TILEC-AFM Research Network on Financial Market Regulation ANNUAL REPORT 2006 By Hans Degryse Joe McCahery Erik Vermeulen 1 Contents 1. Introduction 3 2. People 5 2.1 The chairholders 5 2.2 The network of senior researchers 5 2.2.1 The network in Economics 5 2.2.2 The network in Law 7 2.3 Junior researchers 8 2.4 Support 8 2.5 Governance 8 3. The research program and research results 9 3.1 The research program in Economics 9 3.2 The research program in Law 13 3.3. Multidisciplinary research 16 4. The education program 17 4.1 The education program in Economics 17 4.2 The education program in Law 17 5. The activity program 19 5.1 TILEC/AFM/Finance seminars 19 5.2 TILEC/AFM seminars 21 5.3 TILEC/AFM workshops 21 6. The outreach program 22 Appendix A: Publications 23 Appendix B: Activities 37 2 1. Introduction This annual report describes the activities that took place in 2006 within the framework of the agreement that was signed between Tilburg University (TILEC) and the Autoriteit Financiële Markten (AFM) on September 15, 2005. The agreement stipulates that after every calendar year, but before the end of the first quarter of the next year, a report will be submitted to the supervisory board. This report is submitted to fulfill this requirement for 2006. The report aims to inform AFM/ TILEC, and other stakeholders about the activities that have been organized and the research that has been undertaken within that framework. It describes the activities of the TILEC-AFM Chairholders and the other Tilburg Network Members within the “TILEC-AFM Research Network on Financial Market Regulation” during the calendar year 2006. This Network has been established at the occasion of this agreement and all the activities and research findings can be found on the website: http://www.tilburguniversity.nl/tilec/afm. The agreement specifies the available financial means, the persons involved (chairholders and senior and junior researchers) and stipulates, in point 5, that the following goals are to be achieved: a. het verrichten van onderzoek naar de juridische en economische aspecten van het gedragstoezicht op financiële markten, zowel in nationaal als in internationaal perspectief; b. het participeren in discipline-overstijgend onderzoek, gezien de juridische en economische aspecten die aan het werkterrein van de AFM zijn verbonden; c. het begeleiden van promotieonderzoekers op het gebied van financieel gedragstoezicht; d. het in beperkte mate verzorgen van onderwijs (in keuzevakvorm) op het hiervoor genoemde vakgebied; e. het in beperkte mate begeleiden van studenten bij afstudeertheses op het gebied van financieel gedragstoezicht; 3 f. het in samenwerking met het AFM-netwerk organiseren van workshops en seminars, symposia en congressen; g. het mede vormgeven en begeleiden van de maatschappelijke discussie over het vraagstuk van gedragstoezicht op financiële markten. The remainder of this report is structured according to the goals that are to be achieved. As the people are key, Section 2 describes the persons involved in the AFM- Research Network on Financial Market Regulation. Section 3 describes the research program and the results achieved during the calendar year 2006 in Economics and in Law. Section 4 describes the status of the education program, while section 5 shows the activity program of 2006. Section 6 describes the outreach program, while, finally, section 7 offers the financial statements. The Appendices provide an overview of all publications and presentations by the chairholders and the publications related to the network of the Tilburg Network Members. 4 2. People 2.1 The chairholders As of January 1, 2006, the Belgian financial economist Professor Hans Degryse is appointed as the AFM chairholder in economics. Professor Hans Degryse holds the Chair in Financial Market Regulation within FEB-Department of Finance and TILEC. As of September 1, 2006, Professors Joseph McCahery and Erik Vermeulen are jointly appointed in the Faculty of Law to the Chair in Financial Market Regulation in order to provide academic leadership in the legal regulation of financial markets. 2.2 The network of senior researchers 2.2.1. The network in Economics During the year 2006, the TILEC-AFM Network on Financial Market Regulation has been established; see website http://www.tilburguniversity.nl/tilec/afm. This website displays the members of the research network, the activities within the research network as well as relevant publications. Following a practice as initiated by the ECB-CFS network on Capital Markets and Financial Integration in Europe, researchers become member when having actively participated in a network activity. We make a distinction between members from Tilburg University (including the FTE allocation), and members from other institutions and universities. Members at the end of 2006 (as displayed on the website) are: From Tilburg University (FTE time in brackets): 5 • Jan Bouwens, Tilburg University (0.0) • Hans Degryse, Tilburg University, TILEC and CESIfo • Jenke ter Horst, Tilburg University (0.1) • Frank de Jong, Tilburg University (0.1) • Joachim Inkmann, Tilburg University (0.05) • Jérémie Lefebvre (AIO op TILEC-AFM research network on financial market regulation) • Theo Nijman, Tilburg University, Netspar (0.1) • Steven Ongena, Tilburg University and TILEC (0.05) • Maria Fabiana Penas, Tilburg University and TILEC ((0.05) • Luc Renneboog, Tilburg University and TILEC (0.1) • Eric van Damme, Tilburg University and TILEC (0.0) • Bas Werker, Tilburg University (0.05) Outside Tilburg University: • Ingolf Dittmann, Erasmus School of Economics, Rotterdam • Abe de Jong Erasmus Unviversity • Ben Dubow, Financial Services Authority • Mark Flannery, University of Florida • Mara Faccio, Vanderbilt University • Julian Franks, London Business School • Luc Laeven, International Monetary Fund • Ulrike Malmendier, Stanford GSB • Albert J. Menkveld, Free University Amsterdam • Alan Morrison, Oxford Said Business School • Daniel Paravisini, Colombia Business School • Koen Schoors, Ghent University • Per Strömberg, Swedish Institute of Financial Research • Irem Tuna, Wharton School UP • Gunther Wuyts, University of Leuven All future presenters in activities organized by the network will be added to the research network. 