Complete Drawing Prototypes
For Urban Complete Streets
by
James Ira Winder
Submitted to the Department of Architecture in Partial
Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
ACHNES
Bachelor of Science in Art and Design
in Architectural Design
MASSACHUSIETTS INSTITUTE
OF
TECHNOLOGy
at the
JUN O 9 2010
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
LIBRARIES
June 2010
@ 2010 James Ira Winder
All rights reserved
The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and to
distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part
in any medium now known or hereafter created.
Signature of Author .....
.. .......................................... ..... r.. ..............
/. ..
. . .. .
ment of Architecture
2
May 21,
Certified by .........................................................................
. . . ..... ..................... = ... ... ..........
John A cAsendorf
sociate Professor, Building Technology
Thesis Supervisor
LelieK. Norford
Leslie K. Norford
Professor, Building Technology
Chairman, Undergraduate Curriculum Committee
Accepted by ...............................................................
Complete Drawing Prototypes
For Urban Complete Streets
by
James Ira Winder
Submitted to the Department of Architecture on May 21, 2010 in
Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Science in Art and Design in
Architectural Design
ADVISOR
John A. Ochsendorf
Associate Professor, Building Technology
READERS
Eran Ben-Joseph
Chair, PhD Program in Urban Planning
Tim Love
AIA, LEED AP, Principal of Utile Design, Inc.
Ryan Sullivan
Designer, LEED AP of Utile Design, Inc.
Complete Drawing Prototypes
For Urban Complete Streets
by
James Ira Winder
Submitted to the Department of Architecture on May 21, 2010 in
Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Science in Art and Design in
Architectural Design
ABSTRACT
A study was performed to determine how drawings for streets may be tailored to a broad
range of viewers and agendas, yet still be viewed as a credible design tool for architects. With
a growing number of cities designing their own guidelines according to the Complete Streets
movements, it's necessary to develop a graphic style that not only appeals to the typical engineering aspect of streets, but is also robust enough to include details for various design components and spatial qualities not before considered in street design.
New drawings and information graphics were invented to better describe multi-modal streets,
spatial qualities, and a fully conceived taxonomy of urban street types. It was discovered that
three drawing types are especially useful for conveying this type of information: PerspectiveSections, Overhead Views, and Transects.
Thesis Supervisor: John A. Ochsendorf
Title: Associate Professor, Building Technology
How can street drawings
be tailored to a broad
range of viewers and
agendas, yet still be a
credible design tool?
6
JAMES IRA WINDER
Complete Drawing Prototypes
For Urban Complete Streets
by
James Ira Winder
CONTENTS
8
1.
Introduction
II.
Precedent Drawings for Streets
10
Ill.
Observations
26
IV.
New Street Drawing Prototypes:
V.
Section Perspective
33
Overhead View
35
Transect
37
Boston Complete Streets Graphics
38
Conclusions
53
COMPLETE DRAWING PROTOTYPES FOR URBAN COMPLETE STREETS
7
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This study began as a work-study with Utile
Design Inc. in February of 2010. With the
Boston Transporation Department as its client,
Utile was comisioned to design the booklet
and graphics for the new Boston Complete
8
JAMES IRA WINDER
8ted
St0
Streets Guidelines. In order to complete the
task, a research-based analysis of appropriate
street graphics seemed an appropriate way to
ensure Boston's complete streets guidelines
outshined that of any other city.
COMPLETE DRAVVINGS
introduction
what are complete streets?
As definied by the BTD, complete streets are
multimodal, green, and smart. Essentially,
it means that all mode-types, ecological
methods for storm water drainage, and
real-time traffic sensing are utilized in street
design.
what are complete drawings?
Complete drawings are robust enough to
handle all the different kinds of data and
spatial information of streets. They are also
accessible enough to be legible to a broad
audience of designers, engineers, lobbyist,
politicians, and every-day street users.
COMPLETE DRAWING PROTOTYPES FOR URBAN COMPLETE STREETS
9
-J
10
JAMES IRA WINDER
GRAPHIC PRECEDENTS
Initially, a number of existing graphic
precedents are researched to identify the
current scope of street representation. These
include plans, sections, street perspectives,
icons, section perspectives, overhead views,
and transects. Green dots denote drawings
especially useful for representing complete
streets.
