2006
Annual Survey of Journalism
&
Mass Communication Graduates
Lee B. Becker • Tudor Vlad • Joel D. McLean
James M. Cox Jr. Center for International Mass Communication Training and Research
Grady College of Journalism & Mass Communication
University of Georgia
Athens, GA 30602
Tel. 706 542-5023
www.grady.uga.edu/annualsurveys/
2006 Project Sponsors:
American Society of Newspaper Editors
Association for Education in Journalism & Mass Communication*
Association of Schools of Journalism & Mass Communication
Cox Newspapers Inc.
Gannett
Hearst Corporation
John S. and James L. Knight Foundation*
National Association of Broadcasters
Newspaper Association of America
Sigma Delta Chi Foundation of the Society of Professional Journalists
The Newspaper Guild Freedom Award Fund
Scripps Howard Foundation
Specialized Information Publishers Foundation
Grady College of Journalism & Mass Communication, University of Georgia
*Sustaining Sponsor
August 10, 2007
Executive Summary
!
Only 3.1% of the journalism and m ass com m unication graduates in 2006 had no job interviews as
they entered the m arket.
!
The percentage of 2006 journalism and m ass com m unication bachelor’s degree recipients with at
least one job offer on graduation was 76.2, com parable to the figure of a year earlier.
!
On October 31, 2006, 63.7% of the journalism and m ass com m unication bachelor’s degree
recipients from the past spring held a full-tim e job, and 11.9% had a part-tim e job. These figures
are statistically com parable with the figures from a year earlier.
!
The percentage of m aster’s degree recipients with at least one job offer on graduation in 2006
was 72.2, statistically consistent with the estim ate from a year earlier.
!
On October 31 of 2006, 64.8% of the m aster’s degree recipients had a full-tim e job; that figure in
2005 was 65.7% .
!
For the wom en, the m arket rem ained largely unchanged from a year earlier, while for m en the
m arket was weaker.
!
The gap between the experiences of bachelor’s degree recipients who are m em bers of racial or
ethnic m inority groups and those who are not also persisted in 2006. Students who are m em bers
of m inority groups had a harder tim e finding a job.
!
Four in 10 of the 2006 journalism and m ass com m unication bachelor’s degree recipients with a
job in com m unication reported that at least part of their assignm ent involved writing and editing for
the web, an increase from 2005. The percentage of graduates reporting that they are designing
and building web pages also increased in 2006.
!
Only half of the journalism and m ass com m unication bachelor’s degree recipients in 2006 with a
job in com m unication were working a 40-hour week when they returned the survey instrum ent. A
quarter were working between 41 and 50 hours.
!
Median salaries for journalism and m ass com m unication graduates, both at the bachelor’s and
m aster’s degree level, increased by $1,000 in 2006 com pared with a year earlier. The increase
was just enough to keep up with inflation.
!
Those receiving bachelor’s degrees from the nation’s journalism and m ass com m unication
program s who found a job received fewer benefits than did graduates in 2005.
!
The percentage of bachelor’s degree recipients who reported reading or viewing online news
“yesterday” increased in 2006 com pared with a year earlier, and seven in 10 now report getting
news online.
-1-
Job Market Flattens
Graduates of U.S. journalism and m ass com m unication program s confronted a weakened job
m arket in 2006 and early 2007, as the recovery that began only two years earlier stalled.
Graduates were no m ore likely to have a job offer when they finished their studies than graduates
a year earlier and no m ore likely to have landed a full-tim e job by the end of October–approxim ately five
m onths after leaving the university.
Salaries for graduates with full-tim e jobs did increase and even m anaged to outpace inflation just
slightly. Benefits, however, showed a m arked decline.
As in previous years, nearly all of the 2006 journalism and m ass com m unication bachelor’s
degree recipients who looked for work had at least one in-person job interview (Chart 1). The actual figure
was 93.4%, down slightly but significantly from the 95.9% figure in 2005. Only a very sm all percentage
(3.1) of graduates reported no interviews at all in 2006. The figure was unchanged from a year ago.
The percentage of journalism and m ass com m unication bachelor’s degree recipients with at least
one job offer on graduation was 76.2 in 2006, a figure statistically com parable to the figure of a year earlier
(Chart 2). The percentage of graduates with at least one job offer dropped sharply after 2000, when
82.4% of the graduates reported leaving the university with at least one job offer. In 2003, the drop
bottom ed out, and graduates in 2004 and 2005 each were m ore likely to leave the university with at least
one job offer than the year before. The im provem ents seem to have flattened. In 2006, the average
num ber of job offers on graduation was 1.5, or roughly the sam e as the year before.
On October 31, 2006, 63.7% of the nation’s journalism and m ass com m unication bachelor’s
degree recipients from the past spring held a full-tim e job, and 11.9% had a part-tim e job. These figures
are statistically com parable with the figures from a year earlier (Chart 3). Here too, the evidence is that
the positive growth since 2003 has com e to an end. Of those graduates who actually looked for work in
the five or so m onths after graduation, the level of full-tim e em ploym ent in 2006 was 73.6% (Chart 4), or
nearly the sam e figure as a year earlier.
The first m ailing of the survey was sent to the graduates in Novem ber 2006, so the October 31,
2006, reference for em ploym ent is constant. Returns from graduates were accepted through the end of
May of 2007, and graduates were asked to indicate their em ploym ent status at the tim e they com pleted
the instrum ent. Responses to this second question are shown in Chart 5. In 2006, 68.8% of the bachelor’s
degree recipients in journalism and m ass com m unication were em ployed full-tim e when they returned the
questionnaire, and 10.6% were em ployed part-tim e. The figures were statistically com parable to those of a
year earlier, when 69.9% reported full-tim e em ploym ent and 10.1% reported part-tim e em ploym ent. An
analysis of these responses across the Novem ber 2006 to May 2007 period shows little consistency or
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evidence of a trend. In May of 2007, 73.8% of those returning the instrum ent reported having a full-tim e
job, but in April, only 66.9% did. In March, the figure was 71.3%, while it was 66.0% in February.
In Chart 6, the unem ploym ent rate for journalism and m ass com m unication bachelor’s degree
recipients, using the sam e m easure of em ploym ent as in Chart 5, is com pared with the unem ploym ent
rate for the overall U.S. labor m arket.1 Those
graduates who did not look for work, including
The field is extremely competitive, while pay is not.
Internships don't make a difference if you can't get a job. Have
a back-up plan and network!
those who returned to school, are not included in
the com putation of those unem ployed. Journalism
and m ass com m unication graduates had a slightly
Fem ale bachelor's degree recipient in broadcast
journalism, currently unemployed
higher unem ploym ent rate than their age cohort of
persons 20-24 years of age in 2006 and a
considerably higher unem ploym ent rate than for
workers overall. Journalism and m ass com m unication graduates have had a higher unem ploym ent rate
than their age cohort every year since 1999, with the exception of 2005. From 1991 to 1998, however,
journalism and m ass com m unication graduates had outperform ed their age cohort in term s of success in
the job m arket.
The overwhelm ing m ajority of 2006 journalism and m ass com m unication bachelor’s degree
recipients with full-tim e jobs reported that those positions were perm anent (Chart 7). The
figure–90.2%–was, however, down slightly but significantly from a year earlier. The percentage of
graduates with part-tim e jobs who reported they were perm anent was the sam e in 2006 as in 2005.
In 2006, the percentage of bachelor’s degree recipients who held a job in the field of
com m unication when they returned the survey instrum ent was 58.8%, a figure statistically com parable to
the 59.9% a year earlier (Chart 8). In 2000, this figure had been 66.6%. W hen the job m arket weakens, a
larger percentage of graduates take work outside their field of study. Chart 8 underscores the basic
conclusion that the recovery underway for two years has stalled.
Slight differences in the job m arket appear in Charts 9-12, which look at the experiences of
journalism and m ass com m unication bachelor’s degree recipients based on field of study. The differences
are sm all, however, and m ay be attributable to sam ple fluctuation, rather than real differences in the
m arket segm ents. Of the students who specialized in news-editorial journalism , 69.9% in 2006 reported
finding full-tim e work, com pared with 73.0% a year earlier (Chart 9). Students who graduated with a
broadcasting or telecom m unications speciality, in contrast, fared better in 2006 than did their counterparts
in 2005 (Chart 10). In fact, there is evidence the im provem ents in the labor m arket that began in 2003
have continued for these students. The experiences of the advertising graduates m irrored those of the
1
The national data are adjusted for season, while the data for journalism graduates are not. In
both cases, only those looking for work are included in the com putation.
-3-
news-editorial students (Chart 11), while the experiences of the public relations students showed the
sam e im provem ents as those for the telecom m unications students (Chart 12). As noted, the changes are
sm all enough to be due to sam ple error in all cases, rather than to actual changes in the labor m arket.
Male and fem ale students experienced slightly different job m arkets in 2006. For the wom en, the
m arket rem ained largely unchanged from a year earlier (Chart 13). For the m en, the m arket was slightly,
but significantly, weaker. In 2006, 68.7% of the m ale graduates were em ployed full-tim e when they
returned the survey instrum ents; in 2005, that figure had been 74.2%. The persistent gap between the
experiences of m en and wom en, then, increased m arkedly in 2006. Historically, m en have had less
success in the job m arket than wom en.
The gap between the experiences of bachelor’s degree recipients who are m em bers of racial or
ethnic m inority groups and those who are not also persisted in 2006 (Chart 14). Of graduates who were
m em bers of racial or ethnic m inority groups, 67.3% reported that they held full-tim e jobs when they
returned the survey instrum ent. The figure had been a statistically com parable 70.4% a year earlier. For
bachelor’s degree recipients who were not m em bers of m inority groups, the full-tim e em ploym ent rate in
2006 was 76.2%, just lower than the 77.6% figure of a year earlier. As in years past, m inority graduates
also were less likely to land a job in the field of com m unication than were non-m inority graduates (Chart
15). The figures were unchanged from year earlier. The gap shown in Chart 15 is even larger if those
graduates who returned to school are used in the com putation, since m inority graduates are m ore likely to
enter graduate and professional program s after finishing their bachelor’s degrees than are nonm inority
graduate.
Four in 10 of the 2006 journalism and m ass com m unication bachelor’s degree recipients with a
job in com m unication reported that at least part of their assignm ent involved writing and editing for the
web (Chart 16). The figure has increased strikingly in each of the last two years. In 2006, the m easure
itself was changed, when graduates were asked how m any hours per week they spent writing and
reporting for the web. In 2004 and 2005, they were sim ply asked if they spent any tim e writing and
reporting for the web. It is possible som e of the difference reported in Chart 16 is attributable to
m easurem ent change, but the trend is unm istakable. The percentage of graduates reporting that they are
designing and building web pages also increased in 2006, the chart shows.
The 2006 questionnaire included not only
the two m easures shown in Chart 16, but 10 other
activities involving the web. In each case,
respondents were asked to indicate how m any
hours per week they spent with the activity. The
Be ready to change with the industry. Convergence is a
fast-growing phenomenon. Learn how to work with others,
learn to take criticism and don't be afraid to get your hands
dirty.
M ale master's degree recipient in journalism,
w orking at a daily new spaper
responses are sum m arized in Chart 17. W hile
writing and reporting for the web is a com m on activity for journalism and m ass com m unication graduates
with a job, even m ore com m on is researching m aterials using the web. Nearly three-quarters of the
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graduates report they engage in this activity at least som e tim e during each week. A quarter of the
graduates report using the web for prom otion, and just fewer than two in 10 report using the web for
producing photos and graphics for the web. About one in 10 reports creating and using blogs while on the
job.
W riting, reporting and editing for the web is m ost com m on for those journalism and m ass
com m unication bachelor’s degree recipients working for an online publisher (only 1.1% of all bachelor’s
degree recipients), followed by those working for a specialized inform ation publisher (1.5% of graduates),
those in public relations (8.8% of graduates) , and those working for a daily newspaper (5.4% of
graduates) (Chart 18). It is least com m on am ong those working in radio and advertising. (See
supplemental charts S11-S14.)
Nine out of 10 of the bachelor’s degree recipients who took jobs in public relations, with a
consum er m agazine, or in online publishing report that they do research on the web (Chart 19). The ratio
is nearly as high for those in specialized inform ation publishing. The activity is less com m on am ong those
working for daily newspapers, in radio, in television, in advertising, or with an em ployer not classified by
these traditional m edia categories.
Graduates in 2006 also were asked to look over a list of work activities and indicate which of them
they engaged in as part of their work assignm ent. Nearly four in 10 of the bachelor’s degree recipients with
a com m unication job indicated they are writing, reporting or editing for print (Chart 20). Com m on activities
include using a still cam era (15.4%), writing, reporting and editing for broadcast (14.5%), and designing
and creating com puter graphics (8.9% ). Only a sm all percentage of the graduates at this point report
producing content for m obile devices, but the figure is not zero.
In the context of these questions, graduates with a job involving com m unication were asked to
indicate how m any hours per week they spent in that job. Only half of the journalism and m ass
com m unication bachelor’s degree recipients in 2006 with a job in com m unication were working a 40-hour
week when they returned the survey instrum ent (Chart 21). A quarter were working between 41 and 50
hours.
The job m arket for those who earned a m aster’s degree from journalism and m ass
com m unication program s around the country also flattened in 2006. The percentage of m aster’s degree
recipients with at least one job offer on graduation in 2006 was 72.2, statistically consistent with the
estim ate from a year earlier (Chart 22). The average num ber of jobs available to the graduates has
rem ained consistent across the last three years. On October 31 of 2006, 64.8% of the m aster’s degree
recipients had a full-tim e job; that figure in 2005 was 65.7% (Chart 23). Of those m aster’s degree
recipients who had actually started looking for work, 69.1% had full-tim e em ploym ent on October 31
(Chart 24). W hen they returned the questionnaire, 69.7% of the m aster’s degree recipients had a full-tim e
job, a figure statistically com parable to that of 2005 (Chart 25). Because the num ber of m aster’s degree
recipients in the sam ple is sm all (145 in 2006 and 143 in 2005), it is hard year-to-year to separate trends
-5-
from sam ple fluctuation. W hat is clear across the last several years, however, is that the job m arket for
m aster’s degree recipients in journalism and m ass com m unication has not recovered from the slum p in
the m arket that followed the peak year of 2000.
Compensation Picture Mixed
Median salaries for journalism and m ass com m unication graduates, both at the bachelor’s and
m aster’s degree level, increased by $1,000 in 2006 com pared with a year earlier. The increase was just
enough to keep up with inflation.
In nom inal term s, the bachelor’s degree recipients in 2006 had a m edian annual salary of
$30,000, up from $29,000 in 2005 (Chart 26, Appendix Table 1). After being stagnant for three years
from 2001 to 2003, salaries have increased by a $1,000 or m ore each year since. The annual inflation rate
for the June 2006 to May 2007 period largely offset that increase, and the actual 2006 m edian salary, in
1985 dollars, was $15,515, com pared with $15,403 a year earlier. The Consum er Price Index for All Urban
Consum ers (CPI-U) was 2.7% in May of 2007, com pared with a year earlier. The figure had been 4.2% in
May of 2006, 2.8% in May of 2005 and 3.1% for 2004. In inflation-adjusted term s, graduates in 2000
earned about $900 m ore in 1985 dollars than did graduates in 2006.
Master’s degree recipients in 2006 reported a m edian salary of $38,000, up from $37,000 in 2005.
In 1985 dollars, that figure was $19,652, the sam e figure as a year earlier. In 1985 dollars, the 2006
graduates earned m ore than $2,000 less than the graduates in 1999.
The m edian salary of $30,000 earned by journalism and m ass com m unication bachelor’s degree
recipients in 2006 was below the $31,333 that 2006 liberal arts students as a group earned, according to
data obtained from college and university career services offices around the country by the National
Association of Colleges and Em ployers (NACE). According to NACE, m arketing graduates in 2006 earned
$41,285, econom ics graduates earned $53,449 and finance graduates earned $47,877. Com puter
science graduates earned $52,177.
The m edian salary earned by bachelor’s degree recipients who took full-tim e jobs with the daily
newspaper industry declined by nearly $1,000 com pared with salaries earned by graduates with sim ilar
jobs a year earlier (Chart 27). A year earlier, however, salaries had shown a $2,000 increase in
com parison with 2004.
The m edian salary earned by the graduates who took full-tim e jobs in the weekly newspaper
industry was nearly $300 less than a year earlier (Chart 28). As with the daily newspaper industry, 2005
had produced a significant gain from the year earlier.
The m edian salary earned by bachelor’s degree recipients who took full-tim e jobs in the radio
industry increased by $1,000 from a year earlier (Chart 29). This is the second year in a row that radio
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salaries had increased significantly, putting the m edian salary at the sam e level as the daily newspaper
salary.
