Part I Security Environment Surrounding Japan
1 India
1 General Situation
Chapter 2
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2 National Defense Policy and Security Situation
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The country has a Muslim population exceeding 100 million.
“The annual report on national defense,” published in May 2010, pointed out that the Indian national defense is linked to other neighboring countries through the emergence of terrorism
aligned with ideologies, the spread of small arms, the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD), and the globalization of the economy. It is based on the assumption that security
issues and challenges have become international concerns because of the 9/11 attacks and other acts of terrorism taking place around the world after the end of the Cold War.
The number of personnel from the Indian forces engaged in U.N. peacekeeping operations has been ranked either third or fourth in the world since 2001.
In October 2008, the Indian government approved the dispatch of Navy vessels on a patrol mission to the Gulf of Aden, and in November 2008, a frigate of the Indian Navy sank a fishing
vessel which had been hijacked by pirates.
Regarding the procurement of multipurpose fighters, Defense Minister Antony has cited the provision of the contract which calls for the introduction of technology created through joint
development. And it is reported that the contract was planned be closed by March 2012.
Section 6 South Asia
Part I Security Environment Surrounding Japan
Fig. I-2-6-1
Military Forces of India and Pakistan (approximate)
Pakistan
India
Approx. 550,000 troops
Approx. 50 vessels
Approx. 86,000 tons
Approx. 470 aircraft
Approx. 1.13 million troops
Approx. 160 vessels
Approx. 360,000 tons
Approx. 810 aircraft
Legend:
Ground forces (200,000 troops)
Chapter 2
Naval vessels (100,000 tons)
Combat aircraft (200 aircraft)
3 Foreign Policies
Notes: 1. Figures based on Military Balance 2011, etc.
2. Combat aircraft include naval aircraft.
Defense Policies of Countries
India and Russia signed an agreement to jointly develop and produce fifth-generation fighter jets in October 2007. They also signed another agreement in December 2010 to develop and
produce 200 to 250 fighter jets, specifying two-seat models and enhanced thrust engines for the aircraft to be developed and produced. It is the largest military procurement in India’s
history.
7 India also conducted a test launch of the “upgraded Agni-2” in December 2010; however, it was reported that the test had failed.
8 In December 2007, Dr. V. K. Saraswat, Chief Controller at the Defence Research & Development Organization (DRDO) of India’s Ministry of Defence said that the “Agni-4” is still in the
design stage and so we cannot give a date for the trials and several tests remain before we operationalize it. However, in February 2010, he stated to reporters that the “Agni-5” is categorized
as an ICBM with a range of over 5,000 km and that there are plans for a test launch to take place within a year.
9 In March 2011, in Wheeler Island in eastern Orissa Province, India conducted tests of intercepting ballistic missiles , and it was reported that it succeeded in shooting them down five times
in a row. India has also announced that it successfully conducted similar tests in November 2006, December 2007, March 2009, and July 2010.
10 Then U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates told reporters at the press conference during his visit to India in February 2008, “Missile defense talks with India are in the very initial stages.
We have just started to talk about conducting a joint analysis about what India’s needs would be in the realm of missile defense and where cooperation between us might help advance
that.”
11 From April to May 2009, the Indian Navy dispatched a fleet and held joint exercises with the U.S. Navy and the Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force.
12 Then U.S. President Bush called India a “natural partner” of the United States.
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13 The two countries agreed to enhance and strengthen the “global strategic partnership.” The occasion prompted the United States to show its support for the first time to the move allowing
India to become a permanent member of the U.N. Security Council. They also agreed to abolish embargoes against India of advanced technologies for various fields including national
defense.
14 In cooperation with India, the United States intends to provide India with capabilities and technologies required for the country to improve its defense capabilities to an appropriate level,
including the sale of F-16 and F-18 fighters.
15 Seventeen Stryker wheeled armored personnel carriers participated from the United States.
16 Indian solders got on board a U.S. amphibious ship for special operations and conducted a military simulation to offer humanitarian assistance and disaster relief during an amphibious
operation.