COMPLETE DRAWING PROTOTYPES FOR URBAN COMPLETE STREETS
11
Level of detail must
be appropriate to the
drawing's scale
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JAMES IRA WINDER
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COMPLETE DRAWING PROTOTYPES FOR URBAN COMPLETE STREETS
Most valuable drawing
type for describing the
defining characteristics
of a street
ewam
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16
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JAMES IRA WINDER
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COMPLETE DRAWING PROTOTYPES FOR URBAN COMPLETE STREETS
17
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Even a minimal amount of
receding space can have
a significant impact in
aiding legibility
&.concrat an
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increases opportunities for poutaantre-
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JAMES IRA WINDER
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COMPLETE DRAWING PROTOTYPES FOR URBAN COMPLETE STREETS
19
Choose a view/angle that
maximizes exposure of
ground plane
20
JAMES IRA WINDER
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COMPLETE DRAWING PROTOTYPES FOR URBAN COMPLETE STREETS
21
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SPECIAL FEATURE
Water feature in cnstant change,
A pectacular auraction,
ACTIVITY SPACE
Open space for pubic events and actwity
COMMERCIAL
ACTIVITIES
wo,
Outdoor cafes anid Outdoor cornercial spaces
PASSIVE
RECREATION
Pubic testing
ACTIVE
RECREATION
Sports and leIsure activities.
DESIRE LINES
Clear space for pedestrian acces and flows.
A..
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y
FUNCTIONS & ENTRANCES
22
JAMES IRA WINDER
11LGiAleuls FOR AU.A
TKMUERA M6TEN
Seek out opportunities to
represent systems, network
and processes visually in
order to enhance the
reader's comprehension
Minimize
cross-referencing
COMPLETE DRAWING PROTOTYPES FOR URBAN COMPLETE STREETS
23
24
JAMES IRA WINDER
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COMPLETE DRAWING PROTOTYPES FOR URBAN COMPLETE STREETS
25
GRAPHIC PRECEDENTS
Below - When designing the guideline book
for complete streets, it's important to note
the following organizational hierarchies. The
focus of this study will be on section 1, the
drawings and diagrams of streets.
Right - The infographic Describes the various
lessons learned concerning design of
graphics for streets.
EYE-LEVEL
PERSPECTIVE
AXON, ISO,
AERIAL
DOCUMENT
NAVIGATION
TRANSECT
VISION
GRAPHICS
e
0-
e
DIAGRAMS
.
Steeet
INTEGRATIG TEXT+ IMAGE
2
26
JAMES IRA WINDER
StG
r
.. h i
SECTION
SECTION
PERSPECTIVE
Level of detail must
be appropriate to the
drawing's scale
Use color and/or page tabs to aid
frequent readers in navigating the
document. Integrate these
elements with the table-of-contents
and/or index.
Minimize
cross-referencing
EYE-LEVEL
PERSPECTIVE
PAGE
LAYOUT
Choose a view/angle that
maximizes exposure of
ground plane
PLAN
AXON, ISO,
DOCUMENT
NAVIGATION
AERIAL
VISION
GRAPHICS
TRANSECT
- te
Com
DIAGRAMS
Stret
Seek out opportunities to
represent systems, networks
and processes visually in
order to enhance the
reader's comprehension
INTEGRATIG TEXT
+ IMAGE
DIAGRAMS
OF
PROCESSES
Use color to help articulate
the brand identity of the
entire document
3.
-
.6.
-s
SECTION
/
I
USE OF
COLOR
DOCUMENT
BRAND-IDENTITY
The document should be engaging
and easy-to-use; it should not look
like a manual or final report. It must
function as both a storytelling
piece and a reference guide.
SECTION
PERSPECTIVE
Most valuable drawing
type for describing the
defining characteristics
of a street
Even a minimal amount of
receding space can have
a significant impact in
aiding legibility
What isEveryone's
Graphic Common
Ground?
Two-Point
I
I
it
Parallel Projection, Perspective
Parallel Projection
28
JAMES IRA WINDER
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COMPLETE DRAWING PROTOTYPES FOR URBAN COMPLETE STREETS
29
PtTrns
UHBAN
30
JAMES IRA WINDER
Ft
COMPLETE DRAWINGS prototypes
The following graphics demonstrate isolated,
hypothetical representations of different street
configurations, all tailored to show different
information regarding streets. The drawings
are derived from the lessons learned from the
precedent studies. (Graphics were created
with Google Sketchup 7 and Adobe Illustrator
and Indesign CS4.)
Section-Perspective
-minimal amount of receding space can have
significant impact on legibility
-legend shows range of possibilities for street
items that could be called out
-graphic is sensitive to facade permeability
Overhead View
-great for intersection detailing
-information called out directly on drawing
-cabable of showing travel mode densities
-linework generally avoided for legibility/
scalability concerns
Transect
-gradient across time
Boston Complete Streets
-various highlighting strategies
COMPLETE DRAWING PROTOTYPES FOR URBAN COMPLETE STREETS
31
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32
JAMES IRA WINDER
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COMPLETE DRAWING PROTOTYPES FOR URBAN COMPLETE STREETS
33
34
JAMES IRA WINDER
Crossing the street is
a breeze, and there
are plenty of places
to stop, rest, and
shop!
