from depths of 4,764to 4,782 fL.
Petroleum
exploration
targets
in NewMexico perforations
The discoveryprompted operatorsto drill
severalmore wells to test the red beds, but
forthelate1980's
andbeyond
drilling continued at a slow paceuntil 1.980.
In that year, the Abo red beds were designated a "tight gas sand" by the FederalEnergy Regulatory Commission (FERC).The
FERC had created this special category of
ment. In that year, YatesPetroleum Corpo- gas-bearingformations for low-permeability
ration drilled the discovery well of the large reservoir sandstones of doubtful economic
PecosSlopesAbo gas field in north-central value in an effort to stimulate development
Chaves County (Fig. 1; Broadhead, 7984a). of reservesby offering specialprice incenProductionis from the "tight" Abo gas sands tives. The tight-sand designationraised the
in three separategas pools: PecosSlopeAbo initial ceilingprice at which producerscould
pool, South PecosSlopeAbo pool, and West sellAbo gasfrom $2.81to $4.92per thousand
PecosSlopeAbo pool. Discovery was from ft', and also provided for subsequent inthe YatesNo. L McConkeywell. TheAbo red creasesin the price of Abo gas.At thesehigher
beds were tested to verify gas indicated by prices, gas could be produced economically
interpretationof wireline logs.After the well from the Abo red beds. Consequently, apwas acidized and artificiallv fractured, the proximately400 gas wells have been drilled
Abo was measuredto have an initial poten- and completedin the Abo since1980.In 1985,
tial of 2,550thousandft'gas per day ttrrough
F.Broadhead,
byRonald
NewMexico
Bureau
of Mines
andMineral
Resources.
NM87801
Socorro.
Introduction
Oil and natural gas are produced in southeast and northwest New Mexico from eight
of New Mexico's 33 counties. In southeast
New Mexico, production is from the Permian
Basin, which includes parts of Lea, Eddy,
Chaves, and Roosevelt Counties. The New
Mexico part of the Permian Basin includes
the Central Basin Platform, the Northwest
Shelf, and the deep-marine Delaware Basin
(Fig. 1). In northwest New Mexico, production is from the San Juan Basin, which includes parts of SanJuan, RioArriba, McKinley,
and Sandoval Counties. Small amounts of oil
have been produced from the Espanola Basin
(Santa Fe eounty) and the Tuclmcari Basin
(Guadalupe County).
New Mexico ranks fourth among states in
the production of natural gas and Jeventh in
the production of oil (Energy Information
Adminishation, 1985). In 1985, 78,529,514bb1s
oil and 893,291,million ft' gas were produced
in New Mexico (New Mexico Oil Conservation Division, unpublished report 1986).
Approximately 90Voof the oil and 50% of the
gas were produced from the Permian Basin.
Approximately 1.0%of the oil and 50% of the
gas were produced from the San Juan Basin;
93 bbls oil were produced from the Tucumcari Basin and 50 bbls oil were produced from
the Espanola Basin. As of D-ecember 1984,
New Mexico had reserves of 796 million bbls
oil and lease condensate and 12.0 trillion ft'
of natural gas (Energy Information Administration, 1985).
The oil reserves include oil that can be recovered by enhanced-recovery techniques.
Since 1974, annual oil produition has decreased20%oand annual-gas production has
decreased 27%. OI reserves have increased
by 207" since 1,974,and natural-gas reserves
have increasedby 0.8%. Production and reserve declines can be replaced partially by
new discoveries that are made everv vear in
the Permian and San Juan Basins. For example, discoveries of oil in the last 5 years
in the Permian Basin in sandstones of the
Delaware Mountain Group (Permian) and
sandstonesand limestones of the Bone Spring
Formation (Permian) have resulted in rapid
development of new oil pools that have added
oil production and reserves. Although the
Permian and San Juan Basins are in a mature
stage of exploration, additional oil and gas
discoveries will undoubtedly be made in the
future.