17 Originally, the “Malabar” exercise was a bilateral exercise between the United States and India, but five countries including Japan, Australia, and Singapore participated in “Malabar 07-2,”
and three countries including Japan participated in “Malabar 09.” In addition, “Malabar 10” and “Malabar 11” were conducted as a bilateral exercise.
18 India purchased an Austin-class Amphibious Transport Dock from the U.S. Navy in 2007, and the vessel was commissioned as INS Jalashwa in June 2007. This vessel is the first former
U.S. vessel possessed by Indian Navy.
19 The first aircraft was delivered to India in December 2010, with a total of six aircraft scheduled to be delivered.
20 P-8 is a new type of U.S. Navy patrol aircraft. The United States had not exported the aircraft overseas before it did to India. A total of eight aircraft are scheduled to be delivered to India.
21 India requested the United States to sell 10 C-17 transport aircraft to India in January 2010. The purchase agreement was announced when U.S. President Obama visited India in November
2010.
22 In the agreement, China recognized that Sikkim belongs to India. Also, the two countries agreed to continue efforts for the early settlement of the pending border issue.
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23 The two countries agreed to hold regular summit meetings and established the target of doubling the bilateral trade amount to $40 billion by 2010. They also signed an agreement on such
issues as investment protection and mutual establishment of new Consulates General.
24 At the talks, both countries agreed to continue talks in order to reach an equitable accord acceptable to both countries. They also verified that efforts would be made to protect the peace
and security of border regions.
25 The first China – India defense and security consultations was held in Beijing in November 2007, followed by the second round held in Delhi in December 2008.
26 The objective of this exercise is reported to be the strengthening of mutual understanding/trust and the promotion of relationships between Chinese and Indian military forces. Hand-inHand 2007 in December 2007 and Hand-in-Hand 2008 in December 2008 saw the participation of about 100 military personnel from both sides.
27 The joint statement included deepening of the strategic partnership.
28 Both countries signed agreements including an agreement regarding a military technology cooperation program to run from 2011 through 2020, an agreement regarding maintenance for
equipment and weapons sold by Russia to India, the November 12, 2007 agreement protocol regarding cooperation in the development and manufacturing of military transports, and an
agreement regarding cooperation in nuclear energy use for peaceful purposes.
29 In March and December 2010, India announced the successful test launch of the same missile “Brahmos.”
30 The two countries signed a document concerning a joint development project for mid-size, multi-purpose transport aircraft and fifth-generation fighters. In addition, study was made of
a proposal to provide India with additional T-90 tanks, Su-30MKI fighters, and Mil-17 helicopters within the framework of the agreement already concluded. It was confirmed to enhance
the production capabilities of the Brahmos cruise missiles now under joint nuclear development by the two countries as well as to aim to develop the air launch version of the missile. An
intergovernmental agreement was concluded concerning the contract for licensed production of engines for MiG-29 fighters.
31 The two countries signed an agreement on the joint development of multi-role transport aircraft in September 2010.
32 In addition to the joint design of fifth-generation fighter aircraft, the two countries also concluded an agreement for the supply of the cruise missile “Brahmos,” that was being jointly
developed, to the Indian Army, and issued a joint statement on contents including the expansion of trade, strengthening cooperation in the nuclear energy sector, and Russia’s support for
India as a strong candidate for a permanent seat at the United Nations Security Council.
33 The joint exercise “Indra” has been conducted since 2003, and has been held a total of five times up until “Indra 2010.”
34 At the same time, India signed the Framework Agreement on Comprehensive Economic Cooperation between India and ASEAN and the ASEAN – India Joint Declaration for Cooperation to
Combat International Terrorism.
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Part I Security Environment Surrounding Japan
2 Pakistan
1 General Situation
2 National Defense Policy
Chapter 2
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3 Foreign Policies
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Although the cleanup operations in the respective areas were declared successful, others have pointed out that it did not constitute a complete cleanup as the armed insurgents had fled to
various parts of the country.