Uniform paving for
pedestrian gnd
ot
vehicle surf&
intersections
Safe, vehicular
cycling in slow
rate of traffic
even though
not specifically
designated for bike
lanes.
A New Urbanists
Dreami Appropriate
scales and small
shops allow for
relaxed, pedestrian
atmosphere.
Vegetation is
creatively deployed
to calm traffic and
unify public spaces.
No Immediate
parking, but the
drive ispleasant and
the way ismarked
by thoughful use
of materials rather
than painted lines
and signs.
tNl
36
JAMES IRA WINDER
Future Trends
Past Trends
Lane Use and Ownership Designated
Shared Streets
Diverse and Durable Paving Types
Dirt and Clay Pavement
Slow and Simple Travel Modes -...
Nature as Commodity
4
Opaque Building Facades as
Wall to Sidewalk Realm
1860
URBAN
STREET
Steam Road Roller
Tree Shade As
Ornamentation (Ottawa)
1910
City Planning of
Streets and Lots
Peak in Urban
Greenery
Parking Meter
A
1960
Subd v d ng for
Traffic Safety (ITE)
First Asphalt (NYC)
Sand Clay Roads
(South Carolina)
Parking Dimensions
(Automobile Manufacturers
Association)
First Brick Rural
Road (Ohio)
Coal Tar
Experiments (NYC)
Concrete Road
(Michigan)
Federal Highway
Administration
National Committee
on Uniform Traffic Laws
and Ordinance
Walk/Don't Walk
Signs Invented
New York City
Street Design Manual
Deployment of
Dedicated Cycle Lane
Network (Boston)
----
.-
Fast and Diverse Travel Modes
Nature as Drainage Infrastructure
Increasing Facade Permeability
to Sidewalk Realm
.....-
m
38
JAMES IRA WINDER
COMPLETE DRAWING PROTOTYPES FOR URBAN COMPLETE STREETS
39
Plan
Sectional
and
information of a hypothetical
Plan and Sectional information of a hypothetical
cycle track configuration in Boston
40
JAMES IRA WINDER
COMPLETE DRAWING PROTOTYPES FOR URBAN COMPLETE STREETS
41
Optimizing Use of Street Space
Determine if the street is a
candidate for a road diet:
Determine if the street is a
candidate for a lane diet:
42
JAMES IRA WINDER
Most City streets should
Minimum Lane Width
be designed to produce
an operating speed
Collector / Arterial
Two-way left turn lane (TWLTL)
loft /loft
Peak hour restricted parking lane
12ft / 12ft
Inside travel Lane
loft /loft
Travel lane adjacent to on-street parking:
Shared use lane
Adjacent bicycle lane available
1Oft / 12ft
Travel lane adjacent to curb, no parking:
Shared use lane
Adjacent bicycle lane available
1Oft / 12ft
1Oft / loft
Other Lanes
7ft / 7ft
Bicycle lane - parking permitted
5ft /10ft
Parking lane
Bicycle lane - parking not permitted, curb
4ft / 5ft
Bus-only lanes
NA / lift
Bicycle lane - parking not permitted, no curb
4ft /10ft
Bus and bicyle lanes
NA /12ft
COMPLETE DRAWING PROTOTYPES FOR URBAN COMPLETE STREETS
43
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COMPLETE DRAWING PROTOTYPES FOR URBAN COMPLETE STREETS
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47
COMPLETE DRAWING PROTOTYPES FOR URBAN COMPLETE STREETS
49
I
V
Intersection Travel Mode Study
50
JAMES IRA WINDER
I
COMPLETE DRAWING PROTOTYPES FOR URBAN COMPLETE STREETS
Complete Drawing Prototypes
For Urban Complete Streets
by
James Ira Winder
Submitted to the Department of'Architecture on May 21, 2010 in
Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Science inArt and Design in
Architectural Design
CONCLUSIONS
The graphics derived in this study are useful for designers engaging in discussions about
Complete Streets with any combination of other designers, engineers, politicians and street
users.
Software like Sketchup and Illustrator can be used to easiliy swap library components and
share street design ideas.
As an Architectural Design student, this street space study was incredibly useful for understanding a building's street context, an aspect often ignored in architecture education.
COMPLETE DRAWING PROTOTYPES FOR URBAN COMPLETE STREETS
53