6 2.2.2. The network in Law Professors McCahery and Vermeulen seek to bring together a unique interdisciplinary group of leading international academics with backgrounds in law, economics and finance. From the law side, a set of professional fellows have been invited to join the network. Commitments have been secured already from William W. Bratton and Donald Langevoort of Georgetown University, George S. Dallas of Standard & Poor’s, Guido Ferrarini, University of Genoa, Merritt K. Fox of Columbia University, Paolo Giudici of the Free University of Bolzano, Léo Goldschmidt of Brussels University, Gerard Hertig of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zurich), Howell Jackson of Harvard University, Masato Hisatake of the Japanese Research Institute of Economics, Trade and Industry, Reinier Kraakman of Harvard University, and Alain Pietrancosta, University of Paris. The objective of this group of Professorial Fellows is to attract some of the leading experts in the field in order to (1) promote dialogue among policymakers at the AFM and scholars in the field of financial markets, (2) maximize the impact of the research of the AFM-chair in Law and (3) encourange the implementation of effective financial market regulation and supervision. To this end, a second group of scholars have been invited to participate including: Professor Eilis Ferran of University of Cambridge, Professor Klaus Hopt of The Max Planck Institute of Foreign Private and Private International Law, Professor Gerald Spindler of University of Göttingen and Professor Eddy Wymeersch of University of Ghent. In December 2006, Sofia Johan was appointed as the Senior Researcher in Law. Johan, already a member of TILEC, specializes in alternative asset investments and will defend her PhD thesis on The Law and Economics of Private Equity Financing on 16 May 2007. The holders of the AFM Chair welcome her international focus and experience which giver her a unique perspective on the many issues surrounding the regulation and supervision of financial markets. 7 Her involvement will also undoubtedly strengthen the Network’s proposed research directions. Junior Researchers 2.3 Jérémie Lefebvre started on August 1 as FEB research AIO on the TILEC-AFM research network on financial market regulation. Hans Degryse and Frank de Jong supervise him. Jérémie is working on insider trading and market manipulation on Dutch financial markets, using an interesting data set made available by AFM. His first results should be available in June 2007. The junior researcher in FRW (Law) has not yet been appointed. Support 2.4 Elvira van Vliet has been appointed as part-time secretary to the research network since March 1, 2006. Governance 2.5 The supervisory board consists of • Drs. A. Baan (AFM) • Prof. dr. E. van Damme (TILEC) • Prof.dr. S. Maijoor (AFM) • Prof. mr. Th. Raaijmakers (FRW/Business Law) • Prof. dr. B. Werker (FEB/Finance) 8 3. The research program and research results We make a distinction between research undertaken by the chairholders (who are paid due to the Tilburg University-AFM agreement) and other members of the research network. 3.1 The research program in Economics The research line "Financial Market Regulation" deals with the efficient and smooth functioning of financial markets (in a broad sense, i.e. including financial intermediaries such as banks, pension funds, insurance companies, etc,). There is a long tradition of regulating and supervising banks and financial markets in many countries. The recent harmonization process within the EU, however, has led to changes in the organization of many national supervisory authorities. Moreover, it has raised several new questions about the implementation of financial markets'supervision. The research by Hans Degryse during 2006 has mainly focused on three broad issues: 1. Market Microstructure: Design and Regulation of Financial Markets. A longstanding question in the market microstructure literature relates to the optimal design of a trading system. While trading in a particular stock was up to now often concentrated in one national market, recent technological advances as well as the MiFID (Markets in Financial Instruments Directive) allow for the occurrence of new trading platforms and systems. At the same time, the MiFID also regulates the transparency of the order flow at these trading systems. The theoretical literature on competition between simultaneously operating trading systems is quite underdeveloped. Therefore, given the new market environment, Degryse, Van Achter and Wuyts model how investors behave when simultaneous trading at several differently organized markets is possible. In joint 9 work with Mark Van Achter and Gunther Wuyts, Hans Degryse has studied how dealership markets and crossing networks dynamically interact with each other when investors can choose between trading systems. This has resulted in a publication in a special volume in “Competition and Regulation of Network Industries”. Other related work has obtained a revise and resubmit at the Journal of Financial Economics. Jan Bouckaert, Hans Degryse and Theon van Dijk have studied how certain bans on price discrimination by dominant firms may affect competition on (financial) markets. A recent interesting application of their paper is the EU investigation of the lowering of fees by Euronext on the threat of EuroSETS. 2. The Internal Organization of Financial Intermediaries Privacy policies determine the amount of information that is available to firms. Privacy policies therefore may shape firms’ strategies. In general, the US and EU have two different approaches on how personal customer information can be dealt with: “opt out” and “opt in”. Opt out implies that the standard is that personal information may be employed unless the consumer explicitly opts out such that its information cannot be employed. With opt in, the standard is that no personal information may be employed unless the consumer explicitly allows for it by opting in. This privacy regulation has impact on how banks and financial institutions should be optimally organized, and how firms having different entities can implement best practices for their consumers. First results have been included in a discussion paper (Jan Bouckaert and Hans Degryse, Opt In versus Opt Out: A free entry analysis of privacy policies). Jan Bouckaert and Hans Degryse, in a paper published in the Economic Journal, studied how banks may relax competition on credit markets by voluntary giving away some of their informational advantage. A recent literature has emerged showing that the internal organization of financial intermediaries shapes banks decisions about how to interact with clients (see e.g. Stein (2000)). For example, Liberti and Mian (2006) show that 10 the sensitivity of loan amounts granted to borrowers towards subjective information is higher when the decisions are taken at the bottom of the hierarchy than when taken at the top of a hierarchy. Hans Degryse, Luc Laeven and Steven Ongena have considered how the impact of organizational structure and lending technology affects banking competition. Other related work has focused on how banking mergers affect firm-bank lending relationships (joint work with Janet Mitchell and Nancy Masschelein). Also, in a series of publications, Hans Degryse, Maria Fabiana Penas and Steven Ongena have considered how the consolidation of the banking sector may affect small firm financing and entrepreneurship. Finally, in three research papers, Hans Degryse studies (1) the impact of financial development and the role of different types of financial institutions on province growth in China (with Alex Cheng), (2) the link between the organization of interbank markets and the stability of the financial system (with Gregory Nguyen), and (3) the impact of bank orientation (relationship lending versus transactional lending) on banking competition (with Steven Ongena). 