President Zardari delivered the first address to the Parliament in September 2008. He said that his administration would continue the three-pronged strategy of the previous administration
but that the use of force would only be used as a last resort against terrorism, advocating the necessity of renouncing violence and making peace with those who are willing to make peace
as well as of investing in the development and social improvement of the local people. He also stressed the need of FATA (Federally Administered Tribal Areas) reform to root out terrorism.
While he asked the government to stay firm in its resolve to not allow its soil to be used for terrorist activities against foreign countries, he also stated that Pakistan would not tolerate the
violation of its sovereignty and territorial integrity by any power in the name of combating terrorism.
Pakistan also conducted a test launch of the “Babur (Hatf-VII)” cruise missile in February 2011.
From November to December 2006 Pakistan conducted a series of initial test launches of the “Ghauri (Hatf-V)” and “Shaheen (Hatf-IV)” intermediate-range ballistic missiles.
The two countries have adopted greatly different positions in relation to solving the Kashmir territorial issue. India’s territorial claim over Kashmir is based on a document from the Maharaja
of Kashmir to India, while Pakistan claims that the territorial claim over Kashmir should be decided through referendum in accordance with the 1948 U.N. Resolution.
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In August 2005, the two countries agreed on the prior notification of ballistic missile testing and on the establishment of a hotline between their Vice Foreign Ministers.
In December 2008, General Kayani, Chief of Army Staff, released a statement after a meeting with Chinese Vice Foreign Minister, He Yafei, who visited Pakistan to ease tensions. He
demonstrated Pakistan’s stance of avoiding armed conflict, highlighting the need to de-escalate and avoid conflict in the interests of peace and security.
While both Prime Ministers agreed that talks were the only method to move forward (with relations between the two countries) and to separate (Pakistani) antiterrorism measures from (the
restarting of) the multiple dialogues (between India and Pakistan), a specific date for the restart of talks was not touched on.
Several English-language Pakistani newspapers dated March 8, 2009 reported that the Pakistan Air Force had signed an agreement with a Chinese enterprise to jointly produce 42 JF-17
combat aircraft. Later on, it reported that over 150 aircraft had been delivered.
According to the website of the Pakistan Air Force, an agreement was concluded in 2008 on the joint development of four AWACS with China.
Pakistan has supported the fight against terrorism led by the United States and other countries. For example, it provided logistical support for the U.S. operations against Afghanistan, and
carried out operations to sweep up terrorists in the border regions of Afghanistan. Also, Pakistan started dispatching warships to naval operations in the Indian Ocean in April 2004. In
appreciation of this support from Pakistan, the United States designated the country as a Major Non-NATO Ally.
Furthermore, in March 2011 the navies of Australia, China, France, Germany, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States participated in the multinational joint military
training exercise “Aman 2011” hosted by Pakistan.
At the same time, the sanctions that had been imposed also on India by the United States and other countries due to India’s nuclear test were lifted.
Regarding the possibility of extending nuclear energy cooperation to Pakistan, then President Bush only referred to the differences between Pakistan and India in terms of energy needs
and history. In response, Pakistan said that it was important for the United States to treat Pakistan and India equally in order to ensure strategic stability in South Asia.
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14 The United States has expressed the intention to provide 12 RQ-7 “Shadow” unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) to Pakistan.
15 On May 3, 2011, then Director of the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), Leon E. Panetta, acknowledged in an interview that the United States had not informed Pakistan of the
operation beforehand due to fears that Pakistan would tip off the target. On May 6, it was reported that Pakistani Prime Minister Gilani had stated his concerns that the U.S. forces’ operations
in Pakistan may have been an infringement of Pakistan’s sovereign rights. On the other hand, on May 27, Secretary of State Clinton and Joint Chief of Staff Admiral Mullen visited Pakistan
and met with President Zardari and Prime Minister Gilani in apparent efforts at improving relations.
16 In September 2005, then President Musharraf reportedly demonstrated his recognition that the Khan network had probably exported a dozen ultracentrifuges to North Korea. In May 2008,
BBC News reported that the Pakistani nuclear scientist A.Q. Khan said allegations that he passed on nuclear secrets were false. In the interview, he said that there was pressure put on him
to accept the charges “in the national interest.”
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