^>
m
LIBRARY
OF THE
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE
OF TECHNOLOGY
W'.^S.
INST.
TECa
OCr 18 1973
DEWEY
A ZarS jDEtlZArEDN OF THE LATIN AMERICAN
NAflONj AC33aDISG T3 THEIR POTENTIAL F08
DEVJLDPSESr 3F A COMPUrER INDUSl'HY
JaiBoa C.
Ml ssi^ lusatts
678-73
^arquin
Institute of Technology
October 1973
LIBffARY
RECEIVED
OCT 30 1973
fVl.
I.
T.
LibKAKO
PAGE
Iitcadictijn
^
Des-ciptLon Jt lethai
5
NitLJQdl MijiiitJie Sats
D^urcres iQl
IB
aeLiibiiity af Data
19
'
AQiiysis ot :i)?
3B
wtiicictariziti^n lai Sannary
41
Rafacea-as
55
Bibiiajcaphy
56
071 ^B84
2
PAGE
LIST OF TAULES
:
Identifying Codes
Table
1:
UeiGliing Factors and their
Table
2:
Clliart
Table
3:
Table i^elatins Factors to Most Common Source
23
Table
k:
Determination of Economic Parameters
2k
Table
5:
Determination of Educational Parameters
25
Table
L:
Determination of Tochnol
Table
7:
Raw Data for Economic Sector
Table
S:
i^av;
Data for Educational
Table
9:
I'.av;
Data for Technol 03 cal
of Factors and Assigned VJeights
i
Table 10: Computations to Convert
Talkie
11:
Table 12:
Point Distribution
in
oi;
i
cal
Parameters
13:
Point Distribution
Talile
lU:
Ranking by Sector
in
25
2o
Sectoi
29
Data to Points
Economic Sector
Point Distribution in Educational
Talkie
17
27
Sector
Ravj
IC
Sector
Technological Sector
30
51
32
33
34
Table 15: Table of CIDP Indicator Groups
35
Table IG: IJatiorial Magnitude Sets
36
Table 17: Affine CIDP
v/itiiin
IJational
Magnitude Sets
Table 13: Mapping of CIDP Groups to Expanded UN Levels
Table 19: General
37
h5
Information on Latin American rJations--5U
3
PAGE
4
la broduqtion:
Ji£t2cent
L 1
iaiiscciiiaat a
that jf
Djea
dealing with developing rountriss has
the jreatest prablaiBs in
Jna ot
laais
peoples
and
i^aL acra -ies whi-i
y
r
t»
iiLta
rasults gaaecallf letrimaatal to the
a
iavelopiag
simiia ritias ani
J
aogca phi-ai,
aatiCi dua ta
aistorical
davalj r^oefl
study taosa
to
aspacially
is
and natiais
s)latioa to
a
owacis
in aidinj
i
by taa
zaaLjis
af
siariig
oecoaas
maiiag
jCDaJJ of Qitians
i/tti-cn
on
todiy, since
must
aaothar country
may difti^uities
the
^uita
rfita
interdependence
each
best use
important.
of
cartain
a
countries
common factor
a
in
is
patent
a
other's actions.
in
their
deciding
In
Tha
be of
a
strategy
developing
nations,
upon
tne process,
scarce
Determining,
in
of analysis.
country could very well
situation.
similar
of parallel
similarities in their
to place
tend
learn from
spacifLa pcoblam in one
attaclciiij
aaadLrappai
which
common to
important, at
quite
bacomes
aspa:;ts
so
aacisiity,
great valus
It
strong ethnical,
have problems
3r chronological
grsips dapaniing
j?e::i£ic affiaity
Tiis
t.
has certain
areas which are
Still, others
aconaalc iiuk.5,
of nations
countries, with
Some
tias hava great
t.
and futile efforts
desired goals. On the other
Each pair
::ouatry.
:;uI:.iraL
da valopmaa
many
Tha
attributa uniqueness to every facat of
to
litEarsoc^s.
or
taeic aational
t>Diat,
ijthiug mora tnan frustrating
L3 al33 iarailisti:;
itta rfithin
measure
ara ct 2ci ze the nationals oL different countries
thasa attempts
it
yardstick.
same
tha
with
aalce
ual,
attemptinj to
enecalization;
and ever
resDurces,
therefore,
so
this
general
sxmilar characteristics relevant to the area in
sharing is to tita place,
is of a high priority.
PAGE
5
D3s::ciption of Method
3ar prisic/ intanti^a
iiti
j
possibilities of automated
icozssiiaj ia Latia iniacica. We wish to avoid the usual errors of
2nac iii2
i(i
is tj ieal with the
i t
ioa,
tne recjion
33
a
Jitegoc ici t ion of the twenty-one nations included
made.
will ai
The
countries
to be
treated are
the
£3ll3wiag:
iVRG
aOL
384
:ai
ZOL
30S
CUB
l)OM
ECU
iiLiJ
JOA
-iAI
HON
SEX
!)IC
PAN
?AR
PEE
Pac
\rg3ntiaa
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Zoiofflbia
Costa Rica
Cuba
DDmiuicaa H^piblic
Ecuador
El ialvadac
Sudtemala
Haiti
Honduras
Maxic3
Nicaragaa
Panama
Paraguay
Pari
Puerto aijo
JHUJcuguay
7EN
A
Vanazuela
:;lassif icat ion
cjaaater lalustry
^Jtsitial.
aid tiaic
iith respe:;t
the
uaais an analysis of
rha initial
i35t
to
potential tor
devalopiny
the factors relevant
to that
astablishment of data processing installations,
affectL/a and afficient use, is in direct relation to
aumoac of factors.
a
Aiaang
thase:
system fit the job?
1.
iow wall i3S3 tha
2.
4ow wall ia tha pajpla know the system?
3.
What is tha ioaaiJDwar availability to
sarvLca ail facets of the system?
4.
low waLl ioas tha
system bland in with
a
PAGE
b
th2 -ULCiat 3tite of tachnology in thp
rountry ?
&3k.Lij
tjc
rfelL
h3rf
the
systan fits
relation bataaea
3/st3B, as
Ls
a
irfeli
aJtualLy
a:;cjBplisti
joD is attempting to
a
ttie
optiaai
prescriaai group of taslcs,
a
in given
^BrtiLa tUcJ -oastraiats, there is probably
fit
rf.iiri
Lt
best.
adaition,
ot
in order
the
must
to
small subset of systems
most important
a
aspects
e:;oa3Bi:;al
t)ci::2-pert ormaa:;e rati?
and
the
and within
volumes
This Ls by no means the only factor for salection,
thjsa iavolvai,
oaa jf
L3
a
measarti
and that at «hi::h it
means that
This basically
utlLizsl.
a
processinj capacity
as its aptitnal mode of operation,
t)3iuj
find
one at
analyzed
be
that.
and
but
In
a
what is being obtained
deterained to evaluate
HDC the money being pail.
fae
it
1
jwlaigeability
operators,
of
pro jraiuaacs,
professionals, whether
all computer
managers
or
general
users,
is
they be
crucial.
Effe-tive usage means that prasat goals are accomplished in relatively
saoct periods
usays means
of
tiBi.
that joaLs are
?3r affective usage,
axpaccisa,
Foe tiis,
decisive.
ac-omplishei at minimal
Efficient
plausible costs.
jrantad tha need for personnel with the necessary
said siciils level may be
Lie L>ag ran,
experience is
imported. For efficient usage, in
aati/a parsoanal must be trained until
the
axpertisa reguirad.
tie
lost -riti::al
\
aspairts
lavaljping countries.
male to achieve
compromise for marrying the two
ot
introdu-iny
computer
is one of
technology
in
PAGE
tut
sources
lanparfer
caisjnably
List iL latians
at
iinianentai.
\gain,
f
whather
this,
sDietiies,
pDckst
nations
banafit for
iat>aalaat on
of,
a
tha
ijantanamo Naval
to
tha
Zibans in
with
commercial lita.
their
this sense,
ol
Base, in
the sense
tha many
Cuba,
with
of increasing
to
take
aacassity
c
iciL L tias,
LLvLij
The
is greatly
total nativa aaapoiiar from
tha
axaaple of
for agiiipaant,
ate.
