11
-3.53
15.17
14.24
11.41
2.10
-1.45
-2.19
-4.31
50 mb
Mean
400
12.42
24.33
Mean
550
10.6,4
15.70
-4.20
630
28.75
9.34
-3.62
/soc
37.1 c
50 mb
850
[]
7.10
100
-2.58
50
00
1.41
4.93
0.01
-2.78
~n~s__
31.
TAL3L
3.
[s (u)]
m/cc
5350
53o
12.73
9.22
10.51
12.10
10.43
500
800
750
50 mbn
5.58
8.03
100
6.14
7.20
200
3.62
9.27
300
11.45
400
700
450
40
10.42
8.37
8.07
10.31
10.64
10.83
11.84
13.00C 14.25
15.40
13.22
14.62
15.IS
16.73
17.35
17.64
11.19
12.47
13.56
15.01
15.76
15.52
15.63
14.82
8.34
9.69
10.80
12.10
13.05
13.42
13,57
13.26
12.80
700
6.09
7.21
8.56
10.090
11.5
11.011
1.13
85
4.72
5.76
7.09
S.36
9.20
350
300
250
200
150
100
7.47
6.90
6.37
5.88
5.53
5.97
100
11.07
10.94
10.38
9.30
8.34
7.76
7.76
8.21
200
17.95
17.30
15.45
12.96
10.87
9.47
8.63
8.43
300
16.75
15.54
13.63
11.23
7.23
6.32
5.91
400
13.63
12.14
10.57
8 .81
6.05
5.3
5.12
500
11.41
9.91
8.58
7.13
5.02
4.48
700
8.81
7.49
6.52
5.59
4.68
4.17
850
7.39
6.35
5.38
4.30
3.53
3.36
50 mb
12.30
50
15.21
14.79
7.06
17.Li
S9.57 9.49
50
9.07
00
7.74
4. 1
3.41
3.6"
8.,33
__~_~
I-~ Y~-- IILI~---
5O
100
1
8501
Figure
5.
N..
600
700
800S
[u] for
1958).
,l
500
400
(April
a souther
hemi sphcre winter
meters per second.
Isotachs in
~
100 I
100
200
0
-SoJ33-e~Dcer
-- ~ll^----- -- --- U
I
-
Is-///
14
10
-
80 0 S
Figure 6.
700
600
[s(u)] for
1958).
500
a
hemisphere
in meters
200
300
400
southern
Is( otachs
_
per
winter
second.
(April
100
-
S;te:. o
_~L
850' 0
70 N
Figure
I
600
400
500
a northern
7.
(1950)
700N
Figure S.
N
600
Ls(u)]
(1950)
(From
500
'd
300
200
hemi s~er
Buch,
400
/
ICP
winter
1954)
300
200
100
for a northern hemisphere
(From Buch, 1954)
winter
~1^~-__
_^--1).__.4_
~_~_I~_j______~~_llll~___I-i
34.
First
the
that
examining
Only
lies.
from the
anticyclonic
the
equatorial
deep
pattern
The maximum
near 47 0 S or
of
50 of
hemisphere
the
latitude nearer the
or nearly double
5 m/sec greater,
some
The
is
westerlies
pole than
Its magnitude
for the northern hemisphere.
and
1950.
tropospheric
lower
resulting
resembles, very
for
profile
wester-
exceptions.
being the
easterlies
the
the Antarctic,
over
circulation
seen
can be
easterlies
low latitude easterlies
of the
the northern
much,
polar
low level
the weak
it
,
dominated by
compltely
is
circulation
u
of
pattern
the
that
is
the case
11 m/sec
oi
is
of the northern
hemisphere.
In the middle and upper
While
in the profiles are apparent.
shows
a
single maximum
hemisphere has a more
tropospheric maximum
seven degrees
than
32 m/sec
370S at
230 mb,
this
jet
is
some 10 m/sec
increase with height
maximum
is
shows a
This is
about 200 mb.
presen
culminating in
At
stronger
the northern hemisphere.
a secondary
southern
the
It
complicated pattern.
over 30 0 s at
hemisnheru
the northern
of latitude nearer the equator.
mean winter jet of
latitudes
over
differences
troposphere basic
a very
greater
than
the
At higher
.nic:
ch continues
intense
to
stratosphric
__(1-(
)-1lri-1-1-n1-~
_
jet
stream
The
centered
effect
(Figure 4)
the
very
The
them
in
levels
ting
-he
the
The
the
general
A weak
winds,
otherwise
stability above
the
latitudes are
of
with
just
maximum
the
the
pattern
iiCs
above
0lv
100
betweon
7 and
220
the
stable
most
y
variabili
largest
30 mb.
a
and
-winds.