The m edian salary in broadcast television increased by nearly $1,500 in 2006 (Chart 30). Salaries
had actually declined a year earlier, and in 2006, graduates who took jobs in broadcast televison were
m aking less in real dollars than graduates in 2004.
The m edian annual salary earned by graduates who took jobs in the advertising industry was
$30,000, an increase of $2,000 from a year earlier (Chart 31). The increase offset inflation, giving
advertising job recipients a real increase in purchasing power.
The m edian salary for journalism and m ass com m unication bachelor’s degree recipients who took
a job in public relations held steady at $30,000 in 2006 (Chart 32). Because of inflation, that salary in 2006
was about $400 less in real dollars than a year earlier.
In 2006, salaries were above the overall m edian salary of $30,000 for those graduates taking jobs
with cable television, specialized inform ation publishing and online publishing (Chart 33). Advertising and
public relations job holders had salaries right at the m edian. Bachelor’s degree recipients who had fulltim e jobs outside of com m unication in 2006 also reported salaries with a m edian of $30,000. The figure
was the sam e, $30,000, for those who took a job in the field of com m unication.
Journalism and m ass com m unication bachelor’s degree recipients who took jobs in the western
part of the U.S. in 2006 had a m edian salary of $31,200, while graduates in all other parts of the country
were at the national average of $30,000 (Chart 34).
Only a relatively sm all percentage of graduates of journalism and m ass com m unication program s
each year report being m em bers of labor unions. In 2006, the figure was 3.3% (Chart 35). Of the
bachelor’s degree recipients with a full-tim e job, 3.4% were in unions. Graduates who were m em bers of
unions reported a m edian salary that was $2,000 m ore than graduates who were not in unions (Chart 36).
The gap has persisted every year back to 1997, when union m em bership was first m easured.
W hile salaries increased, at the level of inflation, benefit packages weakened for those receiving
bachelor’s degrees from the nation’s journalism and m ass com m unication program s. For eight of nine
listed benefits, sm aller percentages of graduates reported receiving the benefit in 2006 than did in 2005.
Fewer graduates reported receiving basic m edical and m ajor m edical coverage (Chart 37), prescription
drug coverage and disability protection (Chart 38), dental care and life insurance (Chart 39), and
m aternity/paternity leave (Chart 40) and a retirem ent plan beyond social security (Chart 41). In all cases,
both em ployer paid and partially em ployee paid benefits were less likely to be available to the graduates.
The decline is particularly noticeable because it followed slight im provem ents in the benefits packages
available to graduates in 2005 and generally indicates continued lessening of benefits offered over tim e.
The only exception to the pattern in 2006 was for child care (Chart 40), which held constant. That benefit,
however, rem ains the least offered of the nine benefits m onitored by the survey.
-7-
Worker Attitudes
In general, the attitudes of journalism and m ass com m unication students toward their work had
im proved slightly in recent years, reflecting the slight im provem ents in the labor m arket. In 2006, m ost of
those attitudes held steady, again, reflecting the static nature of the m arket itself.
The percentage of graduates who said they took the job they held when the com pleted the survey
because it was the “only job available” was statistically com parable in 2006 to the percentage a year
earlier (Chart 42). The percentage of graduates who took the job because it was “what they wanted to do”
decreased slightly, but significantly. In 2006, 28.9% of the graduates said that “things are fine” with the job
they held, the sam e as a year earlier (Chart 43). The sam e percentages said “sm all im provem ents” in the
job were needed each year.
Job satisfaction held steady in 2006, both for those in full-tim e and part-tim e positions (Chart 44).
Satisfaction rem ains near its all-tim e high for the bachelor’s degree recipients, and those with part-tim e
work continue to be less satisfied than those with full-tim e work. The percentage of bachelor’s degree
recipients happy with their career
choice also was the sam e in 2006 as
a year earlier (Chart 45). About a
quarter of the graduates said they
regretted their career choice, wishing
they had selected a different m ajor.
Be prepared to not get a job in your desired field of communication.
Be flexible to accept jobs in similar areas of communication to which
you studied in school.
M ale bachelor's degree recipient in broadcast
new s/broadcast journalism, working at a television
The percentages of bachelor’s
degree recipients who expect to retire in the occupation and think they will retire with their current
em ployer were unchanged from 2005 to 2006 (Chart 46). Consistently across tim e, relatively few
graduates have either expectation.
The percentage of graduates who said they were proud to be working with their current em ployer
held steady in 2006 (Chart 47). Graduates do have quite positive feelings about their current em ployer.
Organizational com m itm ent also rem ained high, with three-quarters of the bachelor’s degree recipients
saying they are “very” or “m oderately” com m itted to the com pany for which they work (Chart 48). About
six in 10 of the bachelor’s degree recipients once again in 2006 said they felt the work they were doing
was m eaningful (Chart 49). The percentage has changed little since the item was first included on the
survey in 2000.
-8-
Media Use
Journalism and m ass com m unication bachelor’s degree recipients in 2006 were m ore likely than
the 2005 graduates to report having read a newspaper the day before they com pleted the survey, but no
m ore likely to report reading a m agazine or reading a book yesterday (Chart 50). Only about four in 10 of
the graduates reported yesterday newspaper readership or yesterday m agazine readership, while about
half reported reading a book the day before they com pleted the survey.
W atching television news “yesterday” also was nearly the sam e for the 2006 graduates as it was
for the graduates in 2004 and 2005 (Chart 51). Three-quarters of the graduates reported being television
news viewers. About half of the 2006 graduates reported listening to radio news “yesterday.” The figure
also rem ains unchanged from a year earlier. The item was new to the 2005 survey. The percentage of
bachelor’s degree recipients who reported reading or viewing online news “yesterday” was higher in 2006
com pared with a year earlier. This type of new use seem s to be increasing for the graduates, and seven in
10 now report getting news online the day before the survey.
Experiencing and Evaluating College
About four in 10 (43.6%) of the 2006 graduates listed at least one professional organization with
which they were involved while at the university. The figure is an increase from 36.2% a year earlier. The
dom inant student organizations in 2006, as in previous years, were Public Relations Student Society of
Am erica and Society of Professional Journalists (Chart 52). Ad Club and Am erican Advertising Federation
also attract significant student interest.
The 2006 graduates were asked to look over a list of web skills and indicate, regardless of
whether they felt the skill was im portant, if they believed they had acquired the skill by the tim e they
com pleted their studies. The responses of the bachelor’s degree recipients are shown in Chart 53. Nearly
six in 10 of the graduates reported feeling they had the ability to write for the web, and about four in 10
said they had the ability to edit for the web, to use the web for reporting, and to use still photographs on
the web. About a third said they had the ability to use the web in public relations and create and use blogs.
About three in 10 said they had the ability to do web layout and design, do graphics for the web, and use
web software. Only one in 10 said they had the ability to do web anim ation. Of the graduates, 17.1% said
they had none of these abilities on graduation.
-9-
Closing Comments
The job m arket for graduates of journalism and m ass com m unication program s in the U.S. took a
plunge after 2000 and did not recover until 2003. In 2004 and 2005, graduates found the m arket m ore
favorable. Each year, the percentage of bachelor’s degree recipients with at least one job offer on
graduation increased, and the percentage of graduates with a full-tim e job by the end of October in the
year of graduation increased. It appeared that the field was on its way to recovery.
That recovery has stalled. Graduates in 2006 experienced a m arket very com parable to what the
graduates a year earlier experienced. The percentage of bachelor’s degree recipients with at least one job
on graduation held steady, as did the percentage of graduates with full-tim e em ploym ent by the end of
October of 2006. Master’s degree recipients, who m ake up a sm all part of the entering labor force, had
sim ilar job experiences.
Salaries did increase both for bachelor’s degree recipients and for m aster’s degree recipients, but
the increases largely were at the level of inflation, m eaning that actual purchasing power rem ained the
sam e. And the 2006 graduates received lesser com pensation in the form of benefits than did their 2005
counterparts.
The m arket gains since 2003 did not go away (except in the case of benefits), but the m arket did
not im prove in 2006. And the m arket stalled at a level considerably below the level of em ploym ent and
com pensation in 1999 and 2000. The em ploym ent rate in the overall econom y continues to be strong. In
fact, there is no sign of a reversal of the im provem ents in the m arket in recent years. It is possible that the
journalism and m ass com m unication segm ent is a leading indicator, and a decline in the overall labor
m arket will follow. It also is possible that the softening the 2006 graduates have experienced will be only
tem porary, and that the 2007 graduates will see a m ore vibrant, robust m arket.
One trend in the work environm ent of the journalism and m ass com m unication graduates seem s
quite distinct and likely to continue. Graduates find them selves in jobs where work involving the web is a
quite prom inent part of the routine. Graduates use the web to obtain m aterials for the various types of
reports they produce. And they use the web to distribute the m aterials they produce. The field has becom e
m ore web centered in recent years, and it will alm ost certainly becom e even m ore so in the future.
Graduates with jobs are largely content with them . Levels of satisfaction, pride and com m itm ent
rem ain high. Again they are not increasing, but they also are not declining.
Graduates also seem relatively content with their studies. The percentage of graduates wishing
they had selected a different field of study rem ained constant in 2006. Many of those graduates report that
they left the university with basic web skills, which, as noted, the m arket dem ands. Given the diversity of
student interests, it is hard to know what to m ake of the finding that nearly six in 10 of the graduates feel
-10-
they left the university with the ability to write for the web. About four in 10 of the 2006 graduates with jobs
reported they were writing and editing for the web in their jobs.
Students enrolled in journalism and m ass com m unication program s have a variety of interests.
Many do not intend to do any writing, reporting or editing, produce or sell advertising, or do any basic
public relations task. In fact, each year, about 4% of the graduates report that they never intended to enter
the field of journalism and m ass com m unication at all. The field has been identified as a good preparatory
one for law school and other careers. For this reason, perhaps m ore troublesom e than the finding that four
in 10 of the graduates did not leave the university with the ability to write for the web is the finding that
nearly two in 10 reported they had acquired none of the listed web skills. Even in law school, at least som e
of these web skills would be helpful.
Methodology
The Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates is designed to m onitor the
em ploym ent rates and salaries of graduates of journalism and m ass com m unication program s in the
United States, including Puerto Rico, in the year after graduation. In addition, the survey tracks the
curricular activities of those graduates while in college, exam ines their job-seeking strategies, and
provides m easures of the professional attitudes and behaviors of the graduates upon com pletion of their
college studies.
Since 1997, the Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates has been
conducted at the Grady College of Journalism and Mass Com m unication at the University of Georgia.
Each year a sam ple of schools is drawn from those listed in the Journalism and Mass
Communication Directory, published annually by the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass
Com m unication, and The Journalist’s Road to Success: A Career Guide, form erly published and printed
by the Dow Jones Newspaper Fund, Inc., and now available on the web at the following site:
http://djnewspaperfund.dowjones.com /fund/pubcareerguide.asp. Schools list them selves in the AEJMC
Directory. All U.S. program s accredited by the Accrediting Council on Education in Journalism and Mass
Com m unications and all U.S. m em bers of the Association of Schools of Journalism and Mass
Com m unication are in the AEJMC Directory. To be included in the Newspaper Fund Guide, the college or
university m ust offer at least 10 courses in news-editorial journalism and those courses m ust include core
courses, such as an introduction to the m ass m edia and press law and ethics, as well as basic skills
courses such as reporting and editing. Selection of schools for the sam ple is probabilistic, so that those
chosen represent the population of schools in the two directories. In 2005, 89 schools were drawn from
the 472 unique entries of four-year program s in the U.S. (including Puerto Rico) in the two directories.
-11-
Adm inistrators at the selected schools are asked to provide the nam es and addresses of their
spring bachelor's and m aster's degree recipients. A questionnaire was m ailed in Novem ber 2006 to all
spring graduates receiving either a bachelor's or a m aster's degree from the selected program s. A second
questionnaire was sent to nonrespondents in January 2007. A third m ailing was sent in March 2007 to
graduates who had not responded to the first two m ailings. The graduates could either return the m ailed
instrum ent in a self-addressed, postage paid envelope, or com plete the instrum ent online. All graduates
were given a unique password for access to the web survey and could use it only once. The respondents
also were told they could win an iPod in a lottery by participating.
The questionnaire asked about the respondent's experiences both while a student and in the
m onths since graduation. Included were questions about university experiences, job-seeking and
em ploym ent, and salary and benefits.
In 2006, the survey was m ailed to 9,639 individuals whose nam es and addresses were provided
by the adm inistrators of the 89 program s. A total of 2,776 returned the questionnaires by the end of May of
2007. Of the returns, 2,425 were from students who reported they actually had com pleted their degrees
during the April to June 2006 period. The rem aining 351 had com pleted their degrees either before or
after the specified period, despite their inclusion in the spring graduation lists. A total of 1,267
questionnaires was returned undelivered and without a forwarding address. Return rate, com puted as the
num ber of questionnaires returned divided by the num ber m ailed, was 25.2%. Return rate, com puted as
the num ber returned divided by the num ber m ailed m inus the bad addresses, was 33.2%.2 Of the 2,425
usable questionnaires, 2,290 (94.0%) were from bachelor's degree recipients and 145 were from those
who received a m aster's degree.
Of the usable surveys, 337, or 13.8%, were com pleted online. Graduates in 2003 also were given
the option of com pleting the survey online. That year, 4.4% of the usable questionnaires were com pleted
by students via the web.
The findings sum m arized in this report are projectable to the estim ated 49,100 students who
earned bachelor's degrees and the 4,400 students who earned m aster's degrees in academ ic year 20052006 from the 472 colleges and universities across the United States and Puerto Rico offering program s
in journalism and m ass com m unication. Com parisons are m ade with data gathered in graduate surveys
back through 1986. Data on m aster's degree recipients have been available since 1989.
Sam ple error for the 2006 undergraduate data is 2.1%. Sam ple error term s for earlier surveys
were: 2.0 (2005), 1.8% (2004), 1.9% (1999-2003), 2.1% (1996-8), 2.0% (1990-1995), 2.1% (1989), 3.7%
(1988), 2.8% (1987), and 3.2% (1986). In all cases, the confidence level is set at .05, m eaning that the
odds are 19 to one that the figures presented in this report are within plus or m inus sam ple error of what
2
The return rates in 2005 were 32.6% and 34.8%, and in 2004 they were 37.2% and 39.8%. In
general, return rates have been declining for this and other surveys across tim e. In 2006, an unusually
large num ber of addresses were not workable, com pared with earlier years.
-12-
would have been obtained had all graduates of journalism and m ass com m unication program s, rather
than a sam ple of these graduates, com pleted questionnaires. (Sam ple error, of course, is only one of the
sources of error in survey estim ates.) Sam ple error for responses from those receiving m aster's degrees
in 2006 is 8.4%, slightly higher than in previous years. In m any instances in this report, fewer than the full
num ber of cases is used for inferences. For exam ple, som e of the data are based solely on persons
working full-tim e when surveyed. In these cases, error is greater than 2.1%, depending on the actual
num ber of persons for whom data are reported. In addition, m any com parisons between subgroups in the
sam ple and between the 2006 and earlier sam ples are m ade. Standard statistical tests have been used to
evaluate the observed differences, or trends. Only those differences likely to hold if a census of all
graduates were undertaken are discussed in the text.
W om en m ade up 73.7% of respondents. Mem bers of racial or ethnic m inorities m ade up 18.0% of
those returning questionnaires. These sam ple characteristics are sim ilar to those in recent years. Overall,
the sam ple reflects slightly higher return rates from wom en and slightly lower return rates from m inorities,
based on the known characteristics of the 472 schools from which the sam ple was drawn.
Funding for the 2006 graduate survey was provided by the Am erican Society of Newspaper
Editors, the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Com m unication, the Association of Schools
of Journalism and Mass Com m unication, Cox Newspapers Inc., Gannett, the Hearst Corporation, the
John S. and Jam es L. Knight Foundation, the National Association of Broadcasters, Newspaper
Association of Am erica, The Newspaper Guild Freedom Award Fund, the Sigm a Delta Chi Foundation of
the Society of Professional Journalists, the Scripps Howard Foundation, Specialized Inform ation
Publishers Foundation, and the Grady College of Journalism and Mass Com m unication at the University
of Georgia.3
Supplem ental charts and tables from the Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass
Communication Graduates are included in an Appendix to this report. The charts and
tables report data on the curricular specialization of the graduates, their job seeking
strategies, and other aspects of their college and post-college experiences. Also
included is a detailed salary table. As appropriate, data from earlier years are included
in the supplem ental charts and tables.
