M-Powering Energy Change:
Providing Technology & Empowering People
Richard Carlin
Office of Naval Research
Department Head Sea Warfare & Weapons
Winning & Preventing Wars
With an Energy Strategy
 Win Wars by Increasing Operational Capabilities
through Energy Optimization
 Implement the use of non-petroleum alternative
fuels
 Install secured alternative/renewable energy at
CONUS and OCONUS military facilities
 Implement alternative/renewable energy for
expeditionary and special operations forces
Geothermal
NAS Fallon
 Increase platform and facilities energy efficiencies
Photovoltaic
Navy Base Coronado
Hybrid Electric Drive
 Prevent Wars with Strategic Partnerships and
Humanitarian Actions
 Implement alternative/renewable energy with
global partners
Stern Flap – DDG54
Ion Tiger
 Install alternative/renewable energy during
humanitarian operations for enduring use
 Implement secured energy partnerships with
community at OCONUS military installations
2
Technology
Maturity Level
Building Capacity from
Classroom to Market
Process
Maturity
Level
Marketing
Manufacture
Product
&
Business
Development
Test & Evaluation
Technology
Product
Demonstration
University
Research
&
Education
Prototype
Experimentation
Development
Product Idea
CC
Training &
STEM
Research
Classroom
Concepts
K-12
STEM
K-12
CC = Community Colleges
College & University
Workforce
Professional
Development
Renewables 2015 Global Status Report: http://www.ren21.net/status-of-renewables/global-status-report/
Additional Reading: Electric Power for Rural Growth: How Electricity Affects Rural Life in
Developing Countries, Douglas F. Barnes, Energy For Development; 2 edition (December 6, 2014).
4
Electrification Access
Renewables 2015 Global Status Report: http://www.ren21.net/status-of-renewables/global-status-report/
5
Renewables 2015 Global Status Report: http://www.ren21.net/status-of-renewables/global-status-report/
6
Renewables 2015 Global Status Report: http://www.ren21.net/status-of-renewables/global-status-report/
7
Distributed Renewable Energy in Developing Countries
15% of the global population still lack
electricity access
Distributed renewable energy systems
offer unprecedented opportunity to
accelerate the transition to modern
energy services in remote areas and
new markets, as they are more costcompetitive.
Little quantitative information on DRE
markets, but information available
indicates that markets are significant,
e.g. off-grid solar PV attracted approx.
USD 64 billion of investment in 2014.
Renewables 2015 Global Status Report: http://www.ren21.net/status-of-renewables/global-status-report/
Power Sector – total renewable energy power capacity installed
BRICS lead for total RE power capacity (incl. hydro): 38% of global capacity.
EU leads for non-hydro RE power capacity: 42% of global capacity
Renewables 2015 Global Status Report: http://www.ren21.net/status-of-renewables/global-status-report/
Global Investment in Renewable Energy
Global new investment
estimated USD 270.2
billion in 2014
(including hydropower USD
301 billion)
Reasons for the increase:
• Increase in solar power
installations in China
and Japan
• Investment in solar
power up 25%
• Record investment in
offshore wind projects
in Europe
Renewables 2015 Global Status Report: http://www.ren21.net/status-of-renewables/global-status-report/
Developed Countries: Annual investment in 2014: USD 138.9 billion (increase of 3% compared to 2013)
Developing Countries: annual investment in 2014: USD 131.3 billion (increase of 36% compared to 2013)
Renewables 2015 Global Status Report: http://www.ren21.net/status-of-renewables/global-status-report/
Global Investment in Renewable Energy by Technology
Solar power - leading
sector for money
committed during 2014,
receiving more than
55% (USD 149.6 billion)
of total new investment
in renewable power and
fuels
Wind power followed
with USD 99.5 billion
Renewables 2015 Global Status Report: http://www.ren21.net/status-of-renewables/global-status-report/
Global Investment in Renewable Energy by Technology
 Developing countries again expanded their share of renewable energy investment in 2014, to
49% – six percentage points up from 2013. This was because while both developing and
developed economies saw financing increase last year, the former’s 36% growth to $131.3 billion
far exceeded the latter’s 3% rise to $138.9 billion.