non-productive frontier areas
Currentlv-with
associated
major sedimentary basins
probably will contribute to reserve additions
of the future. Before 1977, no petroleum had
been produced from the Abo'red beds (Permian) on the Northwest Shelf of the Permian
Basin, and many operators thought there
would never be any commercial develop-
Eosin
@
o
(D
DofroAno
Mesillo
o
o
o
o
a
[T:',
t_l
tI
O
ffi
O
A r e o sw i l h m o j o ro i l o n d g o s
oools
I O Om i
50
50
Areosof mojor new oil ond
gosproys
IOO
l5Okm
FIGURE l-Oil
and gas production in major basins and uplifts and frontier basins with major new
oil and gas plays in New Mexico Geologic features are taken from Cather and fohnson (1984),
Kelley (1978), Kottlowski and Stewart (1970), Meyer (1966), Molenaar (7977), Roberts et al. (1976),
Thompson and Jacka (1981), and Woodward et al. (1978).
Nan Mexico Geology May 7987
31,198million ft3of gas were produced from
the Abo red beds in New Mexico; this is approfmately 3.5Voof the total gas produced
in New Mexico during that year.
Although the PecosSlope Abo field is located within the productive Permian Basin,
it is locatedwithin an area that was considered to be an exploration frontier before discovery of gasin the Abo red beds.The Pecos
Slope Abo field is an excellent example of
how nonproductive frontier areas of New
Mexico may be found to contain significant
volumes of undiscovered petroleum resources.
Paleozoicsedimentaryrocks of the SanJuan
Basin constitute an important and largely
untested explorationtarget in New Mexico.
Almost all of the oil and gas production in
the SanJuan Basinis from Cretaceoussandstonesand shales;someoil is producedfrom
Jurassicsandstones.Production from Paleozoic reservoirsis limited to the western flank
of the basin from nine small fields associated
with structural traps (Fig. 2). Producing Paleozoicreservoirsin the San Juan Basin are
Pennsylvanian,Mississippian, and Devonian in age. Most wells in the SanJuan Basin
have been drilled to Cretaceousobiectives.
Only approximately30 exploratorywells have
been drilled deep enough to test the Paleozoic section, which is generally present at
depthsof more than 8,000ft. Recentlydrilled
Paleozoictestsare shown in Fig. 2. Possible
Paleozoicexploration targets are Pennsylvanian sandstonesand carbonates,Mississippiancarbonates,and Devonian sandstones.
Frontier basins
In New Mexico, only two basins,the Perm i a n a n d S a n J u a n , - p r o d u c es i g n i f i c a n t
amounts of oil and gas. There are 12 other
major frontier basinsthat do not yet produce
significant amounts of oil and gas. The petroleum potential of someof thesebasinsappearsto be more favorablethan others based
on analysesof three key factors:sourcerocks,
reservoirrocks, and traps (Fig. 3).
Sourcerocks are organicallyrich sedimentary rocks that have generatedand expelled
petroleum in sufficient quantity to form commercial accumulations (Dow, 7979). After
sourcerocks have been identified, their distribution, richness,and maturity should be
determinedand mapped.Reservoirrocksare
porous, permeablerocks through which peholeum can move and accumulate.After reservoir rocks have been identified, their
distribution, thickness,porosity,and permeability should be determined and mapped.
After petroleumis generatedin the source
rock, it migratesinto the reservoirrock. Pores
in the reservoir rock are initially saturated
with water; becausepetroleum is less dense
than water, it tends to migrate updip through
the porous reservoiruntil it is trapped against
an impermeableseal (normally a shale, dense
sandstoneor limestone, or an impermeable
fault) of the reservoir rock. Some types of
structural,stratigraphic,and hydrodynamic
petroleum traps are depicted in Figure 4.
Where possible,the types of traps should be
May 1987 Neu Mexico Geology
identified and their probable locations
mapped.
In the following sections, the petroleum
potential is summarizedfor sevenof the more
promising frontier basinsin New Mexico: the
Tucumcari,Albuquerque, Espafiola, Estancia, Pedregosa,Baca,and Raton Basins(Fig.