3
Special thanks are given to the following University of Georgia students who worked as research
assistants or research clerks in the Cox Center in 2006-2007: Josh Copenhaver, David Dye, Virginia
Evans, Dale Hackler, Matthew Hunt, Katie Kosciolek, Tiffany Little, Yannick Morgan, Elizabeth Morison,
Hyo Jung Park, Renée Pelton, Ali Sooudi, Karen Sines, and Oana Vlad.
-13-
Partner Schools
The following 89 schools participated in the 2006 Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass
Com m unication Graduates and are partners in this project:
Alabam a State University (AL)
University of Maryland (MD)
University of Alaska Anchorage (AK)
University of Massachusetts (MA)
Arizona State University (AZ)
Michigan State University (MI)
Arkansas State University (AR)
Oakland University (MI)
Ouachita Baptist University (AR)
University of Minnesota (MN)
Azusa Pacific University (CA)
University of St. Thom as (MN)
California State University Fullerton (CA)
Rust College (MS)
Hum boldt State University (CA)
University of Mississippi (MS)
San Jose State University (CA)
Central Missouri State University (MO)
Santa Clara University (CA)
Evangel University (MO)
University of Northern Colorado (CO)
University of Missouri Kansas City (MO)
University of Bridgeport (CT)
University of Missouri Colum bia (MO)
Delaware State University (DE)
University of Montana (MT)
Florida A & M University (FL)
Hastings College (NE)
University of Florida (FL)
University of Nevada–Las Vegas (NV)
Berry College (GA)
Rider University (NJ)
Clark Atlanta University (GA)
University of New Mexico (NM)
University of Georgia (GA)
Ithaca College (NY)
University of Idaho (ID)
Long Island University Brooklyn Cam pus (NY)
Colum bia College Chicago (IL)
New York University (NY)
Northern Illinois University (IL)
St. Bonaventure University (NY)
Northwestern University (IL)
State University of New York Plattsburgh (NY)
Butler University (IN)
Syracuse University (NY)
Indiana University (IN)
Elon College (NC)
University of Southern Indiana (IN)
Lenoir-Rhyne College (NC)
University of Iowa (IA)
University of North Carolina at Pem broke (NC)
W ichita State University (KS)
Ohio University (OH)
Eastern Kentucky University (KY)
Ohio State University (OH)
University of Kentucky (KY)
Ohio W esleyan University (OH)
Northwestern State U. of Louisiana (LA)
Youngstown State University (OH)
University of Louisiana at Monroe (LA)
Oklahom a State University (OK)
-14-
Partner Schools (continued)
University of Oklahom a (OK)
Brigham Young University (UT)
Southern Oregon University (OR)
Castleton State College (VT)
University of Oregon (OR)
Jam es Madison University (VA)
Elizabethtown College (PA)
University of Richm ond (VA)
LaSalle University (PA)
Virginia Union University (VA)
Tem ple University (PA)
Eastern W ashington University (W A)
University of South Carolina (SC)
University of W ashington (W A)
Tennessee Technological University (TN)
Bethany College (W V)
University of Tennessee Martin (TN)
Marquette University (W I)
Abilene Christian University (TX)
University of W isconsin--Milwaukee (W I)
Stephen F. Austin State University (TX)
University of W isconsin--Stevens Point (W I)
Texas Christian University (TX)
Howard University (DC)
Lam ar University (TX)
University of Puerto Rico (PR)
University of Texas Pan Am erican (TX)
-15-
Charts and Tables
1. Job interview s of Bachelor’s degree recipients
Number of interviews by Bachelor’s degree recipients who looked for work
2. Job offers to Bachelor’s degree recipients
Job offers for Bachelor’s degree recipients: percent with at least one job offer
3. Employment status Oct. 31
Employment status of Bachelor’s degree recipients
4. Employment status Oct. 31
Employment status of Bachelor’s degree recipients who looked for work
5. Employment status
Employment status of Bachelor’s degree recipients when they returned questionnaires
6. Unem ployment rates
Unemployment rates of journalism Bachelor’s degree recipients compared to U.S. labor force data
7. Permanent positions
Status of Bachelor’s degree recipients: percent in permanent positions
8. General types of work
An overview of Bachelor’s degree recipients’ work situations
9. Employment, new s-editorial
Employment of Bachelor’s degree recipients in the editorial specialty
10. Employment, broadcasting
Employment of Bachelor’s degree recipients in the broadcasting specialty
11. Employment, advertising
Employment of Bachelor’s degree recipients in the advertising specialty
12. Employment, PR
Employment of Bachelor’s degree recipients in the public relations specialty
13. Gender and employment
Full-time employment of female and male Bachelor’s degree recipients
14. M inority employment
Full-time employment of minority and non-minority Bachelor’s degree recipients
15. M inority employment in communications
Employment of minority and non-minority Bachelor’s degree recipients in communication jobs
16. W riting, editing and designing for web
Jobs of employed 2006 Bachelor’s degree recipients in communications
-16-
Charts and Tables (continued)
17. Hours spent with web work
Employed 2006 Bachelor’s degree recipients in communications
18. Hours writing or editing for web by employer type
Employed 2006 Bachelor’s degree recipients in communications
19. Hours researching materials using the w eb
Employed 2006 Bachelor’s degree recipients in communications
20. Technical work performed in job
An overview of jobs of employed 2006 Bachelor’s degree recipients
21. Hours spent with job per week
Employed 2006 Bachelor’s degree recipients in communications
22. Job offers, M aster’s degree recipients
Job offers to Master’s degree recipients on graduation: percent with at least one job
23. Employment Status Oct. 31
Employment status of Master’s degree recipients
24. Employment Status Oct. 31
Employment status of Master’s degree recipients who looked for work
25. Employment status
Employment status of Master’s degree recipients when they returned questionnaires
26. Overall salaries
Overall nominal median annual salaries and adjustments for inflation for Bachelor's and Master's
degree recipients with full-time jobs
27. Salaries in dailies
Annual nominal median salaries and adjustments for inflation at daily newspapers - Bachelor’s
degree recipients with full-time jobs
28. Salaries in w eeklies
Annual nominal median salaries and adjustments for inflation at weekly newspapers - Bachelor’s
degree recipients with full-time jobs
29. Salaries in radio
Annual nominal median salaries and adjustments for inflation in radio - Bachelor’s degree
recipients with full-time jobs
30. Salaries in television
Annual nominal median salaries and adjustments for inflation in TV - Bachelor’s degree recipients
with full-time jobs
Charts and Tables (continued)
31. Salaries in advertising
Annual nominal median salaries and adjustments for inflation in advertising - Bachelor’s degree
recipients with full-time jobs
32. Salaries in PR
Annual nominal median salaries and adjustments for inflation in public relations - Bachelor’s
degree recipients with full-time jobs
33. Salaries com pared
Median yearly salaries for 2006 Bachelor’s degree recipients with full-time jobs
34. Salaries by region
Median yearly salaries for 2006 Bachelor’s degree recipients with full-time jobs
35. Union membership of JM C graduates
Union membership of Bachelor’s degree recipients
36. Yearly salary for union members and non-union workers
Median salary per year for Bachelor’s degree recipients with full-time jobs: union and non-union
37. Job benefits I
Benefits available to Bachelor’s degree recipients with full-time jobs
38. Job benefits II
Benefits available to Bachelor’s degree recipients with full-time jobs
39. Job benefits III
Benefits available to Bachelor’s degree recipients with full-time jobs
40. Job benefits IV
Benefits available to Bachelor’s degree recipients with full-time jobs
41. Job benefits V
Benefits available to Bachelor’s degree recipients with full-time jobs
42. W hy jobs chosen
Employed Bachelor’s degree recipients' reasons for selecting jobs
43. Overall job situation
Employed Bachelor’s degree recipients views of their jobs
44. Job satisfaction
Job satisfaction of employed Bachelor’s degree recipients
45. Regret career choices
Bachelor’s degree recipients who wish they had selected another career
46. Retirement plans
Attitudes toward retirement of Bachelor’s degree recipients with jobs
Charts and Tables (continued)
47. Organizational pride
Bachelor’s degree recipients with full-time jobs
48. Organizational commitment
Bachelor’s degree recipients with full-time jobs
49. M eaningfulness of work
Bachelor’s degree recipients with full-time jobs
50. Use of print m edia
Journalism Bachelor’s degree recipients’ use of print media
51. Use of electronic media
Journalism Bachelor’s degree recipients’ use of electronic media
52. Student professional organizations attended while at university
53. Online and new media skills
Journalism Bachelor’s degree recipients’ ability to use the web
-19-
Appendix: Supplemental Charts and Tables
S1. W hat they studied
Specialty within curriculum of Bachelor’s degree recipients
S2. Campus activities
Campus activities of Bachelor’s degree recipients
S3. Grade point averages
Final grades of Bachelor’s degree recipients
S4. Grades by major
Final grades of Bachelor’s degree recipients by major: percent with A or AS5. Seeking print jobs
Jobs sought by Bachelor’s degree recipients in the area of print media. Excludes students not
seeking jobs
S6. Seeking broadcast jobs
Jobs sought by Bachelor’s degree recipients in the area of broadcasting. Excludes students not
seeking jobs
S7. Seeking PR/advertising jobs
Jobs sought by Bachelor’s degree recipients in the area of PR and advertising. Excludes students
not seeking jobs
S8. News-editorial tasks
Bachelor’s degree recipients' job tasks in the area of print journalism
S9. Advertising tasks
Bachelor’s degree recipients' job tasks in the area of advertising
S10. Corporate communication tasks
Bachelor’s degree recipients' job tasks in the area of corporate marketing and communication
S11. New spaper work
Bachelor’s degree recipients working in newspaper jobs
S12. Telecommunication work
Bachelor’s degree recipients working in telecommunications jobs
S13. PR and advertising work
Bachelor’s degree recipients working in public relations and advertising
S14. Other communication work
Bachelor’s degree recipients working for magazines, newsletters/ trade press, book publishers,
WWW
-20-
Appendix: Supplemental Charts and Tables (continued)
S15. Hiring new s students
Employers of Bachelor’s degree recipients with a news-editorial emphasis
S16. Hiring broadcast students
Students with an emphasis in telecommunications who choose their own specialty
S17. Hiring advertising students
Students with an advertising emphasis who choose their own specialty
S18. Hiring PR students
Students with a public relations emphasis who choose their own specialty
S19. Where grads seek work
Types of jobs sought by journalism and mass communication Bachelor's degree recipients in
2006
S20. M inorities and job seeking I
Types of jobs sought by journalism and mass communication Bachelor's degree recipients in
2006
S21. M inorities and job seeking II
Types of jobs sought by journalism and mass communication Bachelor's degree recipients in
2006
S22. Gender and job seeking I
Types of jobs sought by journalism and mass communication Bachelor's degree recipients in
2006
S23. Gender and job seeking II
Types of jobs sought by journalism and mass communication Bachelor's degree recipients in
2006
S24. Overtime without pay
Bachelor’s degree recipients working more than 40 hours per week as full-time employees without
reimbursement
Table 1. M edian salaries by employer type
-21-
Comments from the 2006 Graduates
Every year, those com pleting the Annual Survey of Journalism and Mass Communication
Graduates are asked to provide advice “to those who follow you.” Here is a sampling of the
com ments from the 2006 graduates.
Do not be above accepting an internship
post-graduation. Every experience you
have will help you get a job. The m ore
experience, the better.
Fem ale bachelor’s degree
Be as involved as possible. Journalism is the
rare m ajor where your grades are
secondary--im portant nonetheless--but
secondary. It’s all about experience...
M ale bachelor's degree
recipient in m agazines,
w orking at a weekly
recipient in public relations,
w orking at a public relations
agency
A big key in m arketing yourself
is being able to stand out--don't
just do norm al portfolios or
resum es.
More and m ore news outlets are using the web to
connect to readers. Being able to take photos, write or
com pile m ulti-m edia packages will m ake you m ore
attractive to potential em ployers.
Female bachelor's degree recipient in
new s-editorial/print journalism, working at a
biw eekly new spaper
M ale bachelor's
degree recipient in
graphics, working at
non-profit
organization
I found that experienced students m ade m uch better journalists than people who
had gone right from undergrad to Grad school. The m oney is a trade off, but gaining
experience in the workforce is a huge advantage in becom ing a successful
journalist.
M ale M aster's degree recipient in English,
w orking at a television station
-22-
You have to LOVE journalism . It can be a very grueling career, especially in the
beginning, but it's very rewarding. But it's not for everyone. Take all of your classes
seriously and go above and beyond what is expected of you.
Female master’s degree recipient in
communication, working at a television station
The m ost im portant thing would be to form strong
networking relationships in the field you would like to
enter. I have found it difficult to find em ploym ent in
m y chosen field without the proper connection.
Fem ale bachelor's degree recipient
in new s-editorial/print journalism,
currently unemployed
Prom ote any web-focused skills
you have when job hunting.
M ale master's degree
recipient in science,
w orking at a daily
new spaper.
Go on for an advanced degree. Double m ajor in publishing or com puter technologies. Find
an ethics course to take if your degree program didn't include one.
Fem ale bachelor's degree recipient in m ass
media studies, currently unemployed
Take internships if you want a job in m agazines.
And keep in touch with those contacts you m ake
during your internships.
M ale master's degree recipient in
English, working at a consum er
magazine
I can't stress the im portance of
networking and gaining web skills
enough.
Fem ale bachelor's degree
recipient in new s-editorial,
w orking in w ire new s service
Take advantage of all the opportunities provided at the university. Diversify your
educational experience, you never know what you will need to know.
M ale bachelor's degree recipient in advertising,
w orking at a triw eekly new spaper
-23-
1. Job interviews of Bachelor’s degree recipients
Number of interviews by Bachelor’s degree recipients who looked for work
100
Percent
95.9
92.7
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
80
N=1923
N=1622
N=1524
N=1149
N=1479
85.4
93.4
93.4
87
60
40
20
10.4 9.4
4.9
2.9 3.1
4.2 3.6
2.4 1.2 3.5
0
No interviews
Only telephone interviews
At least one in-person interview
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
2. Job offers to Bachelor’s degree recipients
Job offers for Bachelor’s degree recipients:
percent with at least one job offer
100
Percent
80
+ +
60
+
+
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ + +
+
+ +
+
+ +
40
20
0
Percent at least one job
Mean=number of jobs
(N)
+
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
56 67.3 68.1 60.5 62.8 64.7 69.8 70.8 75.8 78.1 81.8 82.2 82.4 71.3 65.1 64.9 69.6 75.5 76.2
1.2
1.6 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
2 2.2 2.2 2.3 1.6 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.5
587 2190 2434 2465 2670 2392 2238 2296 2241 2169 2235 2679 2734 2739 2798 2680 3123 2412 2290
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
3. Employment status Oct. 31
Employment status of Bachelor’s degree recipients
Percent
100
$ Full-time ) Part-time # In school ' Not employed
80
$
60
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
40
2005 N=2412
$
$
$
$
2006 N=2290
)'
#
)'
#
'
)
#
'
)
#
'
)
#
'
)
#
'
)
#
'
)
#
'
)
#
'
)
#
'
)
#
'
)
#
'
)
#
1994
62
14.1
7
16.8
1995
62
13.6
7.5
16.8
1996
63.4
11.3
7.6
17.7
1997
67.4
11
6.7
14.9
1998
68.7
9.2
6.4
15.7
1999
70.3
8.7
6.8
14.3
2000
71.1
8.8
7.4
12.8
2001
58.9
11.6
8.1
21.4
2002
58.1
13.5
8.9
19.5
2003
56.1
15.3
9.1
19.5
2004
59.7
13.6
7.7
18.9
2005
62.3
11.9
8.7
17
2006
63.7
11.9
7.9
16.5
20
0
Full-time
Part-time
In school
Not employed
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
4. Employment status Oct. 31
Employment status of Bachelor’s degree recipients who looked for work
Percent
100
# Full-time ' Part-time ) Not employed
80
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
'
)
)'
)'
)'
)'
)'
)'
1995
71.2
15.7
13.1
1993
1996
73.7
13.2
13.1
1927
1997
76.8
12.6
10.7
1903
1998
78
10.5
11.5
1969
1999
79.5
9.8
10.7
2369
2000
80.3
9.9
9.8
2419
#
#
#
)
'
)'
)'
2001
68.9
13.6
17.6
2344
2002
67.9
15.7
16.3
2395
2003
65.6
17.8
16.6
2294
#
#
)'
)'
)'
2004
69.3
15.8
14.9
2693
2005
73
13.9
13.1
2059
2006
73.6
13.7
12.9
1983
#
60
40
20
0
1994
Full-time 71.1
Part-time 16.2
Not employed 12.7
N 1949
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
5. Employment status
Employment status of Bachelor’s degree recipients
when they returned questionnaires
Percent
100
+ Full-time work * Part-time work ) Continuing school $ Unemployed
80
+ + + +
+
+ + + +
+ + +
+ +
+ + + + + +
+
60
40
20
$ $
$ $
$* $* $* $* * * $* $* $* $* $* $ $ $ $ $* * )* $* $* $*
) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )* )* )* )* ) )
0
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Full-time work 68.3 66.6 70.9 70.5 64.5 61.7 62.4 62.2 65.7 67.9 68.4 73.3 75.3 76.1 74.9 66.3 63.3 62.4 66.5 69.9 68.8
Part-time work 11.9 12.3 10.6 9.8 11.5 14.2 14.4 13.4 12.2 11.1 9.8 8.3
6 6.9 7.3 10.1 12 12.6 11.4 10.1 10.6
Continuing school 7.5 7.2 6.3 6.4 7.2
8
8 8.5
8 7.7 7.9 7.1 6.6
6
7
8 8.4 8.7 7.5 8.3 7.6
Unemployed 12.3 13.9 12.3 13.2 16.8 16.1 15.2 15.8 14.1 13.3 13.9 11.4 12.1 11 10.8 15.6 16.2 16.2 14.6 11.7 13.1
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
6. Unemployment rates
Unemployment rates of journalism Bachelor’s degree recipients compared
to U.S. labor force data. U.S. figures represent seasonally adjusted unemployment
rates averaged across June of the shown year to May of the following year.