 China was in large part responsible for boosting emerging economies’ share of investment, as it
alone attracted $83.3 billion last year – a 33% increase on 2013. As a result, of every three
dollars of global renewables investment, just under $1 was spent in that Asian country.
 Of the top 10 countries, Brazil and the Netherlands saw the biggest increases in renewables
investment, to $7.4 billion and $6.4 billion respectively excluding research and development.
Most of Brazil’s 93% annual rise was due to 2013 auction winners securing financing last year.
The Netherlands saw a 266% surge on the back of the largest ever renewables asset financing.
 Policy uncertainty took its toll on several developed countries: Italy saw investment drop 71% to
$1.4 billion due to retroactive subsidy cuts. In Australia, utility-scale financing plunged to $330
million from $2.1 billion in 2013, hit by indecision over the future of the country’s renewable
energy target.
 Outside the top 10, a growing number of emerging economies attracted investment over $1
billion last year: Mexico ($2.1 billion), Indonesia ($1.8 billion), Turkey ($1.8 billion), Chile ($1.4
billion) and Kenya ($1.3 billion). Even more saw investment over $500 million: Costa Rica, Jordan,
Myanmar, Panama, the Philippines, Thailand and Uruguay.
Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment 2015, http://www.fs-unep-centre.org
Jobs in Renewable Energy
Global employment
continued to increase
An estimated 7.7
million direct or
indirect jobs in the
renewable energy
industry
Global wind power
employment crossed
the 1 million jobs
threshold in 2014
Renewables 2015 Global Status Report: http://www.ren21.net/status-of-renewables/global-status-report/
IRENA: http://www.irena.org/home/index.aspx?PriMenuID=12&mnu=PriPriMenuID=12&mnu=Pri
Data Source: IRENA
Jobs in Renewable Energy
Global employment
continued to increase
An estimated 7.7
million direct or
indirect jobs in the
renewable energy
industry
Global wind power
employment crossed
the 1 million jobs
threshold in 2014
Renewables 2015 Global Status Report: http://www.ren21.net/status-of-renewables/global-status-report/
IRENA: http://www.irena.org/home/index.aspx?PriMenuID=12&mnu=PriPriMenuID=12&mnu=Pri
Data Source: IRENA
U.S. Trade Partners
Congressional Research Service
16
http://energy.gov/eere/technology-to-market/energy-transition-initiative
17
Asia Pacific Technology & Education Program
[APTEP]
Science, Technology,
Engineering &
Mathematics (STEM)
Technology Research
& Evaluation
Technology Commercialization
• Promote sustainability through alternative energy research, technology
development & education
• Provide a CleanTech workforce by linking energy education & research
institutes with CleanTech companies
APTEP Vision & Purpose
Nationally and Internationally:
Promote sustainability through alternative energy research,
technology development and education
 Research, develop and evaluate U.S. technologies applicable to Asia-Pacific
regions.
 Grow U.S. commerce by promoting U.S. cleantech technology across Asia-
Pacific.
 Provide a U.S. cleantech workforce by linking energy education, energy
research and cleantech companies.
 Establish partnerships with Asia-Pacific nations through economic, research
and educational opportunities.
“Here, we see the future. As the world’s fastest-growing region-and home to more than half the global economy—the Asia
Pacific is critical to achieving my highest priority: creating jobs and opportunity for the American people. With most of the
world’s nuclear powers and some half of humanity, Asia will largely define whether the century ahead will be marked by
conflict or cooperation, needless suffering or human progress.”
– President Obama, Australian Parliament, November 17, 2011
19
APTEP Vision & Purpose
In Hawaii, maintain and expand the following areas of research,
education & commerce:
 World-leading alternative energy research and technology development at the
University of Hawaii (UH) and the Hawaii Natural Energy Institute (HNEI).