3. Corporate Governance and Investment Hans Degryse and Abe de Jong, in a paper published in the International Journal of Industrial Organization, studied the investment-cash flow sensitivity of Dutch publicly listed firms. Investment-cash flow sensitivities can be attributed to overinvestment resulting from the abuse of managerial discretion, but also to underinvestment due to information problems. The Dutch corporate governance structure presents a number of distinctive features, in particular the limited influence of shareholders, the presence of large blockholders, and the importance of bank ties. Degryse and de Jong expect that in The Netherlands, the managerial discretion problem is more important than the asymmetric information problem. They use Tobin' s Q to discriminate between firms with these problems, where LOW Q firms face the managerial discretion problem and HIGH Q firms the asymmetric information problem. As hypothesized, they find substantially larger investment-cash flow sensitivity for LOW Q firms. Moreover, specifically in 11 the LOW Q sample, they find that firms with higher (bank) debt have lower investment-cash flow sensitivity. This finding shows that leverage, and particularly bank debt, is a key disciplinary mechanism which reduces the managerial discretion problem. Next to own research projects, several bachelor and master thesis were written on topics related to financial market regulation. Further detail is given in Section 4. The research achievements by the other network members are reflected in their lists of publications (see Appendix A). We only highlight a couple of interesting research findings that were published in top finance journals: • Renneboog, Luc, “Insider trading, news releases and ownership concentration”, Journal of Finance, 61(6), 2931-2973, (with J. Fidrmuc and M. Goergen). This paper investigates the market' s reaction to UK insider transactions and analyzes whether the reaction depends on the firm' s ownership. There are three major findings. First, differences in regulation between the UK and US, in particular the speedier reporting of trades in the UK, may explain the observed larger abnormal returns in the UK. Second, ownership by directors and outside shareholders has an impact on the abnormal returns. Third, it is important to adjust for news released before directors'trades. In particular, trades preceded by news on mergers & acquisitions and CEO replacements contain significantly less information. • Renneboog, Luc “Explaining the diversity of shareholder lockup agreements”, Journal of Financial Intermediation, 15(2), 254-280 (with Marc Goergen and Arif Khurshed). This paper investigates whether shareholder lockup agreements in France and Germany mitigate problems of agency and asymmetric information. Despite minimum requirements in terms of the length and percentage of shares locked up, lockup agreements are not only highly diverse across firms but also across the different shareholders of a single firm as most firms have 12 different agreements in place for executives, non-executives and venture capitalists. The diversity across firms and types of shareholders can be explained by firm characteristics - such as the level of uncertainty - as well as the type and importance of each shareholder within the firm. 3.2 The research program in Law In 2006, the Research Program in Law was set up. It was described in a Statement that was discussed with representatives from AFM and TILEC in December 2006. This section reproduces parts of that Statement. The AFM Chair represents a collaborative effort of the faculty of law and the faculty of economics to conduct academic research of the highest level in Europe, strengthen the existing ties between European, American and Asian researchers, and to prepare the grounds for intellectual exchange among scholars and policymakers. The AFM Chair will thus allow for the creation of a forum in which scholars across the globe will be able to engage in academic exchange and professional collaboration. The AFM Chair in Law will initially focus on four main policy areas that are considered to be of paramount importance in the field of financial market regulation. The policy areas are depicted below. 1. Private Equity and Hedge Funds In recent years there has been a rapid increase in the number of hedge funds, most of which are established in overseas jurisdictions. Questions about possible regulatory approaches are publicly debated. The following questions are frequently asked: How well does anyone really understand the risks that arise from the in-large-part secret market conduct of hedge funds or from their strategies for high return in financial assets and derivatives markets? Should there be a separate product regime for hedge funds? Which changes in regulatory reporting requirements could be considered? These questions become 13 all the more pressing for regulators as these funds increasingly become a vehicle for the retail investor. The research under this area will focus mainly on the following topics: (1) definitions, (2) distinguishing hedge funds from other types of funds, (3) transparency, suitability and proficiency, as well as possible regulatory approaches, (4) comparative research, (5) impact on market confidence, (6) benefits and limitations of ongoing supervision of certain types of funds, (7) code of conduct and (8) fund listings. These objectives will be further developed in the International Business Law Master Program, in Summer Courses and in Seminars and Conferences. 2. Cross-border cooperation among Securities Regulators and Commissions The incidence of cross-border offerings and sale of securities has made it increasingly evident that enhanced cooperation among securities regulators is needed to ensure fair and transparent markets and efficient enforcement. As the recent corporate governance scandals have revealed, international cooperation is necessary to identify potential risks, assist in resolution of compliance problems and further develop standards for effective enforcement. The research under this area will focus mainly on the following topics: (1) EU Initiatives, (2) IOSCO/International developments, (3) standards, (4) fraud and accounting violations, and (5) jurisdictional issues. 