Percent
14
# US Labor Force , US Labor Force: 20-24 yrs. old $ J-Grads
$
12
$ $
$
, ,
$
$ $
,
, , ,
,
,
,
,
$
,
,
$ $
, ,
, ,
,
$
$
$
$
,
,
$
#
$
#
,
$ $
#
# # # #
# # # $ $
# # # # #
# #
#
# #
10
8
6
4
2
0
1987
5.8
9.1
J-Grads 12.2
US Labor Force
US Labor Force: 20-24 yrs. old
1988
5.3
8.4
8.1
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993
5.3
6.2 7.2 7.4 6.6
8.7
9.6 11.2 11.2 10.2
7.2 10.4 9.9 8.4 8.6
1994
5.7
9.1
7.4
1995 1996 1997
5.6 5.2 4.7
9.4
9 8.2
6.9 6.5 5.4
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
4.4 4.1 4.1
5.4 5.9 5.9
5.4
7.6 7.5 7.2
9.2 9.7 10
9.3
5.9
8
8 11.7 12.9 13 10.7
2005 2006
4.9 4.6
8.4
8
7.9 9.1
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates; US Bureau of Labor Statistics
7. Permanent positions
Status of Bachelor’s degree recipients: percent in permanent positions
Percent
100
#
#
#
#
#
#
,
,
#
#
#
#
,
,
2002
86.7
39.7
2003
85.7
39.4
#
#
,
,
,
2004
88.8
43.4
2005
92.2
41.5
2006
90.2
42
#
80
# Full-time job holders
, Part-time job holders
60
,
,
,
,
40
,
,
20
0
1994
87.1
47.6
Full-time job holders
Part-time job holders
1995
89.6
52.6
1996
88.6
48.4
1997
91.1
54.2
1998
90
47.3
1999
90.9
44.8
2000
91.8
35.5
2001
89.1
43.9
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
8. General types of work
An overview of Bachelor’s degree recipients' work situations
100
Percent
+ Communication work * Non-communication work
) Continuing school $ Unemployed
80
60
+
+ +
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ +
40
* * *
* * * *
* * *
* * *
* * * * $ $ $ $ * *
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$ $ $
$ $
$ $
$
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) $
) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
*
20
0
Communication work
Non-communication work
Continuing school
Unemployed
(N)
1987
53.7
26.8
7.2
12.3
1203
1988
60
21.2
6.4
12.4
580
1989
60.7
19.6
6.5
13.3
2186
1990
52.2
23.7
7.3
16.8
2425
1991
49
26.9
8
16.1
2461
1992
50.6
26.1
8
15.3
2664
1993
51.4
24.3
8.5
15.8
2392
1994
56
21.8
8
14.1
2234
1995
57.7
21.3
7.7
13.3
2293
1996
58.2
19.9
7.9
14
2241
1997
64
17.5
7.1
11.4
2169
1998
63
18.3
6.6
12.1
2235
1999
65.1
17.8
6
11
2679
2000
66.6
15.6
7
10.8
2734
2001
52.6
23.7
8
15.6
2739
2002
50.5
24.9
8.4
16.2
2798
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
2003
49.8
25.2
8.7
16.2
2680
2004
54.2
23.6
7.5
14.7
3123
2005
59.9
20
8.3
11.7
2412
2006
58.8
20.4
7.7
13.1
2290
9. Employment, news-editorial
Employment of Bachelor’s degree recipients in the editorial specialty
Percent
100
+ Full-time work * Part-time work ) Continuing school $ Unemployed
80
60
+
+ + + +
+ + + + +
+
+
+
+
+ + +
+ +
40
20
0
$
*
$ $* $* $* * $
$ * $* $
* $ $ $
$ $
)
) $
)* $
)* $
) )* $
*
) ) ) )* )* )*
)
)* $
) * )* ) )
)*
1988 1989 1990
Full-time work 65.3 69.1 66.1
Part-time work
17 9.7 9.4
Continuing school 6.1 11.5 8.9
Unemployed 11.6 9.7 15.7
(N) 147 362 383
1991
64.2
12.9
8.9
14.1
427
1992
63.2
15.7
7.9
13.2
432
1993
61
13.3
10.8
14.9
444
1994 1995 1996 1997
69.1 68.7 72.1 71.8
12.3 9.3 7.5
7
8.6 8.1
9 9.6
9.6
13 11.5 11.5
405 409 401 355
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
74.5 80.4 72.2 64.1
66
6.6 4.8 7.8 10.8 13.3
6.6 5.7 6.8 7.4
8
12.2 9.2 13.2 17.7 12.8
377 459 395 379 400
2003
63.5
12.7
10
13.8
370
2004 2005 2006
68.8
73 69.9
9.5 6.1 9.2
9.2 8.8 8.9
12.5 12.1
12
401 330 316
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
10. Employment, broadcasting
Employment of Bachelor’s degree recipients in the broadcasting specialty
Percent
100
+ Full-time work * Part-time work ) Continuing school $ Unemployed
80
+
+
+
60
+ + +
+ + +
+ +
+ +
+
+
+
+
+ +
40
20
0
* * $* $* * $
$ $* * * *
$ $ $
* * $* $ $
$ * $* $* $* $* $* *
$
)
) ) ) )
)
$
)
)
)
) ) )
)
)
) ) )
)
)
1988 1989
Full-time work 76.8 72.2
Part-time work 14.1 11.7
Continuing school 2.8 6.7
Unemployed 6.3 9.4
(N) 142 385
1990
63.4
15.6
4
17
585
1991 1992 1993 1994
57.6
56
56 60.9
19
20 21.7 17.9
5.6 6.7 2.9 6.2
17.7 17.4 19.4 15.9
536 511 448 482
1995
64.5
16.9
5.7
12.9
580
1996
61.8
15.1
4.4
18.7
498
1997
68.3
12.8
4.2
14.7
524
1998
70.2
9.9
3.7
16.2
544
1999
72.3
9.6
4.7
13.4
596
2000
70.3
9.8
5.1
14.8
603
2001
65.9
11.3
7.4
15.4
539
2002
61.3
13.7
6.6
18.5
542
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
2003
57.1
20.5
5.4
17
515
2004
62.7
17.3
5.4
14.5
571
2005
64.7
15.6
6.5
13.2
417
2006
67
14.9
5.4
12.7
424
11. Employment, advertising
Employment of Bachelor’s degree recipients in the advertising specialty
100
80
60
Percent
+ Full-time work * Part-time work ) Continuing school $ Unemployed
+
+
+ +
+ +
+
+ + +
+
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+
40
20
0
$
*
$ $ $* $* $
$ $ )* $* $* $* $ $*
* $
)* )* )* ) ) )* $
$
)
) ) ) )* )
$ $
)* $
)
)
)
*
)* * *
)
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Full-time work 74.8 72.1
71 68.9 66.1
68
69 73.3 74.7 79.7 83.7 77.7 78.3
66
Part-time work 15.7
10 8.3 9.6 15.2 11.3 9.8 8.9 6.8 5.2 3.4 5.1 5.6 9.9
Continuing school 2.6 7.4 6.1 4.1 4.2
5 6.7
6 6.5 5.2 5.6 5.7 7.1 8.1
Unemployed
7 10.5 14.6 17.4 14.5 15.7 14.5
11 11.9
10 7.3 11.5
9 16.1
(N) 115 351 396 363 428 363 297 281 293 271 233 314 323 335
2002 2003 2004
67.4
69
74
10.6
11 8.3
7.1 7.7 5.4
14.9 12.3 12.3
350 326 423
2005
77.2
5.1
7.1
10.6
311
2006
71.6
10.4
7.6
10.4
289
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
12. Employment, PR
Employment of Bachelor’s degree recipients in the public relations specialty
Percent
100
80
60
+ Full-time work * Part-time work ) Continuing school $ Unemployed
+ + +
+
+ +
+ + +
+ +
+
+ + +
+ + +
+
40
20
0
$
$ $
$ $ $ $
* ) $ * $* $
)* $
)* $
$
) )* )* )* )* $
)* $
) $* )* ) ) )* )* )* $
) $
)*
)* $
*
*
1988 1989 1990
Full-time work 72.6
72 70.7
Part-time work 11.1 7.2 9.1
Continuing school 6.7 10.8 5.8
Unemployed 9.6
10 14.4
(N) 135 429 417
1991
64.2
13.8
6.8
15.2
455
1992
68.4
12.9
4.4
14.4
459
1993
69.7
9.8
6.8
13.8
458
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
69.9
73
73 78.8 84.2 80.6 82.4 71.8 65.3 68.8
8.9 7.2 7.4
6.1 2.1 5.6 2.9 6.3 8.3 7.9
6.1 6.2
10
7 6.5 6.2 8.3 7.9 10.3 9.9
15.1 13.6 9.5
8.1 7.3 7.7 6.4
14 16.1 13.4
397 419 419 444 385 520 484 521 542 507
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
2004
68.8
7.9
9.9
13.4
567
2005 2006
72.3
75
7.3 6.3
9.6 6.3
10.8 12.4
491 396
13. Gender and employment
Full-time employment of female and male Bachelor’s degree recipients
Percent
100
$ Female ) Male
$ $ $
$
$ $
) ) ) )
$ $
$
$
$
$ )
)
$
) ) ) $
$
)
)
) $
$ $
$
)
)
)
) $
) ) )
)
80
60
40
Excludes Bachelors degree recipients
who have returned to school
20
0
Female
Male
Female N
Male N
1987
71.5
71.8
741
380
1988
76.1
74.9
356
191
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
75.5
71 67.7 69.6 69.5 72.2
74.7
67 65.8 64.4 65.2 70.3
1389 1495 1569 1643 1480 1363
653 757 690 801 693 679
1995
74.8
71.2
1368
736
1996
75.2
72.6
1369
683
1997
80.1
76.8
1321
685
1998
82.3
77
1393
688
1999
81.3
80.4
1423
612
2000
81.8
77.5
1823
714
2001
73.1
69.7
1848
663
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
69.6
69 73.1 76.9 76.7
67.6
65 68.9 74.2 68.7
1856 1822 2101 1668 1556
698 612 778 538 549
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
14. Minority employment
Full-time employment of minority and non-minority Bachelor’s
degree recipients
Percent
100
$ Minority & Non-minority
80
&
$
60
& & &
& $
& &
$
$ $ &
&
& &
&
& $
&
$ &
& & $
& & $ $ $ $
$
& $
$
$
$
$
$ $
40
Excludes Bachelors degree recipients
who have returned to school
20
0
1987 1988 1989
Minority 66.4 77.4 71.6
Non-minority 72.1 75.6 75.6
Minority N 107 53 197
Nonminority N 1013 488 1840
1990
63.4
70.3
287
1953
1991
66.8
67.3
286
1965
1992
66.9
68.1
329
2107
1993
64.1
69
345
1831
1994
67.1
72.6
343
1674
1995
68.3
74.8
366
1716
1996
67
75.7
352
1684
1997
70.5
80.7
329
1657
1998
77.7
81.3
319
1744
1999
76.6
81.9
441
2208
2000
74.9
81.8
447
2070
2001
65
73.6
426
2068
2002
60.7
71
471
2065
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
2003
61.4
70
417
2005
2004
68.4
72.8
529
2325
2005
70.4
77.6
392
1797
2006
67.3
76.2
358
1737
15. Minority employment in communications
Employment of minority and non-minority Bachelor’s
degree recipients in communications jobs
100
Percent
$ Minority & Non-minority
80
&
$
&
$
&
60
$
&
$
$
&
$
&
40
&
$
&
$
&
$
&
$
&
$
&
$
&
$
&
$
$
&
&
$
&
$
&
$
&
&
$
$
Includes onlys Bachelors degree
recipients who have a job
20
0
1987 1988 1989
Minority 68.1 61.4 70.2
Non-minority 66.4 74.9 76.2
Minority N
94
44 168
Non-minority N 867 419 1576
1990
61.5
69.9
226
1599
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
66.2 66.4 67.2 68.1 70.9
68 74.2 73.2 73.3
64.4
66 68.2 72.9 73.4 76.1 79.3 78.3 79.7
228 268 271 279 296 272 275 269 352
1625 1762 1529 1427 1485 1448 1467 1518 1834
2000
76.9
80.1
377
1842
2001
71.2
68.7
330
1733
2002 2003 2004 2005
62.1
65
61 66.6
67.9 66.8 71.8 76.9
346 306 443 332
1732 1684 1965 1573
2006
66.6
75.8
287
1507
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
16. Writing, editing and designing for web
Jobs of employed 2006 Bachelor’s degree recipients in communications
Percent
22.6
Writing and
editing for web
30.3
41.5
2004
2005
2006
6.8
8.3
Designing and
building web pages
13.5
0
20
40
60
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
80
100
17. Hours spent with web work
Employed 2006 Bachelor’s degree recipients in communications
Writing and editing web
58.5
Researching materials using the web
6.4
35.1
27
15.3
57.7
Designing and building web pages
86.5
Producing audio for web
0 hours
1-10 hours
11+ hours
Producing video for web
Producing photos, graphics for web
1.7
11.9
95.2
4.50.3
94.5
4.90.6
82.2
17.2
Producing animation for web
97.9
Selling ads for web
0.2
1.9
95.5
Using web in promotion
3.31.1
75.8
Creating and using blogs
11.5
83.9
0%
20%
2.4
21.8
88.2
Managing web operations
13.7
40%
0.6
60%
80%
0.3
2.4
100%
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
18. Hours writing or editing for web by employer type
Employed 2006 Bachelor’s degree recipients in communications
100
Percent
2.4
15
0.8
3.5
3.6
2.9
4
7.4
13.6
23.5
21.4
80
22.6
37.8
41.7
23.7
35.4
23.4
48.6
52.4
37.5
60
38.3
40
76.2
62.7
11+ hours
1-10 hours
0 hours
41.7
73.7
69.1
61.3
47.5
60.5
48.6
44.1
20
38.2
16.7
0
Daily
Weekly
Radio
TV
PR
Ad
Consum. Special Online
Magazine Info
Publishers
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
Other Employed
NonMedia
19. Hours researching materials using the web
Employed 2006 Bachelor’s degree recipients in communications
100
Percent
14.3
17.1
13.9
10.3
15.3
27.1
23.5
29
5.3
25
32.4
80
58.5
60
52.1
48.8
52.5
60.8
53.3
11+ hours
1-10 hours
0 hours
47.5
61.8
40
20
66.7
62.8
34.1
33.6
33.6
58.8
36.2
31.4
25.4
28.9
8.8
8.3
14.7
8.3
0
Daily
Weekly
Radio
TV
PR
Ad
Consum. Special Online
Magazine Info
Publishers
Other Employed
Non Media
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
20. Technical work performed in job
An overview of jobs of employed 2006 Bachelor’s degree recipients
Percent
Designing and creating computer graphics
8.9
Non-linear editing of moving images
6.7
Photo imaging
9.2
Still camera
15.4
Video camera
8.1
Write, report,
edit for print
38
14.5
Write, report, edit for broadcast
1.6 Produce content for mobile device
0
10
20
30
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
40
50
21. Hours spent with job per week
Employed 2006 Bachelor’s degree recipients in communications
Percent
15.5
Less than 40 hours
40 hours
50.8
27.7
41-50 hours
N=1375
6
51 plus hours
0
20
40
60
80
100
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
22. Job offers, Master’s degree recipients
Job offers to Master’s degree recipients on graduation:
percent with at least one job
Percent
100
+
60
+
+
80
+ +
+ + +
+
+
+
+ + + + + +
+
40
20
0
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Percent at least one job
Mean=number of jobs
(N)
+
66 73.1 56.6 68.9 67.2 70.2 73.1 75.8 83.3 74.5 81.2 88.6 70.4 70.6 70.5 73.5 69 72.2
1.7 1.4 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.7 1.8
2
2 2.2 2.3 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.5
162 148 144 155 159 151 178 143 145 156 147 146 153 165 161 233 143 145
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
23. Employment Status Oct. 31
Employment status of Master’s degree recipients
Percent
100
# Full-time ' Part-time ) In school $ No employment
#
80
#
#
#
#
#
#
$
'
)
$
'
)
$'
)
$
'
)
$'
)
$
)'
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
63.9
11
5.2
20.1
65.4
11.4
5.4
17.8
62.2
16.8
5.6
15.4
81.4
8.3
1.4
9
65.4
10.9
5.1
18.6
74.8
9.5
3.4
12.2
60
#
#
$
$
'
)
)'
)
2003
2004
2005
2006
64.6
11.8
9.3
14.3
62.7
9.9
5.2
22.3
65.7
4.9
7.7
21.7
64.8
15.9
3.4
15.9
#
#
#
$
'
)
$
'
)
$'
)
2000
2001
2002
74.7
6.8
6.2
12.3
60.8
9.8
4.6
24.8
60.6
12.7
4.8
21.8
#
40
20
0
Full-time
Part-time
In school
No employment
$'
)
$'
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
24. Employment Status Oct. 31
Employment status of Master’s degree recipients who looked for work
Percent
100
# Full-time ) Part-time ' Not employed
80
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
'
)
'
)
2001
68.9
11.1
20
2002
67.6
14.2
18.2
#
#
#
60
N=136
40
20
)'
)'
)
'
)'
'
)
)'
)'
1999
82.1
10.4
7.5
2000
82.6
7.6
9.8
)'
'
)
2003
75.4
13.8
10.9
2004
71.6
11.3
17.2
'
)'
)
0
Full-time
Part-time
Not employed
1994
75
12.9
12.1
1995
72.5
12.6
15
1996
70.6
19
10.3
1997
84.3
8.6
7.1
1998
71.3
11.9
16.8
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
2005
75.8
5.6
18.5
2006
69.1
16.9
14
25. Employment status