8)
At
low.
vaiable, depic-
of
one
tropopause.
the
of
the
tropospheric
with
of
closely
follows
value
associated
is
6
(Figures
most
poleward
is
in
resulting
activity.
frontal
the
-and 150
for the two hemispheres.
similar
of maximum
secondary
we
'ec
deviation
are
trades
area
pattern
the
standard
very
appearing
deviation
jet,
of
00
between
of
inversioI
-co-er-ature
into casterlies
middle
of maximum
evident
general,
expected,
stratosphoaic
decrease
profiles
appear,
the
very
rapid
turning
even
As
of
is
5SOS.
ner
rapidly
the
hat
standard
jot.
stratospheric
increasing
I1~_~_
I~I_
^__~~I~LY~I1_
3-
VII.
data
The
the
through
investigate
COCLUSION
made
WMO
has
the
zonal
it
for
zhe
o-
he
nrLire
icthe
winter
possible
circu-ation
av.ilable
.nd made
IGY
the
collected during
first
time,
to
southern
hemisphere.
From
September)
through
to
in
double
maximum
tor
than
the
of
graphic
(at
circulaion
in
the
50
the
pole.
of
The
and
a
and
pattern
ocean areas
by
latitude
the
the
eqa-
the
symmetric
rather
Antarcice
osphere
stra
of
hemisphere.
about
than
and
the
the goo-
cisplays a much more
reflecting
in
shown
low
of
the
55OE)
hemisphere
is
sream.
a result
to be
appear
ared
dif-
nea"or
circulation
stronrest
hemis-
compn
basic
The
jet
throughout
(S20S
A
1950.
latitude
undoubtedly
southern
circulation
land
of
(April
southern
troposphere.
70
winds
the
season
hemispheres
hemisphere
maximum,
zonal
two
the
upper
northern
mb)
of
winter
of
Inaccessibility
symmetrical
symmetry
westerly
increases upward
The Antarctic
Pole
tha
approximately
being
influence,
becomes
patterns
the
poleward
A
revealed
hemisphere
maximum
is
ws
it
o
datCI
of
stronger
much
northern
the
ference
a
a
has
phere
analysis
the
that
the
greater
hemisphere.
IiiC__l*C__II~~_1
37.
1.
Alt, J., P. D. Astapenko and N. J. Ropar, 1959: Some Aspects of
No. 4,
Antarctic Circulation in 1958. IGY Gen. Renort Serier,
C.
D.
Washington,
Sciences,
of
Academy
National
IGY WDC-A,
2.
Angell, J. K., and J. Karshovor, 1962: The Biennial Wind and
Temperature Oscillation of the Equatorial Stratosphere and Their
Mon. W:a. Rev., 90,
possible Extension to Higher Latitudes,
127-132.
Ph.D. Thesis.
MI.I.T.
Department Meteor.,
3.
Barnes, A. A., 1962:
Cambridge, Mass.
4.
Brooks, C. E. P., C. R. Durst, N. Carruthers, D. Dewar and
J. S. Sawyer, 1950: Upper Winds over the World. Met. Office
Geo. Mem., No. 85, London.
5.
Buch, H. S., 1054: Hemispheric Wind Conditions during the
M.I.T. Dept. Meteor. General Circulation Project
Year 1950.
Final Report.
6.
IGY General Report No. 9, 1960:
of Sciences, Washington, D. C.
7.
Lamb, H.
, 1-23.
8.
Loon, H. van, 1955; A note on Moridional Atmospheric Cross
Sections in the Southern Hemisphere, Notos, 4, 127-129,
9.
Loon, H. van, 1956: Blocking Action in the Southern Hemisphere, Notos, 5, 171-173.
H.,
1950:
IGY WDC-A,
The Southern Westerlies.
National Academy
Q.J.R.M.S.,
85
10.
Lowe, F. and U. Radok, 1950: A meridional aerological cross
J. 'Meteor., 7, 58-63.
section in the south'west Pacif.
11.
Stratospheric Wind Temperature and IsoMura'&ni, T., 1962:
baric Height Conditions During the IGY Period. Renort No. 5
AT(30-1) 2241 and AF 12(604)-5223, M.I.T. Dept. Meteor.
and D. G. Rcers, 1962: The Circulation of Tropical
in Years 1954-1963.
J. Atio
s.Scnces,
19, 127-33.
12.
Reed, R. J.,
Stratospherc
13.
Starr, V. P. and R. 7,1. White, 1951: A hemisphcrical study of the
atmospheric angular momentum balance.
Q.J.R.M.S., 77, 215-225.
14.
Taljaard, J. J., and H. van Loon 1960: Th
mb contour maps over the southern oceans.
Pergamon Press, New York, 06-114.
15.
Taljaard, J. J., and H. van Loon, 195S: A study of 1000-500 mb
thickness distribution in the southern hemisphere,
Notos, 7,
123-158.
16.
Taylor, R. C., 1960: Meridional Cross Section of Temperature.
Antarctic Meteorology, Pergamon Press, New York, 439-452.
construction of 500
.Anarctic feteoroloLY,
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