3. Cross-border Clearing and Settlement Clearing and settlement are the processes by which securities transactions are finalized. Clearing occurs between trading and settlement and ensures that the seller and buyer have agreed on an identical transaction and that the seller owns thesecurities being sold, before establishing final positions for settlement. Settlement is the transfer of securities from the seller to the buyer and funds from the buyer to the seller. The European Commission has been investigating concerns about the efficiency of cross-border clearing and settlement in the EU 14 for some time: (1) Giovanni Group – first group (2001), (2) Giovanni Group – second group (2003), (3) EC Communication (2004), and (4) EC Report (2005). Clearing and settlement services, meanwhile, remain largely fragmented into different national regimes that do not always run smoothly across borders. This has made cross-border share trades much more expensive than national ones. In March 2006, Mr. McGreevy and Ms. Kroes followed up on an earlier warning by threatening to take action both on the regulatory and on the antitrust front unless the industry took steps to curb costs before the summer break. In reaction to this deadline, the industry has set forth a code of conduct that is still being analyzed by experts across Europe. The research under this area will focus mainly on the following topics: EC Initiatives; international developments; comparative research; corporate governance issues and “vertical silos”. 4. Listing and Alternative Markets Alternative markets lighter regulatory touch – for example, regarding listing rules and disclosure – provides more flexibility and lower costs in the long-run for smaller companies. This makes alternative markets more attractive to hightechnology and environmentally friendly firms. Yet, alternative markets have been developed over the last decades with a various degree of success. However, it is submitted that companies and investors should be wary of being seduced by alternative markets. Lighter regulation does not necessarily create a better market. The research under this area will mainly try to answer the following questions: (1) what is the role of securities and exchange commissions? (2) What is the effect of less heavy regulation on investors’ expectations? (3) Could tighter regulation make a better market? 15 3.3. Multidisciplinary research Obviously, developing this research takes time. Results will be reported only in later years. 16 4. The education program 4.1. The education program in Economics In several courses in the Masters Programs in Finance, attention has been drawn to issues related to financial regulation. For example, in the course Treasury Management, a couple of lectures are spent on banking and financial market regulation. Also, Luc Laeven has been teaching a topics course on “Corporate Governance and Financial Regulation” within the Advanced topics in finance course. Several bachelor and master theses were written on topics related to financial market regulation. Some examples are: • Erik Stijnen on “Financial market regulation in the EU: is there room for improvement?” • Koen Broeders on “Alternative Trading Systems and Liquidity” • Mark van de Paal on “Insider trading and market manipulation in stock markets” • 4.2. Mark Verhallen on “The supervision on financial markets”. The education program in Law In 2006, plans have been made with respect to the new Master’s Programme in International Business Law that will run from 2007-2008. Specific courses dealing with the AFM Chair’s main policy areas of research will be taught during Tilburg University’s Master’s Programme in International Business Law. These courses will introduce students to the legal foundations of financial market regulation and will furthermore encourage them to participate in redesigning the existing framework by providing their specific insight in such matters. Banking and Securities Regulation, taught by Professor Joseph A. McCahery, will deal with cross-border cooperation among Securities Regulators and Commissions, clearing and settlement and listings. International Business 17 Law II, taught by Professor Erik P.M. Vermeulen, will address private equity funds and hedge funds as well as listings on traditional and alternative markets. This program, which also offers graduate students the opportunity to absorb a large amount of the institutional and legal analysis concerning securities and financial market regulation at the European law and national level, provides a strong foundation for working with complex international transactions. The training program includes a series of Master courses offered in the International Business Law program, such as Banking and Securities Regulation, International Business Law I (Mergers and Acquisitions), International Business Law II (Alternative Asset Investments), and a seminar on the role of the business lawyer in commercial and financial markets. The Master level courses are taught as 6 credit courses and form the mandatory core of the program in International Business Law. In addition, an introductory course to company law and securities regulation, which is mandatory for all undergraduate students in Law at Tilburg University, is designed to introduce the key mechanisms of company law regulation and the instruments of securities law. Finally, the Chair holders of the AFM offer in-house training courses to practising lawyers in securities market regulation and company law. The AFM Chair also sponsors training and education in the law and economics of financial market regulation. This training program offers advanced students the opportunity to undertake research in particular subject areas leading toward a PhD degree in econ or law. The AFM Chair in Law sponsors Jose Miguel Mendoza who is currently completing a Master degree in the International Business Law at Tilburg University. His work currently involves research in the area of alternative markets. He expects to publish his interim results as a TILEC working paper in the Summer of 2007. It is the intention to offer Jose Miguel Mendoza a position as a AFM researcher in Law at Tilburg University which will give him the opportunity to finish his PhD thesis before the end of 2009. 18 5. The activity program The TILEC-AFM network on Financial Market Regulation has organised several seminars and workshops during the year 2006. The goal of these seminars and workshops is to expose researchers and financial supervisors to the most recent research related to financial market supervision and regulation. It allows also interaction between the different members of the TILEC-AFM Research Network on Financial Market Regulation. The activities are of various types: • TILEC/AFM/FINANCE seminars. These are organised by the chairholder in Economics in cooperation with the Department of Finance; they take place in Tilburg, within the context of the regular Finance (Monday) seminars; the emphasis is on issues in economics/finance; • TILEC/AFM seminars. These are organised by the chairholders jointly in cooperation with TILEC. They take place in Tilburg within the regular TILEC (Friday) seminars and focus on both economics and legal issues; • TILEC/AFM workshops. These are activities of a somewhat larger scale, who may take place in Amsterdam, Tilburg, or elsewhere in the country, or abroad. Typically, the chairholders in Law will take the lead. 5.1 TILEC/AFM/Finance Seminars 27 March 2006 Alan Morrison , Oxford Said Business School The demise of investment-banking partnerships: theory and evidence. 