Employment status of Master’s degree recipients when
they returned questionnaires
Percent
100
80
60
+ Full-time work * Part-time work ) Continuing school $ Unemployed
+
+ +
+
+ +
+ +
+
+ + +
+
+ + +
+
+
40
20
0
$
$
*
)
$
*
)
1989 1990
Full-time work 74.1 76.4
Part-time work 7.4 7.4
Continuing school 3.1 2.7
Unemployed 15.4 13.5
*
)
1991
60.4
10.4
5.6
23.6
$*
)
$
)*
$
*
)
$
*
)
$*
)
1992 1993 1994 1995
68.4 67.9 66.2 72.5
10.3 9.4 11.3 9.6
7.1 6.9
6 6.2
14.2 15.7 16.6 11.8
$*
)
$
)*
$*
)
$
)*
$
)*
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
65.7 83.4 75.6 80.3 77.4 69.9
11.9 5.5 5.8 6.1 6.2 8.5
4.9 2.1 4.5 4.1 4.8 5.2
17.5
9 14.1 9.5 11.6 16.3
$*
)
$
)*
$
)*
$
)*
*
$
)
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
69.7 71.4 74.2 72.7 69.7
14.5 9.3 6.9 5.6 17.9
3 8.1 3.9 7.7 3.4
12.7 11.2 15 14
9
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
26. Overall salaries
Overall nominal median annual salaries and adjustments for inflation
for Bachelor's and Master's degree recipients with full-time jobs
In thousands
$ 40.0
) )
)
$ 30.0
) )
)
$ 20.0
) ) )
)
)
+
+ +
* *
* *
*
+
*
+
+
*
+ + + *
+
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
) )
) ) )
+ +
)
+ + + + +
+
+ + *
* * * * * * *
* *
$
$ $ $ $ $ $
$ $ $
)
$10.0
+ Bachelor's Nominal Salary $ UG Salary in 1985 Dollars
) Master's Nominal Salary * Grad Salary in 1985 Dollars
0.0
1987 1988 1989 1990
Bachelor's Nominal Salary 15.2 16.9 17.8 18.0
UG Salary in 1985 Dollars 14.3 15.3 15.3 14.6
Master's Nominal Salary
23.0 25.0
Grad Salary in 1985 Dollars
19.8 20.3
1991
18.1
14.1
22.0
17.1
1992
18.2
13.7
24.8
18.7
1993
18.5
13.5
25.0
18.3
1994
20.0
14.2
25.0
17.8
1995
20.8
14.4
28.5
19.7
1996
21.5
14.4
28.8
19.3
1997
23.0
15.1
28.5
18.7
1998
24.0
15.5
30.0
19.4
1999
25.0
15.7
35.0
22.0
2000
27.0
16.4
31.3
19.0
2001
26.0
15.6
30.1
18.0
2002
26.0
15.3
32.0
18.8
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
2003
26.0
14.8
32.8
18.6
2004
27.8
15.4
33.0
18.3
2005
29.0
15.4
37.0
19.7
2006
30.0
15.5
38.0
19.7
27. Salaries in dailies
Annual nominal median salaries and adjustments for inflation at
daily newspapers - Bachelor’s degree recipients with full-time jobs
In thousands
$30.0
) Nominal Salary
$ In 1985 Dollars
$25.0
) ) ) ) )
) )
)
) ) ) )
$20.0
$15.0
)
) ) ) )
) )
$ $ $ $
$
$ $ $ $
) $
) $ $ $ $ $ $ $
$ $ $
$
$10.0
$5.0
$0.0
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Nominal Salary $13.9$13.9$16.1$17.0$18.1$18.2$18.2$18.2$21.0$22.0$20.8$21.0$22.6$25.0$26.0$25.9$25.0$25.5$26.0$28.0$27.0
In 1985 Dollars $13.7$13.1$14.6$14.6$14.7$14.2$13.7$13.3$14.9$15.2$13.9$13.8$14.6$15.7$15.8$15.5$14.7$14.5$14.4$14.9$14.0
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
28. Salaries in weeklies
Annual nominal median salaries and adjustments for inflation at
weekly newspapers - Bachelor’s degree recipients with full-time jobs
In thousands
$30.0
$25.0
$20.0
$15.0
$10.0
) Nominal Salary
$ In 1985 Dollars
)
) )
)
)
)
) ) ) )
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
$
) )
) $ $ $
$ $ $ $
$ $ $ $ $
$
$ $ $ $ $ $
$5.0
$0.0
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Nominal Salary $12.9$14.3$14.7$15.6$15.0$15.6$15.6$15.6$17.0$18.2$19.6$20.3$21.0$22.9$24.0$22.0$24.0$24.0$25.0$24.7
In 1985 Dollars $12.2$12.9$12.6$12.7$11.7$11.8$11.4$11.1$11.7$12.2$12.9$13.1$13.2$13.9$14.4$12.9$13.7$13.3$13.3$12.8
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
29. Salaries in radio
Annual nominal median salaries and adjustments for inflation
in radio - Bachelor’s degree recipients with full-time jobs
In thousands
) Nominal Salary
$ In 1985 Dollars
$25.0
)
)
$10.0
)
) )
)
)
) )
$20.0
$15.0
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
$ $ $ $ $
$ $
$ ) ) )
$ $
)
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$ $ $
$5.0
$0.0
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Nominal Salary $12.8 $14.6 $13.5 $13.2 $14.0 $15.0 $16.9 $16.0 $17.0 $18.0 $20.0 $20.8 $22.5 $23.4 $25.0 $24.0 $24.0 $23.0 $26.0 $27.0
In 1985 Dollars $12.1 $13.2 $11.6 $10.7 $10.9 $11.3 $12.3 $11.4 $11.7 $12.0 $13.2 $13.4 $14.1 $14.2 $15.0 $14.1 $13.7 $12.7 $13.8 $14.0
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
30. Salaries in television
Annual nominal median salaries and adjustments for inflation
in TV - Bachelor’s degree recipients with full-time jobs
In thousands
$25.0
) Nominal Salary
$ In 1985 Dollars
$20.0
$15.0
)
) ) ) )
) )
)
) ) ) )
)
) ) )
$ ) )
)
$ $ $ $ $
$
)
$ $ $ $ $
$ $
$
$
$ $ $ $
$10.0
$5.0
$0.0
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Nominal Salary $12.9 $16.9 $15.2 $15.0 $14.5 $15.6 $15.6 $16.0 $18.0 $17.5 $18.7 $18.2 $20.0 $21.8 $21.5 $22.0 $22.0 $23.5 $23.0 $24.4
In 1985 Dollars $12.2 $15.3 $13.1 $12.2 $11.2 $11.8 $11.4 $11.4 $12.4 $11.7 $12.3 $11.8 $12.5 $13.2 $12.9 $12.9 $12.5 $13.0 $12.2 $12.6
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
31. Salaries in advertising
Annual nominal median salaries and adjustments for inflation
in advertising - Bachelor’s degree recipients with full-time jobs
$35.0
In thousands
) Nominal Salary
$ In 1985 Dollars
$30.0
) )
$25.0
$20.0
$15.0
) ) ) ) ) )
)
) )
) )
)
)
)
)
)
) $
$ $ $ $ $ $ $
$
)
$ $
$
)
$ $
$ $ $ $ $ $ $
$10.0
$5.0
$0.0
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Nominal Salary $14.7$15.0$16.4$18.0$18.5$18.1$18.5$19.0$20.0$20.4$22.0$22.0$25.0$25.0$27.0$26.5$27.0$27.0$28.0$28.0$30.0
In 1985 Dollars $14.4$14.2$14.8$15.5$15.0$14.1$14.0$13.9$14.2$14.1$14.7$14.5$16.2$15.7$16.4$15.9$15.8$15.4$15.5$14.9$15.5
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
32. Salaries in PR
Annual nominal median salaries and adjustments for inflation
in public relations - Bachelor’s degree recipients with full time jobs
In thousands
$35.0
$30.0
) Nominal Salary
$ In 1985 Dollars
)
$25.0
$20.0
$15.0
) )
) ) )
) )
) ) ) )
) )
) ) )
) )
$ $
) $ $ $
$ $ $ $ $
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
) $
$
$10.0
$5.0
$0.0
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Nominal Salary $15.3$16.7$18.4$19.0$19.7$20.0$19.5$20.9$21.0$22.0$23.0$23.1$25.0$25.0$29.0$27.8$27.0$28.0$28.5$30.0$30.0
In 1985 Dollars $15.0$15.8$16.6$16.3$16.0$15.6$14.7$15.3$14.9$15.2$15.4$15.2$16.2$15.7$17.6$16.6$15.8$15.9$15.8$15.9$15.5
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
33. Salaries compared
Median yearly salaries for 2006 Bachelor’s
degree recipients with full-time jobs
In thousands
All
$30.0
Dailies
$27.0
Weeklies
$24.7
Radio
$27.0
Television
Salary
$24.4
Cable Television
$30.2
Advertising
$30.0
Public Relations
$30.0
Consumer Magazines
$28.0
Specialized Info Publisher
$31.0
WWW
$31.5
$0.0 $2.0 $4.0 $6.0 $8.0 $10.0$12.0$14.0$16.0$18.0$20.0$22.0$24.0$26.0$28.0$30.0$32.0$34.0$36.0$38.0$40.0
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
34. Salaries by region
Median yearly salaries for 2006 Bachelor’s degree recipients
with full-time jobs
Midwest
Median salary: $30,000
N=412
West
Median salary:
$31,200
N=302
Northeast
Median salary:
$30,000
N=237
South
Median salary:
$30,000
N=504
35. Union membership of JMC graduates
Union membership of Bachelor’s degree recipients
5
Percent
1997
2003
4.1
1998
2004
2001
2005
2002
2006
4.2
4.3
4.1
3.9
4
3.7
3.6
3.3
3.1
3
3
3.5
3.4
3.3
3.3
3.4
2.9
2
1
0
All
Employed full-time
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
36. Yearly salary for union members
and non-union workers
Median salary per year for Bachelor’s degree recipients with
full-time jobs: union and non-union
In thousands
$40.0
Union members salary
Non-union workers salary
$34.0
$32.0
$31.6
$29.0
$30.0
$27.0
$26.0
$23.0
$25.0
$26.0
$26.5
$26.0
$26.7
$30.0
$27.5
$26.0
$24.0
$20.0
$10.0
$0.0
1997
1998
2001
2002
2003
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
2004
2005
2006
37. Job benefits I
Benefits available to Bachelor’s degree recipients with full-time jobs
Percent
Basic Med. 1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
46.3
44.3
48.4
46.6
45.9
48.6
50.5
49
47.8
54
50.4
51.4
53.2
29.7
33.1
30.6
33.4
36.6
33.9
32.9
33
30.4
25.3
25.9
25.4
26.1
22.4
Major Med. 1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
47.2
0
Employer Pays All
Employer Pays Part
49.1
46.7
51.5
52.4
52
52.2
54.2
55.6
52
56.4
53.3
53.8
57.4
25.2
27.4
24.8
25.8
28.2
27.2
26.4
24.7
22.6
19.1
20.1
19.3
18.2
14.8
50.2
20
40
60
80
100
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
38. Job benefits II
Benefits available to Bachelor’s degree recipients with full-time jobs
Percent
Prescription 1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
12.9
15.8
14.6
16.4
16.5
16.6
16.9
15.7
13.7
13.6
13.7
12.8
12.5
10.5
2006
Disability 1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
48.5
48.6
54.7
55.9
59.3
59.1
61
60.8
58.3
59.4
55.8
57
60
52.8
22.3
22
21.5
22
22.7
22.3
22.3
22.4
20.4
17.9
18.1
17.1
14.6
14.4
0
32.1
33.9
34.9
37.6
38.1
36.9
39.1
41
35.4
40.2
35.4
36.7
41.6
36
20
40
Employer Pays All
Employer Pays Part
60
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
80
100
39. Job benefits III
Benefits available to Bachelor’s degree recipients with full-time jobs
Percent
Dental 1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
39.3
37.1
42.6
44
19.2
23.1
21.4
21.5
25.8
24.8
23.8
24.9
22.3
19.4
20.4
18.7
19.9
18.8
Life Insur. 1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
43.9
45.1
48.9
47
44.9
49.6
46.3
48.5
49.5
43
29.2
28.7
32.6
32.7
33
33.9
35.7
36.5
33.9
36.2
33.8
34.1
37.1
33.4
28.4
28.2
26.4
28.5
29.9
28.4
30.2
30.5
25.5
23.2
24.6
23.3
23.8
20.5
0
20
40
Employer Pays All
Employer Pays Some
60
80
100
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
40. Job benefits IV
Benefits available to Bachelor’s degree recipients with full-time jobs
Percent
Mater./Paternity 1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Child Care 1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
24.8
28.7
28.7
30
34.5
32.8
35.4
35.1
32.4
29.4
31.3
32.5
31.8
28.7
4.2
4.4
3.4
4.5
4.4
4.6
3.9
5.7
5
3.6
4
4.9
4.6
4.4
0
29.6
29.6
31.1
35.1
31.8
34.2
34.6
34.4
31.4
34.6
32.2
31
35.6
30.5
12.8
11.9
15.8
15.5
15.8
18.2
18.2
19.1
17.4
17.2
14.4
18.5
17.1
17.3
Employer Pays All
Employer Pays Some
20
40
60
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
80
100
41. Job benefits V
Benefits available to Bachelor’s degree recipients with full-time jobs
Percent
Retirement 1993
39.8
14.3
1994
16.3
40
1995
15.8
42.4
1996
15.3
1997
16
48.4
1998
15.3
50
1999
15.3
52.6
2000
47.3
Employer Pays All
Employer Pays Some
51.7
17.3
2001
15
2002
12.3
50.7
2003
13.1
48.7
2004
13.1
49.3
2005
12.7
2006
2006
12.4
46.9
53.8
45.8
0
20
40
60
80
100
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
42. Why jobs chosen
Employed Bachelor’s degree recipients' reasons for selecting jobs
Percent of “very important”
100
80
60.1
60
56.1
51.7
'
40
'
'
58.9
'
61.5
'
63.9
'
26.2
)
26.3
)
20
'
64.6
'
56.7
'
' What want to do
) Available
33.9
)
35.0
)
61.6
23.5
)
19.2
1996
1997
)
19.6
)
17.7
55.6
'
36.5
)
57
'
)
1999
2000
60.9
'
'
)
24
25.2
2004
2005
'
59.5
34.4
)
18.2
)
58.9
28.5
)
)
0
1993
(N=1787)
1994
(N=1682)
1995
(N=1748) (N=1675) (N=1768)
1998
2001
2002
2003
(N=1818) (N =2222) (N = 2211) (N=2739) (N=2798) (N=2680)
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
(N=3123) (N=2412)
2006
(N=2290)
43. Overall job situation
Employed Bachelor’s degree recipients views of their jobs
100
Percent
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
80
60
40
28.9 28.9
22.4 22.4
25.6 24.7 25.5 26.3 26
23.8
24.5 24.5
26.5
23.7 23.5
23.7
25
20.7
17.5 17.8
20
3.8 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7
0
Things are fine
Some improvements needed
Not sure
Small improvements needed
A lot of improvement needed
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
44. Job satisfaction
Job satisfaction of employed Bachelor’s degree recipients
100
Percent of “very satisfied”
+ Full Time Work
, Part Time Work
80
60
40
20
0
Full Time Work
N
Part Time Work
N
+
+
+ + +
+ + +
,
,
,
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + +
+ +
, ,
, ,
, , , , , , , , ,
, , , ,
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
38.7 32.8 33.7 31.4 28.1
799 409 1536 1565 1511
14.7 3.6
11 6.9 8.1
143 56 209 277 347
1992
30.6
1651
9.8
378
1993
31.4
1472
8.2
318
1994
34
1461
11.6
267
1995
38.5
1546
15
253
1996
35.8
1516
15.3
216
1997
35.5
1574
15.3
176
1998
34.1
1658
8.4
131
1999
34.8
2026
9.5
179
2000
34.8
2030
10.7
197
2001
28.9
1802
10.7
272
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
2002
30.2
1762
9.8
327
2003
32.1
1651
9.7
331
2004
31.2
2061
6.3
347
2005 2006
36.2 36
1674 1572
9.5 7.2
242 236
45. Regret career choices
Bachelor’s degree recipients who wish they had selected another career
Percent
100
80
73
$
68.5
$
68.1
$
60
# Yes
70.9
$
$
70.1
$
68.5
67.4
64.6
$
$ No ' Never planned communications career
$
40
31.6
#
27.3
'
#
#
20
4.2
0
1999
#
26.9
22.7
5
27.3
#
26.6
#
24.6
26.3
3.6
#
4.3
'
'
3.5
4.9
4.9
'
4.4
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
'
'
'
#
'
2006
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
46. Retirement plans
Attitudes toward retirement of Bachelor’s degree recipients with jobs
Percent
50
# Expect to retire in occupation
& Expect to retire with company
40
30
22.3
#
20
#
18
17.7
#
20
19.9
#
18.2
&
4.4
&
3.9
&
2002
2003
2004
2005
18.9
#
16.4
4.9
&
4.7
2001
#
#
#
18.9
6.3
5.7
#
10
&
4.4
0
1998
4.2
4.8
1999
2000
&
&
&
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
&
2006
47. Organizational pride
Bachelor’s degree recipients with full-time jobs
Percent
100
! Agree & Neutral, not sure ' Disagree
80
!