In
ra iuicaments
a
to
the state
the general manager
typical oil
powar plants,
addition,
no benefit
of
small American subsidiaries in Puerto
coaplite a3:;e3s to tha paraat firm's bank ot technology.
is
also
and
nuibar o£ factors. The spectrum ranges from the extreme
technology; to that
dico,
a
support that level of technology
nation, in
aost
say,
iisoiitely
which create
specialization,
their
conna:;ted with
tha
ae country
characteristic,
is
plaats in developing countries,
vitally
t
to
isolated
due to
rfhere
This
backward.
tachnology in
alvan-jl
iegraae of
very difficult
nation is
in a
so in
coasidsrably
foraign
ot
of
terhaalagy
oE
be
taose areas
:;dsa
of
while initial
shortly after,
created
hardware
the time
prior to
either exist
iapliat tha nacassary javiroaiaat to
iti
also
are
or
relati/aly alvan^ed sacrtor might exist, yet
a
whole
a
32
is prLaacily
Phis
Liitiitivas,
as
operations,
programmiig,
ia
tha/ aust
-urrent state
iiterniue.
efficiency
of
iaported.
laaioiier ls
The
02
soucras shoaii
lastiLlatioQ, or
rates
high
our
of
tiare must be access to the people that can insure
they
rnasa
33r/ijing.
operations
continuous
gaacantee
7
it
support
must
the
refinery,
down, and
propos
?1ore a
with all
communication lines,
also
establish the
imported
its
harbor
minimum
technicians.
This
PAGE
janauiily
like
meins thiujs
ticilities,
atz.
banstits
thair
of
iDDritioas
tie 32ed 13 Qoriaall/
111
which tutare
to
train nativa
tachruiogy in
a
i
ingly
populace,
current
the
.
thiu,
or ajual
othac rfocis,
In
a
needed.
communications
a
be financed,
or
examples of
state
existing
of
course, there is no mention here,
must avaluata aach case individually,
is greater
and with it
them whenever
of the overall
what is being
foreijn jparatioa for the country. Whether
zost of taa
i::c:3 r
the
these instances are
All of
spacifLC sector. 3f
aid aich nation
to
certainly holds true
facilities will
expand
gaaacal
in
fields
it is usually less expensive
import
than to
or portuary
for ::omioa use.
wtii::h
the
number of reasons,
goolwill amonj the local
ba axtendai,
coals built
tiltea
a
on
planted for the necessary operational environment
t3:;iaicLaas
to areata
iaiiji
lona for
medical
pass
will
those
te^linologies in
sntarprises whi^a raalisa that
ttiosa
aat klII
installations
tachai::ians might develop. This
t:)r
3ftan,
ttiesR
littsraat
saccoaadiag sitas. This is
talevision, telephone,
radio,
3
to
cost-benefit
given and
being
what is
analysis on
act
tne matter
saoiii be iona.
\11 of thasa
points iiiving baan briefly reviewed, one
tapoctancB aeads to
ire
joiaj to
-ouitcy,
tha
be
and analyzed.
virtually all
iiBt)octs
aconomi:;3 of said
for tae general
That
the
t>a
importal are
other chi ractar istias
ildLtional forms, and hive
by price.
a
large
is,
time
land constitute
devalopmant of the industry at
aacaiies that might
lad
aa statel
a
a
more,
of vital
since computers
in
a
developing
determining factor
national iaval. The
also limited in capacity, speeds,
This limitation
can take
oiany
number of distinct effects. Thus,
PAGE
<iiLla
3*
iticisions
dll
laae oi an
iniiviiual basis, there will be an
ti3 nitisaal Le/eL.
equipment miyht
agyre^ate effect at
Fas bast solution to a problem
be faasioia aconooicil ly, otherwise
tbat it
D^iiiy
roQceroiaj selactioa of computer
9
must always imply
it cannot be
defined as
sDlutioa at all.
a
^ftar this ovar/iew af tha pDints in question,
l3scci.be the
raspe-tiva
utilized in detail. This
matuoi whicti shall be
iona 3y pcasenting all the fa-tors
weights
cor
oir
of
a
will be
going into the analysis, and their
specific purpose.
iitfacent questioas asked pravi^usly as having
iitraluction
it becomes necessary to
::3aputer installation,
a
a
Based
the
on
direct bearing on
grouping
of
five
ttie
relevant
a3S3Ci.atel factars will ba divided into three general classes:
1.
2.
3.
liithiii
Ecanjmic
Sducatioiil
recha Jlojical
economic fictors,
ill ttioss whicli directly affect the country's
capacity tj afforl coapatars at different levels, or that characterize
trends ia
the jcowta
tna
jaaaral
BzoaoaicdL jperations ire to ba
cata,
technical
3£
factors ace
stata of
modes of
included. Under educational, literacy
edjcatiDn will
aeant thjsa that yield
technology ia
nacassary technoiogici
\
that define
se-aadary school and hijaer level enrollment, as well as general
status
at
economy, or
1
a
country.
be
a
covered.
certain measure of
That is,
envirDnment to
By
technological
the current
the indicators
for the
support computer installations
differaat stages.
dafinLte set of valias will
be assigned to different factors within
PAGE 10
toe i^ntisaed sectors.
j£
Ths vaiues will
factor with caspact to
tait
tae javel-jpaeut of
ill irticlas
is
a
i3t3Ciin9d.
oreiiciown
ELaal ranking,
a
rhasa last
absolute
by
a
a
economic
total quantification of
each class will
be done.
creation of subgroups
shall be
coabination
oe in
rfill
Litagrate the concept of
tiie
Dnce
jroupings by
::c3iplish3l,
potential for
the point in cjuestion:
:;3iput3r iadustry.
i
raachinj
iad upon
be determined by the relevance
magnitude
(GNP)
another
with still
in
orler to
fully
nition's potential for computerization and
a
overall economic size of said country.
<aignt distribution
Phe ganeral
for the
three main
classes is
the
toil Jiiag:
Ecoaomic
Educational
S^fi
ractinologicil
Tiesa percantagas
the sat
thesa
of
factors
define
ci ta j5 rization
20X
20X
reflect ia
a
circular
la-lulai ia the
the
janeral
is
oisei,
to
a
certain
of
objective
and manipiiations
aacanism
is
astablisiei by utilizing
•Jaigtits.
Therefore, of
class initially,
a
the
bound is
the manner
Since
this
extent,
on
inforaation,
in which
attempted
subjective
a
checking
top-down method ot assigniatj
a
determining
importance ot
both the
class, and
classification.
avaluitions
janacai
way#
overall importance
automatically
ot
the
imposed on
tne
component factors.
li^oa
ooical ly
,
the
iddicators should
laaliig with
maisures
be included
to
neasuras for
giva aiajuata
the introiuction
ot
a
new
are
four.
These
the financial
and expensive
four
aspects
technology in
PAGE
jenacii,
lai
i.n
picti^uLac to
of conputers.
ttiat
Lut'Jrcdnca la preietec liniuy this position,
11
Due to their relative
weiijhing nchorao choson
tlio
£3rtaeiBLSthafjlio«iag:
30*
1.
3r33s Nitional Product
15*
2.
Par capiti 3NP
5A
3.
arjrftti
(GNP)
rates of GNP and per capita
3MP combiael
^Q%
Parceat of 3DP in "high technology" areas
4.
In
raility there ira some otasr parameters with which there is concern
is
tj
their appiir laiLity io tiis
machinery
tjwici
ani
For example general attitudes
area.
aatomation. Nonetheless,
most
ot
this
type
iifjcaatiaii is extrem*!^ difficult to obtain, almost impossiole in the
it das bean
short run.