1).All havebeen targetsof major exploration
activity in the last 4 years.
The SantaRosatar sands,a depositof Santa
Rosa Sandstone (Triassic)that is impregnated with heavy oil, crops out approximately 7 mi north of the city of Santa Rosa
in Guadalupe County. The Santa Rosa tar
sandswere^minedfor road-surfacingmaterials in the 1930's(Gormanand Robeck,1.946),
but have not been mined since then due to
unfavorable economics. The Santa Rosa tar
sandscontain an estimated90.9million bbls
of oil in place(Budding, 1980).Heavy oil also
occursin the SantaRosaSandstoneat depths
of 400-800ft in the Newkirk oil pool, northeastGuadalupe County. Attempts have been
Tucumcari Basin
Thereare two known major accumulations
of heavy oil in the TucumcariBasin (Fig. 5).
.
ShiProck
,
t
!
u
Formington
Rio Arribo
I
e
U
P o t e o z o i co i l p o o l s
14,ooo
D r y h o l ew i l h o i l s h o w
D r y h o l ew i t h g o s s h o w
AB
l--l
rertiory
!
Creioceous,
J u r o s s i cT
, riossic
Pot.otoi"
FA1 Precombrion
FIGURE 2-Paleozoic oil pools and recent Paleozoic tests drilled in the san Juan
Basin. Numbers indicate total depth of wells in feet.
Trap
Shale
::":;
.Ori
.\
-1f-oa
Shale
Shale
Source rock
FIGURE3-Relationships among sourcerocks, reservoirs,and traps.
made recently to recover the heavy oil with
two pilot steamflood projects; the Newkirk
pool produced 93 bbls oil in 1985.Estimates
of the volume of oil in place at the Newkirk
pool range from 23 to 62 million bbls
(McKallip, 1985).
Severalpetroleum exploration wells have
been drilled in the Tucumcari Basin during
the last 4 years(Fig. 5). Two significantnonc o m m e r c i a l d i s c o v e r i e sw e r e m a d e . I n
northeast Guadalupe County, at the TransPecosResourcesNo. 1 Latigo RanchA (Fig.
5, letter A) gas was found in Pennsylvanian
ft. Two
sandstonesat depths of 6,1,65-7,098
low-volume gas wells were subsequently
drilled to confirm the discovery. In western
Quay County in the Yates Petroleum Corporation No. 1 T-4 Cattle Company (Fig. 5,
letter B), gas and oil were found in Pennsylvanian-agesandstonesat depthsof 6,6706,61,5ft. Other wells drilled in the Tucumcari
Basinin the last 4 yearshave resultedin lowvolume gas discoveriesin the San Andres
Formation(Permian)and the YesoFormation
(Permian),and oil and gas shows were encountered in Santa Rosa Sandstone(Triassic), Artesia Group (Permian),San Andres
Formation (Permian),Yeso Formation (Permian), and Pennsylvanian-agesedimentary
units.
Major exploration targets in the Tucumcari
Basinarethe SantaRosaSandstoneat der:ths
of less than 2,000ft (Broadhead, 7984b),-carbonate rocks of the SanAndres Formation at
depths of 1,000-3,000ft (Pitt and Scott, 1981),
and Pennsylvaniansandstonesand carbonate rocks at depths of 5,000-10,000ft. The
presenceof oil in the SantaRosatar sands,
the Newkirk oil pool, and Pennsylvanian
sandstonesindicates that source rocks are
presentin the basin. Those sourcerocks are
probably Pennsylvanian in age, but their
quality, volume, and distribution are unknown.
Albuquerque Basin
The Albuquerque Basin (Fig. 5) has been
the site of an exploration and drilling program for the last L4 years. Ten wells have
been drilled by Shell Oil Company, Transocean Oil Company, and UTEX Oil Company to depthsranging from 10,000to 21,000
ft, primarily to test Upper Cretaceoussandstones.Gas shows have been encountered
in severalof the wells in the Upper Cretaceoussection.The Paleozoicsectionremains
virtually untested.