 UH educational curricula growing future leaders in Asia-Pacific energy technologies,
economics, policy and cultural sustainment.
 Educational, training and outreach activities at community colleges and local
economic development organizations.
 Alternative energy testbed sites across the State as models for environmental and
climatic diversity in Asia-Pacific.
 Alternative energy product maturation with local companies, in particular small
businesses.
 Effective marketing of U.S. alternative energy technologies to Asia-Pacific nations.
 An open and effective marketplace for all international alternative energy
technologies.
20
Hawaii Trade Partners
21
Thailand Green City
Chiang Mai Rajabhat University
1st ASEAN SMART GRID CONGRESS, 16–18 December 2015
http://www.asean-sgc.com
PV Low Power DC
Community Power Grid
22
Green City: Chiang Mai Rajabhat University
PV Low Power DC Community Power Grid
23
Biodigesters & Partnerships with Vietnam
Hạ Long Bay
Hawaii Natural Energy Institute (HNEI) and the Institute of
Energy Science of the Vietnam Academy of Science and
Technology sign MOU to train technical personnel and
exchange scientific data regarding renewable energy
24
Biodigesters in Cambodia
Netherlands Development Finance Company (FMO) is also providing loans
to two local cooperating microfinance institutions, PRASAC and AMRET, to
provide loans to farmers up to the total cost of the biodigester plant, a max.
of $1000USD, at an interest rate of only 1.2% per month.
Fixed dome digester buried under the ground
Cooking
http://nbp.org.kh/Default.aspx?lang=en
Fertilizer
Lighting
25
26
v
Containerized Battery
Biofuel & Diesel Storage
Local Resident
27
http://www.kingislandrenewableenergy.com.au
MARFORPAC Experimentation Center
(MEC)
Crimson Viper 2011, Thailand
Balikatan 2012, Philippines
Renewable Energy
Architectures for Cultural &
Human Environments
(REACHE)
UH Portable Water
Purification System (HTDV)
GREENPATH Solar Blankets and Batteries (HTDV)
Rapidly Deployed Composite Building
– 2 Day Construction (HTDV)
28
Asia Pacific Technology & Education Program
[APTEP]
Science, Technology,
Engineering &
Mathematics (STEM)
Technology Research
& Evaluation
Technology Commercialization
• Promote sustainability through alternative energy research, technology
development & education
• Provide a CleanTech workforce by linking energy education & research
institutes with CleanTech companies
Hawaii as Testbed for Integration of Renewable
Energy Resources – Representative & Complicated!
80MW
1300MW
5MW
•
•
•
•
•
•
Intermittency of solar and wind
No island interconnections
Resources not evenly distributed
Resources not near population
Large gap between peak and base load
High electricity and fuel costs
200MW
Opportunity to validate and deploy new technologies
190MW
Alternative Energy Research*
• Alternative Fuels
–
–
–
–
Fuel chemistry, combustion, material compatibility & storage stability [Navy]
Biomass sustainability studies [USDA/ARS]
Methane hydrates characterization and international surveys [NRL]
Waste-to-energy [DoE & other Services]
• Hydrogen (H2), Fuel Cell Research and Evaluation
–
–
–
–
HC&S
H2 production and storage with grid stabilization [DoE, Puna Geotherma,l & Hawaii Electric Light Co]
Non-tactical vehicle evaluation and grid interface [DoE & other services]
Unmanned systems evaluation [NRL]
Fuel cell materials research [DoE]
H2 Powered FC Vehicles
• Renewable Power Generation
–
–
–
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion heat exchanger corrosion/biofouling [NAVFAC & DoE]