Thus,
taroajh
bast asa jf pirioatars such as those listed, and which are
ttie
iecided to
raake
with approximations
do
CDaaected and undariyiaj thosa iesired but uaobtainaole.
lacLaled ia
literacy
rata,
schDDl or
linl.
the broad class ot
raiativa
numbar
above, ani lastly
lict jf lata
toward
on racoci.
in
secondary
level of technical education
ttia
factors obeys
affect tha developoant of
taeca ara saaa adlitional
following factors:
students enrolled
of
MthDujti tha caoica of ttiase
aaw they avtsntaall/
trenia
education are the
a
direct relation to
the computer industry,
points that have been left out,
For instance,
technical education
and
it is relevant to
how
in the
that might
due to the
analyze the
impact
tha
ganaral area iinler staiy. Et would ba specifically pertinent, also, to
take into
account an/ axistiaj
institutions specializing
in systems
PAGE
elucition. rh3 fd=t is,
iJeutify
to
la
10*
1.
Litarary rate
5X
2.
Relative number of students enrolled
in s3~ondary school or above.
54
3.
Level of technical education
in
ticesant
weights
no awaranass
aawavar,
problems at
tha
operations aive raa:;a3d
factor is,
lavaljpmant,
evea,
a
lorf
stage
tha
iieight
the
America where
governments
trivial and
hand.
There
not
are some
cases,
the subject mat ter, (Bibl.
level ot certain significance. The
a
tharafora, to b> -oasidered,
cases
This is
in Latin
operations are
by tha OAS report on
as indicated
irfaere
all
o£
the country.
ara many countries
of conputer
must fulfill
and that they shed light on
snvLronment of
since taare
VDlumas
factors involved
tae
a;::;assibility ,
general technologi::3l
always aasy,
of
not
attempting to measure the current state
:;oantry,
a
folljrfing tKO ra^air anants:
21)
almost
distribution of
The
it very
the salectei factors is i:;corciing to the followiny scheme:
of ta-hnolojy
aava
contribution
thair
makes
or
thi mora diffi:;ult irea Df
the
level that either makes
con si 1 aration.
taking into
wDrtarfhila
iiioij
tj^a,
the existence of these types of
thdt
stili at in aparitional
32ti33Ls ace
aica
hotf2?ar,
12
is
but since in the most notable
incipient
compared
to
future
assignement is in order. Other more specific
Lifj-nation wDuld be )f relevance here, in trying to measure the state
Most
of teciinology.
taea Logi:;al to
tj
at least
of
it
is,
unf ortanately, inaccessible.
utilize the aare general parameters at
gat
f)lL}ifing factors:
a
nandle
on
the
problem. These
alactci-ity generation,
number of
It becomes
hand in order
are
to be
the
telephones per
PAGE
aamber
ttijasiiid,
cjautiy.
til"
Tieca xs
television sets, and
3t
riiest^
8X,
1.
Electricity produced
7iS
2.
Sufflbec
2%
3.
Number of television sets installed
3A
4.
Level of computer usage
of
telephones per thousand
intermixing absolute (i.e.,
^er cipita factDirs in the analysis.
operation of
in eiterprise,
ibsDlite aal Jer ::ipiti ticrtors which
:;Duatcy is
to
aeasures ot
a
iasicaily,
this completes tha list of
LleitLfy each of
iivile
tt»e
Por arictical
valid
aiottj
combination of
define certain aspects within
a
direct absolute
factors to quantify towards the
purposes
a
code
these factors for later ease of
three
components, assigning
A
A
country's mignitude and operational level are passed on.
jategjcization.
*l11
must be used.
which is absent
substitute, insuring that
act as that
and
be utilized is the level
and this is soraething
collecteci iiti, a surrogate
froa 3ur
GNP)
Since one of the the most relevant
tiC2t3 in ietermiaing computer technology to
of
usage in
thusly:
ica to bu rfoicjhod
definite reason £dc
a
levHl of computer
13
nin
a
classes,
or sectors,
will
be
set up
to
handling. This code
with their particular
two character identifier to each.
point which list be
aany at the variaales.
made concerns the degree
There
is little doubt,
of
correlation
for example,
that
LLt^cicy rate and GNP are usually correlated. However, for the purpose
of
obtaining
a
worKaale classification, if crude, the
set of factors
PAGE
seal dJejuate.
zios<i^
JQC3
proportionally
aa/5 basa
the wai-jhts
con-scaiag tha allocation of points comes
o3
iLl^ttai
individual
the
t3
car: ajpoaiinij articles. There
alevan factors
::3U0try
comas first
that
basa for that particuLir
country
will ba
maxLBUia,
anl
(?ar capita
\2
las a total
&2
to ail countries
rioulj
GNP)
15)1
doing this, but
three sectors,
absolute ranking
other countries
all
becomes the
base.
3
with $770.
P
for X/per capita GNP of base)
(par capita 3NP for
?3r Ciiia,
be:
aith
a
Since
assigned, then the point distrioution for
country
X:
)J
in
For example, say that for
be:
(per capita
the
will receive
would follow from the formula. For
Points for country
kiouli
within the
Argentina has the highest entry
weight of
the
of
The number of points assigned to that
proportion to their pjr-aataga of the
&2
one
each
for
simple and direct. For each of
accarding to
::o1uib[i.
issue
Mainly, how ara they to
are various methods of
eviluated
to ba
assigned, another
up.
countries
tie 3\e chjsea for application is very
the
14
X)
x
x
0.15
(0.15/770)
per capita aNP of $433, its point allocation
X,
it
PAGE 15
(4J3)
(3.15/7701
X
=
8.12
raece are dniiiber ot ::a3es whaca the data at hand must be qualified in
jrdac
present
to
^ncoaaterad
iii
iiottiar se-tion.
5Durcas
Limas,
paint,
a
tri2
proper
perspective.
CDllaction and
filtering are
siaca tnere are
io*<3/5r,
oc
ths
in
the ditj
iffa-t caicilat loas,
5?e3Lfic
it
lat it
(Sic,
a
few
be mentioned that
was missing
from
The
problems
the topic
of
instances that might
in junctures
the normal
where
a
information
projection #13 made based on the trends and growth rates. At
last
availaDla fijure was taken, at
pariaJs ware prafarcai.
others, averages over
In ail cases the criterion was
ijst significant statisti:;.
to choose the
PAGE
TABLE
1
rabla it H3ijtiin^ Factors and their
liaatifying Coles
Sector
1:
ECONOMIC
\^
Sross ^itioDii Product (GNP)
42
Per -ipitd 3NP
A3
SrDwth Rates of
GNP Cambined
\U
Percaat ot GDP in "High Technology" Areas
Sector
B;
GNt'
and Per Capita
EDUCATIONAL
31
Literacy Rate
32
Relative Numbar of Students Enrolled in
Seconiiry Scaaol or Above
B3
Level 3f leclinical Education
Sector
Z:
TECHNOLOGICAL
-1
Electricity Produced
::2
Nuabec af Telephones per Thousand Inhabitants
:3
Nuaber at Installed Television Sets
J4
Level ot Computer Technology
lb
PAGE 17
IAB|iE_2
Clidct
ot
FiztJV:i
Sector
Siztot
Sector
B:
Z:
A:
dtid
Assiynt'd Wtfiijhts
Economic
Al
30
A2
15
A3
5
A4
10
Educationil
B1
10
B2
5
B3
5
(60%)
(20%)
Technological (20%)
31
8
C2
7
C3
2
CU
3
M
PAtiE
^iti2nal_Maciaitude_Sets
t>araUei t. the
the
ie.alap.ent of an .ndex for
factors affectinj
aacassary to .raate
^r
i
an
separata grouping
th.ir e.ono.ic a.i,Utalas.
.a ec^no.ic
tanat
that
scale.
cajuice
unique
le.els
reason
of
operational scales, .ca
to
for this relates to
f^r=a
or surface
tna relative
computerization.
becomes
the basic
volumes
of
entities usually
These
levels,
or
to duplicate themselves
While it is true that two
economic size and totally dissimilar
area, it stands
aguality or
different
of corporate
coantcies ^f similar ecoaoBi. magnitude.
pr.ulatioa
it
the Latin American nations
mora likely than not
=^aatcles might be of .omparabla
ia
or
operation,
distinct magnitudes
appro^.has
co.pater industry,
That is, a differentiation on size
using
Taa priaacy
unaguaL
traasicti.as, aad
La
ia=ipxent
classifying according to
that those
disequality are
elements .nich
precisely the
ones
aadar scrutiny for ouc main
categorization.