Rocksthat have characteristicsindicating
that they may be petroleum sourcerocks are
Upper Cretaceousmarine shales and fetid
lacustrinelimestonesof the Todilto Formation (Jurassic;Black, 1982).Possiblereservoirs areUpper Cretaceoussandstonessimilar
to the Upper Cretaceousparalicand shallowmarine sandstones that produce large volumes of oil and gas in the San Juan Basin
(Black, 1982). Both fault traps and stratigraphichaps formed by sand lensesare likely
to exist.PossiblePaleozoicreservoirsare Permian and Pennsylvanian sandstones and
carbonates.
F au l t
c).
Primary exploration targets in the Espaflola BasinareUpper Cretaceoussandstones,
which lie along southeastwardextensionsof
the productive stratigraphictrends in the San
juan Basin to the northwest. Fractured Upper Cretaceousshales are also attractive tarEspafiolaBasin
shalesare possible
Thirty-two petroleum exploration wells gets. Upper Cretaceous
section is virhave been drilled in the EspafiolaBasin since source rocks. The Paleozoic
and
stratigraphic
Both
unevaluated.
tually
1914,and 27 of those wells have been drilled
structural traps may be present in Cretaceous
since 1.974(Black, 7984a; unpublished
Trapsmaybe associated
NMBMMR data).Oil or gasshowshavebeen and Paleozoicrocks.
Paleozoicsection
reported from 26 of those wells. Only five with the thrust-faulted
(Black,
1984b).
wells were drilled deep enough to penetrate
Paleozoicsedimentaryrocks. Oil and gashave
been encounteredin Cretaceoussandstones EstanciaBasin
The EstanciaBasin (Fig. 5) has been the
and fracturedshalesin severalrecentlydrilled
wells (Fig. 5). The Pelto Oil Company No. 1 site of sporadicpetroleum exploration for the
Ortiz (Fig. 5, letter E) swabbedoil from Cre- last 60 years. Carbon dioxide gas was Protaceousrocks before it was abandoned,The duced from two fields in the Estanciaarea in
Colorado PlateauGeologicalServicesNo. 1 the 1930'sand 1940's.The fields arecurrently
Ferrill (Fig. 5, letter F) is a shut-in gas dis- inactive. Oil and gas shows in Pennsylvacovery with Upper Cretaceouspay (Black, nian sedimentary units have been encountered in severalwells at depths ranging from
1984a).
Two oil discoverieswere comDletedin 1985. approximately2,000to 5,000ft.
The primary explorationtargetsin the EsThe BlackOil Inc. No. 1 Ferrili (Fig. 5, letter
G) was completedin the NiobraraShale(Cre- tancia Basin are Pennsylvaniansandstones.
taceous)for an initial production of 80 bbls P e n n s y l v a n i a nl i m e s t o n e s a n d P e r m i a n
of oil per day. The ChaceOil Company No. sandstones,dolostones,and limestonesare
1 Pinon Unit (Fig. 5, letter D) was completed secondaryexplorationtargets.Gray to black
in the Gallup Sandstone(Cretaceous)for an Pennsylvanianshalesmay be sourcerocks,
initial production of 30 bbls of oil per day;
S t r u c t u r a lt r a p s
Anticline
after initial completion, production quickly
decreasedto a subeconomicrate of approximatelv 1 bbl of oil per dav and the well was
subsequentlyabandoned.
YatesPetroleum Corporation has recently
begun a three-well exploration program in
the EsoafrolaBasin.One well, the YatesNo.
2 La Mesa unit (Fig. 5, letter H) was drilled
to a total depth of 7,7L0ft in reported Precambrianrocks;the well was abandonedwith
no reported shows of oil or gas. The Yates
No. 3 La Mesa unit (Fig. 5, letter I) was drilled
to a total depthof 4,755ft in reported Triassic
rocks and also was abandonedwith no reported showsof oil or gas.An additionalwell
is planned to be drilled to approximately7,000
ft to test the Paleozoicsection (Fig. 5, letter
S t r a t i g r a p h i ct r a p s
Hydrodynamictrap
Sand lens
--]-a---
---_-----=--
--\':!!fi5
Reversefault
-
-
S t r a t i g r a p h i cp i n c h o u t
FIGURE 4-Some typical types of petroleum traps.