Wave Energy Test Site (WETS) [NAVFAC & DoE]
Solar photovoltaic and small wind systems evaluations [DoE]
• Energy Security and Renewable Penetration Impact Mitigation
–
–
–
OTEC HXGR
Grid modeling and analysis [NAVFAC (naval facilities) & DoE (public utility)]
Micro-grid: Maui & planning for other islands [DoE, NEDO, & Hawaii Electric Light Co]
Megawatt energy storage for grid stabilization [DoE & Hawaii Electric Light Co]
• Energy Efficiency
–
–
–
Hawaii Fuel Cell
Test Facility
Seawater Air Conditioning (SWAC) modeling [NAVFAC]
Building performance and energy neutral-to-energy positive structures [NAVFAC]
Ice production/water purification system evaluation
Li-Ion MW Battery
FROG Energy Efficient
Structures
• Alternative Energy Analysis and Outreach
–
–
–
STEM programs K-12 & Community Colleges (Hawaii CCs, Chaminade Univ) [Navy]
Maui Economic Development Board (MEDB) Island Energy Inquiry
West Oahu, Sustainable Facilities Planning and Management, STEM Center of Excellence [Navy Shipyard]
*[ ] indicates key partners
Integrate Renewables and Transform
the Maui Grid
EMS
EVECC
Wind Farms
KWP
(30MW)
KWP II
(21MW)
Kihei area
Substation
(Distribute)
Wind Farm
AWE
(21MW)
μDMS
EV Energy
Control
Center
Wailea area
Rapid EV chargers
to be provided by
Hitachi via NEDO
funded project
Battery Energy Storage (BESS)
for Grid Management
Haw’i Wind Farm
BESS at Haw’i wind farm
Interior view of BESS
Demonstrate use of fast battery energy storage to manage frequency variability
caused by intermittent renewable generation
1 MW, 250 kW-hr Lithium-ion Titanate BESS from Altairnano installed on HELCO grid
at interface between wind farm/utility
 Algorithms developed to manage frequency response and state of charge of battery
 Grid response (frequency) measured with battery on and battery off
 Grid and battery characteristics continuously monitored

Enabling the integration of high-penetration of renewable energy
generation into micro-grid systems
Anaerobic Digestion for Dilute Waste Streams
Ten (10) liter lab high-rate anaerobic
digester for evaluation of packing
materials and operating conditions
(e.g. hydraulic retention time and
packing density)
One thousand (1000) liter
demonstration at local
grease-trap waste facility
(under development)
Five thousand (5000) liter
demonstration at local waste
water treatment facility to
reduce BOD of primary
effluent (operating)
http://www.hnei.hawaii.edu
Project FROG:
Energy Neutral → Positive Structures
Initiated in Hawaii at request of Lt. Gen. John F. Goodman for Remote Bases & HA/DR
 Key step in reducing
Ilima Middle School FROG, Oahu
installation energy demand is adopting energy
efficient structural
design practices
 Energy neutral or low energy structures
simplify the incorporation of alternative energy
systems
 Advanced structural concepts
 Provide low cost energy efficient facilities that are
easy to install
 Can be Energy Positive exporting power to a grid
Kawaikini Charter School, Kauai
Asia Pacific Technology & Education Program
[APTEP]
Science, Technology,
Engineering &
Mathematics (STEM)
Technology Research
& Evaluation
Technology Commercialization
• Promote sustainability through alternative energy research, technology
development & education
• Provide a CleanTech workforce by linking energy education & research
institutes with CleanTech companies
The
Energy Excelerator
is a startup program
dedicated to helping
solve the world’s
energy challenges,
starting in Hawaii.