Since the most -ideiy
.s
lasirai to obtaia
used index of economic size is
the GNP,
and it
geaaral grouping corresponding,
approximately,
to large, medium and small
countries from an economic viewpoint;
then
a distribution snali
oa made using the logarithm
of
a
the GNP.
signifies is that
«hat tnis
ocaakdown will be obtained of countries
with GNP's
- tn. hundred milHoa, billion, or ten billion scales. These shall be
callel
National lagnitude
Sats I,
n, and III, respectively. (See
rabla 15.)
a
PAGE 19
33ja:ES AND SELIABILIFY OF DATA
fae
3auc:;e5
ot
data
iaf ociBdtion is derivai
foe
this work
are
varied,
but the
bulk
of
froB fiva main sources. These are:
(Nambecs in parentheses are the Bibliography reference.)
Situacion Economica
a)
America en Citras 1970,
b)
Statistical Ijupaadium of the Americas 1969:
c)
iijhar Elacation ia the Amarican Republics:
d)
The rforll laales:
e)
ieport of Mission for Evaluation of
Inf oraation Systans, DAS: (Bibl. 21)
For operational speei,
Ml
dE
(Bibl.
a
2,
3:
(Bibl.
(Bibl.
(Bibl.
19,20)
23)
4)
2b)
coiification of these sources follows:
a)
A EC
b)
SC
C)
HEA
a)
WT
e)
BHE
thase io-umaats, or boolcs, offer
a
rairly accurate set of data
PAGE 20
Ljc jua
or iBDre
availabla ioi erroc
litaD is
lati LBplias,
States
iaerican
Tiasa iastitutions
sinca
and
lata
many
passed alonj
whatever coiifidance
desiring
cannot
contiria
from the
to
original
which
information
pursue
tha reliability
of
A1
Vaz
GNP
capita
straightforwardly picked from said tables:
Product
attd
Income)
rae parcaataga
C3a?atad by
Jranca:
of
and World
GD?
in
Table
I
high technology
World Table IV, also.
gas and water
6
and
any
the raw
function
of
with
relevance to any
used
througn
growth
Rates)
areas,
in
the
an almost total
A4
are
World Table IV
(Growth
adding tie specified columns
Electricity,
all
are economically
figures
dapaaianca was placed on tha World Taoles, factors
tnara.
at
may provide.
(A)
from
infallible,
error. Short
and
different parts of tha work. For the economic data
takan
Regional
various countries,
some
this
for
no means
souccas of different factors is of
fae breakdown of
one
it
on
Bank
are by
sur/eys in the field
rely
must
we
they
still carry
may
BissL^e aad exhaustiva
anfaasible
timas
thay racaiva
Lafjraation which
International
the
and
(DAS)
Davaijpaaat (I38D).
aowavar,
all
the Organization of
of organizations as prestigious as
tha domain
of
Tha reliability of this information, nonetheless, is
?j33i.3ie soarces.
ia
that which being
the majority
when compared to
also acceptable
ivaiLibla nas
By
Fairly accurate
of the time.
free all
tha purposas of the present worit,
for
this stady.
the up-to- the-miuute
not meint that
hDWiVic, it is
ttici/ d-::urate,
analysis for
Cictors uadar
th3
ot
,
being
rather
(Resources,
respectively,
however, has
under the headings
to be
"GDP by
Transport and Communications" in
PAGE 21
ne
dati
jliicatianal
i?iJtD:
Bl,
(B)
stains
(Population,
iitecdc/ rite, is obtained from World Table II
Liojc ?oczi aad Edacacion). Factor
3iu::ition ar abova,
J3,
main sources.
three of the five
from
roitias
from
;oiaes
a
s;i
students enrolled in secondary
B2,
of technical education,
from SC. The level
analysis
ai-ob jec t i ve
other
aad
HEA, RME
of
sources.
Listlf,
ilonj with
talsvision
32,
sats,
derived
is
(C)
from
two
of
the
electricity produced, is
obtained from
aumber of telephones per thousand.
The number of
yriQ-ipal sourcas. Factor
iSC,
data
techuolo jical
the
33,
Z^,
-omas
froa SC,
and
C4,
level
computer
o±
tachaoiogy, from RUE.
fae
involvad
paraiaters
:;oiaputatioa,
or sele:;tiDn.
also
need a
Thasa will be presented in
on
a
method
of
separate form.
an indication to the main source
The listinj of sources was primarily
of
clarification
lita for each ona of the factors under consideration. They are not,
aowavar,
the only sourcas.
la
affect, when
iidicitei iocuoant it will oa obtaiaed
will be mentioaad
ratriaved by
figucas,
in the Biloliography.
said oethod,
trends,
then an
datum is
missiny in the
from some other document which
If the
estimate is
information cannot be
made,
based
on past
growth rates, and other factors.
Two other constant sourcas of problems
Jico and 3uba.
a
In tha first case,
are the data concerning Puerto
because Puerto Bico is not
a
member
PAGE 22
JL
tae
a3:;ua2Qts published
th3
3kS,
tha jisi of Cuba,
LitocuatiDn on it. In
tie DkS
3inc3 19S4,
lit tJittinj
th333 cases
tha iD3th:>is
its economy,
aspect of
on any
the
complete or up to date. In
concerning missing
aentioned above
atilizsi, although in the Puerto
idta have bden
policy of
'
auch ilita
no
has not been within
since it
111 jcnatiaii which is a\raiiabie is not very
ooth 3t
carry
of the Cuban governmeiit s
and because
vecf
3iit
organism
said
by
Rican instance,
lauch
jf
the intoriaition was jbtaia^l from non-OAS sources and incorporated.
Li
iliitiDn
to the sjircas already
that proved
farther d3:;am2nts
study.
loucrh
th»
lata
n^aded.
was used
Union
of
the
(Boletin
quite extensively to
"Socio-Economic Progress in Latin
annual report prepared by
Ameri-a," an
1(1
of
"
number of
a
the preparation
the Pan American
Jniaa Panamar icaaa)
fistaiistico da la
sjma 3t
invaluable in
"5tatistijil Bulletin of
The
::jmt^l3raent
mentioned, there are
served
the IBRD,
to evaluate
the m^re subjective aspects in the data analysis.
iua tdirness,
nat all sources relate directly to
ace cjiamon
ta otner
Davaij pmeat,
"
by
jeneral areas
Everatt
E.
of development.
Hagen, and personal
sarvei tue pucposd af dissipating many doubts.
since
some problems which
investigation consisted in attacking
part jf tha
hard data,
"The
Economics of
discussions with him
PAGE 23
TABLB
3
libie Relating Factors to Most
CDiniion
FACIDR
Source
SOURCE
&1
WTU
A2
WTU
A3
WT1
A«
WTU
B1
WT2
B2
sc
B3
HEA
CI
A
C2
AEC
C3
SC
Z'4
RME
EC
PAGE 24
TA3LE
U
Descriptioa af Method tor Determination of Parameters
ECONOMIC
Al
Gross National Product
Latest ivaiiable fijure, tiicea from column
in Billions of dollirs. (1469)
16
ot VTk,
given
A2 Per Capita GMP
Lit23t dvaildbla rijjre,
in dollars. (1969)
taken from column
A3 Grotu Sites of
Pec::Jat ot
WT4, ijiven
3NP and Per Capita GNP Combined
Sua of the averijes ot ::oluiaas 2 and
gi.v3n in absolute nimbers. (1951-69)
A^
17 of
3
of HT1 respectively,
GOP in "High Technology" Areas
San of the latest atfiilabla figures from columns
of «iT4, jiven as pscziut of GDP. (1968)
10
and
11
PAGE 2b
TABLE
D3s:;ripti.on ot
Matti^i
5
far Dita rmination ot Pdrameters
EDUCATIONAL
B1
Litist dvailable fijare
totil population. (196^)
Literacy Bate
from column 15 of
1*12,
given
as percent of
B2 Hslitive Naaber of Students Enrolled
la Se^oiary School or Above
dvailaole figures from Tables 58 and
3f litest
raspectivaly, divided by tha total population. (1967)
San
B3
59 of
3C,
Level of Technical Education
point scale based
one-hundred
an
a
Assijnal ranitinj
ijuii titativa and ^uilitativ* information of HEA and KME.
ou
the
PAGE 26
TABLE_i
i>
;>U>"r
»
i'
t
t
»»U
'
f
H3
{
l\
>
I
f
i>i
I'll!
ot m
»
n
•'«
<
i
''ii
•> (
l" .-«i
,-<mc:
t
p
i
q
TECHNOLOGICAL
CI
Elactricity Produced
Litdst avdiiabla figure in Table 325-01 of A£C2,
of ^kilowatt-hours. (1968)
C2 Numoer oc
Telephones per Thousand
Lat3st available figare in Table 334-11
talaphones per thousand. (1969)
C3
Latest available
talcjvisiou sets.