75.2
69.7
69.6
!
!
60
2000
2001
2002
2006
74.9
!
72.5
!
68.1
!
N=2036 2003 N=1662
N=1802 2004 N=2068
N=1763 2005 N=1675
N=1572
74.7
!
Statement: I am proud to be working
for my firm/organization.
40
20
&
'
19.1
5.6
0
2000
23
22.5
22.1
8.4
22
&
&
&
&
19.6
20.7
&
4.5
'
&
9
'
7.8
'
'
5.5
'
5.5
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
'
2006
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication
48. Organizational commitment
Bachelor’s degree recipients with full-time jobs
50
Percent
2000 N=2036
2001 N=1803
2002 N=1763
40.2
40
& 37
!
37.4
&
32.9
!
! Very commited
& Moderately commited
' Somewhat commited
$ Not at all commited
30
20
'
15.8
$
!
33.6
&
36.9
35.7
38.1
36.2
35.7
36.2
&!
!
&
!
36.4
40.9
37.3
&
!
&
Statement: Overall, how commited do
you feel to your company?
18.1
'
17.6
11.7
11.7
$
10
37.2
2003 N=1669 2006 N=1573
2004 N=2067
2005 N=1677
40.8
'
$
7.1
18
'
17.3
'
14.4
'
9.3
$
8.4
$
8.4
2003
2004
2005
$
14.9
'
7
$
0
2000
2001
2002
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
2006
49. Meaningfulness of work
Bachelor’s degree recipients with full-time jobs
Percent
100
# Agree ) Neutral, not sure ' Disagree
80
60
#
63.8
2000 N=2275
2001 N=1798
2002 N=1760
40
20
)
23.2
'
13
2003
2004
2005
2006
24
0
2000
N=1656
N=2063
N=1673
N=1565
)
17.3
'
23.9
2001
2002
)
17.2
'
#
#
#
#
61.6
60.9
58.9
58.7
61.6
#
61.3
#
25.9
)
12.7
'
Statement: The work I do is
meaningful to me.
23.9
24.2
14.5
'
14.2
2004
2005
)
20.7
20.7
18.4
)'
18.4
2003
)
'
2006
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
50. Use of print media
Journalism Bachelor’s degree recipients’ use of print media
Percent
100
Bachelor's recipients 1994
Bachelor's recipients 2004
Bachelor's recipients 2005
Bachelor's recipients 2006
81.7
80
N=2225
N=3117
N=2403
N=2290
67.8
63.2
60
60.7
55.8
56.8 56.9
58.4
48.2
44.3
46.1 47.3
40
20
0
Read a newspaper yesterday
Read a magazine yesterday
Read a book yesterday
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
51. Use of electronic media
Journalism Bachelor’s degree recipients’ use of electronic media
100
Percent
Bachelor's recipients 1994
Bachelor's recipients 2004
Bachelor's recipients 2005
Bachelor's recipients 2006
82.7
80
76.4
74.3 75
N=2225
N=3117
N=2403
N=2290
71
63
65.3
60
47.6
46
40
20
6.2
0
Watched TV news
yesterday
Listened to radio news
yesterday
Read or viewed
news online yesterday
Read, viewed or heard
on mobile device yesterday
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
52. Student professional organizations
attended while at university
20022002 20032003 2005 2005 2006
ADAD
Club
2.8%
Club
2.8% 2.2%2.2% 4.5%4.5% 4.5%
American
Advertising
Federation
3.6%
American
Advertising
Federation
3.6% 3.9%3.9% 2.8%2.8% 2.3%
Association
of Women
in Communication
1.6% 2.0%2.0% 1.3%1.3% 1.1%
Association
of Women
in Communication
1.6%
Gamma
Kappa
0.7% 0.6%0.6% 0.5%0.5% 0.2%
Di Di
Gamma
Kappa
0.7%
Kappa
Tau
Alpha
0.3% 0.6%0.6% 0.2%0.2% 0.2%
Kappa
Tau
Alpha
0.3%
Magazine
Club
0.0% 0.0%0.0% 0.4%0.4% 0.3%
Magazine
Club
0.0%
National
Association
of
Black
Journalists
1.6% 1.5%1.5% 1.0%1.0% 1.0%
National Association of Black Journalists
1.6%
NationalBroadcasting
Society
1.3%
National Broadcasting Society
1.3%
0.9%0.9% 0.6%0.6% 0.6%
National
Press
Photographers
Association
0.8% 0.6%0.6% 0.3%0.3% 0.4%
National
Press
Photographers
Association
0.8%
Public Relations Student Society
13.5%
12.8%
16.0%
Public Relations Student Society
13.5%
12.8%
16.0%
13.8%
Radio Television News Directors Association
1.3%
1.2%
1.0%
Radio Television News Directors Association
1.3%
1.2%
1.0%
1.0%
Society of Professional Journalists
7.3%
5.8%
5.0%
Society of Professional Journalists
7.3%
5.8%
5.0%
6.7%
Student Society for News Design
0.5%
0.1%
0.0%
Student Society for News Design
0.5%
0.1%
0.0%
0.1%
N
2,794
2,684
2,412
N
2,794
2,684
2,412
2,290
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
53. Online and new media skills
Bachelor’s degree recipients’ self-reported ability to use the web
Percent
28.5
Ability to do web layout and design
57.6
Ability to write for the web
42.7
Ability to edit for web
43.1
Ability to use the web for reporting
30
9
Ability to use graphics on the web
23.2
Ability to use audio for the web
23.8
Ability to use video on the web
Ability to use animation on the web
Ability to use still photographs on the web
45.6
23.1
Ability to create advertising for the web
15
Knowledge to sell advertising for the web
36.3
13.7
36.3
30.5
0
Ability to use the web in public relations
Management skills for online/web publishing
Ability to create and use blogs
Ability to use software programs for the web
20
40
60
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
80
100
S1. What they studied
Specialty within curriculum of Bachelor’s degree recipients
Percent
50
40
" " "
30
"*
+
(
)
(
+
)
"
*
20
10
"
"
"
" "
"* " "
*
*
"
* *
*
*
*
(
)
)* (
)* )*
* (
) ) ( (
)
)
(
(
)
)
(
)
( +
( )
( +
+ +
( + +
+ + + +
+
+
" " "
" "
"
"
*
)
*
) ) )* )* )* * )*
( ( ( ( ( +
(
( +
+ + + + +
( News-editorial * Broadcasting ) Public relations + Advertising " Other
0
News-editorial
Broadcasting
Public relations
Advertising
Other
(N)
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
21.8 18.3 20.7 16.7 15.7 17.1 16.2 18.6 18.2 17.9 17.9 16.4 17.3 17.2 14.5 13.9 14.3 13.8 12.9 13.9 14
17.6 22.7 20.1 17.8 22.6 21.5 19.1 18.7 21.6 25.3 22.4 24.2 24.1 22.3 22.1 19.8 19.4 18 18.3 17.6 18.7
20.5
16 19.2 19.8 17.1 18.2 17.2 19.3 17.6 18.3 18.8 20.5 16.4 19.5 17.8 19.1 19.4 18.9 18.2 20.8 17.5
20.8 19.6 16.2 16.2 16.2 14.5 16 15.2 13.3 12.3 13.1 12.5 9.8 11.8 11.9 12.3 12.5 12.2 13.6 13.1 12.8
19.3 23.4 23.8 29.5 28.4 28.7 31.5 28.2 29.4 26.2 27.7 26.3 32.3 29.3 33.7 35 34.3 37 37.1 34.5 37
943 1252 711 2171 2448 2500 2670 2397 2238 2296 2241 2169 2391 2672 2734 2739 2798 2680 3123 2412 2290
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
S2. Campus activities
Campus activities of Bachelor’s degree recipients
100
80
60
40
20
0
Newspaper
Yearbook
Brdcst. station
Radio
Television
Magazine
WWW.Site
Media internship
(N)
Percent
( ( ( ( ( ( ( (
) Newspaper
& Magazine
)
) ) )
) ) ) )
"
# # # # # # $
#
" $ $ $ $ $ $
" " " " " " "
(
)
( ( ( ( ( ( ( (
( ( ( (
Yearbook
Radio
Television
"
#
$
+ WWW.Site ( Media internship
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
# $
# $
# $
$
# $
# $
# $
# $
# $
# $
# $
#
& "
& &
&
& +
& +
& +
& +
& +
& +
"
"
" +
"
" +
"
"
"
+
" +
"
)
$
#
&
+
"
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
58.4 46.2 39.1 37.2 35 33.6 33.3 34 33.8 33.9 34.5 33.8 35.6 32.5 34.1 31.8 32.8 31.8 30 31.5 32.7
18.7 12.6 5.2 6.1 7.3 6.6 6.5 5.6 5.9 4.9 5.1 3.9
5 4.1 4.2 3.8 3.8 3.3 2.9 2.8 2.7
38.8 30.8
18.7 20.8 18.3 18.6 18.7 16.1 16.2 19.1 16.9 18.3 19.5 15.1 15.1 13.7 14.6 12.6 12.4 11.9 10.8
12.8 13.4 12.8 15 14.1 13.8 14.4 17.7 15.7 16.5 19.5 17.1 16.2 14.6 15.3 16.4 15.2 14.8 14.7
6.4 7.3 7.3 7.9 6.6 7.1 6.9 5.7 7.4 7.7 7.3
1.3 3.4 3.7 3.4 3.3
3 3.4 2.6 2.3 2.8 3.7
67.9 78.5 74.8 77.1 78.6 77.4 78.2 77.7 76.9 81 79.6 82.2 82.2 79.5 80.4 77.9 78.3 74.4 75.1 76.6 78.3
943 1252 711 2171 2448 2500 2670 2397 2238 2296 2241 2169 2235 2679 2734 2739 2798 2680 3123 2412 2290
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
S3. Grade point averages
Final grades of Bachelor’s degree recipients
Percent
100
'A $B )C
80
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
60
40
'
'
'
'
'
)
)
)
)
)
20
0
'
'
)
)
$
$
'
)
$
$
$
$
'
'
'
'
'
)
)
)
)
)
$
'
$
'
$
'
$'
$'
)
)
)
)
)
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
A 26.2 24.5 26.7 26.6 29.7 30.7 31.5 36.5 31.3 33.5 35.6 36.3 37.7 41.1 42.8 44.5 46.8 48.1
B 70.1 72.1 69.4 69.7 66.6 65.3 65.6 60.4 61.4 59.4 56.5 57.5 55.6 52.7 51.8 50.7 48.3 47.4
C 3.7 3.4 3.8 3.6 3.7
4 2.9
3 7.4 7.1 7.9 6.2 6.7 6.2 5.3 4.8 4.5 4.5
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
S4. Grades by major
Final grades of Bachelor’s degree recipients by major: percent with A or A100
Percent
2000
2004
2001
2005
2002
2006
2003
80
60
52
50.4
53.8
48
42.643
40
37
49
45.9
43.7 43.1
41.8
38.5
35.235.9
42.2 43
39.4
36.9
35.436.1
50.4
48.3
44.645.7
48
40.4 41
40.3
36.9
44.8
42.9
3735.9
20
0
Print journalism
Broadcasting
Advertising
PR
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
Other
S5. Seeking print jobs
Jobs sought by Bachelor’s degree recipients in the area of print media.
Excludes students not seeking jobs
Percent
50
) Dailies ' Weeklies $ Online/Internet
40
30
20
10
)
'
)
'
)
'
)
'
)
'
)
'
)
'
)
'
$
) ) )
$' $' $'
) )
$ $'
'
)
)
' '
$ $
)
'
$
) )
' '
$ $
0
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Dailies
24 22.3 21.5 22.1
Weeklies 14.3 13.5
15 14.4
Magazines 14.6 13.5 13.8 13.1
Consumer Magazines
Trade Press
Book Publishers 9.9 9.1 11.5 9.6
Wire Services 3.1
3 9.1 2.8
Newsletters
Newsletter/Mags
Online/Internet
Looseleaf/Directory
Research Report/Journal
(N) 2190 2434 2465 2670
21.8 21.2 19.2 22.3 20.6 22.8 21.4 19.4
14.9 13.3 11.8 12.2 10.8 12.6 12.5 9.1
13 11.2 12.3
7.3 6.9
8 7.6 8.2
7.6 7.1 7.5
6 6.1
10.1
8 6.2 7.9 6.7 7.8 6.8 6.4
3.5 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.9 3.8 3.6 3.4
3.2 2.4 2.2 1.7 2.5 1.9 1.4
4.8 4.8 5.2 4.7
5 4.6 3.9
6.6 9.2 10.3 12.4 12.7
22.7 24.7 25.2
12.5
13 13.4
22 21.5 19.4
13 11.7
13
10.3 10.2 10.1 10.7
6.9 6.3
6 5.9
8.3 8.3 9.3 7.8
4.5 4.5 4.8 3.2
2 1.7 1.8 1.8
4.5 4.7 4.8 5.3
10.3 7.9 8.2 7.3
11 10.2
5.9 5.4
6.7 6.6
2.9 3.4
1.8 1.7
3.7 3.7
7.2 9.7
0.5
1.9
2392 2238 2296 2241 2169 2235 2679 2734 2739 2798 2680 3123 2412 2290
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
S6. Seeking broadcast jobs
Jobs sought by Bachelor’s degree recipients in the area of broadcasting.