http://youtu.be/5Np5WkJRpC0
http://energyexcelerator.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Energy-Excelerator-Impact-Report-2014-2015_sm.pdf
38
Hawaii K-12 and Undergraduate STEM
TECHNOLOGY ENHANCED SUSTAINABLE AINA
PROJECT IMPLEMENTING ENGINEERING DESIGN
PRINCIPLES IN HAWAI‘I ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS
ONR Co-Funding
Island Energy Inquiry
 Transform existing physical science laboratory into an interactive STEM Center of Excellence
 Provide science laboratories with student lab equipment to support student learning & teacher education
 Establish academic program in Sustainable Facilities Planning & Management: interdisciplinary Bachelor
of Science concentration involving science, pre-engineering, and business coursework
 Establish Cyber Security Vulnerability Assessment Laboratory & Pueo Prototyping Laboratory
39
Royer Studios/HNEI/ONR Energy PSAs
Sustainable Energy for Hawaii Animation Project
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lqKdEjBWJMs&feature=relmfu
National Guard Youth Challenge Academy
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-4aa9J2MrQg&feature=relmfu
Maui Economic Development Board
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ZVBds60GJ8&feature=relmfu
Kauai Community College
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ekdogQAG3pQ&feature=relmfu
Kawaikini Public Charter School
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WTLFIlgAXag&feature=relmfu
Waianae High School
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n6-kHAkOUZA&feature=relmfu
40
Energy Systems Technology
and Evaluation Program [ESTEP]
Education & Training
Opportunities for Current & Future
Naval Energy Workforce
SPAWAR
Program Management
Info/Network Security Expertise
Technical & Business Training
• Command Personnel
• NPS* Energy Students
• SDSU** Veterans & Wounded
Warrior Outreach Pilot
Technology Demonstrations at
Naval Facilities to Reduce Energy
Costs & Increase Energy Security
ONR Oversight &
Funding
http://youtu.be/Xvbj_kr3nng
NPS*
NAVFAC/NFESC
Energy ROI Research
Student Project Participation
Technical & Business Education
Project Management
Facility Expertise
Technical & Business Training
As we recover from this recession, the transition to clean energy has the potential to grow our economy and create millions
of jobs - but only if we accelerate that transition. Only if we seize the moment." - President Barack Obama (White House
Website, 29 Jan 2012)
*NPS: Naval Postgraduate School
**SDSU: San Diego State University
41
Energy Systems Technology
and Evaluation Program [ESTEP]
 Data Center Smart Metering Evaluation (DC Smart-E)

Evaluate technical approaches to cyber secure smart metering for data centers to reduce
energy consumption, determine the return on investment
 Cyber-SCADA Energy Capability (C-SEC)

Develop Cyber SCADA metrics and new Cyber SCADA integrated capability
 Virtual Smart Grids for Achieving Regional Net-Zero Energy Goals

Develop & demonstrate virtual smart grid to manage/achieve net-zero energy goals at the
regional scale
 Marine Corps Base Hawaii Energy Management Evaluation

Evaluate cost-effective energy management for MCBH. Determine ROI, ease of integration and
ease of use
 Advanced Power Electronics for PV Inverters

Develop new PV inverter incorporating advanced electronics and novel topology
 Adhered PV Reliability and Performance

Determine the reliability of adhered PV systems on various roof materials and configurations.
Determine the performance loss due to heat gain vs PV systems with air gaps
 Improved Wind Resistant Rooftop PV

Develop light-weight, non-penetrating, rooftop PV mounting system capable of 150mph wind
gusts for 3 seconds
 Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) Validation and LIDAR measurement

Evaluate performance and maintenance requirements of VAWTs
 HVAC Rooftop Unit Challenge (RTU)

Characterize and evaluate the performance and cost benefit of nascent commercial advanced
high performance HVAC rooftop units
 Wind Powered Cooling with Thermal Storage

Design a grid independent wind turbine powered chiller system with an ice thermal storage
system for data center cooling to reduce data center energy costs
42
Thank You
Richard Carlin
richard.carlin1@navy.mil
Office of Naval Research
Developing Country Data
44
Developing Countries
Dark Green: developing economies according to the IMF
Light Green: developing economies out of scope of the IMF
Red: graduated to developed economy
Blue: Newly Industrialized Countries
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_country
45
Renewable Energy Policy Landscape
With prices of renewable energy technologies coming down, there is a
steep policy uptake in developing countries.