Nmber
given in millions
of AEC3,
given in number of
of Television Sets Installed
fLgura in Table
60 of
SC
,
given in
thousands of
(1966)
34
Leiral
of
Computer Technology
point scale
Assigned ranking
a
ona-hundred
on
guaititativa and iUilitativa information of RME.
based
on
the
PAGE 21
aUNTHY
PAGE 28
TABLE
Rn
3
Data tar Educational Sector
:ouNraY
bi
AR'^
91.5
b2
b3
BOL
BRA
CHI
dOL
COS
D01
ECJ
ELS
GJA
UAI
HON
MEX
NIC
PAN
PAR
PES
P8C
URU
VEN
31
32
33
Literacy Hate
Relitiva Numbac of Students Enrolled in
Secoodir/ School or Above
Level of lacanical Educatiou
PAGE 29
TABLE
Rarf
:DUfir«if
Aii
B3L
BSA
CHI
CDL
CDS
CUB
DOM
E:U
ELS
GtJ4
HAI
HO(J
HEX
Ni:
PAM
P^a
PE«
pa:
uaj
VES
31
17,y02
673
38,181
6,793
6,522
689
3,709
699
750
582
526
78
205
22,731
484
520
179
4,880
4,895
1,960
10,369
9
Ddta for Technological Sector
C2
67.2
6.8
17.2
33.0
23.5
30.0
29.7
8.7
15.2
11.1
7.3
0.9
4.5
24.4
12.5
40.0
6.3
12.7
92.3
72.4
35.1
C3
C4
1,850
100
60
2,500
98
55
400
65
74
87
72
75
555
65
55
38
60
10
65
65
68
69
40
1,850
60
95
19
70
77
700*
225
72
60
83
90
79
700
85
10
275
Estimate based on ialirect iaf ormatioa.
-1
Z2
33
34
Ele::tricity Pcolu^el
Naabec of ralephones per Thousand Inhabitants
Number of lastallei Television Sets
Level of 3onpdter Technology
PAGE 30
TABLE 10
Coipatdtioas to 3oavert from Baw Data to Points
FACIDR
PAGE
Poiat Distribution
:3UNrB](
A1
A2
23. H3
AR3
B3L
BB&
Ctil
CDL
CDS
CJ3
DOM
E:ii
EL5
UAI
MEK
Ni:
PMJ
PAB
PER
pb::
VEN
A1
k2
A3
\4
GcDss !iational Product (GNP)
Pec -ipita GNP
3r3tfth Bates of 3NP and Per Capita
GNP [Toabined
Pecceat 3f GDP ia "High Technology" Areas
31
PAGE 32
OUNTBY
PAGE 33
TABLE 13
Poiat DLstcibuti^n in Technological Sector
:DUNrRY
\S3
BOL
BRA
:hi
:oL
:os
:uB
301
ECJ
BLS
3UA
ikl
aoN
SEX
Si:
PAN
?Ei
PHZ
3BU
/EN
-1
=2
3.76
5.09
0.51
0. 11
8. 03
OC
1.
80
94
22
62
0.84
0.55
0.07
0.34
1.35
0.95
3.02
0. Ji
J. 20
2.49
5.3b
4.00
7.00
5.4 9
2.66
0.56
2.70
11.2'^
0. 18
2. 37
0.56
2.55
8.45
7.94
1.
29
2.23
2.25
0. 11
l.uJ
1.03
0.41
2. 17
1.34
3,
0. 14
0.02
0.05
4.75
0.10
TOTAL
1. 48
2.50
3. 11
C4
0.00
2.00
0.04
0.32
0.05
0.44
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.05
0.01
0.01
1.48
0.02
0.06
1.42
1.37
0.73
0.15
0.16
0.12
C3
2. 16
0. 55
1.
15
2.
2.
2,
2. 16
2.25
1.95
1.95
2.04
2.07
1.20
1.80
2.85
2. 10
2. 16
1
2.45
14.23
6. 18
6.47
4.63
5.72
2.81
3.30
3.03
2.78
1.30
2.20
10.94
3. 17
Elecrtricity ProduciJ
Talaphonas per Thousand Inhabitants
Naabec of Iiitalled Television Sets
Level of Coiputec lectinology
Naotber of
PAGE
TABLE
14
Banking by Sector
COUNrRY
34
PAGE 35
TABLE 15
Table of Zoaputar Industry Development
Potaatial (3IDP) Indicator Groups
cojNrar
(GR3UP
A)
(38311? B)
(3H3UP
C)
{3B3UP
D)
(GRDaP
E)
3IDP
ARG
BRA
HEX
76.42
69.69
69.23
PRC
VEN
61.53
52.01
zai
40.55
39.25
38.52
38.32
34.53
32.20
31.63
COL
3RU
PAM
ZOS
PER
COB
27. 16
JIC
D01
ECU
PAa
ELS
GU&
3 0L
HON
26.27
25.99
24.39
24.33
24.21
23.82
23.08
UAI
9. 13
PAGE 36
TABLE
16
raala of National Magnitude Sets
COUNTRY
MBX
loc[_GN£
PAGE
TABLE 17
ri3l2 3f A£fine CIDP within
National Hagnitude Sets
couursY
SEX
BBA
Aas
VSN
pa:
ZiL
C3L
CJ3
uau
PSB
SJA
e:u
P\N
CDS
D3H
ELS
B3L
SIC
PAR
Hkl
NMS CIDP
I
A
A
A
II
II
B
I
I
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
III
III
III
III
III
III
III
III
III
B
C
C
C
C
D
D
C
c
D
D
D
D
D
D
E
37
PAtiE 33
ANALYSIS OF CIDP
rae
indi:;dtoc icrivsi
?3t2atiai),
an
at,
the highest
indicator
industry in
ranking one
jouli occupy
present
In tha
crude measure
a
ot
the
country. The
a
to 100, this maximuia fagare corresponding to
couatry whi^h
tlirouga C4.
Development
(Computer Industry
of a computer user
Lidlcitoc ranje is from
iiaal
CIDP
give at least
ba issaaad to
pjtsatial devalapmeat
aa
taa
::iDP
(76.42),
factors
in ail
Al
listing, Argentina is the country with
and Haiti
(9.13)
is the ono
with tha
iDwast.
It
is also obvious thit the 3IDP
Mheasvrer
naa base -ountry
a
is
a
dyndmic indicator whicu changes
the given factors
tor any of
is taken.
Ills would force to a new iteration of CIDP values periodically,
wjuli praoably
not altar the rankings
very much if the
which
time between
:;omputatioas were modarate (i.e., two years).
rae -IDP
groups, craitad by
aaw constitute
a
raiitivaly
treads and policies
tie
rfhich
joapiitar iadustc/,
ontaxt
section.
bunched distribution of
tha indicators,
safe coanon
certain general
ground for
may compose a guideline
and
must therefore
for development of
operated within
be
of tha general ZIDP concentration groups derived in a
The
combination of thase
classification displa/ai
two elements yields
ia Table 17.