Neu Mexico Geology May 1987
I
5L
1--J-
-''
I
;----McKinley
I
I
Sondovol
#
r.5r4
ifteo
Sonto Fe
2 1 ,2 6 6
1
ciboro
o:;:to
i_4.658
Y
+-*tt.;o;i| +,+qerl'1S;r
i
gaLY^
,4.491
F
i]-^+
o.:
16.346
I
d4,
Vclencio
;;u
" ,tl:::" xi'.l:-Ts n,,-o,.,o
+4'27T'642
?20
,9.379
+\
Cofron
FIGURES-Selected recentpetroleum explorationwells drilled in
New Mexico and adjacentpart of Mexico. Numbers indicate total
depth of wells in feet. Letters designate specificwells discussedin
text. Data from New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources,Black(1982),Black(1984a),Thompson(1982),and Thompson et al. (1978).
+
{
B
r6
d5'1
4,46+
MEXICO
#,oo5
*14,585
s''ll***oi"n
-l-----------------------
I
,18.356
,rB,566-{+4'473
-r
t@'
May 1987 Nan MexicoCeolog"
UY
4,zsse
m
3. o57,
\
(
+
i
,,1
I
i
a-
-;8 .6 6 5 1
:--'$ '' o o "
Moro
I
L__,____---
\
Hording
t
!
SonMiguel
N e w k i r ko i l o o o l
--+q*Nfi"{+9i9*..
o9e-'1
o-.*\,raej*e.
SonroRoso
tor
r
.ooo
r-
275iil
u
I
I
I
.___le-_ji
i
r8.5lo
l-'
Ao. alv
i
I
T--
,-----.1
i--r---f dzrso
|
e,957, i
+l
Curry
I
D eB o c o
j
e Dry holewilh oil show
O Wellproductive
of oil
oil producer
f Abondoned
I Dryholewith oil showondgosshow
I Wettproductiveof oil ondgos
f
Rooseve
ti
Dryhote
O Locolion of hole not drilled or nol compleled
of gos
fr Wettproductive
I Dryhotewilhgosshow
New Mexico Geology May 7987
but their organicgeochemistryhas not been
evaluated fully. Both structural and stratigraphic traps may be present.The structure
of the basin is poorlv understood.
PedregosaBasin
Promisingshows of oil and gas have been
encounteredin several wells drilled in the
PedregosaBasin (Fig. 5). Favorable reservoirs may be found in Lower Cretaceous
sandstonesand carbonaterocks and in Paleozoiccarbonaterocks (Thompsonand facka,
1981;Thompson,1982).Possiblesourcerocks
are Paleozoicshalesand carbonaterocks and
Lower Cretaceousshalesand carbonaterocks
(Thompson,1981).
Major exploration targets in the Rato^nBasin are the iegressive mirine Trinidad Sandstone and the paralic Dakota Sandstone
(Cretaceous;Speer,1'976).Inboth units, porous, reservoir-qualitysandstonesare Present, and shows of oil and gas have been
encountered.Secondaryexploration targets
are fluvial sandstonesof the Raton Formation (Tertiary)and coastalsandstonesof the
VermejoFormation (Cretaceous;Speer'1976).
Oil and gas shows have been encountered
in the Ratbn Formation. Generally,the Raton
and Vermejo Formations aPPearto be less
permeableand "dirtier" th;ir the Trinidad
ind DakotaSandstones.
Possible,but largely untested, pre-Cretaceousreservoir targets are the eolian Entrada
Sandstone (Jurassic), the marginal marine
GlorietaSandstone(Permian),alluvial sandstones of the Sangre de Cristo Formation
(Pennsylvanian-Permian),
and marine sandstones'of the Madera Formation (Pennsylvanian). Possible source rocks are marine
Cretaceousshalesand marine shalesof the
Madera Formation.