Renewables 2015 Global Status Report: http://www.ren21.net/status-of-renewables/global-status-report/
47
Renewables 2015 Global Status Report: http://www.ren21.net/status-of-renewables/global-status-report/
Africa Continued
Renewables 2015 Global Status Report: http://www.ren21.net/status-of-renewables/global-status-report/
48
49
Renewables 2015 Global Status Report: http://www.ren21.net/status-of-renewables/global-status-report/
GLOBAL TRENDS IN RENEWABLE ENERGY INVESTMENT 2014 DATA TABLE, $BN
Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment 2015, http://www.fs-unep-centre.org
50
GLOBAL NEW INVESTMENT IN RENEWABLE ENERGY:
DEVELOPED V DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, 2004-2014, $BN
GLOBAL NEW INVESTMENT IN RENEWABLE ENERGY BY SECTOR,
2014, AND GROWTH ON 2013, $BN
GLOBAL NEW INVESTMENT IN RENEWABLE ENERGY BY REGION, 2004-2014, $BN
Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment 2015, http://www.fs-unep-centre.org
51
Hawaii Information
52
Sustainable Energy Infrastructure
Hawaii as the Defense Energy Model for Asia-Pacific Region (2008)
Fuel Cell UAV ISR
• Increase penetration of renewable energy into DoD installations and partner communities
• Distributed power for Humanitarian Assistance & Disaster Relief (HADR), Expeditionary Ops, and FOBs
Energy
Storage
Solar PV
Optional
Grid Connection
Fuel Cell UAV
Wind
Smart Grid
Interface
Electric or Fuel Cell
Vehicles
Fuel Cell /
Electrolyzer
Reverse Osmosis
Water Unit
ONR 33 - Thailand
Fuel Cell UGV
ISR / Sentry
53
53
Hawaii Natural Energy Institute (HNEI)
Organized Research Unit in the School of Ocean and Earth Science and
Technology, University of Hawaii at Manoa
• Alternative Fuels:
• Biomass, Bioenergy, Biofuel
• Methane Hydrates
• Hydrogen, Fuel Cell &Battery Research and Evaluation
• Renewable Power Generation
• Ocean Energy (Wave, OTEC)
• Photovoltaics and small wind evaluations
• Energy Security and Grid Integration
• Grid Modeling and analysis
• Grid scale storage
• Micro- and smart grid development
• Energy Efficiency
• Energy neutral to energy positive structures
• Ice production/water purification development
55
55
Hawaii Sustainable Energy
Research Facility (HiSERF)
Characterize and optimize performance of proton exchange
membrane fuel cell energy systems for use in harsh environments
 Performance and durability testing of single cells and stacks from 15 W to 5




kW with air or oxygen.
Continuous long-term testing for performance and lifetime studies
High resolution diagnostic tools for contaminant analysis
High speed hardware-in-the-loop (HiL) test station to characterize fuel cell
system response for UUV and UAV applications
Custom designed impedance spectroscopy analyzer to analyze fuel cell stack
and battery pack degradation mechanisms
FC Test Facility
Performance testing of GM
Stack for UUV
HiL testing for Ion Tiger
56
T&E of BESS for Grid Support
Hawi 10 MW Wind farm at Upolu Point Hawaii Island
• 1MW, 250kW-hr Li-ion titanate at wind/utility interface
• Frequency regulation, wind smoothing, power quality
HECO feeder with high penetration
(>2 MW distributed PV)
• 1MW, 250 kW-hr Li-ion titanate at substation
• Voltage, VAR, Frequency regulation, power quality
Molokai Secure Renewable Microgrid
• 2MW, 375kW-hr Li-ion titanate, ~100kW community BESS,
• Operating reserves, frequency regulation, smoothing, peak
shifting.