This is
a
the
previous
the composita
categorization into
PAGF 39
functional sets ot countries with similar national levels of operation
Bjre
detailed analysis
involved
the elements
oi
in
frimework within which governments
janecite an initial
each set
i
can
can dictate
a
yield an
industry, hopefully, to
that *ill guide the
gaaaril policy
in haud
coaputar industry development, with this
and k>otential for
3ffectiv2 and efficieit contribution to the national development.
A3 t3
the criteria usad ia the
creation of the CIDP groups,
a
certain
amount of bias was ainittedly present, though fundamented on pragmatic
ARG, BRA, MEX triangle was
personal axperience. The
oDsecirations and
clearly one group. Alsj staniiag out at the lower end was Haiti all by
itsalf. The 4.47 point spread between
gap ia
the whole CHI
pLaciig PHC and
/EN
(41.15)
as
a
to HON
COB and NIC was the significant
(23.08)
question of
range. The
since the
of some initial concern,
matter
first was actually cljsar to SEX than to VEN. However, since the whole
question
the
of
calationship with
Puarto
Rican situation,
because
of
open to question;
thj United States, is
special
its
it seemed
l3gical to place it with VEN, whose oil rich economy also places it in
a
special position.
Tie last point to be laie concerns
relatively
dated.
waich reflects
aust aa
Working
the fact that the data
with the
conditions of
of February
1971,
months prior,
the results
upon actual field
research on
at least 15
lookad at carafully. Hawever,
the state of coaputation in taa
World Tables
utilized is
different Latin American countries it
PAGE 40
*is i3tec«inel
rftt™
that
tKo i^xcept ion
Acyaatina,
i3cazLL
and
MeKico.
stands relatively
ThasK ace Aryentina and Nicaiayua.
claic that at
is
it
3.
cateyar ization
ttie
chis
is
this
In
point it has tallfM.
probably
due
firm still
t
ho
hi-fhin<J
the eff£;cts
to
c:-i;;c
of
hotii
ot
tha
political instability and its economic repercussions over the last few
/ears.
1972,
Nizarajua owas its drop basically to the earthquake of December
when the
ildition, an
wtiola :;ouatry's
observation must
basic political and
Latia America,
its
::uba's decision
natioaal computation
be
made
back considerably.
concerning Cuba.
aconomic differences with respect to
position in the categorization
Tie variables selected
And
economy was set
don't necessarily have the
to manufacture
system, give
tlie
its
rest or
may Da challenged.
same meaning nere.
minicomputers,
it certain
Dae to
In
and implement
advantages within
tachaalogy area over the othac Latin American nations.
a
the
PAGE
;
i&BACIEai^&TION AND SUMMARY
l33k at the results
bit more closely. There ace five CIDP groups,
i
Lieatifiei by the lettacs
Lidi::itiv2 of
tiive
i
to
E.
The ascendiag alphabetical order is
in CIDP score.
index than thosa of Group
higher
assuiad to haye
ilithia each
A
lows: rating
a
a
becomes interestiag
has baan established, it
Jace the aategorizatian
t3
B, C,
The members of
D,
tli2
are soae differences
group th^ra
tie list country of Scoup A
thara is
a
(lexico)
larger
special politicil and
Statas, Puerto Rico's
of
a
altnough no
in range,
with the exception
and the first country of Group
within Group
B
B
(Venezuela). Du9
economical association with
situation in Group
tha vast ZIDP of tha anital States,
higaer group
and are thus
point difference than between Puerto
aico and its immediata lower neighbor
to its
A
Puerto Rico- Venezuela gap. That is, between
Maitico-Pierto 3iCO,
(Puarto R1.30),
or E,
Group
higasr poteatial for developing a computer industry,
Latar-group gap is smaller than an intra-group gap,
it
U1
B
is very
much
the United
a
reflection
and any attempt to place it in
would be inappropriate. Out of
the twenty-one nations
stuiiad the count witiin the different groups was as follows:
Group A
Groap B
Group C
Group D
Group E
This tally
3
2
7
B
1
is interaiting from
taesa will become obvious as wa
different groups. It also becoaas
various points
of view,
but
some of
undertake the characterization of tha
relevant to identify gaographically
PAGE 42
pDoLs based oa thaic jcoup aembecship,
foe
a
possible regional center
analysis.
It
the 3IDP groups.
What charactar istics do the members of
dow ioas ona country advance or
aive in commoa?
a
same class
descend into another
Can ona assuma that similar lines of action are possible within
jcoiip?
these questions begins with
the same group? An attampt to answer
^laca^tecizatioa
33uc-is
will
by
of
in
order
groups. la
upon.
The
first
locking
thaic 1971
Group
to do
of
of levels of
secoil is iafinition
the ACAST
jcesaitel
tha
relied
be
^xpacieace. The
i^ne
be identified with
prjper that certain tangible attributes
is now
on
publication
this,
these
two
is
primary
personal
computer activity
Computer Technology
(2).
the
The levels
(1)
defined
and
are
ibstcacted in the folLiwing manner:
INiri&L: Ihara ira no operational computers in the country.
The only
faw
nationals hava had contact with computing.
local sourcas of information are computer salesmen.
A
computers in
understanding of
Thee a
some
is
computer
A few
jDvacamant
and private decision centers.
There are some nationals
installatioa s are to ba found.
involved in computer operations. There is some education and
training in -oaputar technology in the country. Computers
ace used in basic goveranent operations.
MSIC:
^PEBATIDNAL: There is extensive understanding of computers
Among tha
in
gsvarnmaat and private decision centers.
numarous conputar iastallatioas there are some very large
training in
machines. Iiere are centers for education and
computer ta^iaology and some are of excellent quality. They
offer dagcea
programs in computer or information science.
production
software and some
Taera is iasign aad
of
many
are affecting
manafacture of hacdware. Computers
disciplinas, particularly science, medicine and engineering.
PAGE U3
ADVANCED: flist govecnmeut and aciminist ra ti ve work is carried
coapjters. rhare are well established professional
3Ut hf
activities ini aational meetings on computers. There is a
complete raage of quality education and training programs.
Tae
number of computers, of all sizes,
is
increasing
rapidly, rim a-sharing,
remote
job entry
teleprocessing and
common.
are
There is design and production of both hardware
and softwara. Many technologies have
been changed or are in
the caucse jf
being changed. New applications of computers
are found
CJjularly. There is strong participation
in and
contributioa to iatarnational activities.
rie33 levels are asefil, though not
3La~2 it
is possible for
•operational" in
a
totally complete or well defined,
country to be
"basic" in one
was recognized by
anothar. This
aspect and
the ACASX-MG
as a
IrawbacJc of the schama, but it is helpful nonetheless.
If
33e tries
to relate
CIDP groups
interesting
situatioa develops.
i^aeri-a can
ba place!
Of course,
iitecim
This ii
lavels also.
cjmputer activity in
easily
3n::e
i
conc3pt rather ni-eiy.
the
countries of
an
Latin
within the corresponding level, but in order to
pcoparly identify thsLc status an extension
IS aecessary.
activity levels,
and these
i
one
of
the U.N. level concept
by including
this is
done,
the transitions
as
this characterization
of
country could be correlated with the CIDP group
For example, the levels would now appear:
INITIAL
INiriAL-rO-BASIC
BASIC
BASIC-r3-0PEaATI0SAL
OPERATIDNAL
OPER AT I3NAL-rD- ADVANCED
ADVANCED
And the cnaractaristi-s of tha interim
levels follow from the ones of
PAGE 44
tae pcioc
:;tDP
level aai thosa Df
jroui)S aai
laveis
zslq
the following one.
A
corresponclence» of
qo^ be attempted, and as in Table 17.