3 April 2006 19 Koen Schoors, Ghent university Sophisticated discipline in nascent markets: evidence from post-communist Russia. 10 April 2006 Irem Tuna, Wharton School UP The book-to-price effect in stock returns: accounting for leverage. 19 June 2006 Mark Flannery, University of Florida Major investments, firm financing decisions and long-run performance. 28 June 2006 Mara Faccio, Vanderbilt Business School Sudden deaths: taking stock of political connections. 11 September 2006 Daniel Paravisini, Columbia Business School Local bank financial constraints and firm access to external finance. 2 October 2006 Per Strömberg, Swedish Institute of Financial Research What are firms? Evolution form early business plans to public companies. 16 October 2006 Ingolf Dittmann, Erasmus School of Economics Executive Stock Options when managers are loss-averse. 8 November 2006 Julian Franks, London Business School Do bankruptcy codes matter? A study of France, Germany and the UK. 20 18 December 2006 Ulrike Malmendier, University of California Superstar CEOs. 5.2 TILEC/AFM Seminars 17 November 2006 Abe de Jong, Erasmus University The price impact of block trades in the Netherlands; liquidity or information? Ben Dubow, Financial Services Authority Measuring market cleanliness 24 November 2006 Albert J. Menkveld, Free University of Amsterdam Designated market makers for small-cap stocks: is one enough? Gunther Wuyts, University of Leuven Dynamic order submission strategies with competition between a dealer market and a crossing network. 5.3 TILEC/AFM workshop The first such activity (titled “Understanding the Influence of Private Equity and Hedge Funds”) took place on 13 February 2007 and will be reported on in more detail in the annual Report on 2007. 21 6. The outreach program The three different chairholders have also been actively involved in presenting seminars and participation at workshops at other universities, and national and international conferences. In this way, the chairholders contribute to the visibility of the TILEC-AFM Research Network on Financial Market Regulation. A complete list is provided in Appendix B2. In addition to the Professorial Fellows Program, the AFM Chair in Law intends to undertake from time to time research projects sponsored by outside organizations. These projects can be the basis for one or more publishable studies and for reform or other actions in a particular area of financial market regulation. Studies may involve one or more authors and can draw on the talents of AFM Professorial Fellows, Research Students, practitioners as well as policymakers and regulators. On December 11, 2006, Professor Joseph McCahery presented his joint article, with Professor Erik Vermeulen, on ‘The Influence of Corporate Mobility on European Company and Bankruptcy Law’ at the BOVESPA Stock Exchange conference on Mergers and Acquisitions in Sao Paolo. This paper will be published shortly by the organizer of the BOVESPA conference, Lex Mercator in Brazil. 22 APPENDIX A: PUBLICATIONS A1 Academic publications A 1.1 Refereed journals Chairholders Degryse, H.A. “Entry and strategic information display in credit markets”, Economic Journal, 116 (513), 702-720, (with J.M.C. Bouckaert). Degryse, H.A. and A. de Jong “Investment and internal finance: Asymmetric information or managerial discretion?”, International Journal of Industrial Organization, 24(1), 125-147. Degryse, H.A. and G. Wuyts “Crossing networks: Competition and design”, Competition and regulation of network industries, 353-370, (with M. van Achter) . McCahery, J.A. “Can France serve as an inspiration for EU law on management self-dealing?”, Corporate Finance and Capital Markets Law Review, 1(1), 48-50. “Creditor protection in a cross-border context: Comment”, European Business Organization Law Review, 7(1), 455-459. “Harmonisatie in het Europese vennootschaprecht: de politieke economie van economische integratie”, Handelingen Nederlandse Juristen-Vereniging: Europese integratie, 139(1), 155-205. 23 “Optimal rather than mandatory EU company law”, European Company and Financial Law Review, 3(4), 341-362, (with G. Hertig). “The equilibrium content of corporate federalism”, Wake Forest Law Review, 2006(41), 619-696, (with W.W. Bratton). TILEC/AFM Research network members Bouwens, J.F.M.G. “Performance measure properties and the effect of incentive contracts”, Journal of Management Accounting Research, 18, 55-75 (with L.A.G.M. van Lent). “De invloed van het assortiment op de behoefte aan managementaccountinginformatie”, Management Control & Accounting, 2006(2), 30. “Performance-effecten van economic value added. Een overzicht van de empirische literatuur”, Management Control & Accounting, 2006(5), 20 (with R. Speklé). “Redactioneel: waar control over gaat”, Management Control & Accounting, 2006(1), 1. “Wat verdient de controller?”, Management Control & Accounting, 2006(5), 25 (with F. Hartmann). Horst, J.R. ter and L.D.R. Renneboog “Internationale ontwikkelingen op het terrein van goed ondernemingsbestuur”, Maandblad voor Accountancy en Bedrijfseconomie, 651-663, (with P.J.W. Duffhues). Ongena, S. “On the sequencing of projects, reputation building, and relationship finance”, Finance Research Letters, 3(1), 23-39, (with D. Egli and D.C. Smith). 24 “Leveraged buy-outs in the UK and Europe: retrospect and prospect”, Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, 18(3), 38-55, (with L. Scholes, T. Simons and M. Wright). “Insider trading, news releases and ownership concentration”, Journal of Finance, 61(6), 2931-2973, (with J. Fidrmuc and M. Goergen). “Explaining the diversity of shareholder lockup agreements”, Journal of Financial Intermediation, 15(2), 254-280 (with M. Goergen and A. Kurshed). A 1.2 Other journals Chairholders Degryse, H., S. Ongena and M.F. Penas “Repercusiones de la integracion y consolidacion de los sectores bancarios europeos sobre la innovacion y las actividas de los emprendedores”, Papeles de economia Espanola, 110, 73-89. McCahery,J.A. and E.P.M. Vermeulen “The Contractual Basis for Hedge Fund Oriented Governance”, VITE Bulletin, Vol. 33, 16-18. Vermeulen, E.P.M. “De rol van hedge funds: symbiose of parasiet”, Tijdschrift voor de ondernemingspraktijk. Vol. 1, 44-46. “Een juiste corporate governance structuur: Een stap in de richting van een innovatieve economie”, Ars Aequi. Vol. 55, 498-500. TILEC/AFM Research network members 25 Ongena, S. “Cross-border banking and competition policy”, European Central Bank Research Bulletin, 4, 7-10, (with E. Carletti and P. Hartmann). A 1.3 Book chapters Chairholders Degryse, H.A., S. Ongena and M.F. Penas “Consolidations of the European banking sector: Impact on innovation”, in L.D.R. Renneboog (ed.), Advances in Corporate Finance and Asset Pricing, Amsterdam: Elsevier, 161-186. McCahery, J.A. “A legal options approach to EC company law”, in G. Ferranini and E. Wymeersch (eds.), Investor protection in Europe: corporate law making, the MiFID and beyond, Oxford: Oxford University Press, (with G. Hertig). “After Enron: modernising company law and improving securities regulation in Europe and the US”, in J. Armour and J.A. McCahery (eds.), After Enron: improving corporate law and improving securities regulation in Europe and the US, Oxford: Hart Publications, (with J. Armour). “Company and takeover law reforms in Europe: Misguided harmonization or regulatory competition?”, in J. Armour and J.A. McCahery (eds.), After Enron: Improving corporate law and modernising securities regulation in Europe and the US, Oxford: Hart Publications, (with G. Hertig). “Comparative corporate governance and the theory of the firm: the case against global cross reference”, in T. Clarke & M. Dela Rama (eds.), Corporate governance and globalization, London: Sage Publications, ltd., (with W.W. Bratton). 26 “The equilibrium content of corporate federalism”, in L. Bouchez, M. Knubben, J.A. McCahery and L. Timmerman (eds.), The quality of corporate law and the role of corporate law judges, Amsterdam: ACCF/Ministry of Economic Affairs/OECD, (with W.W. Bratton). “The political Economy of European Integration, in D. Curtin, A. Klip, J. Smits and J.A. McCahery (eds.), European Integration and Law, Antwerp: Intersentia. McCahery, J.A. and E.P.M. Vermeulen “Does the European company prevent the Delaware effect”, in M.J.G.C. Raaijmakers et al (eds.), The European company: Corporate governance and cross-border reorganizations from a legal and tax perspective. The Hague: Boom Juridische uitgevers. Vermeulen, E.P.M. “De plaats en inrichting van een nieuw BV-recht in een innovatieve economie”, in Preadvies 2006: De vereenvoudigde BV, Deventer: Kluwer, p. 113-180. “De plaats en inrichting van een nieuw BV-recht in een innovatieve economie”, in Verslag van de vergadering van de Vereeniging Handelsrecht, Deventer: Kluwer, p. 27-39. “The role of law in developing efficient corporate governance frameworks”, in Corporate Governance of Non-Listed Companies in Emerging Markets, Paris: OECD publishing, p. 91-133. TILEC/AFM Research network members Horst, J.R. ter “Why do companies issue convertible bonds? A review of the theory and empirical evidence”, in L.D.R. Renneboog (ed), Advances in Corporate Finance and Asset Pricing, Amsterdam: Elsevier (with I. Loncarski and C.H. Veld). Horst, J.R. ter and B.J.M. Werker 27 “Incorporating estimation risk in portfolio choice”, Advances in Corporate Finance and Asset Pricing, in L.D.R. Renneboog (ed), Amsterdam: Elsevier (with F.A. de Roon). Nijman, T.E. “Optimale risicodeling in individuele en collectieve pensioencontracten”, in Kosten en Baten van Collectieve Pensioensystemen. Deventer: Kluwer (with C.G.E. Boender, A.L. Bovenberg and S. van Hoogdalem). “Introduction”, in Faire value and pension fund management. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science (with N. Kortleve and E. Ponds). “Valuation and risk management of inflation sensitive pension rights”, in Fair Value and Pension Fund Management. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science (with R.S.J. Koijen). “Solvency tests for Dutch pension funds”, in Views. Riskmatrix Publishers. Nijman, T.E. and B.J.M. Werker “A risk measure for retail investment products”, in Advances in Corporate Finance and Asset Pricing. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Renneboog, L. “Shareholder lock-in contracts: Share price and trading volume effects at the lock-in expiry”, in L. Renneboog (ed.), Advances in Corporate Finance and Asset Pricing, Amsterdam: Elsevier, 235-276, (with P.P. Angenendt and M. Goergen). “Mergers and acquisitions in Europe”, in L. Renneboog (ed.), Advances in Corporate Finance and Asset Pricing, Amsterdam: Elsevier, 13-75, (with M. Martynova). 28 “The life and works of Piet Duffhues”, in L. Renneboog (ed.) Advances in Corporate Finance and Asset Pricing – Special edition, Amsterdam: Elsevier, VII-XVIII, (with J. Grazell). “Corporate restructuring and governance, valuation and asset pricing”, in L. Renneboog (ed.), Advances in Corporate Finance and Asset Pricing, Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1-11. “Corporate governance and shareholder value”, in D. Lowe and R. Leiringer (eds.), Commercial management of projects: Defining the discipline, Blackwell Publishing, 100-131, (with M. Goergen). A 1.4 Monographs and edited books Chairholders McCahery, J.A. The quality of corporate law and the role of corporate law judges, Amsterdam: ACCF/Ministry of Economic Affairs/OECD, (with L. Bouchez, M. Knubben and L. Timmerman). After Enron: improving corporate law and modernising securities regulation in Europe and the US, Oxford: Hart Publications, (with J. Armour). European integration and law, Antwerp: Intersentia, (with D. Curtin, A.H. Klip and J.M. Smits). McCahery, J.A. and E.P.M. Vermeulen Understanding (un)incorporated business forms, Amsterdam: Amsterdam Center for Corporate Finance. Understanding (un)incorporated Business Forms (Russian Translation), Moscow: National Council on Corporate Governance. 29 Vermeulen, E.P.M. Making sense of corporate governance: The case of non-listed companies, Inaugural lecture, 3 February 2006. Vennootschaps- en effectenrecht, Ars Aequi Wetsedities (Ars Aequi Wetsedities (2006-2007)), Nijmegen: Ars Aequi, (with G.T.M.J. Raaijmakers). De vereenvoudigde BV, (preadvies van de vereeniging ‘Handelsrecht’ 2006), Deventer: Kluwer (with A. van Duuren, H.Portengen and B. Bier). TILEC/AFM Research network members Joos, P.P.M. Convergence of Accounting Standards: Blessing or Curse?, Tilburg: Tilburg University Press, 2006. Nijman, T.E., N. Kortleve and E. Ponds Fair value and pension fund management, Amsterdam: Elsevier Publishers, 2006. Renneboog, L. Advances in corporate finance and asset pricing, Amsterdam: Elsevier, March 2006, 22 chapters. International mergers and acquisitions activity sind 1990 (Volume 1): Quantitative analysis and recent research, Massachusetts: Elsevier, 21 chapters, (with G. Gregoriou). International mergers and acquisitions activity since 1990 (Volume 2): Analysis on the impact of takeover regulation and corporate governance, Massachusetts: Elsevier, 21 chapters, (with G. Gregoriou). 30 A2 Professional publications A 2.1 Reports TILEC/AFM Research network members Nijman, T.E. “The determinants of the money’s worth of participation in collective pension schemes”, (with R.S.J. Koijen and N. Hari). A. 2.2 Articles in professional journals Chairholders Degryse, H.A., S. Ongena and M.F. Penas, “Consolidation of the European banking sectors and small firm financing”, Bank- en Financiewezen, 70(5), 265-271. “Financiele integratie en kredietverlening aan MKBs”, Maandblad voor Accountancy en Bedrijfseconomie, 80(11), 589-597. TILEC/AFM Research network member A3 Discussion Papers A 3.1 TILEC Discussion Papers Chairholders DP 2006-009 Xiaoqiang Cheng and Hans Degryse The Impact of Bank and Non-Bank Financial Institutions on Local Economic Growth in China. 