Excludes students not seeking jobs
50
Percent
+ Television station * Radio station ) Cable television
40
30
20
10
+ + + +
+ + +
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ +
*
*
*
*
* *
* * * * *
) )
) ) ) ) )* )* * ) ) ) ) * * *
)
*
) ) )
)
)
0
1989 1990
Television station 21.5 25.6
Radio station 16.4 18
Cable television 9.2 13
(N) 2190 2434
1991
24.5
17.3
13.2
2465
1992
22.7
16
10.8
2670
1993
23.2
15.8
12.8
2392
1994
22.9
16.3
11.9
2238
1995
26.9
14.7
12.6
2296
1996
26.7
15.7
12.5
2241
1997
25.1
13.9
11.2
2169
1998
27.8
14
12.5
2235
1999
23.1
11.8
10
2679
2000
22.8
10.6
10.9
2734
2001
26.3
16.9
11.9
2739
2002
25.7
16.2
12.5
2798
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
2003
28.1
15.9
14.1
2680
2004
23.3
13.6
10.1
3123
2005
21.1
12.1
8.6
2412
2006
21.7
11.7
8.4
2290
S7. Seeking PR/advertising jobs
Jobs sought by Bachelor’s degree recipients in the area of PR
and advertising. Excludes students not seeking jobs
Percent
50
40
30
*
+
)
20
$
*
+
)
$
+
)*
$
*
+
)
$
10
+
*
)
$
+
)*
$
*
+
)
$
+
*
)
+
)*
+
)*
+
)*
$
$
$
$
)*
+
+
*
)
$
$
+
)*
+
*
)
*
+
)
+
)*
+
)*
$
$
$
$
$
2005
26.2
26.4
25.5
16.8
2412
2006
24.7
26
23.9
16
2290
) Public relations agency + Public relations department
* Advertising agency
$ Advertising department
0
Public relations agency
Public relations department
Advertising agency
Advertising department
(N)
1989
22.9
26.1
26.5
16.8
2190
1990
21.3
24.3
26
16.9
2434
1991
24.1
28.7
24.9
16.6
2465
1992
22.5
26.6
26.8
17.8
2670
1993
21.6
26.4
23.7
15.8
2392
1994
21.1
23.7
23
13.6
2238
1995
20.4
22
22.8
13.6
2296
1996
23
25.9
25.3
14.9
2241
1997
24.5
25.9
25.2
14.3
2169
1998
24.7
25.7
25.1
15.2
2235
1999
23.9
25.9
24.1
14.7
2679
2000
23
22.7
24.2
13.6
2734
2001
26.7
30.1
29.9
19.8
2739
2002
26.9
27.8
26.8
17.1
2798
2003
25.3
29.6
28.2
18.8
2680
2004
24.4
26.2
27
18.1
3123
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
S8. News-editorial tasks
Bachelor’s degree recipients' job tasks in the area of print journalism
Percent
20
+ Writing/reporting * Editing/page layout
) Combination
$ Technical writing
15
10
5
0
+
) +
+ + +
) +
)
+ + +
) + +
) )
) +
+ + ) )
+
) )
+
+
+ +
) ) )
)
) ) ) ) *
* *
*
* * *
* *
*
* * *
* * * * * *
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$ $ $ $ $
$
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Writing/reporting 11.5
9.7 7.5 7.2 6.6 6.4
8 8.4 7.5 9.6 9.5
9 8.2
6
6 6.2 6.6 6.2 7.3
Editing/page layout 3.1
2.6 2.5 2.1 2.5 2.1 3.9 2.7 3.9 3.7 3.1 3.1 3.5
2 1.9
2 2.3 2.5 2.5
Combination 9.6
7.5 4.6 5.3 4.8
5 6.6 6.7 5.4 6.4 6.5 8.3 7.2 6.7 5.5 4.8 5.3 6.9 8.2
Technical writing 0.1
0.8 0.5 0.4 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.5
(N) 711 2171 2448 2500 2670 2397 2238 2282 2241 2169 2235 2679 2734 2739 2798 2680 3123 2412 2290
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
S9. Advertising tasks
Bachelor’s degree recipients' job tasks in the area of advertising
20
Percent
+ Producing ads
* Selling/placing ads
15
10
*
5
0
* *
*
* *
* *
*
*
* * * *
* * *
+ + + * + *
+
+
+
+
+
+ + + +
+
+
+ + + +
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Producing ads
3
3.5 2.7 1.5 2.4 1.5 2.1
2 2.4 2.4 1.6 1.8 1.7 1.7 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.4 1.7
Selling/placing ads 6.2
4.2 4.8 3.6 3.8 3.4 4.4 3.6 3.2 4.2
4 4.3 4.6 3.2 3.7 3.4 4.6 4.3 3.9
(N) 711 2171 2448 2500 2670 2397 2238 2282 2241 2169 2235 2679 2734 2739 2798 2680 3123 2412 2290
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
S10. Corporate communication tasks
Bachelor’s degree recipients' job tasks in the area
of corporate marketing and communication
Percent
20
+ Promotion/marketing
* Corp. communication
15
10
+
+ + + + +
5
*
*
*
*
*
+ +
*
*
+
+
*
*
+
+ +
*
*
+ + +
* *
*
+
*
*
+
*
0
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Promotion/marketing 10.8 8.1 8.6 8.1 8.2 7.8 9.5 9.2 10.7 9.1 10.6 9.9 7.7 7.6 7.9 8.7 10.7 9.6
Corp. communication
4.5 4.3 4.9 5.2 5.5 5.6 6.6 6.5 5.6 5.8
6 5.8 5.1 4.5
5 7.9 6.5
(N) 2171 2448 2500 2670 2397 2238 2282 2241 2169 2235 2679 2734 2739 2798 2680 3123 2412 2290
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
S11. Newspaper work
Bachelor’s degree recipients working in newspaper jobs
Percent
20
+ Daily * Weekly , Wire
15
10
5
0
+ +
+
+
+
+ +
+ +
+
*
+ + + + + + +
+
+
* * *
* * *
* * * * * * * * * * *
*
,
,
,
,
, , , , , , , , ,
,
,
, , , ,
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Daily
8
7.3 5.3 4.8 5.5 5.1 5.8 4.9 5.7 6.7 5.8 7.2 6.3
5 5.9 5.4 5.1 5.9 5.4
Weekly 5.6
3.5 3.2 2.9 2.5 2.8 3.2
3 2.2 2.1 2.5 2.5 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.7 2.6 2.3 2.6
Wire 1.3
0.5 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4
(N) 711 2171 2448 2500 2670 2397 2238 2282 2241 2169 2235 2679 2734 2739 2798 2680 3123 2412 2290
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
S12. Telecommunication work
Bachelor’s degree recipients working in telecommunications jobs
Percent
20
+ Radio * Television , Cable
15
10
*
5
0
*
*
*
*
*
* * * * * *
* *
*
+ +
*
* * +
+ +
, +
+
, + +
, +
, +
, +
, +
, , +
, +
, , , , +
, +
, +
,
, , +
,
*
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Radio 3.8
3.4 2.9 2.7 1.8 2.5 1.7 2.5 2.2 1.9 2.2
2
2 2.3 1.8 1.4 1.6 1.5 1.8
Television 4.5
4.6 4.3 3.1 3.2 3.3 5.2 6.7 6.2 6.6 7.5 7.4 6.5 5.2 5.2 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.6
Cable 1.4
1.6
1 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.2
2 2.3 2.5 2.1 1.9 2.4 1.6 1.1 1.6 1.3 1.2 0.9
(N) 711 2171 2448 2500 2670 2397 2238 2282 2241 2169 2235 2679 2734 2739 2798 2680 3123 2412 2290
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
S13. PR and advertising work
Bachelor’s degree recipients working in public relations and advertising
Percent
20
+ PR Agency
* Ad Agency
, PR Department ) Ad Department
15
10
,*
5
*
, ,* ,* ,*
+
) +
) +
) +
)
) +
0
,*
+
)
*
,
+
)
*
,
+
)
*
+
,
)
*
+
,
)
*
+
,
)
*
+
,
)
*
+ *
* *
+
*, +
+
,
, +
,
,
) ) ) ) )
*
+
,)
*
+
,
)
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
PR Agency 2.8
2.1 1.7 2.2 1.2 1.9 2.3 2.8 3.3 3.9 3.2 3.9 4.2 2.1 2.7 2.1 3.1 3.5 3.9
Ad Agency 5.9
4.6
4 3.5 4.2 3.7 3.9 4.6 4.8
5 5.5 5.4 5.4 3.9 2.9 4.1 4.5 5.2 4.9
PR Department 5.5
3.6 3.8
4 3.3
3
3 3.5 2.7 3.3 2.7 3.1 2.2
2 2.1 2.3 2.1 2.2 2.5
Ad Department 2.8
1.8 1.7 1.2 1.7 1.1 1.5 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.1
1
1 1.1
1 0.6 0.9 1.5 1.2
(N) 711 2171 2448 2500 2670 2397 2238 2282 2241 2169 2235 2679 2734 2739 2798 2680 3123 2412 2290
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
S14. Other communication work
Bachelor’s degree recipients working for magazines,
newsletters/ trade press, book publishers, WWW
Percent
20
+ Magazines * Specialized Info publishers , Books $ WWW
15
10
5
0
+ + +
$* +
+ + + + * +
* $* +
+
+
$* * +
*
* +
, , , +
$
,* $
, , , ,* ,* +
, +
, , , +
, $
, $
, $
,* +
,
$
,* $
$
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Magazines 2.5
2.7 2.1 1.5
2
2 2.3 1.9 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.4 1.9 1.4 1.3 1.1 1.7 1.8 1.5
Specialized Info publishers
0.7 0.5 1.2 1.8 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.2 1.1 0.9 1.1 1.4 1.5
Books
1
1.2 0.9 0.8 0.9
1 0.9 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.8 0.5 0.5
WWW
0.9 1.1 1.1
2 1.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 1.1 1.1
(N) 711 2171 2448 2500 2670 2397 2238 2282 2241 2169 2235 2679 2734 2739 2798 2680 3123 2412 2290
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
S15. Hiring news students
Employers of Bachelor’s degree recipients with a news-editorial emphasis
Percent
100
80
60
+
40
+
20
+ +
+ + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
0
Newspaper, wire
Broadcasting
Public relations
Advertising
Other comm.
In School
Unempl.
Non comm.
(N)
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
47 37.4 34.5 30.6 32.3 26.8 34.7 32.6 32.2 34.9 36.4 41.7 36.2 32.6 36.1 33.3 34.4 38.4 36.4
0.5 0.9 2.5 1.3 1.9 1.2 1.8 1.5 2.2 3.2 3.1 1.4 2.4
1 1.9 2.8 0.8
2 1.2 2.8
6.8 3.5 5.5 5.3 5.2 4.4 5.6 3.7 3.9
5 2.5 2.9 3.1 2.5 0.8
2 3.3 2.3 2.7 2.8
1.8 1.7 2.7 2.4 1.9 1.2 1.4
1 2.5 2.2 2.8 0.3 1.5
1 1.3 0.8
0 0.8 0.9 1.3
12.8 6.1 16.2 14.7 12.4 18.6 18.7 22.3 19.9 20.2 22 22 22.3 25.3 18.2 16.5 16 20 23.2 19.9
12.3 8.7 8.5 9.2 9.5 10.5 11.5 8.7 8.1
9 9.6 6.7 5.7 6.8 7.5
8 10 9.4 8.8 8.9
10 14.8 13.2 15.6 14 12.8 14.9 9.9 14 11.5 11.5 12.3 9.2 13.2 17.9 12.8 13.8 12.7 12.2 12
15.1 17.4 14 16.8 24.5 19.1 19.4 18.3 16.9 16.7 13.5 18 14.2 13.9 19.8 21.1 22.8 18.5 12.5 15.8
219 115 364 380 421 430 444 404 408 401 355 373 458 395 374 399 369 395 328 316
+ 40.6
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
S16. Hiring broadcast students
Students with an emphasis in telecommunications
who choose their own specialty
Percent
100
80
60
40
$
$
$
20
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
$ $ $ $ $
0
Telecommunications
Newspaper, wire
Public relations
Advertising
Other comm.
In School
Unempl.
Non comm.
(N)
$
1987
30.5
2.9
1.8
1.4
21.9
4.7
16.1
20.8
279
1988
43.3
2.9
7.7
6.7
3.8
5.8
11.5
18.3
104
1989
32.1
3.7
2.9
1.8
21.8
4.7
12.9
20
380
1990
24.7
2.2
2.2
1.8
18.6
5.3
17.2
28
547
1991
22
0.8
2.3
1.9
16.5
6.1
17.6
32.8
527
1992
20.3
2
1.8
1.4
19.9
8.5
17.3
28.9
508
1993
22.9
1.8
2.2
0.9
18.4
3.8
19.5
30.5
446
1994
28.3
1.2
1.9
1.7
19.8
6.2
16
24.9
481
1995
33.3
1.7
3.3
1
18.5
5.7
13
23.5
579
1996
34.9
1
1.4
1.4
16.4
4.4
18.8
21.6
495
1997
34
2.1
2.3
1.3
20.5
4.2
14.8
20.7
521
1998
36.6
1.5
1.6
1.5
22.9
3.7
16.2
21.4
542
1999
38.1
2.9
2.4
2.4
17.5
4.7
13.5
18.5
593
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
2000
36.5
2.5
1.8
2
18.6
5.1
14.8
18.6
602
2001
32
2.2
1.9
1.3
18.3
7.5
15.5
21.3
543
2002
28.9
0.7
1.5
1.3
18
6.7
18.5
24.4
540
2003
32.6
1.2
1
1
15.6
5.4
17
24.4
540
2004
32.8
2.1
1.2
1.6
14.6
5.5
14.6
27.5
567
2005
35
1.9
1.7
1.2
21
6.5
13.3
19.3
414
2006
30.7
1.4
2.8
1.7
22.9
5.4
12.7
22.4
424
S17. Hiring advertising students
Students with an advertising emphasis who choose their own specialty
Percent
100
80
60
40
'
'
20
' ' '
' '
' ' '
' ' ' ' ' '
' ' ' '
0
Advertising
Telecommunications
Public relations
Newspaper, wire
Other comm.
In School
Unempl.
Non comm.
(N)
'
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
23.7 33.7 22.4 21 19.6 22.2 18.9 26.4 28.4 30.6 31.5 35.1 31.3 31.3 22.2 18.3 24.8 23.8 30 31.6
3.3 4.5
4 2.3
2 1.6 3.3 0.7 1.4
1 2.6 2.6 4.2 3.4
3 1.7 3.4 1.9 4.2 1.7
1.7 6.7 4.9 4.9 5.6 4.4 3.1 0.7 2.9 2.1 1.9 2.6 2.2 1.6 0.6
2 0.9 1.2 1.6 0.7
4.6 6.7 6.9 4.9 4.8 5.2 5.6 4.7 3.2 5.8 4.8 3.9 3.5 4.1 2.1 5.4 3.7 5.2 2.6 3.8
14.1 5.6 19.8 1.2 17.9 18.7 21.4 22.7 23.7 23.4 27.4 22.4 25.6 24.7 21.6 24.6 21.2 25.2 26.1 21.2
7.9 2.2 5.2 6.4 4.5 5.9 5.6 6.8 6.1 6.5 5.2 5.6 5.8 7.2 8.1 7.2 7.7 5.5 7.1 7.6
13.7 11.2 13.8 14.6 17.6 14.5 15.8 14.6 11.9 12 10 7.4 11.5 9.1 16.2 14.9 12.3 12.4 10.6 10.4
31.1 29.2 23 27.7 28 27.4 26.4 23.4 22.3 18.6 16.7 20.3 16 18.8 26.3 25.8 26.1 24.9 17.7 22.9
241 89 348 390 357 427 360 295 278 291 270 231 313 320 334 349 326 421 310 288
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
S18. Hiring PR students
Students with a public relations emphasis who choose their own specialty
Percent
100
80
60
40
) )
20
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) )
) ) ) )
0
Public relations
Telecommunications
Newspaper, wire
Advertising
Other comm.
In School
Unempl.
Non comm.