Stratigraphictraps may be present in the
Raton, Veimeio, ind tiinidaa Formations
(Speer,197
6); they are especiaIly prospective
in- Trinidad Sandstone where they intertonguewith Cretaceousmarine sourcerocks.
Strricturaltraps may be presentin the Raton
and Vermeioirormationi and in the Trinidad
and Dakota Sandstones;compressivestructures (folds, reversefaults, and possiblethrust
faults) may trap petroleum in the western
part of the basin.Roseet al. (1984)suggested
ihat gus may be hydrodynamically-trapped
in the deepei more central parts of the Raton
Basin.
BacaBasin
The BacaBasinhas been explored sporadically during the last 50 years, and several
significantexploratory wells have been drilled
(Fle. 5). Explorationwas greatlyintensified
in 1985when 2 million acresof federalland
were leasedby several firms including Shell,
Elf Aquitane, Sohio,Hunt Oil Co., High Plains
PetroleumCorp., Monarch Petroleum Corp.,
Leed Petroleum Corp., Zimmerman Resources,Love Oil Co., New Mexico and Arizona Land and Cattle Co., Sam Gary, and
Greg Merrion. No significant_oil and_gas
shows have been encountered in the Baca
Basin,but porous and permeablezoneshave
been encounteredin severalwells.
Possiblereservoir objectivesin the Baca
Basinare Upper Cretaceoussandstones,the
SanAndres, Yeso,and Abo Formations(Permian), and Pennsylvanian-agesandstones
a n d l i m e s t o n e s . P o s s i b l e ,b u t u n d o c u mented, sourcerocks are Upper Cretaceous
Conclusions
shalesand Pennsylvanianshales.Both strucand gas production in New
oil
Significant
tural and stratigraphic traps may be present
currently to four counties
Mexico
is
limited
within the basin.
of the Permian Basin in the southeastPart
of the stateand four countiesof the SanJuan
Raton Basin
Basin in the northwest part of the state.
The Raton Basin is an asymmetric struc- Twelve major basins, which curently do not
tural depressionsituated on the east-sideof produce petroleum, are petroleum explorathe Sangrede Cristo Mountains (Fig. 5); it lion frontiers.The Tucumcari,Albuquerque,
extends northward into Las Animas and Espanola,Estancia,Pedregosa,Baca, and
Huerfano Counties, Colorado. The struc- Raton Basinshave been acti'iely explored and
drilled in the last L0 years;explorationactivfural axis of the basin trends north-south
and is locatedin the westernpart of the basin ity is continuingin thosebasins.Thoseseven
well as the remainingfive,
frontierbasins,"as
(Speer,1975).
Exploration for oil and gas in the Raton may contain undiscovered petroleum reBasin has been cyclical (Speea 1'976).Cur- sourcesthat could supplant the declining
rently, exploration appearsto be at the end production and reserves'ofthe Permianand
of an activestage.Natural gas has been pro- San fuan Basins.
ACKNowLEDGunNTs-WilliamSpeer, Jack
duced from the Garcia positive element on
the east flank of the basin in Colorado since Ahlen, Frank Kottlowski, Sam Thompson,
the 1920's.Marginally commercialamounts III, and Robert Bieberman reviewed the
of gas were produced in the late 1970'sfuom manuscript.Lynne McNeil typed the manuthe Morrison Formation (Jurassic)and Da- script, and Mbnte Brown ariftea the illuskota Sandstone(Cretaceous)at the currently trations.
inactiveWagon Mound field (Fig. 5, letter J).
References
Carbon dioxide gas is produced from the
Sheep Mountain uplift at the northern end Black, B. A., 1982,Oil and gas exploraiion in the Albuquerque Basin:New Mexico GeologicalSociety,Guideof the basinnearWalsenburg,Colorado.Nubook to 33rd Field Conference,PP. 313-324
merous petroleum exploration wells have Black,
B. A., 19Ma, Hydrocarbon Potential of the EsPabeen drilled in the Raton Basin since 1906.
nola Basin-a progress report: Nlw Mexico Geological
Selectedwells drilled in this basin since 1978
Society,Guidebook to 35th Field Conference' Pp. 223226.
are shown in Fig. 5.