PAGE U5
rABi.B_V7
C3rc2spondea::s of CIDP Groups and
Expanded UN Level Concept
INITIAL*****G«OUP
E
lNITIAL-rO-BASIC*****GROUP
BASI3*****GR0UP
D
C
BA5t:-T0-0PERATI0NAL*****GR0UP
3PERATIONAL*****GeO0P
U
A
DPERiriONAL-ID-ADVANCED************
ADVANCED**
******
PAGE 46
\
characterization of
sfecitic
part
itiLiiincj
o£
realistic situation
Jroup
rather ::lDS2ly.
more
computers in
no operational
There are
have had some contact with computing.
sources of information
The local
are almost non-existent.
iiou3t of data processing related activity
The small
that exists in the country
manufacturing of magnetic core jBemories. The inexpensive labor
fjual offarad gaol incaative tor
being
ione
some U.S. manufacturers to establish
these purposes. Some large
tttemsalves there tor
also
a
Anarica.
Dnly a few nationals
(3).
L3 soie
made
be
and adapting them to
liEinitions,
Latitt
o£
can now
which is roughly equivalent to the initial level, doas follow
E,
that pattern
diiti
U.N.
ttia
groups
CIDP
the
by
Amar ican-Haitian
an
scale iiaypunching is
combine,
through
daily
ialivaries to San Juaa, and Miaai, but it was still on an experimental
basis as
of early
vary actively
1971.
in Haiti
Tiare are
IBM
manufacturers marketing
no major
does not
have an
office
but through
tieLc otfica agiipaent representatives some manufacturers such as NCa,
3:
aurroughs could possibly fill orders
at
a
::edp
relatively primitive stage
should they arise. Group
Jantral American
Ecuador and
D
are
and Caribbaan
Paraguay from tha
aanif icturars are astablishal
countries, with U.S.
taw cjBputars
a
future industry.
varied, and they come mainly from the
area, with
the addition
South American region.
with marketing offices in
firms dominant in general.
in thesa
is
of technological development, and its
coaponaats indicata littla potential for
Tie aambers of CIDP Group
E
countries. The
of Bolivia,
Major computer
all of these
There are relatively
applications implemented
are
PACK 47
calatLvely stcaigatf ocw ird
business applications.
lastallations at a large
tjxcaptioa of soiue
but
is very
it
possible
American subsidiary, most
There is some computing within the
flichiies ia the coaatcf are small.
government,
the
Witli
unsophisticated.
Operations
and
data
pcepacation are in nativa hands, as is most simple programming. Almost
all systems
analysis
programmi
design aeyoni
and
nfjcnation
and trailing
aithac importing
canters.
is imported,
ioaa
a j
minimal
a
level of
provided
is
by the
persannal, or by utilizing
interesting development here
An
as most
as well
systems
Basic
corapleicity.
manufacturer
through
extra-national education
is the general
practice of
aost manufacturers to provila training at higher levels in the centers
j£
a
aore
iioag the
advancad :;ountry naarby. The potential for
sharing and aid
developing countries
great, and
groaalwocic
travaLs
laid
is
i
;i
this
Aieri:;a goas to Argentina,
Vaaazaela or
language diffarence,
tor
:;omplex systams
i^aypunching and
a-couating are
of Central
education. Most
the
America
of southern
South
and northern South America generally drifts
laxico. Brazil
is not
and the United States
pro3lems.
A
typical
way of strong private
littia in the
America is
Thus, most
manner.
fjr computing
to Maxico
tawari
in Latin
oparitioas, as
as utilized
due to
the
is left further in reserve
Group
D
country has
very
(non-manufacturer) DP education,
well as
generally given within
some concepts
the commercial
of mechanized
curriculums of
sacaalary schools, or in independent commercial training centers.
jroup
Z
is
tha most
ditfi:;ult one to
as Chile
and
heterogeneous of
all, and
therefore the
analyze and characterize. With members
Panama, Cuba and Uruguay,
it is not easy
most
as far apart
to assign any
PAGE 48
spe-icic jiobil
attempts
JIDP
attributes to the
set of
jjopatar user industry,
D^nafits
classic
case,
occurrences can
ctiesa
jC3ap
couitrias
C
considerable
programming
janerally
present
of computers
dona
programming. Systems analysis
A
political
to its
sometimes cause
by CIDP. Nonetheless,
following
the
exist
situation.
the country.
in
personnel,
native
by
tha
with the exception of one used
very rarely be predicted
number
is
due
the circumstances which
^aurse,
Of
<i
repercussions, no computers actually
aatarad tha country froa 1960 to 1967,
(4).
depending on
government's activities.
a
Cuba, where
paiiDsophy and its international
Elliatt 803
oi
and technological
or decrease,
conduct of
saasa is
this
in
establishment
the
the economic, educational
ovscall
of tha
addition, since
In
function of the country's politics by
a
will increase
rherafore it
status.
is
it
their effects on
way of
potential for
iadicate
to
group.
some
even
and design is rapidly
Most
A
all
systems
being taXen over
as is most
DP manajemant. Service bureau operations appear
with same consistency,
lost of the manufacturers staff is also native,
by aativas,
witti
tne possible excaptxDn of
calatively
projramming,
related
pragrams
g3od
k
primarily
curriculuis.
c:}Bputer science,
Ls
in
In
etc.
within
some
Business schools offer
activities,
DP
computac operation,
courses,
angiaaering
top management.
such
as
Universities offar
their
cases,
business,
independent
or concentration in programming
computer
computer
science
degrees
and
in
within Mathematics
offered.
nata must ba
tit ia
made hare to axplain the case of
to tha pictura
very smoothly. Due
Cuba, which does not
to its isolation
from the
PAGE 49
£olL3*ed
a
Uniac
a
alvisars as of 1938,
sarias computars,
(6)
of tha
In additioa,
iLffacent.
study
by French
manufacture their
their models
nations, since
will also
aid
placing
in
«ith
are so
information actually leaks out on
very little
aiat LS occurcing inside of Cuba technologically.
this
a
has acquired a number of IRIS
been attempting to
Latia American
a
very
on a
Thus, it Ls vary difficult to compare Cuba
3wn 3»all 4K machine.
tie cast
potential. Guided
the gDvernaent
aai has 2V2n
development of
embarked
country has
the
for ieveloping their
ambitious program
the
Cuba has
,
centralized economic system, and
totally
eiacatiaaal structure,
uttiias
path toward
different
relatively
::j«3iter iadiistry.
to discuss
foe reasons not relevant
latac- Anecican systei,
this
Yet it is hoped that
Island in
its
proper
perspective with resp2::t to the rest of Latin America.
With the exception of Sroup
members:
with only two
the smallest of all is 3,
E,
Puerto Rico lad Venezuela. While
the two countries are quite
iistiact there are also remarkable similarities and cultural patterns.
is fac as their potential for
present, it
the same time,
taeir ecDQomies.
Uaitai States,
In Puerto
and ia
patroleua indistry.
on thase
Scoup
B
computer
Ii
a
field.
pcogrammiag, are
it
Ri::o,
Venezuela it
is an
direct connection
very
raflecting very
aaalysis
much the
and
hands.
U.S.
much dependent
characteristics of
influence
development,
User groups
sharing is done. Professional
to the
through the
indirect one
Nonetheless, the
totilly in native
iQd Sine iafocmation
is a
both cases the future is
Systems
artificiality in
is also a certain
there
special relitioaships.
are clear,
computer industry, both score high at
as
in
the
well
as
are organized
organizations are
PAGE 50
ncipLeat. Data pcacessiog schools are established wholly dedicated to
systass tcainiog.
latives,
3/
FMR
&
-DBputer-Dcieated coucses
2xist
Qow
is
istablishai, and tima-sharing
produced.
being
systems
teleprocessing
Some
is beginning to be
Many
curriculums
computer science
or full-time
anivarsities.
the
in
software
sone
and
consulting is beginning to be done
amoaat of
are
studied. Government
pirti-ipation and awacaaess in~reases beyond the point of just being
user.
Bijar
internal
\a
consulting
government, and
withia tha
a
office is
centralizad
a
established
usually
installation
serves
as
a
Laadec foe tha industcy.
jcoup
probably presants tha most homogeneous front. Of course, there
&
acB ?ist diffarences
aae CDinpaces them
iaval
between Argentina, Brazil and
to the diversity of
technoiogi::al
of
3f
coarse,
advancement
Brazil still remains the
in
the
and
Ijes,
will probablf expand beyond
is only now
countries
three
is
remarkably close.
up.