Grid-scale Energy Storage–
photos courtesy of Altairnano
Hydrogen Refueling Station at Marine
Corps Base Hawaii
Background:
• Hydrogen refueling station to support H2
powered vehicles
• All-service Hawaii Advanced Vehicle Working
Group
• University of Hawaii – Hawaii Natural Energy
Institute research grant
Current Situation:
• Station operational with refuelings being
performed under supervision of GM and Univ
of Hawaii (HNEI) personnel
• Capable of refueling at 350 and 700 Bar
(forklifts and GM FCEVs respectively)
• Completion of GM station certification &
training of drivers to permit unsupervised
operation planned for mid-Jan 2015
Future:
• Co-locate of PV at fueling site
58
REACHE
59
60
Moku o Lo’e Secure Microgrid
(Coconut Island)
61
Biofuel Information
62
Interagency Cooperation
Encourage Maximum Use
of Renewable Energy
21 January 2010
Navy & Agriculture
Strategic Partnership to
Enhance Energy Security
July 22, 2010
Defense & Energy
Development and Support of a
Sustainable Biofuels Industry
June 2011
Navy, Energy & Agriculture
Collaborative Biofuels Research
ONR Objectives: Accelerate the adoption of biofuels by supporting Navy
certification process, and understand & mitigate the impact of emerging
biofuels on naval power systems & operations
Biofuels Supply Chain
64
Collaborative Biofuels Research
Objectives: Accelerate the adoption of biofuels by supporting Navy
certification process, and understand and mitigate the impact of emerging
biofuels on naval power systems and operations.
Key Technical Issues
 Engine & fuel cell performance
 Materials compatibility
 Fuel stability
 Sustainable Biofuel Production

HC&S
DON-USDA MOU on Biofuels and
Renewable Energy led to joint ONRAgricultural Reseach Service/USDA
research program.
In a joint collaboration of DON, USDA and DoE, biomass sustainability studies are
being performed at Hawaii Commercial & Sugar (HC&S) to support informed decisions
on sustainable biomass for use in the production of biofuels for Naval forces.
Sustainable Biomass Research
for the Production of Biofuels
Maui
Optimizing sugar cane or other grass crop
yields on existing sugar cane crop land
Expand Models to include wheat
belt oil seed crops
Wheat Belt
Optimizing oil seed crop production as
rotational crop in arid cropland
• Develop computer modeling tools for crop
selection and management
• Fusion of ALMANAC, EPIC and SWAT
models
San Joaquin Valley, CA
Hawaiian Islands
Optimizing oil seed crop yields on
unused crop land during winter months
• Fallow lands
• Crop rotation
• Natural rainfall vs irrigation
South East
Optimizing herbaceous feedstock as
rotational or winter cover crops
2011
Hawaii
2012
Oil Seed Winter
2013
Wheat Belt Rotational
2014
2015
Southeast
Integration and validation of USDA models to support sustainable biomass decisions for crop type and
resource conditions – soil, ground water, rainfall, solar, wind, etc
ONR Defense Research Info
67
Department of the Navy Energy Goals
• Energy Efficient Acquisition: Evaluation of energy
factors will be mandatory when awarding contracts
for systems and buildings.
• Sail the "Great Green Fleet": DON will demonstrate
a Green Fleet in local operations by 2012 and sail it by 2016.
• Reduce Non-Tactical Petroleum Use: By 2015, DON will reduce petroleum
use in the commercial fleet by 50%.