May 7987 Nm Mexico GeoIogY
Black, B. A., 1984b,Structural anomaliesin the Espanola
Basin: New Mexico Geological Society, Guidebook to
35th Field Conference,PP 59-62
Broadhead,R. F., 1984a,Stratigraphica\ controlled gas
oroductionfrom Abo red beds (Permian;,east-central
irlew Mexico:New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral
Resources,Circular 183, 36 PP.
Broadhead, R. F., 1984b,Subsurfacepetroleum geology
of SantaRosaSandstone(Triassic),northeastNew Mexico: New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources,Circular 193, 22 PP
of
Budding, A. J., 1980,Geology and oil characteristics
tut sind near SantaRosa,New Mexico: New Mexico
Geology,v.2, no.1, PP. 4-5.
Cather,S. M., and Johnson,B. D., 1984,Eocenetectonics
and depositionalsetting of west-centralNew Mexico
and easiernArizona:New MexicoBureauof Mines and
Mineral Resources,Circular 192, 32 pp.
Dow, W. C., 1979,Petroleum sourcebeds on continental
slopes and rises: American Association of Petroleum
Geologists,Memoir 29, PP 423-442.
EnerqvlnformationAdministration, 1985,U.S. crude oil,
nairral gas, and natural gas liquids reserves:Energy
Informaiion Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, RePort DOE/EIA-0216(8\' 98 pp
Goman, J. M., and Robeck, R. C , 7946, Geology and
asphalt depositsof north-centralCuadalupe Counry,
New Mexico:U.S. GeologicalSurvey,Oil and Gas InvestigationsPreliminaryMap PM-'{4.
Kelley,V C., lg78,Geologyof EspanolaBasin,New Mexico: New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources,GeologicMap 48, scale1:125,000.
Kottlowski, F. E- and Stewart, W. J , 7970' The Wolfcampianlovita uplift in centralNew Mexico:New Mexico bureau'of Mines and Mineral Resources,Memoir
23, pt. I, pp. 1-31.
McKailip,C.) lr., qes, History of the Newkirk oil field:
New Mexico Geological Society, Guidebook to 36th Field
Conference,pp. 36-37.
Meyer,R. F., t9oo, Ceologyof Pennsylvanianand Wolf
cimoian rocksin southeastNew Mexico:New Mexico
Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources,Memoir 17,
723 PP.
Moleniir, C. M., 7977, StratiSraPhyand depositional history of Upper Cretaceousrocks of the San Juan Basin
arei, witti i note on economic resources:New Mexico
Geological Sociely, Guidebook to 28th Field Conference, pp. 159-].66.
Pitt,W. D., and Scott,G. L., 1981,Porosityzonesof lower
oart of San Andres Formation, east-centralNew Mexico, New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources,Circular 179,19PP
Roberts,J. W., Barnes,J. J., and Wacker,H. J ' 1976'
SubsurfacePaleozoicstratigraphy of the northeastern
New Mexico basin and arch complex:New Mexico Geological Society, Guidebook to 27th Field Conference,
op.141-752.
n<jse,p. R., Everett,J. R., and Merin, I. S., 1984,Possible
basin centered gas accunulation, Raton Basin, southern Colorado: Oil and Gas Journal, v. 82, no. 40, pp'
790-192, 194, 1.96 -797.
W. R., 1s76,Oil and gas explorationin the Raton
Speer,
'Basin:
New Mexico GeologicalSociefy,Cuidebook to
27th Field Conference, pp. 2'l'7226
Thompson, S., lll, 1981,Analysesof petroleum source
and reseruoirrocksin southwesternNew Mexico:New
Mexico Energy Researchand Development Program,
Report EMD 2-66-3306, 720 PP.
Thompson, 5. , Lil, 1982,Oil and gas exploration wells in
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