If
of Latin
when it
and
predictions. There is some fear
aLraaiy, within South American circles,
corawarned by the man/ entrepranuers
when
minor. The
great "sleeping giant"
giving signs of waking
kieri::a,
it
Group C, they seem
economically they are also
ralatively similar, aad
Mexico. Yet,
of Brazilian "imperialism" as
extending beyond its own borders
and setting up shop ia Peru, Uruguay, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Colombia,
aioag others.
Argentina also
«3st educated
of Latin Aaeri-an states
1.3
tha
interesting panorama.
(91. 5X literacy),
difficulties in tha last decade. This
soma aajor political
tiagatlve effect on
presents an
its e-onomy.
future unless
A
rather bleak
some stability is
Tha
has had
it
has had
a^
picture could develop
eventually obtained.
Such
a
PAGE
stable
calatLveiy
by
M3l::3Be
lexicD
AirgeatiQi.
shown
has
be
increase
gradual
a
would
enjoys,
an environment
leading to
most sectors,
LBpcD/easnt in
presently
as Mexico
p3litL::s
51
and
in which
a
computer user industry of soma sophistication is already supported. Of
C3urs3,
its proximit/
factor.
In
Group
general.
iiministrative
work
33tablish3d private
sophisticated
D?-r2Ldted activitias.
lanis is attemptel.
computer
or
effective.
are
well
organizations
DP
and
consultants offer
are
There is
of
international
Cartaia support for neighboring
less advanced
sponsorship,
and
Jnivarsitias offer formal degree
the data
sciences.
Planning
processing industry
soma involvement
government, and
towards
User groups
in,
information
iavalopmeat of
treai
norm.
are
There
computers.
by
government
most
Professional
courses.
well the
have
Manufacturers and
DP schools.
participation
iacreasinj
countries
out
:;arri2i
systems
already fairly
A
important
been an
States has
United
to tha
the manuf act iring
in the
policy
and
is also
matter is
small
of
programs in the
a
for
concern
tne
of
desired. Certain
systems is
seen
within
acadenic circles.
ruis description of tia CIDP groups
situation
for
different groups
tha
maibar
has loosely presented the general
countries.
can ba prasaated
The
characteristics
more compactly,
and
No operatioaal computers in country.
Very few nationals have had contact with computers.
Almost no local sour-as of information.
the
summarized in
the following manner:
aSQiP-E
of
PAGE 52
Maniifactuce-3 barely established for marketing.
!i^oyP_D
Relatival/
ferf
compaters in country.
Manufacturers nell astablished in country.
A
fan yovernment installations doing administrative work.
Operations ini lata preparation, as
programnia^, in native hands.
Systems analysis
iapjrted.
well as most elementary
and development, and DP
manajement mostly
Basic systeas training provided by manufacturer.
Business s^i3ols -ommenciag to
offer some courses
kaypunchiay, operations and mechanized accounting.
5MQi£_C
in
3onsiierabli nuaber of computers in country.
Ml
programoing done by native
systems programming.
Systems analysis and
natives.
personnel, even
design being
rapidly
some basic
taken over
by
Adequate servica bureau operations appear with consistency.
3usinass scijols oftar good programs in DP activities, such
as jperatioas, keypunching, mechanized accounting.
commenca
within thair
cure iculums.
(jQiversitie*
courses
some computer-oriented
to offer
science and engineering
business,
Some initial government awareness of computer industry as an
aatity in itself
Insinuations of usar jroups and professional organizations.
H01JP_B
Considerable number of computers
faiciy lacga ones (6) .
in country,
including some
development and DP management
Systems analysis,
all lavals jarriai out by native personnel.
Soma celati?aly complex applications inmplemented.
Elementary
t
aleprocassing systems are established.
at almost
PAGE 53
User
jrou^s aca
organized
or^anizatiais,
altbouqh they
as
yield
well
as
professional
very lithle actual
ben.^lit tJ ai;»ibsrs.
Diti pLJcessiivj
schjols
to systems education.
ii
established,
re
tot^illy deaivciie.i
Consulting tasks not* taken
on
increasingly by
personnel, ind soma software production commenced.
native
Heavy
::Dmpi ter-oriented
courses
given at universities,
including probable concentrations in programiuing within the
mathematics or anginaaring departments.
Governmaat awareness and participation increase.
3^0iJP_A
Large numbac
oE :;omputer3 in
sizes and moials.
country
(7),
in
most ranges,
Most major gavernmant and administrative work carried out by
computers.
Well established private data processing schools.
Consultants
courses.
and manufacturers
offer sophisticated
systems
Professional DP organizations flourish.
groups
largely increase
their
information sharing is incremented.
Usee
productivity
and
Participation in and sponsorship of international activities
is incipient.
Soma support offerei to neighboring less advanced countries.
Oniversitias offar formal
information sciences.
degree programs
in computer
or
Planning ani poli-y for the industry seen
as major concern
by governmant, ani some research is done in the matter.
Certain wort done towards the manufacture of small systems,
mainly in academic or government circles.
PAGE 04
TABLE 19
Sanaral Infaraatioa ou the Latin Americdn Nations
ABBR.
:3UNrRif
AIGENTINA
B3Lt7IA
BRAZIL
zaiLS
C3L0MQIA
ZDSTA RICA
CJBA
DDMINECAN RSP.
AR3
BOL
BRA
iiCUADJR
ECU
ELS
GUA
HAL
HON
hex
nic
PAN
PAR
PER
PRC
URU
VEN
SALVADOR
^JATEMALA
EL
HAITI
rfONOURAS
hexi:j
nicaragua
?ANA»\
PARAGJAY
PERU
PJERTJ RICO
UaU3U\lf
VENEZUELA
SOURCE:
:;Hr
COL
COS
CUB
DOS
CAPITAL
AREA (SQ. MI.)
BUEN3S AIRES
1,072,068
i*2H, 163
SUCRE (LA PAZ)
BRASILIA
3,266,473
SANTIAGO
292,257
BOGOTA
439,513
SAN J:)5E
19,653
LA HABANA
44,218
SANTJ DOMINGO
18,703
2UirD
104,506
SAN SALVADOR
8,083
GUATEMALA
42,042
PORT-AU-PBINCE
10,714
TEGUCIGALPA
43,277
MEXICO CITSf
759,530
MANAGUA
53,668
PANA:»A CITY
29,208
ASUNCION
157,047
494,293
LIMA
SAN JUAN
3,435
MONTEVIDEO
72,172
CARACAS
347,029
POP.
24. 352
4.931
92.238
8.836
21.116
1.766
8.250
4.012
6.093
3.515
5.170
4.867
2.582
48. 313
1.982
1.415
2.374
13.586
2.677
2.886
10.399
1970 fijiicas from "Socio-EconoiDic Progress in the
Latin American," L nter-American Development Bank
1970 Anaual Report.
Puerto Rico iaforaatioa from "World Alnanac".
( ?1)
PAGE 55
HEftiRENCES
1)
jroup was estdblished by tlit;
hoc 4 3rki.u<j
the Application of
on
Coiamittee
AwASr (Advisocy
to
do the
Development)
to
Technology
Science and
that
technology
computer
on
inwastigat
ions
initial
in
pamphlet
the
(24).
publication
of
led to the
Aa dd
50.
2)
UN ACASr,
3)
This was the case as of December 1972.
'4)
Caruota Lauzan
3)
(24)
p
(7)
,
p
2.
Personal cj launication to the author by Ing.
3altran at tha Jarusalera Conference on Information
Technoloyy, Aug. 1971.
S)
See definitions UN ACAST (24),
p
29.
7)
See definitions UN ACAST (24)
p
29.
,
PAGE 5b
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Utilization in
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(Westrick ^as an A.I.D.
equivalent of the Intsrnal Revenue Service.)
1^
%
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