31 DP 2006-015 Hans Degryse, Mark Van Achter and Gunther Wuyts Crossing Networks: Competition and Design. DP 2006-016 Hans Degryse and Grégory Nguyen Interbank Exposures: An Empirical Examination of Contagion Risk in the Belgian Banking System. DP 2006-024 Jan Bouckaert and Hans Degryse Opt in versus opt out: a free-entry analysis of privacy policies. DP 2006-034 Hans Degryse, Nancy Masschelein and Janet Mitchell Staying, dropping, or switching: the impacts of bank mergers on SMEs. TILEC/AFM Research network members DP 2006-003 Marina Martynova and Luc Renneboog Mergers and Acquisitions in Europe. DP 2006-005 Luc Renneboog, Jenke ter Horst, and Chendi Zhang Is Ethical Money Financially Smart? DP 2006-007 Luc Renneboog and Peter G. Szilagyi Corporate restructuring and bondholder wealth. DP 2006-008 Marc Goergen, Arif Khurshed and Luc Renneboog Why are the French so different from the Germans? Underpricing of IPOs on the Euro New Markets. DP 2006-011 Luc Renneboog and Peter G. Szilagyi How Do Mergers and Acquisitions Affect Bondholders in Europe? Evidence on the Impact and Spillover of Governance and Legal Standards. DP 2006-019 Luc Renneboog and Peter G. Szilagyi How relevant is dividend policy under low shareholder protection? 32 DP 2006-022 Mike Wright, Luc Renneboog, Tomas Simons and Louise Scholes Leveraged Buyouts in the U.K. and Continental Europe: Retrospect and Prospect. DP 2006-029 Marina Martynova and Luc Renneboog The Performance of the European Market for Corporate Control: Evidence from the 5th Takeover Wave. DP 2006-030 Marina Martynova, Sjoerd Oosting and Luc Renneboog The long-term operating performance of European mergers and acquisitions. A 3.2 Discussion Papers published in other series Chairholders Degryse, H.A. and S. Ongena “The impact of competition on bank orientation”, CentER Discussion Paper, 2006-68. Degryse, H.A. and L. Laeven “The impact of organizational structure and lending technology on banking competition”, CentER Discussion Paper, 2006-67. McCahery, J.A. “A legal options approach to EC Company Law”, A Berkeley program in law and economics working paper, 21 February 2006, (with G. Hertig). “After Enron: Improving Corporate Law and Modernising Securities Regulation in Europe and the US”, ACLE Working Paper, 2006-07 (with J. Armour). “Transatlantic Corporate Governance Reform: Brussels Sprouts or Washington Soup?”, ACLE Working Paper, 2006-02 (with A. Khachaturyan). 33 McCahery, J.A. and E.P.M. Vermeulen “Corporate governance and innovation: Venture Capital, Joint Ventures and Family Business”, ECGI Discussion Paper, Law series 65. “The new company law: What matters in an innovative economy?”, ECGI Discussion Paper, Law series 75, (with M. Hisatake and J. Saito). Vermeulen, E.P.M. “Understanding corporate governance of non-listed companies”, Paris, France: OECD paper Project Corporate Governance , Organization of Economic Corporation and Development. TILEC/AFM Research network members Bouwens, J.F.M.G. and L.A.G.M. van Lent “Assessing the Performance of Business Unit Managers”, CentER Discussion Paper, 2006-92. Horst, J.R. ter and I. Loncarski and C. H. Veld “The convertible arbitrage strategy analyzed”, CentER Discussion Paper, 200698. Horst, J.R. ter and I. Loncarski and C. H. Veld “Why do Companies issue convertible Bond Loans? An empirical Analysis for the Canadian Market”, CentER Discussion Paper, 2006-65. Horst, J.R. ter, L.D.R. Renneboog and C. Zhang “Is Ethical Money Financially Smart?”, CentER Discussion Paper, 2006-9. Nijman, T.E., R.S.J. Koijen en B.J.M. Werker “Optimal Portfolio Choice with Annuitization”, CentER Discussion Paper, 2006-78. 34 A4 Popularizing contributions A 4.1 Articles in newspapers Chairholders McCahery, J.A. “Versterk de ondernemingskamer”, Het Financieele Dagblad, 20 December 2006. Vermeulen, E.P.M. “Aparte code niet beursgenoteerde ondernemingen”, Staatscourant, 6 February 2006. TILEC/AFM Research network members Bouwens, J.F.M.G. “Te hoge beloning duidt op zwak bestuur”, Het Financieele Dagblad, 6 January 2006. “Essent schiet met zoveel bonuscriteria altijd raak”, Het Financieele Dagblad, 23 March 2006. “Leerzame lessen uit Ahold-zaak: Het Ahold-effect”, Het Financieele Dagblad, 19 June 2006. A 4.2 Other popularizing contributions TILEC/AFM Research network members 35 Nijman, T.E. “Strenghts and weaknesses of the Dutch standardized approach to measure solvency risk for pension plans”, Life and Pensions, 1 April 2006. “Workers and society will benefit from greater variety of options: Dutch pension system needs tailor-made approach”, Investments and Pension Europe, 1 August 2006. 36 APPENDIX B: ACTIVITIES B1 Presentations and lectures Chairholders Degryse, H. “The impact of organizational structure and lending technology on banking competition”, Joint Lunch seminar Center for Financial Studies/European Central Bank/Deutsche Bundesbank, 14 February 2006. Opt in versus opt out: a free-entry analysis of privacy policies, CESifo Area Conference, Munich, 10 – 11 March 2006. “Pre and post-trade transparency: recente inzichten uit de academische literatuur”, AFM MiFID day, 20 April 2006. “The impact of organizational structure and lending technology on banking competition”, CEPR-European Summer Symposium in Financial Markets, Gerzensee, 17-22 July 2006. “The impact of organizational structure and lending technology on banking competition”, EFA congres, Zurich, 23-26 August 2006. “Changing geography of banking”, Conference of Ancona, 22 September 2006. “Competition and Regulation in Retail Banking”, Paris, OECD roundtable, 16 October 2006. “The impact of integration and consolidation of European Banking sectors on innovation and entrepreneurship”, Conference on Comparative Financial Systems, Zaragoza, 17 – 18 October 2006. 37 Co-chair and discussant of C.R.E.D.I.T conference “Risks in Small Business Lending” in Venice, 25 – 26 September 2006. “Banning Price Discrimination by Dominant Firms”, Namur, Université FUNDP, 5 December 2006. McCahery, J.A. “Review of Private Company Law Reforms in the Netherlands”, Anton Philips Conference on Corporate Governance and Innovation, Tilburg, 3 February 2006. “The Role of the Board in Related Party Transactions”, India Ministry of Company Affairs/OECD Policy Dialogue on Corporate Governance, New Delhi, India, 16 February 2006. “Corporate Governance and Innovation”, REITI and Tokyo University Conference on Innovation, Tokyo, 27 February 2006. ”Comment on Concentrated Ownership and Takeovers”, ECGTN Young Scholars Workshop on Corporate Governance, Zurich, 8-9 March 2006. “Tax Competition and Corporate Mobility in the EU”, Oxford University Law School/European Law Center Conference on Better Regulation, Oxford, 17 March 2006. “Regulatory Competition and the Competition for Capital in the EU”, Wake Forest University Law School Business Law Conference on Federalism Wake Forest, 7 April 2006. “Evolutionary Federalism in the EU”, University of Maastricht Lasw School Faculty Seminar, Maastricht, 1 May 2006. “Private and Public Company Law Reform in the EU”, Asser Institute, The Hague, 6 June 2006. 