(N)
)
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
27.6 26.2 20.1 17.4 21 15.5 19.5 18 18.1 18.3 23.4 21.3 21.9 22.7 12.4 15.2 14.5 15.7 18.3 20.3
1
1 1.6 1.7 1.6 0.9 2.2 0.8 2.2 1.9 1.1 1.1 1.2 2.5 2.1 1.1
1 1.6 0.8
2
2 3.9 3.7 3.2 2.5 1.5 2.6 1.5 2.4 2.4 2.5 1.1 1.4 2.3
1 1.1 0.8 1.2 2.3
1
6.1 3.9 2.3
2
2 2.8 2.8 2.6 1.9 2.4 1.4 5.2 3.3 3.5 2.7 0.6 1.2 3.2 3.5 1.5
12.2 12.6 31.1 30.4 27.1 29.7 29.3 35.7 32.8 33.4 39.1 42.8 41.8 39.8 38.6 30.9 34.3 35.2 32.6 37.8
5.1 8.7 6.1 6.9
7 6.1 7.4 6.2 6.3 10.1
7 6.5 6.2 8.3
8 10.4 10 9.9 9.7 6.3
15.8 15.5 15.4 14.5 15.3 14.2 14.4 15.2 13.7 9.6 8.2 7.3 7.7 6.5 14.2 16.2 13.5 13.4 10.9 12.4
30.1 28.2 19.6 24 23.5 29.3 21.7 20.1 22.7 21.9 17.3 14.7 16.6 14.4 21 24.5 24.7 19.8 22 18.5
196 103 428 408 443 458 457 389 415 416 440 382 517 480 515 538 502 566 487 394
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
S19. Where grads seek work
Types of jobs sought by journalism and mass communication
Bachelor's degree recipients in 2005
Daily
Weekly
Wire
Radio
TV
Cable
PR Agency
Ad Agency
PR Department
Ad Department
Consumer Magazine
Trade Press
Newsletter
Magazine/Newsletter
Book Publisher
WWW
Looseleaf/Directory/Database
Research report/Journal publisher
17.5 (9,498)
11.7 (6,309)
Percentages,
with projected
number
of students
in parentheses.
(1,773)
3.1
10.6 (6,012)
19.5
7.6
(11,111)
(4,300)
22.2 (12,108)
21.6 (11,670)
23.4 (12,830)
14.4 (7,898)
9.2 (5,007)
4.8
(2,610)
1.5 (795)
3.4 (1,776)
5.9 (3,265)
8.7 (4,820)
0.5 (256)
1.9 (973)
0
10
20
30
40
50
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
S20. Minorities and job seeking I
Types of jobs sought by journalism and mass communication
Bachelor's degree recipients in 2005
19.2 (2,431)
19.4 (7,067)
Daily
10.7
Weekly
(1,355)
13.6 (4,954)
Percentages,
with projected
number
of students
in parentheses.
4.8 (608)
3.2 (1,165)
Wire
16.7 (2,115)
Radio
10.7 (3,897)
30.5
TV
19.9
Cable
7.6
(3,863)
(7,248)
2006 Minority
2006 Non-minority
12.1 (1,532)
(2,768)
PR Agency
23.7 (3,002)
25 (9,106)
Ad Agency
23.4 (2,964)
23.9 (8,706)
24.9 (3,154)
26.4 (9,616)
PR Department
Ad Department
15.6
0
10
17.5 (2,216)
(5,682)
20
30
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
40
50
S21. Minorities and job seeking II
Types of jobs sought by journalism and mass communication
Bachelor's degree recipients in 2005
10.2 (1,292)
10.2 (3,715)
Consumer Magazine
Percentages,
with projected
number
of students
in parentheses.
4.5 (570)
5.6 (2,040)
Trade Press
1.1 (139)
1.8 (656)
Newsletter
3.1 (392)
3.8 (1,384)
Magazine Newsletter
2006 Minority
2006 Non-minority
0.3 (38)
0.6 (218)
Looseleaf/Directory/Database
2.5 (317)
1.8 (656)
Research report/Journal publisher
6.8 (861)
6.6 (2,404)
Book publisher
11.6 (1,469)
9.2 (3,351)
Online publishing
0
10
20
30
40
50
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
S22. Gender and job seeking I
Types of jobs sought by journalism and mass communication
Bachelor's degree recipients in 2005
(5,434)
16.4
Daily
28.3 (4,515)
11.2 (3,711)
Weekly
18.2 (2,904)
Percentages,
with projected
number
of students
in parentheses.
2.8 (928)
5.3 (846)
Wire
10.1 (3,347)
Radio
(2,632)
16.5
19.4
TV
(5,428)
28 (4,467)
6.9 (2,286)
Cable
12.8 (2,042)
27.7
PR Agency
16.4
2006 Female
2006 Male
(9,179)
(2,617)
25.2 (8,350)
20.5 (3,271)
Ad Agency
29.4
PR Department
(9,742)
16.4 (2,617)
16.3 (5,401)
14.8 (2,361)
Ad Department
0
10
20
30
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
40
50
S23. Gender and job seeking II
Types of jobs sought by journalism and mass communication
Bachelor's degree recipients in 2005
10.9 (3,612)
8.3 (1,324)
Consumer Magazine
Percentages,
with projected
number
of students
in parentheses.
5.5 (1,822)
5.1 (510)
Trade Press
1.8 (596)
1.3 (207)
Newsletter
3.7 (1,226)
3.8 (606)
Magazine Newsletter
2006 Female
2006 Male
0.6 (199)
0.4 (64)
Looseleaf/Directory/Database publisher
1.9 (630)
2.1 (335)
Research report/Journal publisher
7.4 (2,452)
4.3 (686)
Book publisher
8.4 (2,784)
13.2 (2,106)
Online publishing
0
10
20
30
40
50
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
S24. Overtime without pay
Bachelor’s degree recipients working more than 40 hours per week
as full-time employees without reimbursement
Percent
50
45
40
35
30
24.3
25
20
$
19.5
24.2
$
25
$
24.8
$
25
$
25.2
$
24.7
$
24
$
23
$
23
$
23.1
$
24.1
22.3
$
$
23.2
$
$
15
10
5
0
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
Appendix Table 1. Median Salaries by Employer Type
CPI-U Cumulative from '85
Master Total
Nominal salary/wk
Nominal salary/yr
Real Salary 85 $
N
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
1.020
1.060
1.107
1.164
1.231
1.286
1.327
1.369
1.406
1.447
1.495
1.520
1.545
1.593
1.650
$481
$423
$476
$481
$481
$548
$554
$548
$577
$673
$602
$25,012 $21,996 $24,752 $25,012 $25,000 $28,500 $28,800 $28,500 $30,000 $34,996 $31,304
$20,318 $17,104 $18,653 $18,270 $17,781 $19,696 $19,264 $18,745 $19,421 $21,974 $18,973
108
104
106
105
95
121
89
119
118
112
108
Bachelor Total
Nominal salaries/wk
Nominal salary/yr
Real Salary 85 $
N
$270
$292
$325
$342
$346
$348
$350
$356
$385
$400
$413
$442
$462
$481
$519
$14,040 $15,184 $16,900 $17,784 $17,992 $18,096 $18,200 $18,512 $20,000 $20,800 $21,500 $23,000 $24,000 $25,000 $26,988
$13,765 $14,325 $15,266 $15,278 $14,616 $14,072 $13,715 $13,522 $14,225 $14,375 $14,381 $15,127 $15,537 $15,697 $16,357
644
850
490
1,460
1,544
1,501
1,597
1,449
1,409
1,622
1,532
1,523
1,624
1,969
1,978
Daily Newspapers
Nominal salary/wk
Nominal salary/yr
Real Salary 85 $
N
$268
$268
$310
$327
$348
$350
$350
$350
$404
$423
$400
$404
$434
$480
$500
$13,936 $13,936 $16,120 $17,004 $18,096 $18,200 $18,200 $18,200 $21,000 $21,970 $20,800 $21,000 $22,560 $24,960 $26,000
$13,663 $13,147 $14,562 $14,608 $14,700 $14,152 $13,715 $13,294 $14,936 $15,183 $13,913 $13,812 $14,604 $15,672 $15,758
107
84
43
133
112
107
124
96
112
114
117
131
122
181
162
Weeklies
Nominal salary/wk
Nominal salary/yr
Real Salary 85 $
N
$249
$275
$283
$300
$289
$300
$300
$300
$327
$350
$378
$389
$404
$440
$12,948 $14,300 $14,716 $15,600 $15,028 $15,600 $15,600 $15,600 $17,000 $18,200 $19,630 $20,250 $21,000 $22,880
$12,215 $12,918 $12,643 $12,673 $11,686 $11,756 $11,395 $11,095 $11,748 $12,174 $12,911 $13,109 $13,186 $13,867
32
33
64
68
64
51
59
64
67
44
40
50
59
47
Radio
Nominal salary/wk
Nominal salary/yr
Real Salary 85 $
N
$246
$280
$260
$254
$269
$289
$325
$308
$327
$346
$385
$399
$433
$450
$12,792 $14,560 $13,520 $13,208 $13,988 $15,028 $16,900 $16,000 $17,000 $18,000 $20,000 $20,750 $22,500 $23,400
$12,068 $13,153 $11,615 $10,729 $10,877 $11,325 $12,345 $11,380 $11,748 $12,040 $13,154 $13,433 $14,128 $14,182
37
24
53
55
43
36
35
25
39
37
33
38
38
39
Television
Nominal salary/wk
Nominal salary/yr
Real Salary 85 $
N
$249
$325
$293
$289
$278
$300
$300
$308
$346
$337
$360
$350
$384
$420
$12,948 $16,900 $15,236 $15,028 $14,456 $15,600 $15,600 $16,000 $18,000 $17,500 $18,720 $18,200 $19,968 $21,840
$12,215 $15,266 $13,089 $12,208 $11,241 $11,756 $11,395 $11,380 $12,440 $11,706 $12,312 $11,782 $12,538 $13,237
49
25
79
76
60
66
58
87
120
105
111
135
169
149
Appendix Table 1. Median Salaries by Employer Type
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Cable Television
Nominal salary/wk
Nominal salary/yr
Real Salary 85 $
N
$346
$327
$404
$346
$363
$456
$412
$404
$404
$442
$450
$481
$18,000 $17,000 $21,000 $18,000 $18,860 $23,700 $21,400 $21,000 $21,000 $23,000 $23,400 $25,012
$15,464 $13,810 $16,330 $13,564 $13,776 $16,856 $14,789 $14,047 $13,812 $14,889 $14,693 $15,159
29
20
19
23
22
24
36
44
45
42
46
61
PR Agency/Dept
Nominal salary/wk
Nominal salary/yr
Real Salary 85 $
N
$295
$322
$353
$365
$378
$385
$375
$402
$404
$423
$442
$444
$481
$481
$557
$15,340 $16,744 $18,356 $18,980 $19,656 $20,020 $19,500 $20,904 $21,000 $22,000 $23,000 $23,088 $25,000 $25,012 $28,964
$15,039 $15,796 $16,582 $16,306 $15,968 $15,568 $14,695 $15,270 $14,936 $15,204 $15,385 $15,185 $16,184 $15,705 $17,554
89
94
50
108
122
136
101
101
104
138
123
143
126
178
166
Ad Agency/Dept
Nominal salary/wk
Nominal salary/yr
Real Salary 85 $
N
$283
$289
$315
$346
$356
$348
$356
$365
$385
$392
$423
$423
$481
$481
$519
$14,716 $15,028 $16,380 $17,992 $18,512 $18,096 $18,512 $18,980 $20,000 $20,400 $22,000 $22,000 $25,000 $25,000 $26,988
$14,427 $14,177 $14,797 $15,457 $15,038 $14,072 $13,950 $13,864 $14,225 $14,098 $14,716 $14,470 $16,184 $15,697 $16,357
100
88
55
127
122
111
137
100
114
130
129
127
142
164
171
Specialized Information
Nominal salary/wk
Nominal salary/yr
Real Salary 85 $
N
Magazine
Nominal salary/wk
Nominal salary/yr
Real Salary 85 $
N
$385
$469
$453
$446
$504
$500
$538
$20,000 $24,406 $23,570 $23,200 $26,200 $26,000 $27,976
$14,225 $16,867 $15,766 $15,259 $16,961 $16,325 $16,956
37
38
28
34
36
40
44
$355
$365
$370
$370
$348
$404
$414
$18,470 $19,000 $19,250 $19,250 $18,078 $21,000 $21,548
$15,868 $15,435 $14,969 $14,506 $13,205 $14,936 $14,891
52
47
34
44
38
44
51
Consumer Magazine
Nominal salary/wk
Nominal salary/yr
Real Salary 85 $
N
$447
$423
$481
$510
$543
$23,250 $22,000 $25,000 $26,494 $28,236
$15,552 $14,470 $16,184 $16,635 $17,113
28
26
25
34
48
Online Publishing
Nominal salary/wk
Nominal salary/yr
Real Salary 85 $
N
$500
$525
$577
$538
$577
$26,000 $27,320 $30,000 $28,000 $30,004
$17,391 $17,969 $19,421 $17,581 $18,185
19
22
24
52
40
Appendix Table 1. Median Salaries by Employer Type
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
1.670
1.705
1.758
1.807
1.883
1.934
Master Total
Nominal salary/wk
Nominal salary/yr
Real Salary 85 $
N
$579
$615
$630
$635
$712
$30,120 $32,000 $32,760 $33,000 $37,000
$18,038 $18,770 $18,638 $18,263 $19,652
102
105
101
159
93
$731
$38,000
$19,652
87
Bachelor Total
Nominal salaries/wk
Nominal salary/yr
Real Salary 85 $
N
$500
$500
$500
$535
$558
$26,000 $26,000 $26,000 $27,800 $29,000
$15,571 $15,251 $14,792 $15,386 $15,403
1,749
1,695
1,585
1,995
1,586
$577
$30,000
$15,515
1,572
Daily Newspapers
Nominal salary/wk
Nominal salary/yr
Real Salary 85 $
N
$498
$481
$490
$500
$538
$25,896 $25,000 $25,480 $26,000 $28,000
$15,509 $14,664 $14,496 $14,389 $14,872
120
152
127
146
127
$520
$27,040
$13,984
109
Weeklies
Nominal salary/wk
Nominal salary/yr
Real Salary 85 $
N
$462
$423
$462
$462
$480
$24,000 $22,000 $24,000 $24,000 $24,980
$14,373 $12,905 $13,654 $13,282 $13,268
43
45
39
69
46
$475
$24,700
$12,774
53
Radio
Nominal salary/wk
Nominal salary/yr
Real Salary 85 $
N
$481
$462
$462
$442
$500
$25,000 $24,000 $24,000 $23,000 $26,000
$14,972 $14,078 $13,654 $12,729 $13,809
46
33
20
29
25
$519
$27,000
$13,963
23
Television
Nominal salary/wk
Nominal salary/yr
Real Salary 85 $
N
$413
$423
$423
$452
$442
$21,500 $22,000 $22,000 $23,492 $23,000
$12,876 $12,905 $12,517 $13,001 $12,216
117
115
112
132
103
$470
$24,440
$12,640
103
CPI-U Cumulative from '85
Appendix Table 1. Median Salaries by Employer Type
2005
2006
Cable Television
Nominal salary/wk
Nominal salary/yr
Real Salary 85 $
N
2001
2002
2003
2004
$538
$548
$538
$577
$548
$28,000 $28,500 $28,000 $30,000 $28,500
$16,769 $16,717 $15,930 $16,603 $15,137
38
28
37
35
25
$580
$30,160
$15,598
19
PR Agency/Dept
Nominal salary/wk
Nominal salary/yr
Real Salary 85 $
N
$534
$519
$538
$548
$577
$27,750 $27,000 $28,000 $28,500 $30,000
$16,619 $15,837 $15,930 $15,773 $15,934
104
118
109
145
128
$577
$30,000
$15,515
136
Ad Agency/Dept
Nominal salary/wk
Nominal salary/yr
Real Salary 85 $
N
$510
$519
$519
$538
$538
$26,500 $27,000 $27,000 $28,000 $28,000
$15,871 $15,837 $15,361 $15,496 $14,872
124
99
114
161
153
$577
$30,000
$15,515
124
Specialized Information
Nominal salary/wk
Nominal salary/yr
Real Salary 85 $
N
$577
$551
$519
$538
$587
$30,000 $28,655 $27,000 $28,000 $30,500
$17,967 $16,808 $15,361 $15,496 $16,199
25
28
21
31
30
$596
$31,000
$16,032
30
Consumer Magazine
Nominal salary/wk
Nominal salary/yr
Real Salary 85 $
N
$500
$526
$481
$519
$558
$26,000 $27,350 $25,000 $27,000 $29,000
$15,571 $16,043 $14,223 $14,943 $15,403
37
28
25
47
34
$538
$28,000
$14,481
30
Online Publishing
Nominal salary/wk
Nominal salary/yr
Real Salary 85 $
N
$644
$500
$620
$615
$615
$33,500 $26,000 $32,250 $32,000 $32,000
$20,063 $15,251 $18,348 $17,710 $16,996
13
7
8
13
21
$606
$31,500
$16,291
24
Magazine
Nominal salary/wk
Nominal salary/yr
Real Salary 85 $
N