• Increase Alternative Energy Ashore: By 2020, DON will produce at least 50%
of shore-based energy requirements from alternative sources; 50% of DON
installations will be net-zero
• Increase Alternative Energy Use DON-Wide: By 2020, 50% of total DON
energy consumption will come from alternative sources
68
Defense Energy S&T
69
Ship Electric Power Systems
Next Generation Ship Integrated Power System
 Develop efficient power
generation, energy distribution
and control concepts to provide
power for ship warfare,
propulsion and support systems
 Collaborative program with PEO Ships/PMS 320 and UK MOD
Electric Ship Research and Development Center
 Consortium of virtually linked academic institutions with hardware-in-the-
loop capability coupled with physics based models for system design,
testing, and validation
 Develop advanced power concepts leading to increase performance,
reliability, lower cost and lethality
 Develop new tools for electrical systems design, test and evaluation
leading to reduced shipbuilding cost
 Develop EE power electronics S&T workforce with emphasis on naval
applications
70
70
Energy Distribution & Storage
Silicon Carbide (SiC) Wide Band-Gap High Power Electronics
Increased efficiency - Reduced weight and volume - Improved thermal management
Future Test Site “Aegis Ashore”
Pacific Missile Range Facility (PMRF)
launch area, including Sandia National
Laboratory’s Kauai Test Facility, the AMDR
laboratory, a fuel farm, and the
prospective EMRG and FEL test sites.
71
ARPA-E / DoD Collaboration
Hybrid Energy Storage Module Development
ARPA-E: Advanced Energy Storage Devices
FY11
FY12
Materials R&D
• Advanced Flywheels
• Workshop
• Threshold Req.
• Joint BAA
DoD:
FY11
FY13
Device R&D
• Metal-air Battery
Hybrid Energy Storage System Level Development
FY12
FY13
Sub Scale Validation
• Workshop
• Threshold Req.
• Joint BAA
FY14
FY14
FY15
FY16
Full Scale Energy Storage Validation
• Develop Control/Logic
• Develop Fault Isolation
• Power Converter Design
• Advanced Thermal Mgt.
• Common Requirements Document
• Full Scale System Fabrication
• OEM Demonstration
• In Field Demonstration
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Unmanned Undersea Vehicles Power
Hydrogen Fuel Cell Propulsion System to Meet
Navy Objectives: 30 days Endurance for LargeDiameter UUV, Affordable, & Reliable
Fuel Cell SUV (Chevy Equinox)
2 Million Cumulative Road Miles
Rendering of
LD UUV
Air-Independent Fuel Cell
Power System
SUV Fuel Cell Power System
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Flight testing using compressed hydrogen gas
COMPRESSED HYDROGEN
LIQUID HYDROGEN
16 kg GTOW - 38 wt% fuel cell propulsion plant
7 kg fuel cell propulsion system (with fuel and cooling)
2X Endurance
Specific energy of 1100 Wh/kg for compressed H2
26 hours of flight at 300 W
Specific energy ca. 2200 Wh/kg for liquid H2
48 hours of flight at 300 W
Compare to high energy Lithium battery with specific energy of 200 Wh/kg
4.8 hours of flight at 300 W from 6 kg of battery OR 30 kg needed to fly for 24 hours at 300 W
Expeditionary Power
Tactical Electric Power Systems
•
Towable Power
Vehicle Based APU
•
•
•
•
•
•
Modular, compact Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) Tactical Electric Power
Units will provides high efficient, silent power for towable power and
vehicle-based auxiliary power units
10 We SOFC Fuel Cell System – Accumetrics, UTRC
Fuel: De-sulfurized JP-5 & JP-8, ULSD, and biofuels
Efficiency: 37% at 50% power
Power Quality: Mil Std 1332
Transition for Towable Power: Army CERDEC , USMC
Transition for Vehicle Based APU: Army TARDEC, AFRL
Renewable Sustainable Expeditionary Power (RSEP) Future Naval Capability
•
•
•
3-5kW tactical, deployable power (continuous) system capable of using a combination of
conventional logistic, biofuels and solar energy
• Solar concentrator
• Solar-to-electric converter
• Fuel-to-electric converter- includes 3kW Acumentrics SOFC
Target Metrics:
• 40% fuel savings over current DoD power systems
• Acoustic signature 60dB(A) @ 7m
• Deployable by single light tactical trailer and set-up by 2 Marines in 15 minutes
Prototype testing in FY16
Notional graphic – for illustrative purposes only