38 “Legal Options and Regulatory Competition in the EU”, University of Maastricht Law School 25th Anniversary Conference, Maastricht, 8 June, 2006. “Preadvies—Political Economy of Economic Integration in Europe”, NJV, Maastricht, 9 June 2006. “The New Company Law: Legal and Economic Developments”, The Hague, 27 June 2006. “Corporate Structure: The Inner Structure of Business Forms”, National Council on Corporate Governance, Moscow, 29 June 2006. “Theory of Bond Pricing and Covenants”, ECGTN, Venice, 16 September 2006. “Netherlands and Foreign Systems of Corporate Governance”, Grotius Corporate Governance, Utrecht, 18 September 2006. “Assessing Conflicts of Interest, Frontiers of Regulatory Impact Analysis”, EPF, Sciences Po, AEI-Brookings Joint Center, Brussels, 26 September 2006. “One Share-One Vote”, EPF Conference, Helsinki, 3 October 2006. “Stock Market Performance in Russia”, York University-Higher Economics Faculty, Moscow, 13 October 2006. “A Theory of Bond Pricing and Covenants”, ACCF Annual Meeting, Amsterdam, 30 November 2006. “Corporate Governance and Innovation: Venture Capital, Family Firms and Joint Ventures”, Free University Faculty of Economics and Business Conference on Venture Capital, Bolzano, 1 December 2006. 39 “EU Takeover Directive and One share-One Vote Rule”, Bovespa Conference on Corporate Control and Share Dispersion, Sao Paulo, 11 December 2006. “Trends in Executive Pay in Europe and the US”, Bovespa Conference on Corporate Control and Share Dispersion, Sao Paulo, 11 December 2006. “Alternative Stock Exchanges and the Competition for Listings”, Bovespa Conference on Corporate Control and Share Dispersion, Sao Paulo, 12 December 2006. “Conflicts of Interests”, Levy & Salomao Workshop, Sao Paulo, 13 December 2006. Vermeulen, E.P.M “The governance of non-listed companies”, Amsterdam, Corporate Governance Course University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, February 2006. “De Flexibilisering van het BV-recht (en meer in het algemeen het contractuele perspectief op het ondernemingsrecht)”, Corporate Governance Course University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, February 2006. “Liquidization and Securitization: Joint Ventures, Innovation and Entrepreneurship”, Policy Symposium: What Financing Mechanisms and Organizations of Business Entities Best Facilitate Innovation? RIETI/University of Tokyo- CARF, Tokyo, Japan, 27-28 February 2006. “Entrepreneurs’ Perspective: What Facilitates their Innovation?”, Policy symposium: What Financing Mechanisms and Organizations of Business Entities Best Facilitate Innovation?, RIETI/University of Tokyo-CARF Policy Symposium, Tokyo, Japan, 27-28 February 2006. “Vereenvoudiging BV-recht”, Banning Advocaten, ‘s Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands, April 2006. 40 “Corporate Governance and Innovation” Presentation Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing, China, 20 April 2006. “Actualiteiten Ondernemingsrecht” , Presentatie Banning Advocaten ’sHertogen-bosch, May 2006. “De plaats en inrichting van een nieuw BV-recht in een innovatieve economie” Presentatie voor de Vereeniging van Handelsrecht, Utrecht, June 2006. Private and Public Company Law Reform in the EU, Asser Institute, The Hague, June 2006. “Regulation of hedge funds in Europe”, Panel discussion – Anton Philips Fund Symposium on Large Shareholder Involvement in Corporate Governance, Tilburg, June 2006. “Hybrid business entities: LLP”, Presentation International Conference – Ministry of Justice, The Hague, June 2006. “Hybrid business forms: the new company law”, Club van 20 seminar – Van Benthem & Keulen. Utrecht, September 2006. “Het juridisch kader van corporate governance: de commissaris”, MESA Workshop – De commissaris in het familiebedrijf., Key Note Speaker, Maarsbergen, October 2006. “Vormen van Ondernemingen” Lecturer Center for Postgraduate Studies, Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen, SBB, 2006. TILEC/AFM Research network members Renneboog, L. 41 Organizer Workshop European Corporate Governance Training Network, Venice International University, Venice, 16 September 2006. B3 Professional consultations and committees Chairholders Degryse, H. FIRS Programme Committee, conference in Shanghai, June 2006. EARIE Programme Committee, conference in Amsterdam, September 2006. Discussant on EFA congres and Conference on Risk, Regulation and Competition: Banking in Transition Economies, Gent, September 1-2, 2006. Vermeulen, E.P.M. Juridisch Genootschap Eindhoven Bestuurslid 2006. Preadviseur “Vereenvoudiging Nederlands BV-recht” van de Nederlandse Veeeniging van Handelsrecht. Lid Stichtingsbestuur “Stichting Beroepsopleiding Bedrijfsjuristen” Center for Postgraduate Studies, Radbout University Nijmegen. Member Legal Scholar Network: One Share One Vote. Study commissioned by the European Commission (European Corporate Governance Institute). Expert on Coroporate Governance Non-Listed Companies, Organization of Economic Corporation and Development (OECD). 42 TILEC/AFM Research network members Horst, J.R. ter Board of directors of European Financial Management Association (EFMA), 2004-2006. European Finance Association (EFA), Zurich, 2006. Financial Risk Indicator, AFM, 2006. Renneboog, L. Member of the Program Committee of the Finance Management Association (FMA) conference, organised at Salt Lake City, 2006. Werker, B.J.M. Financial Risk Indicator, AFM, 2006. B4 Editorial and referee activities Chairholders Degryse, H.A. Referee for Review of Finance, Journal of Banking and Finance, Journal of Financial Intermediation, International Journal of Industrial Organization, Journal of Money Credit and Banking. McCahery, J.A. E Journal of Corporate Law, Economics Bulletin, European Business Organization Law Review, The yearbook of European Environmental Law. Vermeulen, E.P.M. Tijdschrift voor Ondernemingspraktijk (TOP) Lid Redactie (editor), 2006. 43 Referee for Routledge and referee for Corporate Governance: An International Review. TILEC/AFM Research network members Ongena. S. Associate Editor, Maandblad voor Accountancy en Bedrijfseconomie. Renneboog, L. Associate Editor of European Financial Management. B 5 Grants, awards and honours TILEC/AFM Research network members Penas, M.F. The project "The Effect of Venture Capital on Start-ups’ Innovation Strategy" was accepted for the NBER Entrepreneurship and Innovation Policy and the Economy Conference, October 2006, (with M. Da Rin). 44